EXPERIMENT NO.

7
TRANSFORMERS

Name: Macalalag, John Lloyd H. Date Performed:

Course & Year: BSME - 3GN Date Submitted:

Engr. Conrado Quinalayo

Instructor
 I. OBJECTIVES
1. To draw power and distribution transformers.
2. To name and define the different parts of the transformer.
3. To differentiate power transformers from distribution transformers.

II. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of which
electric power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in
another circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding
increase or decrease in current. The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction
between two circuits linked by a common magnetic flux. In its simplest form, it consists
of two inductive coils which are electrically separated but magnetically linked to a path
of law reduction as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Simple Transformer Diagram

The two coils possess high mutual inductance. If one coil is connected to a
source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of
which is linked with the other coil in which it produced mutually induced e.m.f (according
to faraday’s law of magnetic induction e=Mdt/dt). If the second coil circuit is closed, a
current flow in it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the
first coil to the second. The first coil, in which electric energy is drawn out from the ac
supply mains, is called primary winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is
called secondary winding. In brief, a transformer is a device that:
1. Transfer electric power from one circuit to another.
2. It does so without a change of frequency.
3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and
4. Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other. 
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION

The simple element of a transformer consists of two coils having mutual

inductance and a laminated steel core. The two coils are insulated from each other and
the steel core. Other necessary parts are: some suitable container for the assembled
core and winding; a suitable medium for insulating the core and its winding from its
container; suitable bushings (either of porcelain, oil-filled a capacitor type) for insulating
and bringing out the terminal of windings from the tank.
In all types of transformer, the core is constructed of transformer sheet steel
laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with a minimum air-gap
induced. The steel used is of high silicon content, sometimes heat treated to produce a
high permeability and a low hysteresis loss at the usual operating flux densities. The
eddy current loss is minimized the laminating the core, the laminations are being
insulated from each other by a light coat of core-plate burnish or by an oxide layer on
the surface.
Constructional, the transformers are of two general types, distinguished from each other
by merely by the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are placed around the
laminated core. The two types of transformer are known as (1) core-type and (2) shell-type.
Another recent development is spiral core or wound core-type, the trade name being spiral core
transformer.
In the so-called core-type transformers, the windings surround a considerable part of the
core whereas in shell-type transformers, the core surround a considerable portion of the winding
as shown schematically in fig, 2-a and 2-b, respectively.

Figure. 2-a CORE TYPE

FIGURE 2-b SHELL TYPE

In the simplified diagram for the core type transformer (fig. 2-a), the primary and
secondary windings are shown located on the opposite legs (limbs) of the core, but in
an actual construction there are always interleaved to reduce leakage flux.
In both core and shell-type transformers, the individual laminations are cut in the
form of long strips of L’s, E’s and I’s as shown in figure 3. The assembly of the complete
core for the two types of transformers as shown in fig.4 and fig.5.
 Figure 3. Individual Laminations

Figure 4. Assembly of the complete core for core-type transformer

As said above, in order to avoid high reluctance at the joints where laminations
are butted against each other, the alternate layers are stacked differently to eliminate
these joints as shown in fig.4 and fig.5.

Figure 5. Assembly of the complete core for shell-type transformer

CORE-TYPE TRANSFORMER

The coils uses are form-wound and are cylindrical-type. The general form of
these coils maybe circular or oval or rectangular. In small size core-type transformer, a
simple rectangular core is used with cylindrical coils which are wound as to fit over
uniform core section (as shown in fig.6). The circular cylindrical coils are used in most of
the core-type transformers because of their mechanical strength. Such cylindrical coils
are wound in helical layer with the different layer insulated from each other by paper,
cloth, micarta board or cooling ducts. Fig.7 shows the general arrangement of these
coils, with respect to the core. Insulating cylinders of futter board are used to separate
the cylindrical winding from the core and from each other. Since the low-voltage (LV)
winding is easiest to insulate, it is placed nearest to the core. 
 Fig.6 Core-Type Transformer and Its Parts

SHELL-TYPE TRANSFORMER

In their case also, the coils are form-wound but are multi-layer disc type usually
wound in their form of pancakes. The different layers of such multi-layers discs are
insulated from each other by paper. The complete windings consist of stacked discs
with insulation spaces between the coils - the spaces forming horizontal cooling and
insulating ducts. A shell-type transformer may have a simple rectangular form as shown
in fig.9. 
POWER TRANSFORMER

Power transformers are used in transmission networks of higher voltage for step-
up and step-down application (400KV, 200KV, 110KV, 66KV, 33KV) and are generally
seated above 200 MVA. They are used for transmission as a step-up devices so that
the 12r loss can be minimized for a given power flow. These transformers are designed
to utilize the core to maximum and will operate very much near to the knee point of B-H
curve (slightly above the knee point value). This brings down the mass of the core
enormously. 
Naturally, these transformers have the matched iron losses and copper losses at
peak value (i.e. the maximum efficiency point where both losses match).
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

Distribution transformers are used for lower voltage distribution network as a

means to end user connectivity, (11 KV, 6.6 KV, 3.3KV, 440 W, 230 V) and are
generally rated less than 200 MVA. The design depends on the typical load cycle for
which it has to supply. Definitely core design will be done to take care of peak load and
as well as all-day-efficiency. It is a bargain between these two points. A distribution
transformer is always online and operated at loads less than full load for most of time.
Hence, it is designed such that the core losses are minimal.