Salakya Tantra [Netraroga Vindina - Paper -I] DK. Nihtesnar & De RViyanat nero igus rien DK NB De ee | cocotiethete BAM. ncn Sass Tra Paps pel) EIN New De Esky oe ws Nemelog pm are rains ancien These dnd ‘Miata secrets cine em 2p “Tritech cosa Hare rw fos Vd Ir oh ‘Eeatureneisatodtelnce, Torco yedaesesby Asay ‘Stam in Ur ane seventy iets wel opto. niet tok mays popone sd he wesaieorapplent tet) t fe esnpvaco tute ht fe taeda on Ayeete ‘Gplaolgy. Int opt on rang of ee ang aoe ct ‘nthe tinge rte insporsed ine! Mngt (ets fase dass ae ipledin an xl vay Anmtersngare ‘en bap ine feu by hears ett are rey Comat on doh oc ehh sc hte cone ‘ietncemial sane ponte mbar THscn pets camet Tite sexu nora aio tyros iis, Rael Wasa Saya Ts oomlson hf ti! ems impr 8) prices er gm MC Q, Carne ten ie oa ee ‘ove Sunt wi hw pilav tugs Hope athe [eed scolar i fred PO sna gs Wl od a oo sey aediteapodiefera fit tis Feri on [BANARAS AYURVEDA SERIES 4 — Tore a ANSKRIT, SERIES OFFICE, _ We = Scanned with CamScannerBANARAS AYURVEDA SERIES 4 A Hand Book of History of Ayurveda (Revised and Mlustrated) By Dr. R. Vidyanath (Ara) Professor & H.0.D. Dept of Basie Principles of Ayurveda DiNARS. Gove Aarvedie Clles Vieyevada & Dr. K. Nishteswar ‘MLD. (Ayu ),PRD., DAFF: Pfs 8 0. Dept of ranyaguns DNR. Govt avd Coleg, Vinavada CEs oN) Sioree}aei1)*) CHOWKHAMBA SANSERIT SERIES OFFICE ‘VARANASI. Scanned with CamScannerPublisher Printer Edition Revised Bd ISBN : Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi. (Chowkhamba Press, Varanasi + Tst—2004, 2008, 2007 +: Ist—2008, 2nd—2009 + Rs, 310-00 + 978.81-7080142.7 All igh feserved. No eepreducion or uanslaon ofthis bok or pare ucret in any form, shouldbe made Neither {teay be stored ina etre ster, or warmed. by 28) Incas, elecuoni, mechani, photocopying, recording oF ‘thers, stout the wen permion ote publisher © CHOWKHAMBA SANSKRIT SERSES OFFICE K_ 37/99, Gopal Mandir Lane Golghar (Near Maidagin) Post Box 1008, Varanasi-221 001 (U.P.) India Phone : Office : (0542) 2583458, Res. : 2554032 & 2535020 Fax :0542-2833458, emai : essoffice@saryam.net.in Web site : www.chowkhambaseries.com JAYALAKSHMI INDOLOGICAL BOOK House, 18, Aopae Swany Kol Sel (esas) (Opp, Sansint Coleg) hiyapore Shen - 600 004 w On 24880599 Als a beh fom CCHOWKHAMBA KRISHNADAS ACADEMY Post Box 1318 K_ 87/118, Gopal Mandir Lane Golghar (Near Maidagin) ‘Varanasi-221001 (India) Phone : (0542) 2835020 Scanned with CamScannerDedication ‘To our Revered Preceptor Prof. MS. Shastry, WPA.PAD, Ex. Dean & Head of the Department ‘of Basic Principles of Ayurveda Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerPreface to the First Edition “Study the past if you would define the future” = Confucius “In order to protect the future i is wise o understand the past" — - Mahatma Gandhi “Hand Book of History of Ayurveda published during 2004, repriated in the year 2006 & 2007 has witnessed overwiselming response from student community. Keeping in view the changed CCIM Curriculum we felt the necessity of editing the subject material and made an tempt to enlarge several chapters. Inthe chapter on ‘Vedic Period, list of hers mentioned in those seriptures are add. “Two lists are separately provided for medicinal plants of Bible and Isami tradition. The chap. teron ‘Nighanas" is separated and enlarged suTiciatly Inthe chapter eniled ‘Development of Ayurveda afer Independence, the more rel- «vant information regarding the Depertment of AYUSH, CCIM, RAY, CCRAS and the research activities being cartied out by those departments ae furnished. The guidelines for writing the ssiemific paper along withthe profiles of research are given. The brief biography of contempo- rary scholars and scietisis of Ayurveda are incorporated in the chapter enitied Authors of ‘Ayurveda inthe Moder Period The information eparding the available reference books pub- lished secording to CCIM curriculum are also furnished in this chapter. ‘A sepacate chapter, number 19 has been allocated for incorporating important essay ‘questions, short questions and M.C.Qs' for the benefit ofthe students, The more number of ‘Musrations related to historical events and towering personalities inthe Feld of Ayurveds are also Furnished for bringing beter awareness about the topics under discussion. In the annexure ‘Standard Reference Morks of ayurveda’ ‘Aliemative medical sjs- tem’, “Milesiones in Medicine’, "Research & Conservation of Medicinal Plans’ Details of Prestigious Ayurvedic Institaions of India’, Popular Ayurvedic Pharmaceaaical Companies of India’, ‘List of Ayurvedic Colleges, UG. & PG ete, are incorporated. The information dis- played inthe net about various orzanizatons insitions, companies and other industries have ‘ben utilized while comping the respective topics. ‘This book is edited heeping i view ofthe needs of Undergraduate students and Post- _gadunte scholars of Ayurveda and hope they filly ilize the furnished information, Ou special thanks are dve to M/S Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series, Varanasi for requesting us to edit and clare the book in view of ts poplar Station: Vijayawada Date: 27 March 2008 ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerPREFACE of Ayurveda was attributed to Brahma, the creator of the universe by the authors of classical Samhitas. Prof. Dwarakanath commenting on the origin and development of medicine in ancient India quotes “Agnvesa Samhita refers to a period, inthe history of India, when people lead a pastoral life and lived a ntural ie free from disease. As civic life and urban culture developed, the society is seen to have been subjected to many changes and numerous diseases, not known in the earlier ages. The earlier Vedic medicine was not equal to the challenge. The wise men ofthe time (the Rishis) are stated to have imported into the Indo-Gangetie plans a rational and sym- retrial medicine- the Ayurveda- from a more advanced culture. Subsequent develop- ‘meat of medicine inthe {ndo-Gangetie plains kept pace with the increasing rbaniza- tion and this fasted tll the Sunga — Kushan period, A time bracket for the origin and development of medicine includes the 5* millennium BC (before cultural phase of Harappa civilization ranging ftom 2300 BC to 1750 BC) to 4* period of Hastinapura (ftom 2+ century BC to 3* century AD). The period from 3 century AD ean be named as post Ayurvedic petod, after which no further or significant advances are seento have taken place in the field of Indian medicine, onthe other hand the arrest of progress and sradual decline of Indian medicine marked this period. From the point of view of liter- ‘ary evidence and astronomical grounds, a date of 3000 BC approximately would repre- sent the Jower limit and the 34 century AD the upper limit of the time bracket forthe evolution of the rational medicine in aneient India. The period anterior to the lower limit, extending possibly beyond the S* millennium BC may be considered to represeat the period of Adlikalaor Pre-Ayurvedic culture.” Most of the historians have attempted to document history of Ayurveda on the basis of various periods namely Yedic period, Samhita period, Nighantu period, “Moghul period, British period and Modem period ‘Acharya PY. Sharma described the development of Ayurveda under 3 major components viz 1. Prachina Kala—Ancient period (up to 7® AD i. post Gupta period) 2. Madhyama Kala ~ Medieval period (8 to 15* century AD) 3. Adhunika Kala —Modem period (16% century onwards) Aridey Vidyolankar described history of Ayurveda as under, 1, Vaidita Kala ~ Prechistoric period (2500 BC) 2. Ramayana & Mahabharata Kala (500 BC) ‘Scanned with CamScanner(iy 3. Bouddha Kala (363 BC) 4. Kushan Kala (210BC to 176AD) 5. Gupta Kala (380 AD) 6. Madhya Kala (687 ~ 1200 AD) 7. Mogul Kata (12* to 18* century AD) 8. Adinita Kala (after 18° century) ‘Achanta Lakshmipati quoted it as 1. Puratana Yuga from time immemorial to 50,000 BC 2. Arya Yaga from $0,000 BC to 1000 BC 3. Boudiha Yuga from 1000 BC to 300. AD Pauranita Yuga ~from 300 AD to 1000 AD 5. Bhakil Yuga from 1000 AD to 1857 AD 6. Adiunita Yuga from 1858 up to the present time ‘The statement of Winston Churchill, while addressing the Royal college ofP sicians in March 1944, “The longer you can look back, the further you can look for- ward’ reemphasizes the necessity of studying the History of any subject for developing ft furber. Iisa known fact that various committees appointed by the Government during pre and post independent India identified the importance of study of History of Ayurveda and various courses drafed for Diplome as well as Degree students studying ‘Ayurveda, incorporated History of Ayurveds as one of the subjects Alter consulting the above works the Contents of the subject are discussed inthis book as suggested hy C.C.LM. ie, Pre-istoric, Pre-Vedic, Vedic period, Upanished period, Samhita period, Sengraha period and Modem period. At present the books written on the subject of Ayurveda Ithihas indifferent lan- guages serving as reference books, but failed to give all the details mentioned in the CCAM. curieulum, Keeping this in view an attempt is made to compile the relevant material in accordance with C.C..M. curriculum. This book serves as textbook to the under gradu- ate students and also as a seference book For PG. Scholars. ‘The authors are grateful o Sri V.LN. Shasiry, Retired Head ofthe Department ‘of English, Satavahana College, Vijayawada for his meticulous suggestions and con- ‘structive criticism while preparing this manuscript The authors are also thankful to M/ § Chaukhambha Sanskzil Series, Varanasi for publishing this work. Vijayawada ~Dr R. Vidvanath 4-2-2004 Dr. K. Nishteswar ‘Scanned with CamScannerAbout the Author Name 1. VIDYANATIE Date of Binh 4th February 1961 Place of Binh + Guntur, Andhva Pradesh Parents De Satyanarayanacharyuht Smt R Rajyalaxmi Email soratosharam@yshoo. coin Academic Qualifications: 1. BAMS. (Nagarjuna University - 1983) 2. MD. (Gujarat Ayurved University - 1986) 3. Special Training in Pancha Karma (Intentional Institute of Ayurved Service: Medical Officer -A.P. Gov. Service - 1986 0 1996, Lecturer - Govt. Ayurvedic College, Vijayawada - 1996 to 2006. Ast. Professor - Govt. Ayurvedic Collage, Vijayawada - March 2006 to Jaly‘08 Professor - Govt Ayurvedic Colpo, Vijayawada. from August’ 08. A. Books Published: English: 1596) |. Panchakariea A Handbook of Ashanga Sangraka “Avurvediya Rasa Sara (Co Author) Drugs Useful in Panchakarma Therapy (Co Author) Sahasrayogam Test with English Translation (Co Author) Rajamartanda Text with English Translation (Co Author) A practical guide on Panchakarma Telugas 1. Ayuvediya Panchakarma Vignanan 2. Ayurveda Mulika Yogamulu (Co Author) B Papers Published: n Seminars /Workshops / Conferences 0 Scanned with CamScannerParents Em Aculemie Qualifleations: 1 About the Co-Author K.NISHTESWAR 65-1955 Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh 'SUBRAHMANYA SARMA, LAKSHMIKANTAM, nishieswaralyahoo coin ‘Sanskrit Basha Kovida (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan -1975) BALMS. (Andhra University - 1976) 3. M.D. (Gujarat Ayurved University 1980) 1. CEN. (IGNOU 1992) 5. PhD. (University of Poona -1997) Merit vards: | Captain G Srinivasa Murthy Memorial GOLD MEDAL. Academy of Ayurveda, Vijayawada - 1978, 2, Dr, Udaya Bhaskar Memorial GOLD MEDAL, N.R.S, Govt. Ayurvedic College, Vijayawada ~ 1980, 3, HARIOM ASHRAM GOLD MEDAL, Gujarat Ayurved University Jamnegar - 1980 4. HARI ANANTH GOLD MEDAL, Institue of Indian Medicine, Pane - 198, 5. State BEST TEACHER Award GOLD MEDAL, Govt. of AP.- 2001 6 NAGARIUNA SILVER MEDAL, Academy of Ayurveda - 1982 (for best PG. Thesis) 7. NAGARIUNA SILVER MEDAL., Academy of Ayurveda - 1998 (for best Ph.D, Thesis) 8. Third Prize foe the Best Thesis on Diabetes inthe National Thesis Competition. asudev Vilasam Trust, Trivandrum - 1981 9. Second Prize forthe Best Thesis on Hypertension in the National Thesis Competi- tion Vasudev Vilsam Taust, Trivandrum - 1982. 10, Fist Prize for the Best Thesison Heart Diseases, Vaidya Ratna Moos Trust Trissur +2001 (Senior Author) 11, DiSe. (Doeta of Science), Intemational University of Complementary Medicines, Colombo - 1991 12, Presidents Seletion for biographical inclusion inthe seventh edition of $00 Lead- cers of influence by American Biographical Institue, Raleigh (USA) - 1997 Books Published: A Telugu: 1 Dravyaguea Moulika Siddhanthannd ‘Scanned with CamScannerGi) 2. Dranyagina Prayoga Vignanan 3. Rasasasia Vignanam 4. Agadetantran 5. Bhaishaiya Kalpana Vignanam 6 Charaka Samhita (Kalpa Sthanam) 1. ahara Oushacha Chitisalu 8. Andubcatulo ayurveda 9. Maninde Mand 10, Ayurvedic Treatment ML, Ayurveda Stdhantamale 12 Ayurvedamulo Arogya Jiliam (eh) 13, Ayurveda Soundarya Sadhanal 14, Chikise Darshint 1, Ayurveda Vanarulika Chikitsalu 16. Ayurveda Multa Yogamuls 17, Sarangadhara Samhita Tugs translation Herbs in Basemarajeeyan Artis & Ayurveda Ayurvedic Remedies for comman Skin diseases “Ayurvedic Treaiment of Nervous diseases Ayurvedic Treotment for Hypertension “Ayurvedic Management of Siroke (Hemiplegia) Ayurvedic Management for Heart diseases (Ce ss) “Ashtanga Sangraha (Question Bank) Guide to Ayurvedic PG, Entrance Tests (Question Bank for Ayurvedic PG Enurance Test (Cha) 11. Ayurvediya Rasa Sasira 12. Drugs Usefid in Panchakarma Therapy 13, Sahasrayogam Text with English Translation 14, Rajamartanda Test with English Translation 1S. A Practical guide on Panchakarma: 16, Selected Ayurvedic Formulations 1. Text Book of Dranyaguna - Agada Tantra & Fyavahara Ayurveda 19. Basic Concepts of éyurvedic Pharmacology 20. Diabetes — Amvedie Herbal palliative Therapy C Hindi: 1, Laghyogaramakara D. Papers Published: 0 E.Seminars/ Workshops / Conferences 35 ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScannerContents 1. Vedie Period 1 Preamble Ayurveda the eternal (Saswat ‘without 2 beginning (Anadi). Determination of Vedie period Status of Ayurveda during Vedic Period. ‘Ayurveda in Vedas and its Upavedatwa ), the permanent (Nitya) and 2. Ayurveda in Indian scriptures 37 neaege ® bh Ayurveda in Brahimana, Aranyaka and Upanish ‘Ayurveda in Vedangas Ayurveda in Valmiki Ramayana, Mahabharat, ‘Ayurveda in Purana and Ups Purana ‘Ayurveda in Vyakarana, Darshana ‘Topics of Ayurveda in Sramana Vangmaya (Waina — Bouddha literature), Role and contribution of Jaina Acharyas inthe development of Ayurvedic literature, " Ayurveda in Koutilya Arfhasastia Ayurveda in Rajatarangini 3. Evolution of Ayurveda n b a Descent of Ayurveda Atreya— Dhanvantari and other Schools of Ayurveda, ‘Ackaryas of Vedie Period ~ Bralima, Daksha Prajapati ~ ‘Aswin Twins ~ Indra ~ Bhaskara ~ Varuna ete (Chuming of Ocean, Emergence of Amuta and Dhanvantar 4, Sambita Period 9 b. a ‘Samhita Period and its determination State of Ayurveda during Sarita Kala Atreya— Dhanvantari Sampradaya and their Parampara | Ayurveda Upadeshta: Bharedwaja ~ Punarvasu Atreya — ‘Scanned with CamScanner(tv) Divodasa Dianvantari ~ Kasyapa~ Hiranyaksha ~ Gargya— Bahlika Kankayana ~ Varyovida — Krishnatreya etc 5. The authors of Sambitas. 101 ‘Agnivesa - Bhela ~ Jatukarna - Parasara - Harita - Ksharapani Susruta - Karavirya - Aurabhra - Aupadhenava - Poushkalavata Gopurarakshita ~ Bhoja - Vatarana - Bhaluki - Fivaka - imi - Vaideha 6. Redactors us (Charaka - Dridhabala - Nagarjuna ~ Vatsya 7. Sangraha Kale 121 a. Sangraha Kata and its determination b. Commentators, Brief introduction and fixation oftheir period ~ ‘Bhattace Hacischancira — Jijata ~ Chakrapanidutta — Dalhana ~ Vijayarakshita - Nischalakara ~ Gayadas — ‘Arunadatta ~ Hemadei ~ Gangadhar ~ Yogendranath Sen ~ Haranachancra Chakravarti ete ‘8, Brief introduction about the Acharyas of Sangraha Grandhas: Bhavamishra ~ Sarangadhara — Vrinda Madhava —Vyakhyana ‘Kusuruavali - Chikitsakalika ~Tisata - Bhaishajyaratnavali- Govindadas - Basawarajeeyam —Yogarstnakara ~ Chakradutta — __._Rajamartanda ~ Sahasrayogam ete. 9, Rasasastra 157 Origin and development of Rasasastra b, Importance, Specialty and Spread of Rasasastra © Brief introduction and the period of Acharyas of Rasasatra 10, Vrkshayurveda — Pasu Ayurveda 169 . Viikshayurveda Vignanam b. Pesu Chikitsa Vignanam . Aswa-Gaja Chiktsa Pravartaka~ Salihotra~ Palakapya— _ ‘Varahamihira ~ Nakula ~ Sarangadhara —Aswaghosha et, L, The contemporary authors in the moder period 179 Kaviraj Gananath Sen - Yaminibhushan Roy - Yadayji Tikamji ‘Acharya Shri Sankardaji Shastri Pade - Capt. G. Srinivasa Murthy = Dr. Nori Rama Shasty - Prof. C. Dwarakanath- Pt. Shiva Sharma — Vaidyaratnam PS. Varier - Dr. Achanta Lakshmipati- Kaviraj ‘Gangadhar Sen Pt, Deevi Gopalacharyulu~ Acharya PY. Sharma ~ ‘Scanned with CamScanneror Damodar Sharm Goud - Bhaskar Govind Ghanckar - Dr. Yellapragada Subba Rao -Dr. ¥, Suryanarayana Rao - Madan Mohan Malaviye = Dr, Pranjivan Mehta —B, Vaidyanatha. -Col. R.N. Chopra = Dr. KM. Nadkarni ~ PY. Tewari ~K R. Srikantha Murthy ~ RK. SSharma- Bhagawan Dus -P'. Jayade —P.J, Deshpande — RH, Singh— S.C. Dhyani— Jyotir Mithra ~N. Hanumantha Rao - Subhash Ranade- PH, Kulakami— T.L. Devaraj K.C. Chunekar = K. Raghunathan ~ P. Pushpangadan ~ Dr. 1. Sanjeeva Rao 12, Spread of Ayurveda 221 Spread of Ayurveda in Sumeria, Babylonia, Assyria, Mishra (Eeyp0), hina, Fara, Arab, Kamboja, Srilanka, Nepal, Thailand, Mauritius Myanmae (Burma) ce. in the early days Hippocrates 2a a, ‘The influence of Ayurveda on Hippocrates ». Inviting Ayurvedic physicians by Muslims and transtation of portant works of Ayurveda into Arabic language. Visit of Indian scholars to Greece Role of Alexander in the spread of Indian heritage Relationship of Tndia and Greece in ancient times. _ Spread of veterinary medicine related to horse in Greece, 14. The Bdiets of King Ashoka 257 15, Nighantus 263 16. Development of Ayurveda during post independent period 23 ‘Ayurvedic edueation Different commitees reports CCIM, CCRAS. Pharmacopoeia Commitee RAV. and its activities Research in Ayurveda and its strategies Subject wise writing of books and works of different subjects i. Conferences, Seminars, Meetines 17, Publication of Ayurvedic Megazines & Journals and its development 335, 18, World Health Organization 343 19, Important Essay and Short Questions & M.C.Q.'s 349 ‘Scanned with CamScannerCt) 20. Annexure Annexure—1 List of Commentaries and Commentators on Beihat Trayee, Laghu Trayee & Nighantus along ‘with their period an Anmexure-Il Ancient treatises on various branches of Ayurveda 377 Annexure-IIT Table showing the divisions & number of chapters ‘of Important Samhitas 319 Annexure-IV_ Standard Reference Works of Ayurveda 380 Annexure—V Alternative medical systems 382 ‘Annexure -VI stones in Medi 392 ‘Annexute~ VIL Research & Conservation of Medicinal Plants 398 ‘Annexure VII Widening jaws of Modern Medicine 410 Annexure-IX Details of Prestigious Ayurvedic Institutions of India 43 Annexure-X ‘The Popular Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Companies of India 4 Annesure—X1 State wise details ofthe Institutes/Units ‘under Central Couneil for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha is Annexure =XIl_— Details of Hospitals with Speciatized Treatment Available Under Central Council for Research in ‘Ayurveda and Siddha as On 1-4-2001 426, Annexure XII List of Ayurvedic Colleges, UG. & PG. 430 Index 475 seem ‘Scanned with CamScanner1* Chapter Vedic period “Ayuhu vedayati iti Avurvedaha” ce that which tells us about “Ayu" (Life) is known as Ayurveda, the ti science of life “Sareerendriya satwatma samyoge ” ‘Ayu’ means the combination of body, sense organs, mind and soul. Dari, Jivitam, Niyagam and Anubandha are the synonyms of Ayu ehibas’ alti + ha + nas Woot thus Ha positively Aas = ied oF happened “ithikas’ means — it happened or took place. It tells ws about the details ofthe ‘past and ral incidents only but not of the future. It includes the events ofthe present also, Ayurveda Ithihas means the history of Ayurveda. History and development of ‘Ayurveda has taken place from the beginning of the creation as itis the instinctive necessity of the hurman beings to preserve their health As per the words of the Acharyas also it can be understood that Ayurveda is ternal, permanent and it has no beginning, History and development of Ayurveda depends upon recorded events in Indian history. There are no such authentic and scientific works to trace the historical events in the chronological order from the beginning of the universe. Hence nobody knows exactly whem the life existed in the universe, There are differences of opinion regarding the fist existence of human race in this universe ‘Some opine that man existed on the earth long before one-lakh years B.C. ais ayue ‘Scanned with CamScanner2 ‘A Hand Book of History of Ayurveda As there were no recorded evidences to trace the historical events chronalogi- cally, one should depend upon the following ways and means. Vedic knowledge Historical works ‘Travelers’ accounts ‘The implements of tools pertaining to antiquity are 1. Old records with M.SS. 2. Coins 3. Bdiets 4. Excavations Vedic lterature: ‘The ancient Indian literature mainly consists of ritual works. In it historical incidents and mater related to the preventive and curative aspects of medicine also are available, Vedas are the oldest records of mankind. They are four in number such 1 Rigveda, Yajurveda, Sama Veda and Addharvana Veda. In fact the Thedical knowl- edge is lying scattered in the vast body ofthe Vedic literature. By studying Vedas one ‘can understand the socio-economic, politcal, spiritual eonditions and the status of health science also. Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads: Among the Brahmana Graidhas and Upanishadic literature, Aitareya Brahmana, Satapatha Brakmana, Tattareya Upanishad, Chandogpopanishad ete. ate the important ones. In those works, the kings and their kingdoms like Gandhara, Kaikeya, Kuru, Kosala, Panchals, Videha ete. were described. The sages connected t0 Ayurveda and also the historical events can be found from Brahmanas and Upanishads. Among the Aranyatas, Brihudaranyoka is the most popular one, in which the basic principles of Ayurveda, especially Atma, Paramatma ete. have been discussed. ‘Sutra (Aphorism): ‘The Suiras are divided into 3 classes as under Shroma Sutras Grihya Suras Dharma Sutras Scanned with CamScanner(Ch, 1- Vedic period 3 1. Shrouta Sutras are relating to sacrificial rituals 2. The Grikiya Sutras are related to the duties of the house holder ive. 'Shodasa Karmas’ — 16 kinds of Samskara that every man has (0 perform, 3. Dharma Suiras are relating to the laws of conduct for the regulation of society ‘Yedangas: ‘They are six limbs of the Vedas viz. 1, Siksha (Orthography or pronunciation of the Vedas) 2. Wakarana (Grammar) 3. Chandas —_(Prosody) 4. Nirukia (Etymology) 5. Kalpa (Rules of rituals) 6. Jyotisha (Astrology) ‘These willbe helpful to study and understand the Fedas and also useful for ‘the practical utilization of the essence of the knowledge obtained from Vedas. Parana The poptlarization ofthe Fed religion and Hind philosophy was acceler ated through the publication of Puranas. They are eighteen in number, We find an account of royal dynasties of Hindustan in the Puranas suchas the line ofthe Pus, Ikshwakus and Magadha kings. The historical events in the development of Ayurveda also can be traced by studying these Puranas. mri ‘Manu: Smriti, Narada, Vishnu and Yagnavaliya Srriti are the famous works. ‘They are not mere law books. Along with the eivil and criminal laws, they dealt with ths rules of inheritance and the laws of marriage and also every aspect of individual ie Buddhist literature: Tt helps the historians a fot to know the details ofthe indian history. Trpitaka, Dharma path, Buddha Charitrs, Chulla Vagga etc. are the important works of Bud dist Tterature, With the help of these works one can understand the polities, socio- eeonomi- cal and ritual status of India during the period of Lord Buddha. The knowledge pertaining to the medical seience also can be traced. In some of the works one ean find the details of osteology, which was not found even in Charaka Samhita and ‘Susruta Samhita ‘Scanned with CamScanner4 [A and Book of History of Ayurveda Historical treatises: ‘The great epies like Ramayana, Mahabharata, Ashadhyayi (Sanskrit grammar ‘work of Panini), Arhasusira of Koutlya, Harsha Charita by Bana, Rajatarangini by Kalhana, Malavikagnimitra by Kalidasa, Swapnavasava Datta by Bhasa etc. give us lots of information regarding the historical aspects. Most probably the date of Charaka hhas been fixed with the help of the above works only ‘Travelers’ account Travelers from Greece, China, Tibet, Arabia ete. used to visit this country from time to time and left accounts of their tavels, which furnish valuable inform tion about the contemporary culture along the system and practice of medicine. Greek travelers: Herodotus was popular among the Greek travelers who visited India. As per bis accounts the trade relations between India and Iran during $* century BC are mown, ‘Indica’ a famous book written by Megastanese, the ambassador of Cellucos to Magadha gives us a lot of information, Chinese travelers: Fabian, Yuan Chang and Iising were the famous travelers who visited India from China Fahian (399 ~ 414 A.D) visited India during the rei Vikramaditya In hi culate, ‘Yuan Chang traveled in india for 15 years ic. tom 629 ~ 644 A.D. He visited India during the reign ofthe king Harshavardhana. He wrote a book tiled ‘Paschatya sansar’ which gives us valuable information regarding the progress of sciences in- cluding medicine during the perio. Using tcaveled in India from 673 - 695 A.D. He left valuable records about the customs and traditions, ats and science of India. From his accounts the details of Vitramasila Viswa Vidyalaya can be known. Lama Taranath was the famous Tibetan traveler who visited India and the zname of his popular work was "Kangyur & Tangyur” ‘Among Muslim writers Al-Beruni was the most popular one. He was born in the year 973 A.D. He was the contemporary of Sultan Mohammed Ghazni (999-1030 A.D.) In the year 1030 A.D, he wrote a book titled ‘Tahkik— £ ~ Hindu’. 1a his ‘account of medica literature, he mentioned Charaka, whose work, later was translated into Arabic language. He also mentioned about Nagarjuna’s contribution to the field ‘of Rasasasira of Chandragupta ft travel aecount he made observations on various aspects of Indian ‘Scanned with CamScanner(Oh 1-Vedie period 5 ‘Tools of antiquity: Old records with MSS., coins, edicts and excavations also give us valuable information regarding the history. Eg: Ashoks’s rock edict of Gimar tells about the progress of human as well as veterinary medicine of those days. Similarly Indus valley civilization ean be studied from the excavations of Harappa and Mohanjodaro, Pre-historic period: First traces of man in India were recorded more than one-lakh years before ‘Christ. The history of ancient Indian medicine ean be divided broadly into pre-historic ‘and historic periods, The pre-historic period ranges from Old Stone Age to the begin- ning of written history. It ean be sub divided into pre-historic and post ~ historic ‘periods. Nobody knows when exactly Ife started on the earth, The scientists tll that the age of the earth may be 4 Arab 50 crore years, Basing on that it can be assumed thst some lakhs of years ago man existed on the earth, Babylonians believed that the age of the earth might be 4 lakh years. ‘At the beginning of the universe no living beings, even plants were there on the earth. After some lakhs of years, evolution of living beings ‘ook place starting ‘with unicellular oxganisms. Afterwards water animals, amphibians, animals that dwell in the burrows, flies, birds and other animals, plants, tres developed. Gradually ‘Monkeys, chimpanzees lived on the land instead of trees. They used to walk on their back feet. Gradually man evolved from chimpanzee. Stone age civilization: 1 can be divided into 3 stages as | iii ‘© Paleolithic age © Mesolithic age Neolithic age ‘Mortar & Pestle During this period man was a wandering hunter. The conditions for existence ‘were not favorable either for animals or man in this age. The climate was colder and stormier and the rainfall was also heavier. Man didn't know how to cook. He used to hunt animals and eat raw flesh. For hunting animals he used stones. He didn’t know any thing about shelter. He used to live in the burrows, on the trees, bencatl the trees etc. He completely depended on nature for food. Ifthe food was exhausted at that particular area, he used to go elsewhere and search for food. He didn't know to wear clothes. To protect himself from cold he used to cover the body with leather ‘or bark of the tees, Scanned with CamScanner‘ Hand Book of History of Ayurveda ‘The Paleolithic age throws very litle light on reliable and recordable evidence of any interest on medicine. People might have allowed a crude sytem of medicine based on instnet and superstition Gradually by the advent Mesolithic age the implements used were made primarily of stone, though bone was also used, These tools were small and called rmirodithic. Neolithic age (10,000 ~ 6,000 BC): In Neolithic ag, stone tools were polished allover the body and some times atthe ends aecording t the purpose of ulilzation. To prepare the instruments, some basi equipment was required. Gradually man learned that technique also. Dur thet period he used to tame certain animals. Later on he utilized these animals for agi cultural purpose, He invented fire by rubbing the stones and used to take cooked food During Neolithic period along with stone, wood, bone and ivory also were utilized by ‘man for his needs. Some vessels, earthen wear also were prepared. He used 19 wear clothes made of leather He also invented needle for slitching clothes. He was able to tame the animals tke eows, sheep, gous, pigs, donkeys and also dogs and utilize them for various purposes. He also acquired ability in making pots and weaving garments. In the Neolithic period people wore worshipped of super natural phenomena and worshipped Mother Goddess and various minor deities to get relief from their ailment Dring this period man realized the importance of living together. With the help of cooperation, one ean achieve the goa easily and speedily, Hence they started to live joimiy in a partcaler place where water is abundantly availabe. Then they stated agriculture, and survived without depending much on animals, inthe repions of westem Asa, Iran and Norther Alfica. They were ale to construct houses with the help of stones and wood. Post historic period ends from the Neolithic age to the Aryan invasion ie 3000BC to 15008. Their medicine might be magico-eligious. The people of West- ‘em Asia, Northern Alfca ete. recognized the metal by that time and utilized some metals like bronze, copper etc fo the preparation of utensils and other tools Along with those metals gold and silver were also identified. In this Chaleoithic (copper or metallic age) civilization some fine metallic rods were used forthe application of collyrium to the eyes. ‘The people who lived on the banks of rivers seemed to be more civilized in comparison with the others. As the water was abundantly available and the environ sent was suitable for agriculture, without much difficulty they used to get food. ‘Scanned with CamScanner(Ch. 1-Vedie period 7 ‘The historians idemified the area extended from the northern part of ASfica to the eastern region of India as the most civilized region, The total area can be divided into 3 repions such as 1. The banks of Nile River (Egypt civilization) 2, ‘The area between Euphrates and Tigris rivers (Sumer, Babylonian civili- ation) 3. Sindh region (Indus valley civilization) Pots, a model table, ard a spoon dating to betwwen 7,000 and 11,000 BCE ‘Mohenjodaro ~ The Great Bath Scanned with CamScanner4 ‘Aland Book of History of Ayurveda ‘Among the three, the Indus valley eivili- zation was the oldest and the most advanced. Up to 1922AD nobody knew about Indus valley Civilization, Excavations of Harappa and Mohanjodaro brought to light a pre historic city culture known as Indus valley civilization by RD. Benarji in the year 1922-23 AD. The city of Mohanjodaro extended over a large area with fan organized system of government. It shoved that the efficacy of these people in the matter of public health, sanitation and town planning, Cultivation of food erops was practiced fon an extensive scale. Besides wheat, barley, Pl ice, peas, sesame, vegetables and fruits were their food items. ‘Mohenjodara - A street with drains Cotton was also a important erop grown for internal use and also for export {o Mesopotamie. In adition to the figures of human beings and gods, engravings of tigers, erocodiles, elephants ete are found on the seals and on the pottery There azo ‘evidences of tee worship, which indicate the grea importance of wees in human life Pre-Vedic period: ‘According tothe opinion of some ofthe historians, Aryan invasion took place in Inia around 27008C, which marked the end of Indus valley civilization. ‘Aryans landed at ‘Sapia Saindhava region’ (Punjab) and stayed there up to S00BC. The period extended from 2700 to SOOBC can be called as Pre-Fedic period, but it was questioned by some others Because Pre-Vdie means the period before Vedas, which were compiled $000 to 6000 years hack. Hence Pre-Vedic period canbe fixed as 5 to 600QBC. This has become a big task forthe historians to fix the exact period. Dr, Giles in his work “Cambridge History of nda stated thatthe Aryans were originated at Denuv, Hungary. The following statements supported it. Description pertaining to herbs, the regions, animals and other flowers and fruits ec. of Rigveda also can be seen in the Denwv region. So it ean be accepted that the original place of Aryans was Denuv. Gradually the population increased and the struggle for existence azose. ence they moved from tat place and reached India vin Jordan and Tran. Scanned with CamScanner(Gh. 1-Veitie period ° “They sed to live on the banks ofthe rivers, in small groups. They prayed to ‘Agni, the God of fire, and sed to perform spiritual rites, They obtained the knowl- edge of Vedas. The Aryans lived a simple life and had cate resing and agriculture a thee chet professions. They prayed to Gods for good rains, bumper crops, pure ait 00d health and overall prosperity nally Aryans formed nto varios groups such 35 Ant, Drasn, Yay, Tava, Puree, and also sub groups such as Bharot, Kriv, Tris et. Aryans also struggled with iceral as wel s external wars and tis fet can be ascertained from Rigveda. Sudas was the king of Arians, who belonged to Bharat group He conquered all most all he kings and extended his Kingdom. He als fought ‘against Anaryans. Anaryans were the tribal people of ancient India. Sudas also got ‘ory over Anarjans During those day's father acted asthe head of the family. Wife looked afer the house affairs. Every member of the family should obey the orders of the head of the family. They used to take non-egetain food also. They were not king the cows. They used to take alcohol in limited quantities. Soma Rasa was much popular drink in those days. They used to wear three clothes such as First one to cover from hip to the foot Second one 1 caver the chest and abdomen “Third one 1 keep on the shoulder For the sake of recreation they used to participate in dance, music and other games such as horse race etc. Women were given freedom in those days. The educa- tion system was inthe form of teacher and disciple traition. “The economic condition was also good. They used to cultivate lands and the ‘surplus yielding was sent to other countries, as they had trade relation ship with other counts, “They used to teat Agni, Soma, Mad, Samudra, Pridhvl Parvat, Rishi ec. as Gods. Hence they used to consider the elements of nature as Gods. They used to wear amulets to ward off evil spirits. They had more faith on divine therapy. They wor- shiped Lord Shiva and mother Goddess also, Ayurveda the eternal (Saswata), the permanent (Nitya) and without a beginning (Anadi) "So ayam ayurvedah saswato nirdisyate anadiwat Swabhava samsiddha lakshanatwat bhava swabhava nityatwaccha” ‘Ayurveda, the science of life is etemal due tothe following reasons 1 Te has no beginning Scanned with CamScannerAland Book of History of Ayurveda 2. te deals with such things which are inherent in nature 3. Such natural manifestations are eternal There is no discontinuity either in the living process or in the knowledge of things (condvetive to it or otherwise). Knowledge about living beings ic. of the various factors relating to the science of life is also eternal. The knowledge of hap- piness (good health) and wnheppiness (ill health) slong with thei etiology, symptoma- toloay and therapeutics has continuity and is without any beginning, This is what is described in Ayurveds Substances having properties like heaviness, lighiness, cold, heat, unctous- ness and Uncunctuousness etc. get inereased when other substances having similar qualities are added. Substances having dissimilar qualities on the other hand decrease in their quantity, Eg, Habitual intake of heavy things inceases the heavy factors and decreases the light ones in the body. So also is the case with others. This isthe eternity of the natural manifestations. The inherent attributes of Pridfvi ete. are ele nal, However, matters and their attributes are both etemal and ephemeral, Some think that Ayurveda is either conceived oF thought of by preceptors. Because of this some scholars ascribe a beginning to Ayurveda. In fat itis not so and it is not known if ever Ayurveda was non- existent at any time after which it was Dropagsted. Like the heat of the fire and liquidity of water, Ayurveda is innate an doesn't involve any atificalty (effors of mortals), Ie isnot the book containing the knowledge of science but the very utility of the science, which is eternal and is being prescribed without interruption, Life, the various aspeets of which described in this science is eternal. There is continuity of life. ks knowledge and the living beings that contributed to the science have become immortal. Much more than life itself, itis the good health and ill health and their aspects affecting the life, which are described in the Ayurveda. The means to tackle the unhappiness caused by ill health are described here. Similarly the measures to be taken for the maintenance of positive health are also described in Ayurveda. The matter and their atibutes are both eternal and ephemeral ‘The causes like Akasa ete are eternal and the effects are ephemeral ‘The same principle is applicable to the etemity and ephemeraity of their atwibutes. The atteibutes of Akasa, like quantity eto. are ctemal and taste ete is ephemeral. But these ephemeral atrbutes ike taste have their continuity, which is also eternal. Thus the etiological factors, which are manifest naturally, produce or alleviate diseases thet are also netural. The science of life deals along others with the correlation of these eternal causes and effects. Thus the science itself is tem. Brahma is described to have originally conceived Ayurveda. Bharedwaja learnt ‘Scanned with CamScanner(2h Vette period 1" the science from Lord Indra, But these statements are not indicative of any beginning of the science. The phenomenon of increase by homologous substances and decrease bby heterologous ones, are nothing but netural manifestations and do not involve ity, Such natural manifestations are indicative of the eternity of the science of ile Determination of Vedic period “The period extends from pre-historic times up to 2500 BC can be treated as Vaidika Yoga, Though there is a difference of opinion regarding the fixation of Vaidika Yiege among various scholars, all opine thet Vedas are the oldest records of Hindu scriptures. Hindu scriptures are generally classified into two types such as Srui and Siri. Sruti means heard. Smit means recollection. I is believed to have been heard as revelation from Brahma and Rishi, thus inspired have left a tevord of those truths for the benefit of mankind, These records are known as Vedas. The term Veda, litr= ally means knowledge. They are 4 in number. 1. Rigveda 2. Yajurveda 3. Sama Veda 4. Adharvana Veda Each of them is divided into 4 parts, 8) The Samhitas ( Sacred texts) +) The Brahmanas (Commentaries) ©) The Aranyakas (Forest books) @) The Upanishads ‘The Brahmanas and Sambhitas are loosely designated as ‘Karma Kanda’, the portion pertaining to rituals and as the Upanishads, the ‘Gnana Kanda” the portion Aealing with supreme knowledge. Though Ayurveda has been described as the essence of all Vedas, some opine that it isthe fifth Veda. Every Veda has an Upaveda of it's own as under. Rigveda = Dhanurveda (Archery) Yejurveda = Gandharva Veda (Music) Sama Ved + Stapatya Veda (Architecture) ‘Adharvana Veda - Ayurveda (Science of life) Scanned with CamScannern Aland Book of History of Ayurveda Status of Ayurveda during Vedie Period: ‘Ayurveda is regurded as Upa Veda of Rigveda also. Whether Agurveda is Upa Veda to Rigveda or Adfarvana Veda both are preponderating sources ofthe principles of Ayurveda lying scattered inthe Fede literature uate Mee o Up Jn *Charanavyuha’ and works of Shankara ~ Ayurveda is considered as Upareda of Rigveda * Sage Kasyapa has bestowed Vedas status o Ayurveda and mentioned it as Panchana Veda, Rigyed ‘The Rigveda Samhita is the oldest significant existent Indian text. It callection of 1,028 Vedic Sanskrit hymns and 10,600 verses in all, organized ‘mandalas. The hymns are dedicated to Rigvedic deities. The books were composed by sages and poets from 10 different priestly groups over a period of at least 500 years 1) Kamas 2) Angirasas 3) Agastyas 4) Goutamas 3) Vsvamiras ©) Awris 1) Yasisthas 8) Kasyapas 9) Bharatas 10) Birigus ‘Throughout this Veda, the ttle of each of the following 1028 Mantras (Hymns) will be the name of the Rishi that authored (composed) that Mantra. In order (Mandala #.Sukta # Mantra #): 1 Rigveda 11 Mandata TL Swkta LLL Mantra or Hyron related to Agni According to Max Muller, based on intemal evidence (philological and lin- uisti), the Rigveda was composed roughly between 1700-1100 B.C. Ithas 6 Sakhas 1. Shakata 2. Vaashata 3. Aswalayana 4. Shankhayana 5. Kaushitaki 6. Paingi 1. Shakala Rigveda @ Auareya Brakmana —b._Altareya Aranyaka © aitareya Upanishad ‘Scanned with CamScannerCh 1 Vedie period B ‘Veashkala ~ Manuscript is available ‘Aswalayana RV @. Aitareya Brahmana —b. Altareya Aranyaka ¢. Aitareya Upanishad 4. Shankhayana RV- @. Shankhayana Brohmana B. Shankhayana Aranyaka 5. Kaushitaki RV- a Kaushitaki Brahmana 6, Kaushitaki Upanishad 6. Paingi ~ Rahasya Brahmana lost Yajurved: ‘The Vajurveda (“Veda of sacrificial formulas") consists of archaic prose man- ‘ras and also in part of verses borrowed from the Rigveda. Its purpose was practical, in that each manira must accompany an action in sacrifice but, unlike the Sama Veda, i was compiled to apply to all sacrificial rites, not merely the Soma offering. It has two branches 1, Sula Yajurveda 2. Krishna Yajurveda ‘The founder of Sukla Yajurveda wes Yagnavalkya and it was in the form of Mantra. Where as Krishna Yafurveda was in the form of Mantra and Gadya and the founder was Vaisampayana. This Feda is made up of 6 Kanda (Segments) with cach of these having 5 to V1 Prapathaka (similar to Chapters) for a total of 44 Adtyaya (Chapters): In onder (Kanda # Prapathaka | Adhyayea #.Manura #): 2 Najurveda 2.1 Kanda 2.1.8 Prapathaka (New and full moon sacrifice) 21.8.1 Mantra ‘Yajurveda consists of 44 chepters and has 7 Sakhas as under: 1. Madhyandina Y¥ 2. anya YV 3. Katyayana 4. Taittriya YV 5. Mattrayani YY 6. Kathaka YV 7. Kapishthala YV 1, Madhyandina YV 2. Madiyandina Satapatha Brakmana b. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad ‘Scanned with CamScanner4 ‘Aland Book of History of Ayurveda 2. Kanva YV 8. Kanva Satapatha Brakmana b. Kanva Satapatha Aranyaka ©. Brthadaranyaka Upanishad Katyayana YV- MSS of only first 6 books are there rest are not available 4, Tuttriya YW a. Taittiriya Br- b, Raittriya Aranyaka- ©. Taitiriva Upanishad & Maha Narayana Upanishad 5. Maitrayeni YV a. Maitrayani Aranyaka b. Matirayant Upanishad 6. Kathaka YV a. Katha Aranyaka ’. Kathaka Upanishad 7. Kapishthala YV - Small fragment is existing in manuscript Sama Veda: The Sama Yeda is the “Veda of chants" or “Knowledge of melodies”. The name ofthis Veda is from the Sanskrit word saman which means a metrical hymn or song of praise. It consists of 1875 stanzas, taken entirely (except 78) from the Rigveda. Some of the Rigveda verses are repeated more than once. It means originally it consis only 75 Riks, and the rest has been compiled from Rigveda, Sama Veda bas 1875 Maras to Purvarchia ~ 6 chapters with 650 mantras Uttararchika = 24 chapters with 1225 mantras In order (Book | Purvarchika #. Section / Adhyaya # Mantra Hy 5. Sama Veda 3.1. Book | Purvarchita 3.1. Secti 3.1. Mantra In order (Book 2 Utararchika 8. Section / Adhyaya Mania #): 3. Sama Veda 3.2 Book 2 Uararchika ‘Scanned with CamScannerGh 1-Vedie period as 3.21, Section / Adhyaya 3.2.1.1. Mantra Sama Veda bas 4 Sakhas as under: 1. Kauthuma SV 2. Ranayaniya SY 3. Jaminiya/Talavakara SY 4. Shayyana SY Kauthume SV 8.8 Brahmans in all b. The Sambi itself has the “Aranyatar ©. Chhandogya Upanishad 2. Ranayaniya SV ~ Same 8s Kauthuma SV 3. JlminiyaTalavakara SV a. Jaiminiya Brahmana & Arsheya Brahmanae b. Talavakara Araneta & Kena Upanishad 4. Shatyayana SV = traditions might be similar to Jaisniya SV ‘Adharvana Ved ‘The Adharvana Veda is the “Knowledge of the Adharvana and Angirasa”. ‘The Adharvana: Veda is the text “belonging to the Adharvana and Angirasa’ poets “This eda contains atleast 20 Kanda (Chapters) andthe total number of hymns in this Veda may be a8 much as 12,300. In onder (Kanda # Suita #.Mantra i): 4. Adharvana Veda 4.1 Kanda 4.1.1 Subta 41.1. Mantra Most of the verses are metrical, but some seetions are in prose. thas 9 Sokhas as Sounak, Pippalada, Touda, Moda ete. Out of 9, Saunaka & Pippatada are the only two which are available nov. Most of the Ayurvedic literature can be found in the Saunakiva branch only, 1. Paippalada AV ‘& Prasna Upanishad & Sharabha Upanishad ‘Scanned with CamScanner6 A Hand Book of History of Ayurveds Shaunaka AV '& Gopadha Brahmana b. Mundaka Upanishad Ayurveda in the Vedas Vedas occupy a unique position among the Hindu scriptures and enlighten us ‘upon the carly habits and customs of the people and also of the medical science of four nation during that period. So many references regarding the medical seience ean be found in the Vedas as follows. Reference to Tridhatus : ‘A reference to the theory of Tridhatus can be seen in Rigveda 1-7-46 ‘The Equilibrium State of the suid Tridhatus maintains the health and the derangement leads to disease Sayanacharya, the famous commentator of Vedas interpreted the Tridhatus as Yaa, Pitta and Sieshma, references: Every surgeon must have perfect knowledge regerding the-anatomical structures of the body for surgical practic, ‘There can be no doubt thatthe aneient surgeons possessed a good knowl- edge of Anatomy of different parts of the body. ‘They were acquainted with the Anatomy of at least certain animals like gout, horse etc. that they often used for sacrificial functions The following anatomical terms cen be seen in the Vedas. Antra (intestines), Dhamant (artery), Nadi (nerve), Hridaya (heart, Yakrit (lives), Pleeha (spleen), Kaphodau (lungs), Kuéshi (stomach), Kloma pancreas), Masishka (brain), Manga (neck), Vast (blades), Gave (ure- ters), Frishana (testes), Guda (am). ‘The Adharvana Veda in its \0% Kanda contains a special hymn on the creation of Purusha in which several parts of the skeleton have been described as under. Parshii (peal, Gulpha (ankle bone), Anguli (digit), Uchalaka (long bones), Janu (knee cap), Jangha (leg bones), Sroni (pelvic cavity), Ura (thigh), Uras (ches), Greeva (wind pipe), Skandha (neck bone), Prisha (back bone), Amsa (collar bone), Lalata (brow), Kapaa (cranium), Hamu Gaws). ‘Scanned with CamScannerGh Vedic period 0 ‘© According to Sarapatha Brakmana, the number of bones in man is 360 Similesly a reference can be seen in the Vedas that the body is made up of Pancha Maha Bhutas (five basic elements) ‘The process of metabolism: + In Chhandogya Brahmana of Sama Vedo references are available regard- the process of digestion, assimilation, metabolism and also the nour thment of the senses in the form of discourse between Sweteketu and his father. References to bacteriology: ‘+ Various references in the Vedas show that grea stress has been laid on the harm done by Krimis or worms and microbes. ‘+ They are of 2 types viz. 1. Drishea (visible) 2. Adrishua (invisible) which are said to cause diseases. ‘+ The sunrays have been recognized as effective destroyers of these germs, Yuktivyapasraya in Vedas: ‘+ Classification of several herbs according to their morphological features as well as their medicinal properties has been described in the Vedas. ‘© Not only herbs but certain minerals such as iron, gold ete. also have been described in the Vedas, Some drugs and their uses Rajani | jaundice Kushia leprosy, tuberculosis, malarial fever Haritala = — skin diseases Prisniparni. — abortions and ailments of blood Harina Sringa— leprosy, tuberculosis, Apasmara Sataveri = —— Rasayana Rohini == —— fractures Sahadevi = — relieving thirst Apamarga = — tooth brush Guggule = — fumigation in Yakshma Aswatha = — sankramika roga Soma: ‘©The plant Soma has been praised as the elixir of life or Amita and was ‘considered as the king of plans His Ayur. ‘Scanned with CamScanner8 Aland Book of History of Ayurveda Some common Herbs available in Vedic Literature Scanned with CamScanner(Ch. 1 - Vode period s Scanned with CamScanner0 {Aland Book of Histor of Ayurveda Godhuma Scanned with CamScanner(Oh. 1- Vedic period a References regarding the list of diseases: Taka (fever), Kasa, Balasa, Apachi, Jayanya (1:B.), Harima (jaundice), Murrarodha, Kilasa, Visuckt, Unmada ete. have been described in the Vedas. Causative factors: ‘3 types of fuctors for the manifestation of diseases have been mentioned in the Vedas as under. 1. Accumulated toxins in the body 2. Drishta and Adrishia Krimi 3. Tridosha Sadvritta Prakarana: ‘+ It was clearly mentioned regarding the code of conduct as under 1. Satyameva jayate na anvitam ~ Mandookopanishad 3-1-6 2. Marru devo bhavah, pitra devo bhavah, acharya devo bhavah, atidhi devo bhavah ~ Teittoreya Aranyaka 716/1 Cireulation of blood: ‘+The process of circulation of blood was also deseribed in the Vedas. Toxicology: ‘+ Two types of poisons such as L. Sthavara visha (plant of 2. Jangama visha (anima) origin), their properties, signs and symptoms, antidotes ete, have been discussed, Rasayana and Vajeckarana: Subject matter related to Rasayana and Vajeekarana is also available in the Vedas. Ex. Chyavana Maharshi was rejuvenated by the celestial phy sicians Surgical references: ‘© There are so many references in the Vedas regarding the remarkable sur- seal techniques of the celestial physicians - the Aswin twins. ‘© When Vishphala lost her leg in a battle, they made an ar iron and fitted it to her, ‘The severed head of Daksha Prajapati was replaced with goat's head and he was given life ‘Scanned with CamScanner2 Aland Book of History of Ayurveda Obstetrics and gynecology: ‘+ Obstetrics and gynecology were also practiced by women specialists’ viz, ‘Susha, Vishkala, Saraswat, Saviti etc ‘+The mechanism of labor and the management was also available in Vedas especialy in Adharvana Veda. During labor dorsal position was suggested. To relieve the abnormalities of labor or puerperal disorders certsin obla- tions and other practices were prevalent. ‘© For asphyxia neonaioram arificial respiration was resorted to. ‘© Similerly attention was also paid regarding the infections pertaining 10 female reproductive system as well as inferiliny Divine therapy: So many methods ean be seen inthe Vedas for relief from ailments, as to pray to Gods and to prescribe gems for certain disorders. References concerning Ayurveda in Rigveda: Specialty in Rigveda is the use of natural remedies like-sunrays, fire, air, water ete. have been discussed. ‘© Sun rays: Exposure to sun rays gives relief in many a number of disorders such as worms, cardiac problems, anemia, jaundice etc ‘+ Water: Water is essential forte sustenance of life and also having mi raculous therapeutic properties ‘© Fire: It is mentioned as destroyer of bacteria and virus and is applied in various ways in different disorders. © Air: It is also said as “Bhishaké Single dmg therapy was more familiar in those days. ‘+ Along with the internal medications use of gems and other divine therm peutic measures were also in practice. ‘= Aiz, Sun / fire and water have been described as the symbolic representa tives for the Tridashas respectively ‘© Causative factors and the treatment pertaining to animals also have been described in Rigveda, ‘In Rigveda equal importance has been given to general medicine 2s well as surgery ‘© Descriptions regarding the various parts of the body and various diseases ike Rajayakshma, Hridroga ete. ate also available in Rigveda. ‘Scanned with CamScanner