Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Perdarahan Postpartum PIT IDI Bekasi 2016
Perdarahan Postpartum PIT IDI Bekasi 2016
Fetomaternal, Departemen Obstetri & Ginekologi FKUI/RSUPN
Cipto Manukusumo
Anggota
Pelatih/Adva Peserta
Fasilitator PokJa
nved Trainer International
Advanced HIV/AIDS &
Jaringan Pelatih Course
Pelatih Basic Labour And Pelatih
Nasiona Resusitasi Sexual
Surgical Skill Risk PMTCT
Pelatihan Neonatus Reproductive
POGI, tahun Management Kementerian
Klinik‐ Perinasia, Health and
2004‐ (ALARM) Kesehatan
Kesehatan tahun 2004‐ Right,
sekarang. POGI, tahun Republik
Reproduksi, sekarang. Swedia,
2005‐ Indonesia,
tahun 2005‐ Pebruari
sekarang tahun 2007‐
sekarang. 2009
sekarang.
Objectives
• Characteristic of “Maternal Death”
• Definition
• Pathophysiology
• Shock
• Causes of Postpartum Haemorrhage
• How to estimate blood loss
• HEMOSTASIS
• Early Warning System
• Fire drill
Reducing delays to emergency obstetric and neonatal care. Abbreviations: BEmOC, Basic Emergency Obstetric Care; CEmOC,
Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric Care. For contents of the papers please refer to Table 4. Image of home birth reprinted
with permission granted by the American College of Nurse‐Midwives.
Causes of Maternal Deaths in
Southeast Asia
Cecilia S Acuin, Geok Lin Khor, Tippawan Liabsuetrakul, Endang L Achadi, Thein Thein Htay, Rebecca
Firestone, Zulfiqar A Bhutta. Maternal, neonatal, and child health in southeast Asia: towards greater
regional collaboration. Lancet 2011: 377; 516–25
Mortality during pregnancy and by time since end of pregnancy in
Matlab, Bangladesh
Carine Ronsmans, Wendy J Graham. Maternal mortality: who, when, where, and why.Lancet 2006; 368: 1189–200
Numbers of maternal deaths by
clinical area
% 39,4
40
35 27,7
30
25 18,7
20
15
10 5,8 5,2
2,6 0,6
5
0
Qomariyah SN, Bell JS, Pambudi ES, Anggondowati T, Latief K, Achadi EL, et al. A practical approach to identifying maternal
deaths missed from routine hospital reports: lessons from Indonesia: Global Health Action 2009.
Estimated average interval between onset of major
obstetric complications and death, in the absence of
medical interventions
Complication Hours Days
Haemorrhage
•Postpartum 2
•Antepartum 12
Ruptured uterus 1
Eclampsia 2
Obstructed labour 3
Infection 6
From Maine, D. Prevention of Maternal Deaths in Developing Countries: Program Options and Practical
Considerations, in International Safe Motherhood Conference. 1987. Unpublished data: Nairobi
WHO, UNPF, UNICEF, Health MSoP. Monitoring emergency obstetric care: a handbook 2009
Definition
Traditional Definition
– blood loss of > 500 mL following vaginal delivery
– blood loss of > 1000 mL following cesarean delivery
Functional Definition
– any blood loss that has the potential to produce or
produces hemodynamic instability
Incidence
– about 5% of all deliveries
a. uterina
Poiseuille’s + Bernoulli’s
Diameter : 4 – 6 X
Exp.Physiol 1997; 82;377 ‐ 87
Ligand-Gates & Voltage-Gated Slow Ca2+- Channels
Ca2+ Ca2+
1. Stimulating Ligand Receptor
PL‐C
GTP GDP
Ca2+ 3. Ca2+ ‐ release 2. PIP2 IP3 + DAG
cAMP kinase
Simple sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Ca2+>0.1M
ATP
Contraction 4. MLC kinase complex
Relaxation Ca2+ ‐pump Myosin‐
phosphate
Thick filament (myosin) + Actin
Thick Thin filament 6. Myosin‐light chain
Na+ Ca2+ phosphatase
2K+
ATP
7. ATP
3Na+
5. Ca2+‐pump and Na+ ‐ Ca2+ exchanger
Approximate
Four T’s Cases
incidence(%)
Tone Atonic uterus 70
Lacerations, hematomas,
Trauma 20
inversion, rupture
Retained tissue, invasive
Tissue 10
placenta
Thrombin Coagulopathies 1
Am Fam Physician 2007;75:875‐82.
Risk Factors for Obstetric Hemorrhage
Pathophysiology Clinical Risk Factors
Overdistended uterus Multiple gestation; Polyhydramnios; Macrosomia
Uterine muscle fatigue Prolonged labor Augmentation of labor Prior PPH
Abnormal uterine
Chorioamnionitis Prolonged ROM
contractility (TONE)
Uterine distortion/abnormality Fibroids, Placenta previa
Uterine‐relaxing drug Beta mimetics, MgSO4, anesthetic drugs
Retained products of Accreta/Increta/Percreta Prior uterine surgery; Placenta previa; Multiparity
conception (TISSUE) Manual placenta removal, Succinturiate/
Retained placenta/membranes
accessory lobe
Precipitous delivery; Macrosomia; Shoulder
Laceration of the cervix, vagina or
dystocia; Operative delivery; Episiotomy (esp.
perineum
mediolateral)
Genital tract trauma
Extension/laceration at cesarean section Deep engagement, Malposition, malpresentation
(TRAUMA)
Uterine rupture Prior uterine surgery
Fundal placenta; Grand multiparity; Excessive
Uterine inversion
traction on umbilical cord
Preexisting clotting abnormalities, eg,
hemophilia, von Willebrands disease, History of coagulopathy or liver disease
Abnormalities of hypofibrinogenemia
coagulation Acquired in pregnancy Sepsis
(THROMBIN) DIC Intrauterine demise
HELLP Hemorrhage
Anticoagulation
Devine PC. Obstetric Hemorrhage. Semin Perinatol. 2009;33:76‐81.
Uterine blood flow at various stages
of pregnancy
Hytten F, Chamberlain G: Clinical Physiology in Obstetrics. Boston, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1980
Classification of Hemorrhage
(EBV Adult 70 mL/kg BW; Maternal 100 mL/kgBW)
Hemorrhage Estimated blood Blood volume Clinical signs and
Action
class loss (ml) loss (%) symptoms
0 (normal
< 500 < 10 none
loss)
ALERT LINE
Need observation ± replacement
1 500–1000 < 15 minimal
therapy
ACTION LINE
↓ urine output
2 1200–1500 20–25 ↑ pulse rate
↑ respiratory rate Replacement therapy and oxytocics
postural hypotension
narrow pulse pressure
hypotension
tachycardia
3 1800–2100 30–35 Urgent active management
cold clammy
tachypnea
Critical active management (50%
4 > 2400 > 40 profound shock
mortality if not managed actively)
Benedetti T. Obstetric haemorrhage. In Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. A Pocket Companion to Obstetrics, 4th edn. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2002:Ch 17. In: B‐
Lynch C, Keith LG, Lalonde AB, Karoshi M, editors. A Textbook Of Postpartum Hemorrhage‐A comprehensive guide to evaluation, management and surgical intervention.
Dumfriesshire: Sapiens Publishing; 2007. p. 35‐44.
Shock
The Course of Hypovolaemic Shock in Absence of Therapy
150 Bleeding
100
50
0 (Time)
Compensation Decompensation Irreversibility
Shock Phases
Shock
The Influence of Volume Replacement on Tissue Perfusion and Organ Function
Cerebral Function
Tissue
(Body Control)
Perfusion
Pulmonary Function
(O2 Supply)
Text
Volume Replacement
Liver
Function
Heart (metabolism)
Function
(cardiac output) Renal Function
(Diuresis)
George. ICU without walls, 2014
INDICATIONS FOR BLOOD
COMPONENT THERAPY
Component Indication Usual starting dose
Replacement of oxygen‐
Packed RBC 2– 4 Units IV
carrying capacity
Thrombocytopenia or
Platelets thrombasthenia with 6–10 Units IV
bleeding
Fresh frozen
Documented coagulopathy 2–6 Units IV
plasma
Coagulopathy with low
Cryoprecipitate 10–20 Units IV
fibrinogen
Hb 8.5 0.7
p = 0.11
Hb 10.7 0.2
Safari_HTA_Clinical use of blood_06xx 20
Flow rates through intravenous
cannulae
Flow rate
Gauge number* Colour code
mL/min**
20G Pink 40‐80
18G Green 75‐120
16G Grey 130‐220
14G Orange 250‐360
* G refers to a wire gauge classification of the size of the internal diameter of the cannula. It is slightly
different to the American and Standard Wire Gauges.
** The British standard for determining flow rate: involves in‐vitro testing using distilled water at 22 C,
kept at constant pressure. The flow rates are therefore not the same as those achievable clinically.
General Goals for Support of Shock
Patients
Hemodynamic Support
• MAP > 60–65 mm Hg
Optimization of Oxygen‐Delivery
• Hb level > 10 g/dL
• Arterial oxygen saturation > 92%
Reversal of Organ System Dysfunction
• Maintain urine output > 0.5 mL/kg per hour
Papadakos PJ. Approach to Shock. In: Apostolakos MJ, Papadakos PJ, editors. The Intensive Care Manual. New York: McGraw‐Hill; 2001. p. 55‐70
Medical Uterotonic Therapies
Agent Dose Cautions
• 10 IUs IM/IV followed by IV • Hypotension if given by
infusion of 20 IUs in 500 mL rapid IV bolus
Oxytocin
crystalloid titrated versus • Water intoxication with
response (eg, 250 mL/h) large volumes
• Contraindicated in
• 0,25 mg IM (ergometrine)
hypertensive patients
• 0,20 mg IM Can be repeated
Ergometrine • Can cause
every 5 min to maximum of
nausea/vomiting/
5 doses
dizziness
Gastrointestinal
600 μg‐1000 μg p.(r)/
Misoprostol (Cytotec) disturbance, shivering,
intracavitary
pyrexia
Breathnach F, Geary M. Uterine Atony: Definition, Prevention, Nonsurgical Management, and Uterine
Tamponade. Semin Perinatol. 2009;33:82‐7.
Mnemonic
H Help. Ask for Help
A Assess (vital sign, blood loss) and resucitate
Establish aetilogy, ensure aviabioity of blood, acbolic Initial Management
E
(oxytocin, ergometrine, or syntometrine bolus IV/IM)
M Massage uterus
Oxytocin infusion, ergometrine bolus IV/IM, prostaglandins
O Medical Treatment
per rectal
Shift to the theatre. Exclude retain products and trauma,
S Conservative Non
bimanual compression, abdominal aorta compression
Surgical Management
T Tamponade ballon and uterine packing
A Apply compression uterus, B‐Lynch technique or modified,
Systemic pelvic devascularization : Lasso‐Budiman
S Conservative Surgical
technique, uterine, ovarian, quadriple, internal iliaca
Management
Interventional radiologist, if appropriate, uterine artery
I
embolization
Last Effort‐ Non ‐
S Subtotal/total hysterectomy Conservative Surgical
Management
Mishra N, Chandraharan E. Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). In: Warren R, Arulkumaran S, editors. Best
Practice in Labour and Delivery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2009. p. 160‐70.
Kompresi Bimanual
B‐Lynch C. Conservative Surgical Management. In: B‐Lynch C, Keith LG, Lalonde AB, Karoshi M, editors. A Textbook Of Postpartum Hemorrhage‐A
comprehensive guide to evaluation, management and surgical intervention. Dumfriesshire: Sapiens Publishing; 2007. p. 287‐98
H A E M O S T A S I S
Tamponade ballon and uterine packing
H A E M O S T A S I S
Kompresi Aorta Abdominalis
Warning signs preceding critical event
Hemodynamic changes included systolic blood pressure <90 or >200mmHg, pulse <50 or
>130 beats/min; respiratory included rate >30/min, oxygen saturation <85%; abnormal
laboratory results included pH <7.2, Na+ <125 or >150mmol/L, K+ >6mmol/L; abnormal
temperature <95°F or >104°F. GCS = Glasgow Coma Score
Buist MD, Jarmolowski E, Burton PR, et al. Recognising clinical instability in hospital patients before cardiac arrest or unplanned admission to
intensive care. A pilot study in a tertiary‐care hospital. Med J Aust. 1999;171:22–25. In: DeVita MA, Hillman K, Bellomo R, editors. Medical
Emergency Teams Implementation and Outcome Measurement. Pittsburgh: Springer Science+Business Media; 2006 p. 80‐90.
Risk of Mortality: Independent
Predictors
Event Odds ratio and 95% CI
Decrease of consciousness 6,4 (2,6–15,7)
Hypotension 2,5 (1,6–4,1)
Loss of consciousness 6,4 (2,9–13,6)
Bradypnea 14,4 (2,6–80,0)
SaO2 < 90% 2,4 (1,6–4,1)
Tachypnea 7,2 (3,9–13,2)
Buist M, Campbell D. The Challenge of Predicting In‐Hospital Iatrogenic Deaths. In: DeVita MA, Hillman K, Bellomo R, editors. Medical Emergency
Teams Implementation and Outcome Measurement. Pittsburgh: Springer Science+Business Media; 2006 p. 32‐48.
A modified early obstetric warning system
(MEOWS)UK, NICE
Physiologic Parameters Yellow Alert Red Alert
Respiration rate 21–30 <10 or >30
Oxygen saturation <95
Temperature 35–36 <35 or >38
Systolic blood pressure 150–160 or 90–100 <90 or >160
Diastolic blood pressure 90–100 >100
Heart rate 100–120 or 40–50 >120 or <40
Pain score 2–3
Neurologic response Voice Unresponsive, pain
Respiration rate (breaths per minute); Oxygen saturation (%); Temperature (degrees Celsius); Systolic blood
pressure (mm Hg); Heart rate (beats per minute). Level of consciousness is based on the Alert Voice Pain
Unresponsive scale, which assesses 4 possible outcomes to measure and record a patient’s level of
consciousness. Pain scores are as follows: (0 5 no pain, 1 5 slight pain on movement, 2 5 intermittent pain at
rest/moderate pain on movement). A single red score or 2 yellow scores triggers an evaluation
The MEOWS alert parameters may lead to detection of the following unrecognized
conditions: hemorrhage (as demonstrated by hypotension and tachycardia),
sepsis (fever, hypotension, tachycardia, hypoxia), venous thromboembolism
(tachycardia, tachypnea, hypoxia), preeclampsia (hypertension, hypoxia), and
cardiovascular complications (tachycardia, bradycardia, hypoxia, hypotension).
Singh S, McGlennan A, England A, et al. A validation study of the CEMACH recommended modified early obstetric warning system (MEOWS). Anaesthesia
2012;67:12–8; In : Friedman AM. Maternal early warning systems. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2015 Jun;42(2)289‐98.
Response
Tingkatkan frekuensi observasi dan
Grup Skor
memberi tanda peringatan pada
Rendah perawat pelaksana (PJ)
Segera memanggil tim (kepala jaga,
Grup Skor dokter jaga)
Sedang Secara simultan memanggil tim dengan
kompetensi kasus akut
Aktivasi kode biru untuk memanggil tim
Grup Skor Tinggi dengan kompetensi kasus kritis
Team Approach
American Academy of Family Practitioners (AAFP) Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics. Syllabus Updates 2008.
www.aafp.org/online/en/home/cme/aafpcourses/clinicalcourses/also/syllabus.html. #Parsys0003 downloaded 21/05/2008. In : Briley A, Bewley S. Management of
obstetric hemorrhage: obstetric management. In: Briley A, Bewley S, editors. The Obstetric Hematology Manual. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2010. p.
151-58.
Post partum haemorrhage clinical checklist
Call for assistance
Emergency bell activated
Airway Monitoring
Check airway Blood pressure
Heart rate
Circulation, tissue perfusion
Catheter and hourly urine
Consider CVP
Breathing Inspection
Check breathing Blood loss
Oxygen administered Uterine Tone
Placenta and membranes
Perineum
Circulation Treatment
Lie flat or head down IM Syntometrine
Insert two large gauge cannulae Syntocinon infusion
Take blood for FBC, Clotting, Cross match 6 units Misoprostol PR
Commence 2 litres crystalloid Uterine Massage
Consider O negative blood Bimanual compression
Decision for Embolization of Uterine
Artery
Documentation
Timings, drugs, persons present etc
Roles and goals of crisis team members
Roles Goals
Airway manager (#1) Manages ventilation and oxygenation, intubates if necessary
Provides equipment to airway manager, assists with bag‐
Airway assistant (#2)
mask ventilation, Check breathing,
Oxygen administered
Bedside assistant (#3) Provides patient information including AMPLE*,
medications delivery , Draws up medications, supplies crash
Equipment manager cart contents to appropriate team members
(#4) Treatment:
IM Syntometrine, Syntocinon infusion, Misoprostol SL
Data manager/ Documentation :
recorder (#8) Records vital signs, exam findings, test results, chart ,
Timings, drugs, persons present
Circulation (#6) Circulation :
Lie flat or head down, Insert two large gauge cannulae, Take
blood for FBC, Clotting, Cross match 4 units, Commence 4 @
500 mL crystalloid, FFP 4 Units or Cryoprecipitate 8 Units,
Consider O negative blood
Monitoring :
Evaluates pulses, Performs chest compressions , Blood
pressure,
Circulation, tissue perfusion, Consider CVP
Procedure MD (#7) Performs procedures such as central lines, chest tubes, pulse
check
Treatment leader (#5) Inspection :
Blood loss, Uterine Tone, Placenta and membranes, Perineum
Treatment :
Stop Bleeding : Uterine Massage, Bimanual compression,
Misoprostol PR, Decision for EUA
DeVita MA, Hillman K, Bellomo R, editors. Medical Emergency Teams Implementation and Outcome Measurement. Pittsburgh: Springer Science+Business Media;
2006 p. 80‐90.
Pencapaian Menyelesaikan Tugas
(Tingkat Pencapaian meningkat dengan 3 kali sesi Drill‐Simulation)
DeVita MA, Hillman K, Bellomo R, editors. Medical Emergency Teams Implementation and Outcome Measurement. Pittsburgh: Springer
Science+Business Media; 2006 p. 80‐90.
12/3/2016 PK 17.00 12/3/2016 PK 19.00 12/3/2016 PK 23.00
Bidan TP RS KK RS KK
Pasien Dirujuk ke RSKK
Prakiraan Volume darah Dewasa (70mL/kgBB) Hamil (100 mL/kgBB)
Prakiraan Persentasi
Klasifikasi Tanda dan Gejala Klinis Action
Perdarahan (ml) Perdarahan (%)
Perlu pengawasan ketat dan
1 500–1000 < 15 Minimal
Terapi cairan infus
Garis Bertindak
↑ pulse rate
2 1200–1500 20–25 Nadi halus
Terapi cairan infus dan
↓ diuresis
uterotonika
↑ prernapasan
hipotensi postural
hipotensi
takikardia Manajemen aktif dan
3 1800–2100 30–35
akral dingin agresif
takipnu
Manajemen aktik kritikal
4 > 2400 > 40 Syok (risiko 50% mortalitas bila
tidak ditatalaksana aktif)
Benedetti T. Obstetric haemorrhage. In Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. A Pocket Companion to Obstetrics, 4th edn. New York: Churchill Livingstone,
2002:Ch 17. In: B‐Lynch C, Keith LG, Lalonde AB, Karoshi M, editors. A Textbook Of Postpartum Hemorrhage‐A comprehensive guide to evaluation,
management and surgical intervention. Dumfriesshire: Sapiens Publishing; 2007. p. 35‐44.
13/3/2016 PK 00.00 12/3/2016 PK 00.45
RS BA VK RS P
ICU penuh Primary Survey
A: A: Clear
Pasien di rujuk ke RS P
B: 24x/menit nasal kanul 3L/menit
C: 120x/menit, TD: 90/40 IVFD 2
line crystalloid 1000 cc, colloid 500 cc,
urine kemerahan 50 cc, sedia PRC
1000 cc, FFP 500 cc, back up ICU
resusitasi 10 menit TD 140/100,
110x/menit
Skema Peran: Perawat 2
Pertolongan Tugas: Compression
Code Blue
(Sebelum TMRC Pusat Peran: Perawat 3
/Wilayah datang) Jabatan: IV line & drugs
Troli Emergensi
Peran:.Perawat 4
Jabatan: Dokumentasi
Singkatan HAEMOSTASIS
Singkatan
Help. Ask for Help (Aktivasi kode biru, Tim Respons
H
Cepat)
Akses intravena, penilaian perdarahan dan resusitasi Langkah
A
cairan awal
E Etiologi cari (4 T), sedia darah
M Masase uterus
O Oksitosin Uterotonika Obat
Siap ke OK/Rujuk. Singkirkan sisa plasenta dan trauma.
S Konservatif
Kompresi bimanual , kompresi aorta abdominalis. (video)
Non Bedah
T Tampon uterus kondom kateter (video)
A Aplikasi kompresi uterus B‐Lynch ataupun modifikasi
Systemic pelvic devascularization : uterina, ovarika, Bedah
S
hipogastrika, tehnik Lasso‐Budiman Konservatif
I Intervensi radiologi intervensi embolisasi arteri uterina
Langkah
S Subtotal/total histerektomi
Akhir
Mishra N, Chandraharan E. Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). In: Warren R, Arulkumaran S, editors. Best Practice in Labour and Delivery. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press; 2009. p. 160‐70.