A.

Define the following terms

1. Baling – This process is commonly use in production of abaca fiber. After classification, the abaca is then
baled by means of pressing machines. The standard bale of abaca fiber is equivalent to 125 kg and measures
around 100 cm. x 55 cm. x 60 cm.
2. Dehulling – it is the process of removing the hulls or chaff from beans and other seeds. This is a common
method used by the farmers to remove the hulls in rice.
3. Dehusking – it is the process of removing its outer layers, which is commonly known as the husk leaving only
the seed rack in coconut) or cob of the corn.
4. Depulping – it is very common in post-harvest processing of coffees. It is the removal of soft or the fleshy plant
tissue, such as the succulent part of a fleshy fruit.
5. Grading – Crop is classified in accordance with government and international standards. It is a postharvest
practice that consists of classifying the crops into grades or categories regarding their quality, ranging from the
highest to the lowest quality/
6. Green coffee- green coffee beans are seeds of the coffee fruit that are not yet roasted and has become
popular as an ingredient for weight loss products and believed to have a higher amount of cholorgenic acid.
7. Parchment coffee – parchment beans are partially or fully enclosed in a thick papery cellulose husk that is
ivory-white or yellowish in color.
8. Priming – is the process in which the seeds are hydrated to allow metabolic process to take place. It is
commonly done in coffee beans to easily depulp the seed from its fruit
9. Shelling – is the process of separating corn kernels in the cob by manual or by the use of corn sheller
machine.
10. Sripping – here all fruit are mechanically stripped from the tree at once, resulting in harvested lots of varying
maturation levels. This is done by grabbing the branch next to the trunk and pull outward, knocking all of the
fruit onto the ground
11. Tapping – this is done to obtain the latex from the bark of tree. Tapping is the process of controlled wounding
of the rubber tree with the use of a tapping knife. The aim of tapping is to cut open the latex vessels in the case
of trees tapped for the first time or to remove the coagulum which blocks the cut ends of the latex vessels in the
case of trees under regular tapping
12. Threshing – is the process of separating the grains from the straw. It can either be done by hand, by using a
treadle thresher or mechanized. The common method is the manual threshing by hand beating against an
object, treading, or holding the crop against a rotating drum with spikes or rasp bars.
13. Topping – with the use of sharp, curved knife fastened at the tip of a long pole, the leaves of the stalks are cut.
Topping eases harvesting and minimizes the damage on other plant.
14. Tumbling – tumbling of stalks is simply cutting of stalks from the base and is accomplished with the use of a
sharp bolo. After tumbling, all cut stalks are plied together in a convenient place where tuxying is to be done.
15. Tuxying – is the process of separating the outer layer from the inner layer of the stalk. It is done by inserting
tuxy knife between the layers and then flipping with a vigorous jerk to completely separate the outer layer. The
outer layer is pried loose and discarded and the next leafsheath then becomes ready for tuxying.
 B. Primary processing of plantation and agronomic crops

Product(s) of Remarks
Maturity Steps in primary Tool(s) machine(s),
Crop primary By-product(s)
indices processing resource(s) needed
processing
1. Detopping
2. Tumbling Product(s) of Remarks
Maturity Steps in primary * Topping
Tool(s) knife
machine(s),
Crop 3. Hauling, Filing primary By-product(s)
indices processing * Bolo needed
resource(s)
4. Tuxying processing
Abaca 12-18 months * tuxy knife Abaca fiber
5. Stripping
* tuxy ribbon
6. Hagotan
Dry Method * benito knife
7. Baling Dry method:
1. Harvesting
dried coffee
2. Stripping
1. Harvesting beans
3. Drying
2. Pod Breaking
3. Seed Collection
* Tapping knife, Dried cacao Composting
Cacao 170 days 4. Fermenting
hanger beans materials
5. Washing
Rubber 5-7 yrs Tapping
6. Drying * spout Latex Sole, slippers
* cup
1. Harvesting * Lawis
2. Nut collection * Collecting pole Corn cobs,
1. Bunot,
Yellow : 100- 3. Harvesting
Dehusking * dehusker/tapasan corn husk,
9-12 months 2. Drying Cadang-
firewood,
Coconut 105 days 4. Nut splitting * bolo sheller
* Mechanical Copra
3. cadang,
Corn Green: 62-66 or 5.Shelling
Drying **copra dryer
powdered Kernel
decors as
4. Blowing or Cleaning decorations
angels and
60 days (early 6. Shelling * sheller
insecticides
5. Drying flowers in
maturing)
6. Seed treatment Christmas
Wet Method trees
1. Harvesting (Priming)
Wet method: Hull,
When berries 2. Harvesting
1. Depulping
Coffee parchment composting
Rice straw,
turn red in color 3.2.Fermenting
Dressing coffee materials
composting,
Rice 100-150 days 4.3.Washing
Drying * Scythe Palay
animal feed,
4.5.Threshing
Drying
rice hull
5. Drying
 ACTIVITY FLOW DIAGRAM OF PROCESSES OF PLANTATION AND AGRONOMIC CROPS

1. Abaca

Hauling, Sorting
Transport to
Detopping Tumbling Tuxying stripping Hagotan Baling
primary Drying warehouse
(according to
filing product: quality)
abaca
fiber

2. Cacao

Pod Seed Crushin

Harvesting
Collection
Fermenting Washing Drying Roasting Winnowing Grinding Molding
breaking primary primary g primary
product:
product: product:
dried roasted tableya
cacao cacao
beans beans

3. Coconut

Harvesting Nut Collection Dehusking Nut splitting Drying Shelling

 4. Coffee

Harvesting Depulping Fermenting Washing

WETBED METHOD

DRY BED METHOD Drying Dehulling Winnowing Roasting Grinding

product: *Cinnamon product:

green coffee *French ground
Harvesting Stripping beans *Italian coffee

5. Rubber

Tapping

6. Corn

Blowing or
Harvesting Drying Shelling Drying Seed Treatment
Cleaning

primary
product:
kernel

7. Rice

Harvesting Dressing Drying Threshing Dying

C. Other Methods of Primary Processing of Crops
 AGRI 32
LABORATORY EXERCISE NO. 8B
Primary Processing of Crops

Jethro M. Miñano

2018-04661
BS Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering