Global Water Treatment

REPORT
BIOCIDES IN WATER
TREATMENT
2017
Prepared by: Biocide Information Limited

Email: info@biocide-information.com
More about us on www.biocide-information.com
GLOBAL SUMMARY – BIOCIDES IN WATER TREATMENT
Market Size 2017: Active Ingredient

$ 331 million
BIOCIDE SALES BY REGION:

Table 1: Biocide Sales by Region for Cooling Water Treatment
REGION SALES ($M)
AMERICAS 139
ASIA PACIFIC 92
EUROPE 100
BIOCIDE SALES BY LEADING ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

Table 2: Biocide Sales by Type
BIOCIDES SALES ($M)
Halogenated Hydantoin 52.8
Quats 53.5
Peracetic Acid 51.0
Glutaraldehyde 25.0
Bromine 30.9
BIOCIDE SALES BY LEADING ACTIVE INGREDIENT SUPPLIER:

Table 3: Biocide Sales by Manufacturer
COMPANY SALES ($M)
Albemarle 20
Dead Sea Bromine 22
Dow 38
Ecolab 23
Outlook for the future:

• The market for biocides in water treatment is expected to grow 2 %. Dual-biocide
programs, which are now used in over half of industrial water cooling systems, will
continue to grow. A dual-biocide program combines a nonoxidizing biocide with a
faster-acting, complementary oxidizing biocide.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLGY .................................................................................5

1.1 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................................................5
1.2 METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION ...............................................................................................................5
1.4 DEFINITIONS...........................................................................................................................................................6
2 END USER ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................7

2.1 TARGET MARKET .................................................................................................................................................7
2.2 GLOBAL ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................................................9

2.2.1 Water Chemical Treatment Programmes..............................................................................................................10
2.2.2 Demand for Biocides by End-Markets .................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Demand for Biocides by Major Customer ............................................................................................................13
2.2.4 Service Companies to the Water Treatment Industry ...........................................................................................14
2.2.5 Smaller Customers................................................................................................................................................16
2.2.6 Purchasing of Biocides .........................................................................................................................................16
2.2.7 Technical information required by service companies .........................................................................................17
3 BIOCIDE COMPARISON ................................................................................................20
3.1 PRICING..................................................................................................................................................................21
3.1.1 Pricing at Formulated Product Level ....................................................................................................................21
4 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION ..............................................................................................22
4.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................22

4.1.1 Oxidising Biocides ...............................................................................................................................................22
4.1.2 Non Oxidising Biocides........................................................................................................................................25
4.2 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION AT END-USER LEVEL ........................................................................................30
5 BIOCIDE MANUFACTURERS ........................................................................................31

5.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................31
6 DISTRIBUTION ...............................................................................................................41
6.1 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS ................................................................................................41
7 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS .............................................................................................43
8 REGULATORY ANALYSIS ............................................................................................45
8.1 EUROPEAN BIOCIDES PRODUCTS REGULATION (BPR)..........................................................................45
9 TRENDS ..........................................................................................................................46
10 FUTURE ......................................................................................................................48
10.1 BIOCIDE GROWTH..............................................................................................................................................48

10.1.1 Projected Sales of Biocides in Water Treatment..............................................................................................49
BIOCIDES IN WATER TREATMENT – 2017
1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLGY

1.1 OBJECTIVES
The key objectives of this study were:
To provide marketing data on biocides, major biocide applications, suppliers and customers.
To identify and analyse the trends taking place within the biocides industry.
To define the distribution channels in the industry.
1.2 METHODOLOGY
The report is based on over 25 interviews conducted throughout the globe. In each industry
analysis, BI contacted end-users, biocide manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and trade
associations by telephone and conducted unstructured interviews typical of the type used in
industrial market research. The number of interviews conducted for water treatment is given
in the following table:.
Table 4: Number of Interviews Completed within Cooling Water Treatment

Biocide Service Other
Distributors
Manufacturers Companies (e.g. end users)
Water Treatment 9 5 2 10
Total 9 5 2 10
In addition to interviews, the report also summarises suppliers' product literature, data from
trade associations, BI databases and our monthly information report.
1.3 ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION

BI believes our estimates to be within 20% of the actual value. The accuracy of the
information is dependent on many factors such as the number of interviews conducted per
application, industry concentration and industry usage patterns. In order to increase our
accuracy, BI increases the number of end-user interviews where an industry is fragmented
and continues to interview until there is similarity in responses. Also all conclusions and data
per industry were confirmed with the key manufacturers of biocides.
CHAPTER 18 5 www.biocide-information.com
1.4 DEFINITIONS
Biocide manufacturers are defined as companies who manufacture biocide active ingredients
in-house. For example Albemarle, BASF, Buckman, BWA Water Additives, Dow, Lonza,
Peroxychem, Solvay and Thor.
Biocide Blenders / Service Companies are defined as companies whose majority of sales
comes from purchasing biocides which they blend into their own products. For example
EcolabNalco, GE, Kemira, Solenis etc.
Distributors act as agents for both active manufacturers and biocide blenders. They are the
most popular choice of supplier for small end-users. Distributors sell a range of additives and
so will be making deliveries to end users and therefore biocides tend to be combined with
other products which allow the distributor to be competitive.
Prices are in U.S. dollars and are at active manufacturer level unless stated. The exchange
rates used are as in the following table:.
Table 5: Currency Conversion Rates

$ Currency
1 0.94 EUR
1 6.94 CNY
1 116 JPY
1 0.81 GBP
Volumes are reported in tonnes based on a 100% active biocide basis. In the case of
formulated products, the data is reported with a typical percentage of the formulated product.
2 END USER ANALYSIS
2.1 TARGET MARKET

Water is used in industry and requires treatments against microorganisms. This chapter
analyses all water treatment except in paper, petroleum and recreational water treatment
which are covered separately.
Water is used as a coolant in the manufacture of chemicals, steel, plastics, in generating
electricity and is used extensively in air conditioning and humidification of private and public
buildings. All cooling systems provide the ideal environment for the growth of microorganisms:
plenty of water, good aeration and a continuous supply of nutrients such as organic or
inorganic compounds. These compounds are added intentionally as control chemicals such
as corrosion inhibitors, antifoam and flocculants, or accidentally via air which is continually
being washed and scrubbed by the cooling tower spray mechanism.
Another major source of nutrient supply is often found to be leakage from the main process
used in the plant being served by the cooling system. Microbial contamination in cooling
systems results in blockages, corrosion, reduced heat transfer, increased downtime,
increased expenditure and presents a potential health hazard to man and the environment
e.g. Legionnaires disease which can be fatal, is still a major problem worldwide. Legionnaire’s
disease is caused by the inhalation of legionnella pneumophila carried in respirable aerosols
produced by recirculating water in cooling towers, humidifiers and domestic water supply.
When air and water are mixed in an untreated air conditioning system, the resulting vapour
and water droplets may contain bacterially produced toxins and tiny particles of biomass. This
contamination can cause skin irritation, headaches, bronchial constriction, sore eyes and an
increase in body temperature and flu like symptoms.
Once microorganisms are within the water, they can grow rapidly, either as planktonic
organisms (free in suspension) or as sessile organisms (attached to surface) where they grow
and form slime layers. As the slime layers grows thicker, the internal slime layer environment
changes allowing other organisms especially anaerobic bacteria to grow and produce acidic
by-products.
Algae - Algae can cause big biofouling problems and they can appear red, green or brown in
colour. They are found where it is wet and where there is light and under these conditions,
they will grow profusely into slime layers causing blockages and reduced efficiency. The
algae slime layer sometimes breaks off from the surface to which they are attached and
become free floating algae mats causing further damage by blocking waterways and pumps.
Bacteria - In general bacteria are the greatest biofouling problem in water systems. Bacteria
form slime layers of all colours from black to yellow. Bacteria can thrive as planktonic
organisms using control chemicals such as corrosion inhibitors, antifoams and flocculating
agents as nutrient sources. Anaerobic bacteria such as sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) can
grow in the micro environments of bacterial and algae slime layers, causing corrosion and pH
changes in the whole system. SRB also cause extensive and expensive damage to metal
surfaces through a process called electrolytic pitting.
Fungi - Fungi can be an important component of slime layers and are generally present as
sessile organisms or in the form of fungal mats. The slime layers, normally a combination of
both bacteria and fungi, also cause problems by being a collection point for inorganic debris.
Fungi also tend to cause rotting of any wood components of a cooling tower. Fungal
contamination takes place when conditions are favourable and frequently when all the
competitive bacteria have been killed by a selective bactericide.
The following table illustrates the main micro-organisms found in water.
Table 6: Main Microorganisms found in water

Micro-organisms Type Effect
Bacteria Bacillus spp. Slime layers build up
Bacillus spp. Breakdown of water treatment
Pseudomonas spp Health hazard
Aerobacter spp.
Legionnella
Mycoides
Megathenum
Clostridium
Streptomyces
Fungi Cladosporium General slime formation and wood rotting

Asperigillus
Penicillium spp.
Trichoderma
Mucor
Algae Chlorococcus General fouling, protect corrosive bacteria

Oscillatoria
2.2 GLOBAL ANALYSIS

Almost every cooling system presents a potential environment for the uninhibited growth of
microbes. Most systems sustain microbial growth by providing nutrients in the form of organic
and inorganic salts and in certain industrial systems, high levels of carbon, nitrogen and
phosphorous resulting from contamination of the main process products into the cooling
water. The cooling water system configuration largely dictates the types of biocides used and
their behaviour.
There are three main forms of cooling water systems;
A once through system is a system where water is taken form a source such as a river or
canal, passed through the heat exchangers, then the heated water is partially cooled and
discharged directly into a watercourse / treatment facility or reused for some other non cooling
purpose. Generally the fast reacting oxidising biocides are the most popular biocides for the
treatment of once through systems. Most once through systems are used by large scale
power generators or large industrial installations such as refineries.
A closed recirculating system is a system where the water present is circulated within a
closed loop in which there is minimal loss of water and contact with the atmosphere. Water is
delivered to the heat exchangers after which the heater water is cooled within the system by
contact with a secondary substance. The cooled water is then returned to the zone of heat
transfer. Water in such systems has a long residence time and requires a high level of
chemical treatment to prevent scale formation and metallic corrosion. This necessitates the
use of high quality make up water. Water in closed cooling systems can have a residence
time of several months and is heavily treated with corrosion inhibitors. Since the rate of make
up (new water) is small and contact with the atmosphere is low, there is a slow rate of viable
microorganism introduction to the system. These factors combine to make closed systems
virtually sterile and reduce or eliminate the need for biocides. Closed recirculating systems
are commonly used in commercial buildings, but also have some specialised industrial
applications.
An open recirculating system is a composite of the two systems described previously.

Water is taken from a source, passed to the heat exchangers, and then cooled by partial
evaporation in a cooling tower. The cooled water is then returned to the zone of heat
exchange. Such a system loses water due to contact with the atmosphere and thus requires
constant water replacement. Open recirculating systems are the most common type of
cooling water system used. These systems are used in industrial and commercial premises
and in public service buildings such as hospitals.
The water which enters the cooling system is termed the make up water. In once through or
open recirculating systems, make up water can be obtained from several sources, including
mains supply, rivers, canals, lakes, ponds, estuaries and the sea. Once through cooling
systems by definition only pass the make up water through the system once. These were the
most common type of system but due to increasing costs, many now reuse water and have
been converted into open recirculating type systems.
In open recirculating systems, make up water is used to replace water lost from the system
due to evaporation and to a lesser extent, drift from winds. Purging is used to reduce the solid
contents of the water and reduce the risks of scaling. The vast majority of cooling systems do
not pre-treat make up water unless it is coming from a poor source.
2.2.1 Water Chemical Treatment Programmes
Water treatment programs strive to meet three primary objectives:
Biofouling control
Corrosion control
Scale control
Biofouling and scale reduce heat–exchange efficiency. Corrosion eventually results in leaks.
An estimated 80% of the water treatment chemicals used annually, address scale and
corrosion control. This includes scale and corrosion inhibitors and such water conditioning
chemicals as ion – exchange resins and neutralizers.
Biofilm formation and microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) are common biofouling concerns in
once – through, open recirculating, and closed recirculating systems and are the reason why
specialty biocides are used. A second concern is the effect of biofilm thickness and heat
transfer coefficient. Consequently, thin biofilms can have a dramatic effect on cooling system
operation efficiencies.
2.2.2 Demand for Biocides by End-Markets

Biocides used in water treatment by heavy and light industrial establishments accounted for
55% of the total dollar value sales. The balance was accounted for by commercial and
institutional establishments, as shown in the following table:.
Table 7: Demand for Biocides by End Market in %

End market Percent
Heavy Industry 20%
Light Industry 35%
Commercial and Institutional 45%
TOTAL 100%
Commercial and institutional water systems are used primarily for heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC). Larger institutions, particularly multi – building campuses use open and
closed systems in tandem. High rise buildings may use either open systems, closed – open
tandems or tandem closed systems. In tandem closed systems, a fluid other than water is
used as the heat exchange medium in the condenser. Major service companies participate in
treating the larger systems. EcolabNalco is the strongest player in this segment followed by
GE. The commercial and institutional water sector accounts for an estimated 45% of
consumption of specialty biocides.
The light industry segment includes food processing, metalworking, textiles, and electronics.
Water systems typically range from 5 gal to 10, 000 gal and represent only one of several
significant water demands. Traditionally, light industry water systems were serviced by local
and regional companies. However, over the past decade the major service companies have
implemented programs that have targeted this sector. GE Water & Process Chemicals
dominates this water management service segment. The light industry segment accounts for
an estimated 35% of the total specialty biocide consumption.
The heavy industry segment consumes large volumes of water. The principal heavy industries
are chemical manufacture, utilities, refineries, and metal production (steel and aluminium
mills). Generally, multiple closed systems operate in tandem with a large (> 100,000 gallons)
open or once–through system. At refineries and chemical plants, water is used to condense
distillate fractions and to provide temperature control in distillation towers and reactors. GE
and Ecolab Nalco dominate this sector, controlling an approximately 50% of the market. The
consumption of specialty biocides by the heavy industry segment accounts for 20% of the
total.
2.2.3 Demand for Biocides by Major Customer
There are only 2 truly global water service companies formulating biocides for the global
water treatment industry. These water service companies generally purchase chemicals from
a variety of suppliers and either blend, formulate, or modify them to meet specific customer
needs, or in the case of most smaller companies, simply repackage the materials or purchase
formulated products for resale. The leading water management service companies are
registered to sell many different biocides. GE and EcolabNalco are the leading suppliers of
water treatment chemicals and combined, account for over 40% of the total market. The
following table lists the biocides used by the major service companies:
Table 8: Biocides used by Major Service Companies

Active Ingredient GE EcolabNalco
BCDMH Y Y
BNPD Y
b–Bromonitrostyrene Y
Ca (CIO)2
Chloroisocyanurates Y
CMIT / MIT Y Y
CuSO4 Y
Dazomet Y Y
DBNPA Y Y
Dodecyl–guanidines Y
K–dimethyldithiocarbamate
Methylene bis ( thiocyanate ) Y Y
Na–benzylchlorophenate Y Y
NaBr Y
NaCIO Y Y
Na–dithiocarbamate
Quats Y Y
TBTO Y Y
TCMTB
WSCP Y Y
Y – Biocide is used by the service company
BCDMH, Quats, CMIT / MIT and DBNPA are used by the leading service companies. Service
companies have two or more formulations for each active ingredient in their product lines.
The major service companies rely on biocide manufacturers for registration support. Middle
and smaller service companies rely more on technical support from suppliers. Technical field
service representatives play a key role in biocide selection for water treatment applications.
Field representatives evaluate systems, then recommend, implement, and manage water
treatment programs. Recommendations are based on system engineering data, field
analyses, and home–laboratory support. Service company revenues depend on the quality of
service that the field representative provides to the water system owner. One or more service
representatives may be assigned full – time to manage a single large account.
2.2.4 Service Companies to the Water Treatment Industry
Water treatment companies purchase biocides mainly from service companies who provide
thorough and comprehensive process maintenance. Sales of specialty biocides to water
treatment operators are estimated at over $ 450 million. Ecolab Nalco is the leading supplier
of formulated biocides followed by GE. The following table outlines the main service
companies to the global Water treatment industry.
Table 9: Service Companies to the Water Treatment Industry

Company Country of origin
Solenis USA
GE USA
Katayama Chemical Japan
Kemira Finland
Kurita Japan
EcolabNalco USA
Solenis
Solenis is mainly focussed on the Paper industry but is a growing supplier of biocides to the
water treatment industry with estimated sales of $ 20 million at formulated products level.
Solenis provides both oxidising and non oxidising biocides to achieve effective control of
microbiological organisms. Oxidizer technology includes sodium bromide to generate
hypobromous acid and BCDMH (bromochlorodimethylhydantoin). The company is also
targeting ammonium bromide with bleach which it licences from Dead Sea Bromine. Non
oxidising biocides supplied to the water treatment industry include CMIT/MIT, DBNPA,
Dithiocarbamates and MBT.
GE
GE was formed in 1996 with the acquisition of Dearborn by Betz and subsequently purchased
by GE in 2002. The company is a specialist in the treatment of water, wastewater and
process systems. GE Water and Process Technologies has estimated biocide sales of $ 50
million at end user level to the water treatment industry. The company manufactures and
blends water treatment chemicals for their customers whom they service by a well established
network of engineers visiting all kinds of water customers, from office air conditioning through
to hospitals and power stations.
The main products supplied by GE Water and Process Technologies include scale removers,
antifoams and felt conditioners as well as biocides. The biocide range contributes over 25%
towards the company turnover.
Kemira
Kemira is a broadly based chemical company which is located in Finland. The company had
water treatment product sales of $900 million. Kemira is the third largest supplier of specialty
biocides to the water industry with sales of $ 40 million at formulated product level. The
company sells its biocides under the Fennosan tradename as outlined in the following table:.
Table 10: Speciality Biocides Supplied by Kemira
Tradename Active Ingredients
FENNOSAN R20 V 20% DBNPA
FENNOSAN IT21 2.1% CMIT/MIT
FENNOSAN M9 9% MBT
FENNOSAN B25 20% DAZOMET
FENNOSAN GL10 50% GLUTARALDEHYDE
EcolabNalco
EcolabNalco is the world's largest producer of speciality chemicals and services for water and
industrial process treatment. The company has estimated specialty biocide sales of $ 160
Million at end user level to the water treatment industry.
EcolabNalco serves a wide range of industries which require water treatment including;
chemical, paper, refining, mining, metalworking, petroleum exploration and production, food
and many other light industrial processes. In 2013, Ecolab agreed to buy AkzoNobel's Purate
business, which specialises in chlorine dioxide-based antimicrobial water treatment

technology and has sales of approximately US$23m. “Chlorine dioxide is recognised as an
excellent antimicrobial agent to control biologic growth primarily in cooling towers and a wide
variety of other industrial water treatment applications,” said Timothy Mulhere, Ecolab’s
Executive Vice President and President, Global Water and Process Services.
He added that Purate's technologies complement Ecolab’s 3D Trasar technology, which

combines chemistry, remote services and sophisticated monitoring and controls to improve
industrial operations to help customers reduce water use, improve energy efficiency and
lower total cost of operations. Some of the non oxidising biocides offered by EcolabNalco are
shown in the following table.
Table 11: Non Oxidising Biocides Supplied by EcolabNalco

Tradename Active Ingredient
NALCON 7620-WB 10% MBT
NALCON 7647 1.5% CMIT/MIT
NALCON 7649 20% DBNPA
NALCON 248 24% Dazomet (DMTT)
NALCON 7648 27% ABDM
5% DADM
ABDM - Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
DADM - Dialkyl methyl benzyl ammonium chloride
2.2.5 Smaller Customers
Approximately 500 smaller, regional service companies comprise the remaining 60% of the
customer base. Small (less than $20 million annual sales) and mid–tier ($20 million to $50
million annual sales) service companies typically operate as supplemental registrants and re–
label and / or re–package formulated biocides. Some of the smaller, local service companies
simply re–sell product under the supplier’s label. The major service companies use a product
mix of proprietary and licensed formulations. Service companies cite primary manufacturer’s
data to obtain primary registration either under formulator’s exemption or products that do not
contain a new active ingredient.
2.2.6 Purchasing of Biocides
The purchasing of biocides is generally made on a spot basis. However contracts frequently
cover higher volume purchases by the major water service companies such as EcolabNalco,
GE etc.
Laboratory, R & D personnel of the main service companies are usually the first point of
contact when introducing a biocide to a potential customer. Those personnel tend to rely very
heavily on the individual biocide suppliers to provide technical advice, assistance with
problems and regulatory data. As a result, criteria for selection tend to concentrate on
technical as well as customer service factors. The following is a list of the main factors used
in the purchase decision making process:
Effectiveness of the product
Technical service and problem resolution

Commercial terms (price)
Supplier relations & reputation
Regulatory approvals
2.2.7 Technical information required by service companies
The following list of technical information is what service companies require before
purchasing biocides:
Product features
Directions for use
Physical properties
Solubility
Compatibility
Addition practises
Corrosion data
Efficacy and stability
Microbiological properties
Toxicology Summary
Handling and storage information
First aid procedures

Spill neutralisation
Analytical procedures
Environmental Fate
Pumping and metering information
3 BIOCIDE COMPARISON
The following table compares the main type of water treatment biocides; their trade name,
suppliers and prices:.
Table 12: Comparison of Major Biocides used in Water Treatment

Trade name % AI in PPM Formulated
Chemistry
(Supplier) formulation Application Price $/kg
Quaternary ammonium WSCP
60% 15 3
compounds (Buckman)
Quaternary ammonium APCA
60% 15 3
compounds (Buckman)
Quat Poly(2- Glokill PQ
hydroxypropyldimethylammonium 60 60% 15 3
chloride) (Solvay)
Quats Bardac
50% 15 2
(Lonza)
5-chloro-2-methyl-4- isothiazolin- Kathon WT
1.5% 3 1.4
3-one & 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin (Dow)
Methylene bisthiocyanurate Tolcide MC
99% powder 6 12
(MBT) (Solvay)
2,2 Dibromo-3-nitrilo Biobrom
propionamide (DBNPA) 20% liquid 15 4
(DOW)
Glutaraldehyde Sepacide
GA50 50% liquid 30 3
(BASF)
1-Bromo-3-chloro dimethyl Bromocide Sold as
hydantoin (BCDMH) (BWA Water 10%, 24% or 10 4
Additives) 60% tablet
50 % tributyle tetradecyl Bellacide
50 % 20 10
phosphnium chloride 350
BCDMH Dantobrom
98% tablet 10 4
(Lonza)
Peracetic acid Evonik,
FMC, 5% ai 200 1.2
Solvay
The above application rates in PPM (parts per million) may need to be increased if
contamination occurs but a balance must be maintained, as excessive biocide usage will
result in higher residue levels and potential environmental problems.
3.1 PRICING
3.1.1 Pricing at Formulated Product Level

The prices of biocides are governed by;
(1) Quantities purchased

(2) Regulatory approval
(3) Formulation of Biocides
(4) Technical and Laboratory Support

(5) Geographical Region.
The following table compares prices observed in the field for the Water Treatment industry for
each of the main geographical regions.
Table 13: Comparison of Prices by Geographical Region in $/kg (99% AI unless otherwise stated)
Chemistry Americas Asia Europe
Bronopol (BNPD) 6 per kg in China and
8 8
10 per kg in Japan
Dithiocarbamates 2.5 (30%) 2.2 (30%) 1.5 (40%)
Quaternary Ammonium
2 (50%) 1 (30%) 2 (50%)
Compounds
QUAT – APCA $ 3 (50 % a.i.)
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-
4 (14%)
isothiazolin-3-one & 2- 1.5 (1.5%)
13 (14% Japan)
methyl-4-isothiazolin
Methylene 10.5,
8 12
bisthiocyanurate (MBT) 16 (98%) in Japan
Chloroisocyanurates 1
2,2 Dibromo-3-nitrilo
propionamide 4 (95%) 4-5 5
(DBNPA)
Glutaraldehyde 4 (50 %) 3 (50%) 4 (50%)
1-Bromo-3-chloro
dimethyl hydantoin 4 (60%) 2 in China 5 (98%)
(BCDMH)
Peracetic acid 0.8 (5%) 1.2 (5%)
TCMTB 13
THPS 3,
7 (75%) 5 (75%)
6 (75%) in Japan
WSCP 7 (13%) in Japan
Sodium Bromide 2 (40%) 1.7 (40%)
4 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION
4.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS
The consumption of Biocides in cooling water treatment is $ 331 million at active manufacture
level. The Americas is the leading region for biocides used in cooling water treatment with
Quats being the leading Biocides used in cooling water treatment as shown in the following
table which illustrates the leading Biocides used by geographical region.
Table 14: Biocide Sales by Type within Cooling Water Treatment
AMERICAS ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE GLOBAL
BIOCIDE
($M) ($M) ($M) ($M)
Amines 2.0 2.0
BIT 1.0 1.0
BIT/MIT 2.0 2.0 2.0 6.0
Bromine 16.0 5.9 9.0 30.9
Bronopol 2.0 3.0 4.0 9.0
Chlorinated Isocyanurates 4.0 3.0 7.0
CMIT/MIT 8.0 5.0 4.0 17.0
Dazomet 2.0 1.0 3.0
DBNPA 5.0 2.0 3.0 10.0
Dithiocarbamates 3.7 3.0 3.0 9.7
Formaldehyde Releasers 1.9 1.0 2.9
Glutaraldehyde 10.0 9.0 6.0 25.0
Halogenated Hydantoin 33.0 10.8 9.0 52.8
MBT 2.9 2.9 2.1 7.9
Peracetic Acid 16.0 10.0 25.0 51.0
PHMB 2.0 2.0
Quats 19.0 14.5 20.0 53.5
Silver 3.0 3.0 4.0 10.0
TBTO 0 0.4 0.4
THPS 1.0 1.7 2.7
Other 9.5 11.5 6.2 27.2
TOTAL 139.0 92.0 100.0 331.0
The biocides used can be divided into two main groups depending on their mode of action:
(1) oxidising biocides, (2) non oxidising biocides
4.1.1 Oxidising Biocides

Oxidising biocides irreversibly oxidise protein groups in the microorganisms resulting in the
loss of normal enzyme activity and the death of the cell. Oxidising biocides include chlorine
and bromine based compounds, paracetic acid, potassium monosulphate and ozone.
Oxidising biocides are usually non selective with respect to which organisms they kill,
destroying viruses, bacteria, yeasts and fungi. These biocides all have a rapid mode of action
with ozone being the fastest acting.
Halogenated hydantoins: The sales value of halogenated hydantoins used as biocides

within the water treatment industry was $52.8 million and sales are growing as they are
becoming a popular alternative to chlorine gas.
The active halogens which are effective biocides are essentially organic bromine compounds
which are quite stable in the dry state but react with water to produce hypobromous acid. The
biocidal efficiency of hypobromous acids is believed to be due to their ability to penetrate the
bacterial cell wall. The most popular halogenated hydantoin is 1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-
dimethylhydantoin (BCDMH) which finds particular application as a cooling water biocide
where it has found to be effective against legionella pneudophilia in industrial cooling water.
The product is available as a solid which are easier and safer to handle than chlorine. In
addition, BCDMH is more effective at high pH levels and are generally less toxic than chlorine
gas. BWA Water Additives (manufactured by Chemtura) is the leading supplier of brominated
biocides. BWA Water Additives is followed by Albemarle Corporation.
Chlorine
Chlorine is used as a biocide in the water treatment industry but is considered a commodity
biocide and is therefore outside the scope of this study. Chlorine is the single biocide most
widely used in water and waste water treatment. Chlorine is an excellent algistat and
bactericide, although selected bacteria can develop a resistance to the molecule. While the
product is highly cost effective against most microorganisms, other biocides are sometimes
favoured because of the following disadvantages associated with its use:
Use levels may have to be increased to maintain effectiveness when cooling waters become
contaminated with hydrocarbons, phenols, ammonia, sulfides, and organic matter
Chlorine decomposes in sunlight and prolonged effectiveness may require chlorination be
performed at night. Chlorine becomes ineffective as a microbiocide above pH 9.5 and
becomes corrosive below pH 6.5.
Chlorine addition causes the system pH to drop, resulting in the need for careful control or
suspension of the addition of other chemicals during chlorination to avoid significant alkalinity
reductions. Excess residue levels in effluent presents environmental problems.
Chlorine is a highly dangerous chemical, being a poisonous gas and a skin irritant. Hence,
great care is needed in handling and storage, especially since chlorination, the process of
disinfecting water, requires large quantities of chlorine. Chlorine is ineffective against biofilm.
Quantifying the chlorine gas market is virtually impossible. There are several thousand
suppliers of locally generated chlorine gas and many larger municipalities captively generate
chlorine on-site using NaClO as the feed stock.
Chlorine can be stabilised with compounds such as calcium and sodium. Sodium
Hypochlorite can be shipped in solid form, as 67% FAC. Local producers can then dilute it to
resell as bleach (solutions ranging from 5% to 30%) or use to manufacture Cl2.
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorine dioxide is used as a biocide in the water treatment industry but is considered a
commodity biocide and is therefore outside the scope of this study. Chlorine dioxide can be
used as a disinfectant instead of chlorine gas. It is a more efficient disinfectant providing long-
term protection against contaminants, even those entering the water system after disinfection.
However, there are a number of problems associated with its use. Chlorine dioxide is highly
reactive and unstable, and it partly turns to chlorate in water. Chlorate is a toxic chemical, and
therefore its levels must be kept as low as possible, thus frequent monitoring is necessary.
Also, due to its reactivity, it must be generated on site, making its use exclusive to large
operations. Hence, the use of chlorine dioxide in water treatment has been very limited to
date. This is changing with the development of stabilized chlorine dioxide from BASF
(developed by Engelhard) and MicroActive Corporation.
Chlorinated isocyanurates
Chloroisocyanuric acid and the chloroisocyanurates are manufactured from the trisodium salt
of cyanuric acid. Cyanuric acid is itself produced by the trimerisation of urea at high
temperatures and it is then neutralised with caustic soda to give the trisodium salt. The
trisodium salt is then chlorinated under controlled conditions to give either trichloroisocyanuric
acid or the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid, both of which are used commercially as
biocides.
Chlorinated isocyanurates are powdered compounds, which hydrolyse in water to slowly
release chlorine and cyanuric acid. The chloroisocyanurates have several advantages such
as rapid response, they are effective in low concentrations, they have no significant effect on
pH and they are convenient to use. Chlorinated isocyanurates has sales of $5 million at active
manufacture level. The leading manufacturers of chlorinated isocyanurates are KIK and
Occidental.
Peracetic Acid
Peracetic acid is derived from acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Its' use in water treatment
is growing due to its effectiveness against legionella organisms associated with slimes
(pseudomonads). In addition, it does not add to the pollution load resulting in its wide
popularity in the treatment of sewerage. Peracetic acid has sales of $ 51 million at active
manufacture level. The leading manufacturers of peracetic acid are Ecolab, Evonik,
Peroxychem Solvay.
Sodium Bromide (NaBr)
Sodium Bromide had sales to the Water Treatment industry of $14 million. The global
consumption is estimated at 120 million Ibs. Sodium Bromide is used in either liquid or solid
form and is typically added to water systems as part of a dual feed program, coupled with
sodium or calcium hypochlorite. The hypochlorite ion reacts with the bromine to produce
hypobromous acid which is biologically active. Albemarle, Ameribrom (owned by Dead Sea
Bromine), Buckman and BWA Water Additives are leading suppliers. Some regional suppliers
are also important such as Aquapharm in India.
4.1.2 Non Oxidising Biocides
Non oxidising biocides function by altering the permeability of the cell wall of microbes
thereby interfering with vital life processes. Non oxidising biocides are more selective than
oxidising biocides in that they are more effective against one type of microbe. Non oxidising
biocides have a slower reaction time than the oxidising biocides. Therefore for these biocides
to perform effective microbial kills, a prolonged contact time between biocide and
microorganism is required. Since non oxidising biocides may only be active against specific
organisms, blends of two or three non oxidising biocides can be formulated into a single
product to afford full cover against microbial action. Some microorganisms may be able to
develop a resistance to some biocides. Therefore, it is recommended that non oxidising
biocides are changed at regular periods to prevent such adaptations. The main non oxidising
biocides used are: Dithiocarbamates, Glutaraldehyde, CMIT/MIT, DBNPA, THPS, Quaternary
Ammonium Compounds, Methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT)
Dithiocarbamates
Dithiocarbamates are most effective in water systems above pH 7 and are very popular in air
washer applications. The most frequently used dithiocarbamates are:
sodium ethylene bis (dithiocarbamate) (DIBAM)

potassium n-methyldithiocarbamate
Other less popular dithiocarbamates include:
disodium ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (NABAM)
potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate
disodium cyanodithioimidocarbamate
Alco (Akzo Nobel) is the leading supplier of dithiocarbamates, followed by Vinings (owned by
Kemira), Buckman Laboratories and Taminco (formerly UCB). The sales value for
dithiocarbamates as biocides within water treatment industry is $9.7 million at manufacture
level.
Glutaraldehyde
Glutaraldehyde is the leading aldehyde used and has a broad spectrum of activity and rapid
speed of kill. Glutaraldehyde’s usage in water treatment is growing due to its effectiveness in
controlling slime-forming bacteria, sulfate reducers and algae. It is also used over a broad pH
range and is very popular in combination with other biocides. The leading manufacturers of
Glutaraldehyde are Dow followed by BASF with its Sepacide GA50 tradename. The sales
value for glutaraldehyde as a biocide in water treatment is $25 million at active manufacture
level. There has been a trend towards blending glutaraldehyde with quats. One such popular
blend is 42.5 % glutaraldehyde and alkyl dimethy benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC)
blends. The result of this synergy has a twofold impact on the environmental footprint: it
requires less overall biocide for the same level of control, and the blend has a more favorable
eco-toxicity profile compared to conventional organic biocides. The dosage rate with
Glut/ADBAC was 300 ppm active ingredient (600ppm product).
CMIT/MIT
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one & 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT/MIT) is a

popular biocide used for water treatment on a formulated basis. CMIT/MIT is particularly
successful where formaldehyde free products are required. This preservative is available in a
1.5% active solution and is frequently used in combination with a wide range of other active
ingredients. CMIT/MIT has broad activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
bacteria and it is also very effective against yeasts and moulds. It is effective over a broad pH
range from 1-8. Disadvantages of CMIT/MIT are its toxicity and corrosiveness to skin.
CMIT/MIT is manufactured by Dalian Biochem, DOW, and Thor Chemicals. The sales value
for CMIT/MIT as a biocide in water treatment was $17 million at active manufacture level.
Bromines are popular in water treatment with sales of $ 30.9 million. The leading Bromine is
2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) which is a popular biocide used in industrial
water treatment and is manufactured by Dead Sea Bromine and DOW. DBNPA is an
extremely effective biocide and functions best in the pH range from 7 to 8.5. The product is
highly effective against algae, bacteria and fungi. In pH ranges greater than 8.5, it rapidly
decomposes to non toxic components. The sales value for DBNPA used in water treatment
was $ 10.4 million at active manufacture level.
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are one of the most popular biocides used in the
water treatment industry with sales of $ 53.9 million at active manufacture level. This
valuation excludes the use of quats in corrosion control. Quats provide broad spectrum
antibacterial activity with a fast speed of kill at good cost effect. They are of low toxicity, are
non irritant and they are regarded as safer to handle and more pleasant to work with. They
also produce fewer adverse side effects than chlorine. The main disadvantages of quats are
that they have a tendency to foam and their activity against Gram-negative bacteria is poor.
The main quats used in the water treatment market together with their tradenames and
suppliers are listed in the following table:.
Table 15: Main Quats used in Water Treatment

Supplier Tradename Chemical name
Akzo Nobel Querton ABDM
Querton 210 CI-50 DIDMAC
Arquad B Cocobenzyldimethl ammonium chloride
Buckman Busan 77 Polymeric cationic quaternary
Lonza Bardac 22 DIDMAC
Bardac LF DODMAC
Stepan Catigene 818 DADM
ABDMs were traditionally the dominant Quat used in water treatment but are losing market
share to DADMs and WSCP because of environmental and foaming concerns.
Polymeric quats such as tributyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride (TTPC) and WSCP have
been successful due to their broad spectrum activity against bacteria and algae which causes
biofilm for an extended period. They are fast acting unlike most non oxidizing biocides.
Todate their success have been within industrial water in hard to treat cooling towers where
algae is a big problem.
One of the leading suppliers of Polymeric Quats is Buckman who supply WSCP, FCA and
APCA. WSCP (polyoxyethylene(dimethyliminio)ethylene(dimethyliminio)ethylene dichloride) is
a polymeric quat with sales of $7 million. WSCP does not foam like conventional quats.
Another polymeric quat supplied by Buckman is APCA. It contains 60 % poly(2-
hydroxyethylenedimethyliminio-2-hydroxypropylene-dimethyliminiomethylene)dichloride.
APCA is cheaper than WSCP. Both have similar efficacy against algae and bacterial but
WSCP is a better Floculant.
Methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT)
Methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT) is a non metallic organosulfur and is particularly effective

against slime control in water systems. MBT is used extensively in water systems up to pH 8
because it gives long term activity and is cost effective. Above pH 8, it rapidly decomposes
and is not recommended for such applications. MBT is only partially soluble and may need to
be formulated with dispersants in order to enhance its activity. The largest manufacturers of
MBT are Buckman, Solvay (Rhodia) and Dead Sea Bromine. The sales value for MBT as a
biocide in water treatment is $7.9 million.
Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB)
Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) has sales of $2 million. PHMB has a

broad spectrum of activity, a fast speed of kill and are easy to use and present minimal risks
to operators. Their main disadvantages are cost in comparison to other biocides used and
poor biodegradability. The leading suppliers of PHMB are Lonza and Evonik who sell it as a
20% formulation.
Silver
Silver consumption in water treatment is estimated at $ 10 million. Silver is most frequently

found combined with hydrogen peroxide and it is also used with activated carbon in filters.
The silver filters inactive bacteria in water systems. Silver is growing in popularity as it does
not produce offensive odours and provides a synergistic combination with other biocides such
as hydrogen peroxide to provide biofilm control. In addition silver is safe for human contact
and not classified as a heavy metal. The main disadvantage is price. Ishizuka Glass, Kanebo,
Sangi, Sinanen and Toagosei are the leading manufacturers of silver. Accepta, Ateca,
Lenntech, Pure Bioscience, Lion Corp, ProEconomy, Roam Chemie, Sanosil, SureClean and
Tarn Pure are leading formulators of water treatment products which use silver to control
biofilm in combination with hydrogen peroxide.
Formaldehyde Releasers such as Triazines have sales of $ 2.9 million. The triazines show
good biological activity especially in the control of algae in water cooling systems. BWA’s
Bellacide 329 is 47 % 2-chloro-4,6-dialkylamino-s-triazine and is used in industrial cooling
systems. Also Bellacide 325 which is 4% 4-chloro-2,6-dialkyamone-s-triazine. Both are

excellent Algicides.
Other Biocides include the Thiones e.g. Dazomet (3,5-dimethyl-tetrahydro-1,3,5-2H-

thiadiazine-3-thione) and sulfones such as bistrichloromethylsulfone are most effective in
water systems up to pH 8 as they decompose at a higher pH. Dazomet and
bistrichloromethylsulfone are manufactured by Buckman, BASF and EcolabNalco. The
Thiones have sales of $1 million.
Bensothiazoles such as thiocyanomethylthio-benzothiazole (TCMTB) are also used in water

treatment in combination with other actives such as MBT. TCMTB is manufactured by Solvay,
Lanxess and Buckman under the tradenames of Tolcide C80, Preventol CR and Busan 1009.
Bis(tributyltin) oxide (TBTO)
TBTO has sales of $1.4 million and is effective against algae, fungi and especially wood
rotting organisms. They are most active in alkaline pH ranges and are nearly always
formulated with quaternaries to provide synergistic activity. The usage of TBTO is in decline
because of the discharge concerns of heavy metals.
Nitroparaffins are effective as bactericides and inhibitors for bacterial growth in cooling water
systems. The most popular nitroparaffin used as a water treatment biocide is
tri(hydroxymethylene) – nitromethane. There are a number of producers of Nitroparaffins who
are supplying the water treatment market of which Dow is the leader.
Other biocides mentioned during end user research include the following:
N-methyl-methanamine with (chloromethyl)oxirane
Tallow-1,3-propylene diamine acetate
Halogenated Bisphenols e.g. Fentichlor (2,2-thiobis[4-chlorophenol])

Diamine acetate (100%)
5-Oxo-3,4-dichloro-1,2-dithiole
Trichloromethylsulphone
Bromo Nitrostyrene
2-(T-butylamino)-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-S-triazine (TBCET)
Bis (5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)methane
4.2 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION AT END-USER LEVEL

The global market for speciality biocides in Water Treatment at the end user level was
estimated at $ 699 million or more than 111% than the value of the sales at the active level as
shown in the following table:.
Table 16: Consumption of Biocides within Water Treatment at Manufacture and End User
Sales at Distribution % Mark-Up Sales at end-
manufacture route to end- user level ($M)
level ($M) user in %
Active
Manufacturer and 331 10% 60% 53
Formulator
Service Company * 60% 140% 447
Distributor * 30% 100% 199
TOTAL 331 100% 699
* Mark-up for Distributor and Service Company includes mark-ups for Active Manufacturer
and Biocide Formulator.
Biocide Service Companies have the highest percentage of sales at end-user level with 60%
of formulated biocide sales to the water treatment industry being supplied via specialist
service companies such as EcolabNalco, GE, Katayama, Kemira, Kurita and Solenis. Biocide
service companies have achieved a high level of success as they provide a wide range of
support services and additives, including comprehensive water quality support for their
customers. The quality of technical service differentiates the market leaders, onsite technical
representatives cultivate customer loyalty through effective process management. In addition,
service companies provide ready to use formulations which are combinations of actives
formulated into a biocide used in water treatment. These synergistic mixtures have the
benefits of providing a wider spectrum of activity than the single product whose performance
may be altered by the systems pH, temperature, other additives etc. Biocide Service
Companies are best placed to provide this service as they are supplying the whole range of
additives used by the water treatment operators.
5 BIOCIDE MANUFACTURERS
5.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS

Dow is the leading manufacturer of biocides to the water treatment industry with sales of $38
million at manufacture level. The main manufacturers of biocides for the water treatment
industry are shown in the following table:.
Table 17: Biocide Sales by Manufacturer in $ Million - Global and Regional

AMERICAS ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE GLOBAL
MANUFACTURER
SALES ($M) SALES ($M) SALES ($M) SALES ($M)
Akzo 2.0 1.0 2.0 5.0
Albemarle 12.0 3.0 5.0 20.0
Aquapharm 2.0 2.0
Amazon Papyrus 1.0 1.0
BASF 3.0 2.0 4.0 9.0
Biochem 2.0 2.0
Buckman 5.0 3.0 4.0 12.0
BWA Water 10.0 4.0 2.0 16.0
Changzhou Ruihao 1.0 1.0
Chemicrea 2.0 1.0 1.0 4.0
Chendu Qida 1.0 1.0
Dead Sea Bromine 9.0 7.0 6.0 22.0
Dishman 1.6 1.6
Dow 18.0 10.0 10.0 38.0
Eastman 2.0 1.0 3.0
Ecolab Nalco 8.0 6.0 9.0 23.0
Envirotech 2.0 1.0 3.0
Evonik 2.0 4.0 6.0
Halosource 1.0 1.0
Heze Huayi 1.0 1.0
Huntsman 4.0 4.0
Jiheng Chemicals 1.0 1.0
Kao 3.0 3.0
Kemira 3.0 2.0 5.0
KI Chemical 1.0 1.0
Koye 3.0 3.0
Lanxess 1.0 1.0
Lonza 10.0 2.0 5.0 17.0
Melzer Chemical 1.0 1.0
Midori Kagaku 1.0 1.0
Nanning Chemicals 2.0 2.0
NOF 2.0 2.0
Ouchi Shinko 1.0 1.0
Oxychem 7.0 7.0
Pax Group 1.0 1.0

Peroxychem 7.0 2.0 4.0 13.0
Pilot 2.0 2.0
Puyuan 1.0 1.0
Sanko 1.0 1.0
Sanshin 2.0 2.0
Sanyo 1.0 1.0
Solenis 2.0 2.0
Solvay 5.0 3.0 8.0 16.0
Stepan 7.0 2.0 9.0
Taihe 1.0 1.0
Thor 2.0 2.0 2.0 6.0
Wuhan Organics 1.0 1.0
Xinjing Chem 1.0 1.0
Other 23.0 9.4 22.0 54.4
TOTAL 139.0 92.0 100.0 331.0
The leading biocide manufacturers are profiled below:
Akzo Nobel has sales of $ 5 million to the water treatment industry. Akzo Nobel
manufactures quats, dithiocarbamates and chlorine dioxide technology which is sold under
the tradename of purate. The quats are their most popular biocides and are sold under the
tradename of Arquad and Querton 210 cl -50. Arquad is dimethylcocco benzylammonium
chloride and it is the most popular quat used in the water treatment industry. Akzo Nobel’s
second most popular quat is didecyl dimethylammonium chloride, which is sold under the
name of Querton 210. Querton shows good bactericidal and fungicidal efficacy.
Albemarle has sales of $20.0 million to the water treatment industry. Albemarle manufactures
bromides which are sold under the tradename of StaBrom, StaBrom Plus, XtraBrom.
Aquapharm is a privately held manufacturer of biocides with headquarters in India. The

company has estimated biocide sales of $ 2 million to the water treatment industry. The
biocides produced are MBT and Sodium Bromide of which MBT is their most popular biocide
in Water.
BASF is a leading supplier of glutaraldehyde for water treatment with estimated sales of $9
million at manufacture level. The company also supplies bronopol and quaternary ammonium
compounds and sells via service companies and distributors.
Buckman Laboratories has biocide sales of $12 million to the global water treatment
industry. The Buckman product line is designed primarily for control of microorganisms,
corrosion, non microbiological deposits, foam and removal of particular matter from water and
waste water. The basic industries served are agriculture, cement, leather, lumber, mining,
paint, petroleum, plastics, pulp and paper, sugar and textiles.
Slimicides and biocides form the backbone of the company's product line and are sold to a
wide range of applications. Buckman's leading product is WSCP, a polymeric quaternary
compound that is used in industrial and recreational water treatment. This novel compound's
major attribute is non-foaming, a problem that plagues traditional quats. Most Buckman
biocides are sold under the tradename BUSAN, including methylene bisthiocyanate (BUSAN
110 or MBT) and potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate (BUSAN 85 or DIMET). Buckman is the
sole US producer of 2-thiocyanimethylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB).
Buckman sales are made directly by a salesforce and via distributors. Research and
development facilities are based in Memphis where professionals conduct applied research in
the areas of biocides, defoamers, corrosion and scale inhibitors.
BWA Water Additives
BWA Water Additives (formerly Chemtura) is a specialist supplier of water additives with
Biocide sales to the water treatment industry of $ 16 million at manufacture level. The
companies leading product is Brominated Hydantoins. Those bromine containing speciality
biocides are noted for their superior performance, environmental safety and convenient
handling characteristics. Biocides are sold under the tradenames of Bellacide, Bromicide and
LiquiBrom. Bellacide® products are non-oxidizing biocides which have been designed to
solve a wide range of microbiological problems that occur in many different water treatment
situations.
BromiCide® and LiquiBrom® are both bromine release agents which have been developed
for the control of bacteria, fungi and algae in industrial water systems. The following table
shows biocides supplied by BWA Water Additives.
Table 18: Biocides Supplied by BWA Water Additives
BIOCIDE FORMULATION APPLICATIONS
Bellacide 325 Terbuthylazine (TBZ) (4% active) Algae control Complements

oxidizing biocides
Bellacide 329 Terbuthylazine (TBZ) (44.7% active) Algae control Complements

oxidizing biocides
Bellacide 350 Tetra-alkyl phosphonium quat (50% Broad spectrum biocidal control
active) Eliminates biofouling and excellent
thermal and hydrolytic stability
Bellacide 355 Tetra-alkyl phosphonium quat (5% Broad spectrum biocidal control
active) Eliminates biofouling
BromiCide Gel Bromochlorodimethlyhydantoin Broad spectrum biocidal control

(BCDMH) Releases oxidizing bromine
BromiCide Bromochlorodimethlyhydantoin Broad spectrum biocidal control

Granules (BCDMH) Releases oxidizing bromine

Powder (BCDMH) Releases oxidizing bromine

Tablets (BCDMH) Releases oxidizing bromine
Liquibrom 3800 Sodium bromide (38% Active) Broad spectrum biocidal control
Activation generates oxidizing
bromine
bromine
bromine
bromine
Changzhou Koye Chemical (Koye) has estimated sales of $ 3 million and produce many
Biocides for water treatment. The biocides produced are DBNPA (98 % Powder), BCDMH (97
% powder), Benzalkonium Chloride (80 %), Bronopol (99 % in Powder), CMIT/MIT (14 % a.i.)
and Sodium Dimethyl Dithiocarbamate (SDD/SDMC).
Chemicrea is based in Japan and is a leading supplier of biocides to the Asian Water
Treatment industry with sales of $4 million. Chemicrea has production facilities in Japan and
China. The target markets are: Paper mill slimicide, Paper & pulp preservatives, Water
treatment agents, Latex and emulsion preservatives and Cosmetics preservatives. The main
formulations supplied are illustrated below:.
Table 19: Biocides Provided by Chemicrea

Tradename Active Ingredients
ZONEN-C
5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one / 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-
one(Mixing ratio 3:1, Content approx.14%)
ZONEN-FP
5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one / 2-methly-4-isothiazolin-3-
one
(Mixing ratio 10:1, Content approx.12%)

ZONEN-MT 2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Content approx. 50%)
ZONEN-O/100 2-Octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Content 100%)
DBNPA 2,2-Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide
BBAE 1,2-Bis(bromoacetoxy)ethane
B-1,4 or BBAB Bis(1,4-bromoacetoxy)-2-butene
BRONOPOL 2-Bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol
DBNE 2,2-Dibromo-2-nitroethanol
Chemicrea’s main biocide product to the Water Treatment industry is BNPD, CMIT/MIT,
DBNE (2,2-Dibromo-2-nitroethanol), DBNPA and BBAB (Bis(1,4-bromoacetoxy)-2-butene)
which are very cost effective biocides and their low application rate gives it an advantage over
other biocides.
Dalian Biochem is a privately held manufacturer of biocides with headquarters in China. The
company has estimated biocide sales of $2 million to the water treatment industry. The
biocides produced are CMIT/MIT.
Dead Sea Bromine (ICL) has sales of $ 22 million to the Water Treatment industry. Dead
Sea Bromine Group is part of Israel Chemicals with formulation and distribution facilities
throughout the world. In the US, the company trades as Ameribrom. The biocides sold into
the water treatment industry are MBT, DBNPA and 1,4-bis-bromoacetoxy-2-butene. The
range of biocide products supplied by DSBG is given below;
HALOGENE® is a broad-spectrum halogen-releasing product for the control of algal,
bacterial, and fungal populations in industrial water systems. It is more effective than chlorine
over broad pH range (6-10). HALOGENE products contain the active ingredient bromo-
chloro-dimethyl-hydantion (98% BCDMH) which slowly releases bromine and chlorine when
placed in water. HALOGENE products are supplied as free-flowing powder, granules
(Halogen G) and as tablets (Halogen T-30).
BIOBROM® C103 SOLID (2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, DBNPA). C-103 SOLID

granular or powder is an active ingredient (98%) that can be used to prepare fast-acting,
efficient biocidal formulation for controlling microbial, fungal and algal growth in industrial
water systems.
BIOBROM C103L® is a fast-acting, non-oxidizing biocide that is used to control microbial,

fungal and algal growth in industrial water systems. BIOBROM C103L contains the active
ingredient 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (5%, 20% active DBNPA).
BIOBROM® C100G is a solid version of BIOBROM C-103L and 98% minimum active dry
DBNPA that may be applied utilizing low-level continuous application techniques which have
demonstrated efficacy in controlling Legionnaire's Disease. The product is specially packaged
in disposable cartridges and bottles that minimize the potential for operator contact and
eliminates the handling of toxic liquids.
SODIUM BROMIDE is 98% minimum active dry Sodium Bromide packaged to be utilized dry,
on site. Because SODIUM BROMIDE is 3.5 times more soluble than table salt, it can easily
be dissolved at your customer's site.
BROMIDE PLUS is a broad spectrum, biocide that is used to control microbial, fungal and
algal growth in industrial water systems such as cooling towers, pulp & paper mills, once
through cooling water and waste water disinfections. BROMIDE PLUS contains the active
ingredient Sodium Bromide (40%-45% solution) which is used in conjunction with chlorine
gas, 12.5% Sodium Hypo chlorite, Sodium Dichloro-s-Triazinetrione or Trichloro-s-
Triazinetrione to form the active oxidizing biocidal species hypobromous acid.
CDB 90 (TCCA) is a dry source of chlorine for use in industrial recalculating water cooling
towers, air washers & evaporative condensers. CDB 90 contains the active ingredient
Trichloro-sTriazinetrione (90% as chlorine) and is an excellent choice where a dry isocyanuric
acid stabilized chlorine source is desirable.
CDB 56 (DCCA) is a dry source of chlorine for use in industrial recalculating water cooling
towers, air washers & evaporative condensers. CDB 56 contains the active ingredient Sodium
Dichloro-s-Triazinetrione (56% as chlorine) and because of its high solubility, is an excellent
choice for dry shock chlorinating agent where isocyanuric acid remains stable for longer and
no calcium added is advantageous.
MBT (Methylene Bis-thiocyanate) is a formulation grade biocide for control of bacteria, algae,
yeast and fungi in industrial water systems and paper mill water.
Dishman Pharmaceuticals is a privately held manufacturer of biocides with headquarters in

India. The company has estimated biocide sales of $1.6 million to the water treatment
industry. The biocides produced are quats.
Dow has worldwide biocide sales of $ 38 million at active manufacture level to the water
treatment industry. Dow manufactures Bronopol, Kathon (CMIT/MIT), Dowicide DBNPA (2,2-
dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide), glutaraldehyde and THPS are the company’s leading

products. Kathon is the company’s leading biocide used in water treatment. It is a very cost
effective biocide. Kathon’s low application rate gives it an advantage over non oxidising
biocides. The company supplies via formulators and service companies who are well trained
in marketing biocides and have good technical knowledge.
Biocides are considered a growth area and the strong dedication to the product line will
continue to bolster their position as a leading biocide supplier.
EcolabNalco is the leading water treatment service company with headquarters in the USA.
EcolabNalco also manufactures Dazomet and peracetic acid with estimated sales of $ 23
million at manufacture level. The company supplies via their own service division.
Envirotech has estimated active biocide sales of $ 3 million to the Water Treatment industry. The
biocides produced are peracetic acid but the company also offers a broad range of complementary
Biocides such as DBNPA (Drain-Ex Tabs) which is a deodorizer used in treating drains in manufacturing
or other food establishments. Drain-Ex Tabs incorporate 2,2-dibromo-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) along
with Enviro Tech’s proprietary slow-dissolution technology allowing each tablet to last for 2-3 weeks.
EnviroChlorite 15 is a EPA registered 15% sodium chlorite solution that can be used in the dairy, food &
beverage industry, CIP applications, pipeline cleaning, and fruit and vegetable washing. Hydrochloric Acid,
Enviro Klor™ potassium hypochlorite is a very versatile EPA registered biocide with all the power of a
hypochlorite leach and is approved for use wherever typical sodium hypochlorite bleach is used.
Evonik has estimated active biocide sales of $ 6 million to the Water Treatment industry. The biocides
produced are peracetic acid.
Huntsman is a manufacturer of quats with estimated biocide sales of $ 4 million to the water
treatment industry. The company has a partnership with Laffans in India.
Jiheng Chemicals is a privately held manufacturer of biocides with headquarters in China.
The company has estimated biocide sales of $1 million to the water treatment industry. The
biocides produced are chloroisocyanurates and halogenated hydantoins.
Kao is a Japanese manufacturer of quats with estimated biocide sales of $3 million to the
water treatment industry. The biocides produced are quats.
Kemira has sales of $5 million to the Water Treatment industry. Biocides are sold under the
tradenames of Fennosan and Fennotox. Kemira’s products are sold directly and through
distributors. Kemira became an active ingredient manufacturer of biocides with the acquisition
of Vinings in the US. This acquisition provided Kemira with manufacturing of two biocides
namely Dithiocarbamates and Dazomet.
KI Chemical has sales of $1 million to the Water Treatment industry. Biocides sold include
BBAB, bronopol, DBNE, DBNPA, triazines. KI’s products are sold directly and through
distributors.
Koye is a Chinese manufacturer of quats with estimated biocide sales of $3 million to the
water treatment industry. The biocides produced are quats and isothiazolinones.
Lonza biocide sales are $17 million to the water treatment market. Lonza is traditionally
regarded as the leader in quaternary ammonium biocides (quats). In addition to supplying
quats, Lonza also supplies hydantoins and isothiazolinones. The main biocides supplied by
Lonza are below:
DantoGard - 100 (1,3-dimethylol-5,5-dimethylhydantoin). It is used as a broad spectrum
preservative.
DantoBrom RW - A mixture of chlorinated and brominated dimethyl hydantoin.
Hyamine 1622 - Benzethonium chloride.

Barquat and Bardac - Quaternary ammonium biocides.
Melzer is a leading manufacturer of biocides in India with sales of $1 million to the water
treatment industry. The company manufactures quats and dithiocarbamates which are used
in cooling water treatment.
Midori Kagaku has sales of $1 million to the Water Treatment industry in Japan. The
biocides produced are halogenated hydantoins which are sold via distributors.
Nanning Chemical has sales of $2 million to the Water Treatment industry in China. The
company produces chloroisocyanurates which is sold directly and through distributors.
NOF has sales of $2 million to the Water Treatment industry in Japan. The company
produces quaternary ammonium compounds under the tradename of Nissancation and
Nissananon which are sold directly to service companies and through distributors.
Oxychem has sales of $7 million for biocides used in water treatment. The company
manufactures chloroisocyanurates and sells its biocides via its speciality chemical division
directly to large service companies.
Pax Group is a leading Indian producer of Isothiazolinones and Quats with sales of $1 million
to the Water Treatment industry.
Peroxychem is a leading manufacturer of peracetic acid with sales of $ 13 million to the

global Water Treatment industry. The company manufactures peracetic acid which is widely
used as a bleaching agent in addition to its biocidal properties. Peroxychem is the leading
manufacturer of peracetic acid within the Americas.
PilotMason has sales of $ 2 million for biocides used in water treatment. The company
manufactures quats and sells its biocides directly to large service companies.
Sanshin has worldwide headquarters in Japan. The company is a leading manufacturer of

dithiocarbamates for the water treatment industry in Japan with sales of $2 million. The
product disodium ethylene bisdithiocarbamate is sold under the tradename of Sancelent 325.
Sanshin supplies via service companies and distributors.
Sanyo has sales of $1 million to the Water Treatment industry in Japan. The biocides
produced are quats and sold via distributors.
Solvay (Rhodia) biocides are sold via the water treatment division with sales estimated at $
16 million at active manufacture level. Solvay manufacture the following biocides:
Methylene-bisthiocyanate (MBT)
2-thiocyano-methylthiobenzothiazole (TCMTB)
Chlorosulphone
Tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulphate (THPS)
Peracetic Acid
Solvay is the leading manufacturer of peracetic acid which is sold under the tradename of
Proxitane. Solvay mainly supplies via distributors, formulators and service companies.
THPS is another Biocide which it acquired via the acquisition of Rhodia. The product has
excellent biocidal activity as well as an excellent toxicological profile. Solvay also source-in
products to complete their product range. For example the company supplies dazomet which
is sourced from outside.
Stepan has sales of $ 9 million for biocides used in water treatment. The company
manufactures quats and sells its biocides directly to large service companies.
Taihe Chemicals has sales of $1 million to the Water Treatment industry in China. Biocides
produced include quats, CMIT/MIT and peracetic acid. Shandong Taihe Water Treatment is a
specialist manufacturer of Water Treatment Chemicals, active in all R&D, production,
marketing and technical service.
Thor is a manufacturer of isothiazolinones and quats with sales of $6 million to the Water
treatment industry. Thor supplies via service companies.
Wuhan Organic is a manufacturer of glutaraldehyde in China with sales of $1 million to the

water treatment industry.
Xinjing Chemical is a leading manufacturer of acrolein and glutaraldehyde in China with

sales of $1 million to the water treatment industry. Xinjing mainly supplies via distributors,
formulators and service companies.
OTHER’ sector accounts for $54.4 million in sales of biocides to the water treatment industry
and include the following companies:
Arkema had sales of $1.0 million to the water treatment industry. Arkema provide a broad
range of formulations for the water treatment industry including chlorine, bleach, chlorine
dioxide, sodium chlorite and hydrogen peroxide and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Biomet 66 is the most popular specialty biocide offered by Arkema and it is a quaternary
ammonium compound.
Changzhou Keling is based in China. The company provides chloroisocyanurates.
Chendu Qida is a privately held manufacturer of biocides with headquarters in China. The
company has estimated biocide sales of $1 million to the water treatment industry. The
biocides produced are quats.
Fushun Jinching is based in China with biocide sales of $0.5 million to the water treatment
industry. The biocides produced are DBNPA and Quats.
Wujin Fine Chemicals manufactures BCDMH, BIT, Bronopol, CMIT/MIT, DBDCB, DBNPA,
DMDMH, Glutaraldhyde and THPS. Wujin supplies via distributors, formulators and service
companies.
Wujing Hengfeng is a manufacturer of DBNPA based in China and supplies via distributors
and service companies.
Wuxi Meihua manufactures hydantoins in China and supplies via distributors, formulators and
service companies.
6 DISTRIBUTION
6.1 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS
Service companies play an important role in the distribution of biocides to the water industry.
It is estimated that service companies control 60% of the total global water treatment systems
market as can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Distribution of Biocides
Active Ingredient Manufacturers and formulators include companies with production

capabilities for a variety of biocide types. The leading manufacturers are Akzo Nobel,
Albemarle, BASF, Buckman, BWA Water Additives, Dow, ICL, Lonza, Solvay and Stepan.
The typical scenario for manufacturers of biocides used in the water treatment industry, would
involve the production or purchasing of raw material. Many active biocides emerge from the
manufacturing process as lumpy, wet pastes or viscous liquids. The product is then converted
in-house or by formulators to products with good characteristics of storage, ease of use and
performance. Formulations may have one or several actives with adjutants. Adjutants such as
surfactants can improve the antimicrobial activity of a biocide. Special attention is being
devoted to the ease and safety of application. Liquid formulations, either solutions or
dispersions with low viscosity, are the easiest to handle and can be added automatically by
the pumps.
Service Companies are an important link between active ingredient manufacturers and end
users. Most service companies concentrate on specific market segments. They tend to have
particular strengths regionally except EcolabNalco and GE who are global players. Because
of the high costs, Service companies only register their most popular biocide formulations and
for the smaller selling biocides, registration is made by the producers of active ingredients.
In conclusion, service companies dominate the distribution of biocides in the global water
treatment industry. Service companies have grown by offering a superior and sophisticated
technical service as well as taking the best of different actives and combining them together
to increase effectiveness. The chemical manufacturers of biocide actives invariably provide
data giving the effectiveness of their product against a variety of target microorganisms. This
information is used by the service companies to provide blended products for water treatment
and also to gain registration for their blended products.
7 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
The value chain below shows the value added achieved for Biocides used within Water
Treatment.
VALUE ADDED ANALYSIS – BIOCIDES

Active Manufacturer
Value Added 40 %
Service Company Formulator

Value Added 100 % Value Added 20 %
Distributor
Value Added 10 %
END USER
Value Added is selling price less cost price as a %
Figure 2: Value Added Analysis for Cooling Water Biocides
The water treatment market is essentially three-tiered. Active ingredient manufacturers sell
biocides to specialist formulators and / or water management service companies. These
companies formulate to produce proprietary biocide formulations. The formulators supply
proprietary biocide formulations to smaller water management service companies and
distributors whereas the water management service companies bundle biocide sales with a
service component for value added sales to water treatment operators.
Each stage of the distribution chain adds value to the water treatment biocide. As can be
seen in Figure 2, this can achieve 150% value added which is shared between biocide
manufacturers, biocide formulators, water management service companies and distributors.
The percentage value added is highest at the water management service company level for
biocides supplied to the water treatment operator.
Biocide manufacturers can achieve up to 30% value added when they formulate technical
grade biocides and supply to water management service companies or direct to distributors.
In the last few years, biocide manufacturers have started to offer their own formulations so as
to maximise earnings along the supply chain.
Formulators who purchase active ingredients from biocide manufacturers, can expect to
receive up to 40% value added when they supply formulated biocides to water management
service companies or direct to distributors for resupply to water treatment operators.
Water management service companies can receive up to 100% value added when they
purchase biocide active ingredients and supply proprietary biocide formulations to water
treatment operators. In addition to supplying ready to use biocide formulations, the water
treatment service company provide a wide range of support services and additives, including
comprehensive water quality control support for their customers. The quality of technical
service differentiates the market leaders. On-site technical representatives cultivates
customer loyalty through effective process management. Long-term service relationships are
the norm with supplier changes only occurring after they fail to correct a significant problem.
Since process water quality is critical to operations, companies are reluctant to switch water
treatment companies.
Distributors can expect to receive up to 20% value added when they supply biocides to water
treatment operators.
8 REGULATORY ANALYSIS
The use of Biocides in Cooling Water are regulated by governments in all the developed
Countries of the World. If the country does not have specific regulations covering the use of
Biocide, they will follow American, EU or Japanese regulations in terms of which Biocides
they will allow and also the usage rates allowed. The following are the authorities in the major
consuming regions of the World:
Australia – Biocides are classed as industrial chemicals in Australia and are regulated by the
National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) to ensure they
are safe for the workers handling them, the environment and for use.
Brazil – Brazilian Preservative Approvals
Europe – The European Union regulates Biocides via the BPR.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - Biocides used in Cooling Water are regulated by the
Environmental Protection Agency.
8.1 EUROPEAN BIOCIDES PRODUCTS REGULATION (BPR)

In Europe, the regulations governing the use of Biocides are via the Biocides Products
Regulation (BPR) which is managed by ECHA. A Biocidal Products Committee, consisting of
representatives from each of the EU Member States will give its opinion on Biocidal products,
supported by technical and scientific support from ECHA. A Biocidal product cannot be
supplied on the EU market after 1st September 2015 unless the Biocide is included in the
Article 95 list of the approved Biocides. See the list on http://echa.europa.eu/information-on-
chemicals/active-substance-suppliers
Biocides used in Cooling Water are examined in Product Type 11 of the BPR which governs
the use of biocides in products used for the preservation of water or other liquids used in
cooling and processing systems by the control of harmful organisms such as microbes, algae
and mussels – does not include products used for the preservation of drinking water.
9 TRENDS
The prevailing attitude among water treaters is the desire for more environmentally sound
materials. They require an active ingredient with the following features:
Cost effective in comparison to existing biocides
Broad spectrum of activity
Effective over a wide pH range

Extremely low toxicity to humans
Environmentally acceptable
Approval for use by many regulatory bodies worldwide
Technical service provided by the service company to the end user is critical to success in the
water treatment industry.
A decline in chlorine usage is occurring as chlorine is unsuitable to industrial users of water

who are switching to alkaline-based systems in order to avoid corrosion. The substitution of
gas chlorination due to safety and effluent hazards will create demand for speciality biocides.
Bromine based biocides such as BCDMH appear to have several advantages over chlorine.
More industrial users are ‘recycling’ wastewater and the resulting additional microbes require
more biocides to be used.
Water treatment companies are finding that their business must integrate products and
services in order to succeed in the current economic environment. The real growth is in
providing more services rather than by selling larger quantities of chemicals. The industrial
market is the largest end-use sector for water treatment chemicals and services. Secondly
are the municipal applications at around half the size of the industrial market.
BWA has introduced Bellacide 303 to follow on from Bellacide 350 which was the first biocidal
product to be approved by the US EPA in ten years in 2007. BWA has high hopes for
Bellacide 303 which is a broad spectrum biocide that eliminates algae, fungi and bacteria. It
has biodispersancy properties as well as better synergy with halogens in comparison to
isothiazolone and glutaraldehyde and at lower cost. Bellacide 303, like Bellacide 325 and
Bellacide 329, is designed for open recirculating and cooling applications within industrial
water treatment whereas Bellacide 355 and Bellacide 350 are mainly used in biocidal control
in oil and gas applications. Bellacide 350 is very effective in shale gas where it prevents gas
from going sour by controlling sulphate reducing bacteria. The base chemistry for Bellacide
350 is quaternary phosphates and Bellacide 303 is second generation. Both are non oxidising
biocides. Traditionally oxidising biocides like chlorine and bromine formulations kill rapidly but
are not long lasting whereas the non oxidising are more stable in water but less active.
10 FUTURE
10.1 BIOCIDE GROWTH

The growth rate for biocides will depend on the following factors:
(1) Market Growth
(2) Efficacy
(3) Price
(4) Economic Circumstances
(5) Regulatory Status
(6) Adoption by major Suppliers

(7) External Approvals.
The following are the growth rates predicted for the main biocides used in the water treatment
industry. As China is a developing country and a major growth area, it will see growth for all
biocides whereas the US is a developed country and will only see growth for really superior
biocides. The following table is a prediction overall.
Table 20: Global Forecast for Biocides used in Water Treatment

BIOCIDE GROWTH RATE BY VOLUME
BNPD 2%
CMIT 1%
DBNPA 3%
Dithiocarbamates -3.0%
Glutaraldehyde 2%
Halogenated Hydantion 3%
MBT -2.0 %
MECT 0%
Peracetic Acid 4.4 %
Quats 3%
Sodium Bromide 3%
TCMTB -5.0%
THPS 3%
Triazines 1%
WSCP 1%
10.1.1 Projected Sales of Biocides in Water Treatment
The consumption of speciality biocides by the water treatment sector is estimated at $ 331
million and will increase by 2% as shown in the following table:.
Table 21: Projected Sales of Biocides in Water Treatment to 2022

YEAR CONSUMPTION ($M)
2018 337
2019 344
2020 351
2021 358
2022 365
The consumption of speciality biocides at manufacture level will increase to $365 million in
2022.

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REPORT

Prepared by: Biocide Information Limited

Market Size 2017: Active Ingredient

BIOCIDE SALES BY REGION:

BIOCIDE SALES BY LEADING ACTIVE INGREDIENT:

BIOCIDE SALES BY LEADING ACTIVE INGREDIENT SUPPLIER:

Outlook for the future:

1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLGY .................................................................................5

1.3 ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION ...............................................................................................................5

2 END USER ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................7

2.2 GLOBAL ANALYSIS...............................................................................................................................................9

3 BIOCIDE COMPARISON ................................................................................................20

4 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION ..............................................................................................22

4.1 GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................22

4.2 BIOCIDE CONSUMPTION AT END-USER LEVEL ........................................................................................30

5 BIOCIDE MANUFACTURERS ........................................................................................31

6.1 OVERVIEW OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS ................................................................................................41

7 VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS .............................................................................................43

8 REGULATORY ANALYSIS ............................................................................................45

8.1 EUROPEAN BIOCIDES PRODUCTS REGULATION (BPR)..........................................................................45

10.1 BIOCIDE GROWTH..............................................................................................................................................48

1 INTRODUCTION & METHODOLGY

The key objectives of this study were:

To define the distribution channels in the industry.

Table 4: Number of Interviews Completed within Cooling Water Treatment

1.3 ACCURACY OF THE INFORMATION

Table 5: Currency Conversion Rates

2 END USER ANALYSIS

2.1 TARGET MARKET

The following table illustrates the main micro-organisms found in water.

Table 6: Main Microorganisms found in water

Fungi Cladosporium General slime formation and wood rotting

Algae Chlorococcus General fouling, protect corrosive bacteria

2.2 GLOBAL ANALYSIS

There are three main forms of cooling water systems;

An open recirculating system is a composite of the two systems described previously.

2.2.1 Water Chemical Treatment Programmes

Water treatment programs strive to meet three primary objectives:

2.2.2 Demand for Biocides by End-Markets

Table 7: Demand for Biocides by End Market in %

2.2.3 Demand for Biocides by Major Customer

Table 8: Biocides used by Major Service Companies

Y – Biocide is used by the service company

2.2.4 Service Companies to the Water Treatment Industry

Table 9: Service Companies to the Water Treatment Industry

Table 10: Speciality Biocides Supplied by Kemira

Tradename Active Ingredients

FENNOSAN R20 V 20% DBNPA

FENNOSAN IT21 2.1% CMIT/MIT

FENNOSAN B25 20% DAZOMET

FENNOSAN GL10 50% GLUTARALDEHYDE

business, which specialises in chlorine dioxide-based antimicrobial water treatment

He added that Purate's technologies complement Ecolab’s 3D Trasar technology, which

Table 11: Non Oxidising Biocides Supplied by EcolabNalco

2.2.5 Smaller Customers

2.2.6 Purchasing of Biocides

Effectiveness of the product

Technical service and problem resolution

Supplier relations & reputation