Paramyxoviridae

   
•  Paramyxovirinae     –  Rubulavirus:    
–  Aquaparamyxovirus   –  Mumps  virus  (MuV)    
–  Atlan5c  salmon  paramyxovirus   –  Respirovirus:    
–  Sendai  virus  (SeV)      

Paramyxoviridae    
–  Avulavirus:    
–  Newcastle  disease  virus  (NDV)  
–  Ferlavirus   •  Pneumovirinae    
–  Henipavirus   –  Pneumovirus:  Bovine  
–  Hendravirus     respiratory  syncy5al  
–  Nipahvirus     virus  (BRSV)    
–  Morbillivirus     –  Metapneumovirus:  
–  Canine  distemper  virus  (CDV)   Avian  metapneumovirus  
–  Measles  virus  (MeV)   (SHS)  
–  Peste-­‐des-­‐pe5ts-­‐ruminants  virus  (PPRV)  
–  Rinderpest  virus  (RPV)  

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Paramyxoviruses    
•  -­‐  ssRNA,  enveloped  
•  HN,  hemaggluAnin  +  
neuraminidase  acAviAes  
•  Helical  nucleocapsid  with   Newcastle  Disease  
herring-­‐bone  appearance  
•  Polymorphic   Pseudo-Fowl Pest, Avian Pest,
–  100‑300nm     Avian Distemper, Tetelo Disease,
•  Morbiliviruses   Korean Fowl Plague, and Avian
–  Cross  reacAve   Pneumoencephalitis

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 Newcastle  Disease  
•  Paramyxoviridae   Pathotypes:  
–  Genus  Avulavirus  
1.  AsymptomaAc  enteric  -­‐   4.  Velogenic  
•  9  serotypes    
–  APMV-­‐1  to  APMV-­‐9   Subclinical   –  Neurotropic:  Respiratory  
•  APMV-­‐1   or  neurological  
2.  Lentogenic  
•  Pathotypes:   –  Vicerotropic:  
–  Subclinical  to  mild   Hemorrhagic  intesAnal  
–  Viscerotropic  velogenic     respiratory  
–  Neurotropik  velogenic     lesions  
–  Mesogenic     3.  Mesogenic   •  virulent  ND  
–  Lentogenic   –  Respiratory  or   –  Mesogenic  
–  Enterik  AsymptomaAc   neurological   –  Velogenic  
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History   Economic  Impact  

•  1926   •  More  costly  than  any  other    
– Java,  Indonesia   animal  virus.  
– Newcastle-­‐upon-­‐Tyne,  England   •  ConAnued  control  measures:  
expensive  
•  Probable  earlier  outbreaks  in  Central  Europe  
•  Repeated  tesAng  for  trade  
–  1896:  Western  Scotland,  cause  of  death  of  all   purposes  
chickens?  
•  Developing  countries  
•  4  panzooAcs  from  1926  to  1981   –  Quality  &  quanAty  of  protein  
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Geographic  DistribuAon   Morbidity/Mortality  
•  Endemic   •  Morbidity:  Up  to  100%   •  Clinical  signs  vary  
–  Asia,  Middle  East,  Africa,  Central  &  South  America   •  Mortality:  90%   –  Virulence  and  strain  

•  Few  or  no  signs   –  Avian  species  &

•  Vaccine  use  makes  assessment  of  true    suscepAbility  of  host  
–  Game  birds  
geographical  distribuAon  difficult   –  Environmental
–  AquaAc  birds    condiAons  
•  InternaAonal  monitoring   •  Carrier  state   –  Secondary  infecAons  
–  FAO  and  OIE   –  Wild  birds   –  VaccinaAon  history  
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Animal  Transmission   Human  Transmission  

•  Direct  contact:     •  Survives  in  the •  Mild  conjuncAviAs  
–  Feces,  respiratory  environment   –  Virus  shed  in  ocular  secreAons  for  4-­‐7  days  
 discharges   •  Shedding:   –  Avoid  contact  with  avian  species  during  this  Ame  
•  ContaminaAon   –  IncubaAon:  2-­‐15  d          
–  Feed,  water    (5-­‐6  d  average)   •  Lab  workers  and  vaccinaAon  crews  most  at  risk  
–  Equipment   •  Migratory  birds,  feral •  No  cases  from  handling  or  consuming  poultry  
–  Human  clothing    pigeons  
–  Contaminated  vaccines  
products  
–  Trade  and  movement   •  No  human-­‐to-­‐human  spread  
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Clinical  Signs   Clinical  Signs  
•  Drop  in  egg   •  Edema  of  head,  esp.  
producAon   around  eyes  
•  DepigmentaAon    
•  Greenish-­‐dark  watery  
diarrhea  
•  Numerous  deaths  
within  24-­‐48  hours   •  Respiratory  and  
neurological  signs  
•  Deaths  conAnue  
for  7-­‐10  days   •  Signs  vary  

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Post  Mortem  Lesions  
•  IndisAnguishable  
from  HPAI  
•  Hemorrhagic  internal  
lesions    
– Tracheal  mucosa  
– Proventriculus  
– IntesAnal  mucosa  

Post  Mortem  Lesions    DifferenAal  Diagnosis  

•  HPAI   •  Psijacosis  
•  Edema  of  the  head  
and  neck   •  Fowl  cholera   •  Mycoplasmosis  
•  Edema,  hemorrhage,   •  InfecAous   •  InfecAous  bronchiAs  
necrosis  or  ulceraAon   laryngotracheiAs   •  Management  
of  lymphoid  Assue   •  Coryza   –  Water  or  feed  
•  Lesions  vary  with   deprivaAon  
•  Fowl  pox  (diphtheriAc  
species  and  virulence   form)   –  Poor  venAlaAon  

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Clinical  Diagnosis   Diagnosis  
Laboratory  Tests  
•  Sudden  decrease  in   •  Virus  isolaAon  
egg  producAon   •  Virus  characterizaAon;  pathotyping  
–  PCR,  nucleoAde  sequencing  
•  High  morbidity  &  
–  ICPI  (intracerebral  pathogenicity  indexI)  
mortality  
•  Serology  
•  CharacterisAc  signs   –  No  strain  informaAon,  limited  value  
and  gross  lesions   –  May  be  used  post-­‐vaccinal  to  confirm  Ab  response  
–  HI,  ELISA  
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Recommended  AcAons  
•  NoAficaAon  of  AuthoriAes  
•  QuaranAne  all  suspect  
animals  and  the  premises  
•  Confirmatory  diagnosis  
•  DepopulaAon  
–  Proper  destrucAon  of  
PREVENTION  AND  CONTROL   •  Exposed  cadavers  
•  Lijer  
•  Animal  products  

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Control  and  EradicaAon   DisinfecAon  &  VaccinaAon  
•  Bleach,  6%   •  VaccinaAon  rouAne  
•  DisinfecAon  of   worldwide  
premises   •  Extremes  in  pH  
– <  2  or  >  12   •  Reduces  clinical  signs  
•  Delay  re-­‐introducAon      
•  Heat   •  Does  not  prevent  virus  
–  30  days     replicaAon  or  shedding  
– Boiling  1  min  
–  health  status  
Not  an  alternaAve  to    
•  Detergents  
•  Pest  control,  insects  &   •  Good  management,    
mice   •  Dryness  
•  Biosecurity    
•  Limit  human  traffic   •  UV  light  and  sunlight  
•  Hygiene  
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