Chapter 3 Francis and Kaplan Turbine Fluid Machinery

2/3/13 Chapter 3 : Francis and Kaplan Turbine | Fluid Machinery
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Chapter 1 : General Concepts
Chapter 2 : Pelton Turbine
Chapter 3 : Francis and Kaplan
Turbine Q. 1. Discuss briefly the guide mechanism in reaction turbines.
Chapter 4 : Centrifugal Pumps
Chapter 5 : Similarity Relations Ans. It consists of a stationary circular wheel all round the runner of
and Performance the turbine. The stationary guide vanes are fixed on guide mechanism
Characteristics
Chapter 6 : Reciprocating The guide vanes allow the water t” strike the vanes fixed on the runner
Pumps without shock at inlet. The width between two adjacent vanes of guide
Chapter 7 : Hydraulic devices
and Systems
mechanism can be altered so that the amount of water striking the
runner can be varied.
Q. 2. List the advantages of Kaplan Turbine over Francis

Turbine.
Ans. Advantages of Kaplan turbine over Francis turbine

(i) Runner vanes are adjustable in Kaplan turbine while in Francis
turbine run vanes are not adjustable.
(ii) There is less resistance offered as the number of vanes are fewer in
Kaplan turbine (in) Specific speed range 250-850 m Kaplan turbine In
Francis turbine specific speed range is 5o—250.
Q. 3. Draw velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of typical

Francis turbine vane.
Ans. There are three types of velocity triangles for. inlet and outlet in
Francis turbine. Triangles are made for slow runner, medium runner
and fast runner.
Fig. Slow runner
ptumech.loremate.com/fluid-machinery/node/13 1/26
Fig. Medium Runner
Fig. Fast Runner
Q. 4. Define degree of reaction and Euler’s Head.
Ans. The degree of reaction (R) is defined as a ratio of change of

pressure energy in the runner to the change of total energy in the
runner per kg of water.
Euler’s Head: It is defined as energy transfer per unit weight.
Q.5. Why is the efficiency of Kaplan turbine nearly constant

irrespective of speed variation under load?
Ans. Kaplan turbines has the concept of adjusting the runner vanes in
the face of changing load conditions on the turbine, with proper
adjustment of blades during its running the Kaplan turbine is capable of
giving a constant and high efficiency for a wide range of load
conditions. The pitch of the blades is also automatically adjusted by the
governor through the action of a servo meter.
Q. 6. Define specific speed of a turbine and write down its

expression.
Ans. The specific speed of a turbine may be defined as the speed of an

imaginary turbine, identical with the given turbine which will develop a
unit power under a unit head.
It is given by
N = Speed of the runner in r.p.m.
H =Head of water
P = Power produced.
Q. 7. Sketch different types of draft tubes.
Ans. Following are the important types of draft tubes which are
commonly used.
1. Conical draft tubes
2. Simple elbow tubes

3. Moody spreading tubes
4. Elbow with circular inlet and rectangular outlet.
Fig. Types of draft tubes
Q. 8. List the various functions of surge tanks.
Ans. Surge tanks have the following functions:

1. To control the pressure variations, due to rapid changes in the
pipeline flow, thus eliminating water hammer possibilities.
2. To regulate the flow of water to the turbines.
3. To reduce the distance between the free water surface and turbine,
thereby reducing the water hammer effect on penstock.
4. It protects up stream tuner from high pressure rises.
Q. 9. Explain (i) Hydraulic efficiency (ii) Mechanical efficiency

(iii) Overall efficiency of turbines.
Ans. (i) Hydraulic Efficiency-It is the ratio of work done on the wheel
to the head of rater (or energy) actually supplied to the turbine i.e.
(ii) Mechanical Efficiency—it is the ratio of actual work available at

the turbine to e energy imparted to the wheel.
(iii) Overall Efficiency—it is a measure f the performance of a
turbine and is the 120 of power produced by the turbine to the energy
actually supplied to the turbine.
Q. 10. Differentiate between Francis and Kaplan turbine.
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Ans. Chapter 3 : Francis and Kaplan Turbine | Fluid Machinery
Q. 11. List the unit quantities as applied to turbo-machines.
Ans. (i) Unit power (ii) Unit speed (iii) Unit discharge.
Unit Power-The powered developed by a turbine working under a
head of 1 meter, is known as unit power:
P =Power developed,
H =Head of water
Unit Speed-The speed of turbine, working under a head of 1 meter, is
known as unit speed
N = speed of turbine,
H = Head of water
Unit Discharge-The discharge of a turbine, working under a head of 1
meter, is known as unit discharge.
Q = Discharge,
= Head of water
Q. 12. List the factors/criteria to choose a turbine.

Or
How to decide whether Kalpan, Francis or a pelton type tupe
turbine would be used in a hydro project?
Ans. The selection of turbines depend on the following considerations.

1. Operating Head— Pelton turbine - Greater than 400 m
Francis turbine - 50-400 m

Kaplan turbine - Less than 50 m
2. Specific speed-Turbine having high specific speed is selected. High
speed means a smaller size of the turbine. Francis turbines run at
higher speeds (50—250) than those of pelton wheels (8—50), Kaplan
turbine have the greatest specific speed (250—1000).
3. Cavitation- Cavitation occurs when the pressure at the runner
outlet equals vapour pressure. Francis turbines can not be used for
very high heads because of cavitation. Pelton turbines are free from
cavitation because the pressure at runner outlet is the atmospheric.
4. Performance characteristics—Turbines should be selected in such
a way that their efficiencies do not fall appreciably when operating
under part load. Francis turbines operate efficiently between half and
full load. Kaplan turbines are more efficient at low heads.
5. Overall cost—The plant should be designed for the minimum cost
as cost is the prime consideration in designing a plant
6. Number of units—It is better to go in for a larger unit as far as
possible, but there must be at least two units at any particular site so
that one unit is always available.
Q. 13. What is the importance of a draft tube in a Francis

turbine 7 Discuss different types of draft tubes.
Ans. It is a pipe, which connects the turbine and outlet or tail race,
through which the water exhausted from the runner, flows to the outlet
channel.
It also act as a water conduit.
Draft tube has the following important function:
1. It makes the installation possible above the tail race level without
the loss of head.
2. Water velocity at runner outlet is very, high. By using draft tube the
velocity can be lowered. Loss of kinetic energy is converted into
pressure energy.
3. Draft tube prevents the splashing of water coming out of the runner.
Different types of draft tubes used are:
(1) Conical draft tubes
(2) Simple elbow tubes

(3) Moody spreading tubes
(4) Elbow with circular inlet and rectangular outlet.
Fig. Types of draft tubes

(1) Conical Draft Tubes—This is known as tapered draft tube and
used in all reaction turbines where conditions permit. It is preferred for
low specific speed and Francis turbine. The maximum cone angle is 8°
(a = 40°). The hydraulic efficiency is 90%.
(2) Simple Elbow Tubes-The elbow type draft tube is often preferred
in most of the power plants. If the tube is large in diameter; ‘it may be
necessary to make the horizontal portion of some other section. A
common form of section used is over or rectangular. It has low
efficiency around 60%.
(3) Moody Spreading Tubes-This tube is used to reduce the whirling
action of discharge water when turbine runs at high speed under low
head conditions. The draft tube has efficiency around 85%.
(4) Elbow with circular inlet and rectangular outlet—This tube
has circular cross- section at inlet and rectangular section at outlet. The
change from circular section to rectangular section take place in the
bend from vertical leg to the horizontal leg. The efficiency is about
85%.
Q. 14. Derive the expression for specific speed of turbine. What

is the range of specific speed for reaction turbine?
Ans. Power available at turbine shaft
Since and w are constant: … (1)

The tangential velocity u, the flow velocity the absolute velocity v
and the head H on the turbine are related as
Now
Also
Substituting this value in expression (1)
…
(2)
Where k is constant of proportionality
Now taking H =1, P= 1, then (specific speed)
Expression (ii) may be written as
Specific speed,
Specific speed for Francis turbine = 50 — 250.
Specific speed for Kaplan turbine = 250 — 850.
Q. 15. Show that in a given turbine v

H = available head, u tangential velocity, Q = discharge, P
power developed.
Ans. (i) We know that
Absolute velocity v
…
(1)
Also tangential velocity, … (2)
So from (1) and (2)
(ii) Q = Area of flow x Velocity

So
(iii)
so (hence proved).
Q. 16. Define draft tube efficiency. Give mathematical

expression.
Ans. The efficiency of the draft tube is defined as the ratio of actual
conversion of kinetic head into pressure head in the draft tube to the
kinetic head at the inlet of the draft tube.
Mathematically, = =
Q .17. Why the draft tube is not used for Pelton turbine?
Ans. In case of pelton turbine all the K. E. is lost and draft tube is not
used because the pressure value is just the atmospheric so there is no

requirement of draft tube.
Q .18. What is the function of scross casing in reaction

turbines?
Ans. Scroll casing provides the limited area around the runner to
maintain the constant velocity of water flow around the runner The
material of scroll casing may be cost steel, cast iron, concrete or
concrete and steel.
Q.19. Explain with neat sketch the operation of Kaplan turbine,

governing of Kaplan turbines and their performance
characteristics.
Ans. Kaplan Turbine The figure shows a schematic diagram of Kaplan

turbine The function of the guide vane is same as in case of Francis
turbine Between the guide vanes and the runner, the fluid in a
propeller turbine turns through a right-angle into the axial direction and
then passes through the runner. The runner usually has four or six
blades and closely resembles a ship’s propeller Neglecting the frictional
effects, the flow approaching the runner blades can be considered to be
a free vortex with whirl velocity being inversely proportional to radius,
while on the other hand, the blade velocity is directly proportional to
the radius The take care of this different relationship of the fluid
velocity and the blade velocity with the changes in radius, the blades
are twisted. The angle with axis is greater at the tip that at the root.
Performance Characteristics of Reaction Turbine:

It is not always possible in practice, although desirable, to run a
machine at its maximum efficiency due to changes in operating
parameters. Therefore, it becomes important to know the performance
of the machine under conditions for which the efficiency is less than the
maximum It is more useful to plot the basic dimensionless
performance parameters (Fig 1) as derived earlier from the similarity
principles of fluid machines Thus one set of curves, as shown in Fig 1, is
applicable not just to the conditions of the test, but to any machine in
the same homologous series under any altered conditions.
Fig.I: Performance characteristics of a reaction turbine in

dimensionless parameters)
Figure 2 is one of the typical plots where variation in efficiency of
different reaction turbines with the rated power is shown.
Fig. 2 Variation of efficiency with load

Governing of Reaction Turbines- Governing of reaction turbines is
usually done by altering the position of the guide vanes and thus
controlling the flow rate by changing the gate openings to the runner.
The guide blades of a reaction turbine are pivoted and connected by
levers and links to the regulating ring. Two long regulating rods, being
attached to the regulating ring at their one ends, are connected to a
regulating lever at their other ends. The regulating lever is keyed to a
regulating shaft which is turned by a servomotor piston of the oil.
Q. 20. Write note on Surge tanks.
Ans. A surge tank is a storage reservoir fitted at some opening made

on a long penstock to receive the rejected flow when the penstock is
suddenly closed by a value fitted at its steed end. Surge tanks, relieves
the pipe line of excessive pressure produced due to closing of the
penstock, thus eliminating positive water hammer effect by admitting
in it a large mass of water which would have flown out of the pipe line.
It is also used in a large pumping plant to control variations
resulting from rapid changes in the flow.
Functions of surge tanks:
(1) To control the pressure variations by reliving the line of excessive
pressure.
(2) Regulation of flow in power plants and pumping plants.
(3) Regulation of turbine speed.
Location of surge tank: Theoretically it should be located close to a
power or pumping plant. It is generally located at the junction of
pressure tunnel and penstock or on the side of the mountain.
Types of surge tanks:
(1) Single surge tanks
(2) Restricted orifice type
(3) Differential type.
Q. 21. Write short note on design of runner for reaction

turbine.
Ans. Suppose, H = Head

N = Running Speed
P = Power Output
The design Procedure is given as follows.
1. Assume probable values of
Hydraulic efficiency.
Overall efficiency
n, Ratio of width to diameter
Flow ratio
2. Find Discharge by using
Shaft Power
3. Area through which water enters
Where and are entrance diameter and width.

is effect for the vanes.
4. Find tangential velocity
5. Find Flow Velocity,
6. Obtain and by using
Assume
Use continuity equation
(1) Net Head, H =
(2) Hydraulic efficiency,

(3) Discharge through Kaplan turbine:
Problem 1. A Francis turbine works under a head of 25 m

producing 3675 kW at 150 r.p.m. Determine the (a) Unit power
and unit speed of the turbine (b) Specific speed of the turbine
and (c) Power developed by this turbine if the speed is
reduced to 100 r.p.m.
Solution. P= 3675 kW
H=25m
N = 150 r.p.m.
Unit power and unit speed
Unit power:
Unit speed:
Specific speed of the turbine
= 162.66
=163 r.p.m.
Power developed if the speed reduced to 100 r.p.m.
We know that
Also
Problem. 2. A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to

develop 7357.5 kW shaft power. The net available head is 5.50
m. Assume that the speed ratio is 2.09 and flow ratio is 0.68
and the overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is

rd of the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the
runner, its speed and its specific speed.
Solution: Given:
Shaft power P = 7357.5 kW
Head H = 5.50m
Speed ratio
Flow ratio
Overall efficiency, = 60% = 0.60
Diameter of boss,
Using relation
0.60 =
We have
6.788m
And 6.788 = 2.262 m
Using
= 61.08 r.p.m.
Specific speed is given by
= 622 r.p.m.
Problem. 3. The following data pertains to an inward flow

reaction turbine Net head = 60 m, speed = 650 r.p.m., Brake
power = 275 kW Ratio of wheel width to wheel diameter at
inlet = 0.10 Ratio of inner diameter to outer diameter =
0.5 Flow ratio = 0.17, = 0.95 and = 0.85. The flow
velocity remains constant and the discharge is radial.

Neglecting area blockage by blades, work out the main
dimensions and blade angles of the turbine.
Solution:
Flow velocity = =5.83m/s

=5.83m/s
Power available from the turbine shaft = w Q H x

275 x = (9810 x Q x 60) x 0.85
Discharge through the turbine,
= 0.55 /s
Also
0.55 = x 0.1 d x 5.83
Diameter of wheel at inlet, = 0.5486m = 54.86cm
Width of wheel at inlet, = 0.1 x 54.86 = 5.486 cm.

Diameter of wheel at outlet, = 0.5 d = 0.5 x 54.86 = 27.43 cm
Since the discharge of water at inlet and outlet tips is same,
Width of wheel at outlet, = 0.1097 m = 10.97 cm

Angles at inlet:
Peripheral velocity at inlet, = 18.66 m/s
ptumech.loremate.com/fluid-machinery/node/13 Hydraulic efficiency, 12/26

Hydraulic efficiency,
0.9 5
Angles at outlet:
0.6248,
Problem 4. A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 75%

is required to produce 14825 kW power. It is working under a
head of 7.62 m. The peripheral velocity = 0.26 and the
radial velocity of flow at inlet are 0.96 . The wheel runs at

150 r.p.m. and the hydraulic losses in the turbine are 22% of
the available energy. Assume Radial discharge, determine
(i) The guide blade angle
(ii) The wheel vane angle at inlet
(iii) Diameter of the wheel at inlet, and
(iv) Width of the wheel at inlet.
Solution: Overall efficiency, =

Power produced = 148.25 kW
Head = 7.62 m
Peripheral velocity,
= 3.179 m/s
Velocity of flow at inlet,
= 11.738 m/s
Speed, N = 150 r.p.m.

Hydrauls losses = 22% of available energy
Discharge at outlet = Radial
Hydraulic efficiency is given as
=0.78
=0.78
= 18.34 m/s
1. The guide blade angle, a
=0.64
0.64 = 32.619°
2. The wheel vane angle at inlet,
=0.774
0.774 = 37.74
3. Diameter of wheel at inlet
=0.4047m
4. Width of the wheel at inlet
w.P.
= 2.644
Using
ptumech.loremate.com/fluid-machinery/node/13 2.644 = x 0.4047 x x 11.738 14/26
2.644 = x 0.4047 x x 11.738
= 0.177m
Problem 5. A hydro-turbine is required to give 25 mW at 50 m

heat and 90 r.p.m. runner speed. The laboratory facilities
available permit testing of 20 kW model at 5m head. What
should be the model runner speed and model prototype scale
ratio?
Solution: = 25 mW =20 kW
= 90 r.p.m. =5 m
=50m
Scale ratio = =6.29
=90x6.29x =179r.p.m.
Problem 6. In an inward flow reaction turbine having vertical

shaft, water enters the runner from the guide blades at an
angle of 155° with the runner blade angle at entry being 100°.
Both these angles are measure from the tangent at runner
periphery drawn in the direction of runner rotation. The flow
velocity through the runner is constant, water enters the draft
tube from tile runner without whirl and the discharge from the
draft tube into the tail race takes place with a velocity of 2.5
m/s. The runner has the dimensions of 40 cm external
diameter and 3.8 cm inlet width. The turbine works with a net
head of 35m and the loss of head in the turbine due to fluid n is
4m of water. Draw vector diagrams and calculate:
1. Speed of the runner
2. Runner blade angle at a point on the outlet edge where the
radius of rotation is 9 cm.
3. Power generated by the turbine and its specific speed.
4. Inlet diameter of the draft tube.
Solution. Velocities at inlet and exit are related by the expression:
From the inlet velocity triangle
= (180—155) =25°
= (180 — 100) = 800
Since the discharge is in radial direction,
Work done = = 0.43

From the energy balance,
Head supplied
= (work done) + (kinetic heat at exit) + (losses in the
runner)
3.5 + +4
= 8.45m/s
= 1.968 = 1.968 x 8.45 = l6.63m/s
1. ;1663=
N= = 794 r.p.m.
2. From outlet velocity triangle:
=8.45m/s
Peripheral velocity of the outer edge at 9 cm radius
= 16.63 x = 7.48 m/s
= 1.13 ; vane angle at outlet, =

Discharge through the turbine, Q x 0.4 x 0.038 x 8.45
= 0.4035
3. Power developed by the turbine,
= 9810 x 0.4035 x 0.43 121.5 x W = 121.5 kW

Assume a mechanical efficiency of 98%
4. Power available at turbine shaft = 121. 5 x 0.98 = 119.07
Specific speed of the turbine, Ns = 101.77

Specific speed of the turbine, Ns = 101.77
5. Inlet area of draft tube = = = 0.04775

If d is the inlet diameter of the tube,
=0.04775
d= =0.246m
Problem.7. Francis turbine develops 365 kW at an overall

efficiency of 80%. When working under a static head of 5 m,
the draft tube being cylindrical and of diameter 2.5 m. What
increase in power and efficiency of the turbine would you
expect if a tapered draft tube having an inlet diameter of 4m
and efficiency of conversion of 90% is substituted for the
cylindrical one? It maybe presumed that head, speed and
discharge remain constant.
Solution Power available = wQH×
365 x = (9810 x Q x 5) x 0.8
Q=
When the draft tube is tapered one velocity of water at inlet to draft
tube
=1.89m/s
velocity of water at outlet of draft tube
=0.74m/s
Heat gained = xO.9 = 0.14 m
Increase in efficiency = = 0.028 = 2.8%

Increase in power = increase in efficiency x original power
= 0.028 x (9810 x 9.30 x 5)
=12773W=12.77kW
Problem.8. An inward flow reaction turbine discharges radially

and the velocity of flow is constant and equal to the velocity of
discharge from the turbine. Show that the hydraulic efficiency
can be expressed by
Where a and are respectively the guide vane angle and wheel
vane angle at Intel.
Solution. From the inlet velocity triangle

For radical discharge at outlet
Thus
Or
Substituting the value of , we get
Also substituting the value of u from above, we get
Now =
Or =
Or
Problem.9. The velocity of whirl at inlet to the runner of an
inward flow reaction turbine is (3.15 ) m/s and the velocity
of flow at inlet is (1.05 ) m/s. The velocity of whirl at exit is
(0.22 ) m/s in the same direction as at inlet and the velocity
of flow at exit is (0.83 ) where H is the head in meters. The
inner diameter of the runner is 0.6 times the outer diameter.

Assuming hydraulic efficiency of 80%, compute the angles of
the runner vanes at inlet and exit.
Solution.
From inlet velocity triangle, we have

1.9091
= 62°21’
From outlet velocity triangle, we have
=0.6194
=31°46’
Problem.10. The inlet and the outlet runner blade angles of a

propeller turbine are and 25° respectively to the tangential
direction of the runner. The inlet guide vane angle is 30°. The
speed of the turbine 30 rpm. The mean diameter of the runner
blades is 3.6 m and the area of flow is 30 . Assuming that the
velocity of flow is constant throughout, determine (1)
Discharge (ii) Power developed (iii) Hydraulic efficiency (iv)
Specific speed.
Solution.
=3.6m
N =30 r.p.m.
= 90°
= 25°
a = 30°
Flow area, a =
Runner blade angle at inlet is radial
As velocity of flow is constant so
= 5.65 m/s
Also
= 5.65 m/s
From inlet velocity triangle
=5.65xtan30°
=3.262m /s
=5.65m/s
From outlet velocity triangle,
tan 25°
+ 5.65 = =7 m/s
= 7 - 5.65 = 1.35 m/s
=3.529 m/s
We have,
[5.65 x 5.65 — 1.35 x 5.65]
H = 2.47 + 0.634 3.104 m

(1)Hydraulic efficiency is given by
=0.798 = 79.8%.
(2)Discharge through turbine, Q = Area of flow x Velocity of flow
=30x3262=97.86
(3)Power developed by turbine
× Weight of
water
x 1000 x 9.81 x 97.86

= 2378 kW
(4)Specific speed is given by 355.08 rpm
Problem.11. In a Francis turbine of very low specific speed, the

velocity of flow from inlet to exit of the runner remains
constant. If the turbine discharges radially, show that the
constant. If the turbine discharges radially, show that the
degree of reaction p can be expressed as
where a and are the guide and runner vane angles

respectively and the degree of reaction p is equal to the ratio of
pressure drop to the hydraulic work done in the runner,
assuming that the losses in the runner are negligible.
Solution. Applying Bernoulli’s equation between the inlet and exit of

the runner and neglecting the potential difference, we get
(for radial discharge)
Where and are the pressure heads at the inlet aid the exit of the
runner respectively.
Thus pressure head drop due to hydraulic work done in the runner is
given by
Now
Or
Or … (1)
For radical discharge
Also
Or u =V [cos a-sin a cot ]

And
Thus, introducing these values in equation (i) above and simplifying it,
we get.
Problem.12. A Francis turbine supplied through a 6 m diameter

penstock has the following particulars.
Output of installation 63500 kW
Flow 117
Speed 150 r.p.m.
Hydraulic efficiency 92%
Mean diameter of turbine at entry 4m
Mean blade height at entry 1m
Mean blade height at entry 1m
Entry diameter of draft tube 4.2 m
Velocity in tail race 2.4 m/s
The static pressure head in the penstock measured before
entry to the runner is 57.4 m. The point of measurement is 3 m
above the level of the tail race. The loss in the draft tube is
equivalent to 30% of the velocity head at entry to it. The exit
plane of the runner is 2 m above the tail race an the flow leaves
the runner without swirl. Determine:
1. The overall efficiency,
2. The direction of flow relative to the runner at inlet,
3. The pressure head at entry to the draft tube.
Solution.
(a)The net head H for the turbine is given by equation
And 2.4 m/s.

Thus by substitution, we get
= 60.98 m
The overall efficiency is given by
= 0.907 or 90.7%
(b) Neglecting the vane thickness, the velocity of flow at inlet i given by
equation
B=1m; and D=4m

= 9.31 m/s
31.42 m/s
Or 0.92
17.52 m/s
The direction of flow relative to the runner at inlet is given by
=0.6698
(c) The pressure head at entry to the draft tube is given by equation
ptumech.loremate.com/fluid-machinery/node/13 2m =8.44m/s; =2.4m/s 22/26

2m =8.44m/s; =2.4m/s
And =1.09 m
+1.090—4.25m
Problem.13. A model of Francis turbine one-fifth of full size,

develops 3 kW at 306 r.p.m. under a head of 1.77 m. Find the
speed and power of full size turbine operating under a head of
5.7 m, if (a) the efficiency of the model and the full size turbine
are same, (b) the efficiency of the model turbine is 76% and
the scale effect is considered.
Solution: (a) For the same efficiency of the model and the prototype
Or
=109.8 r.p.m.
Further
Or
=433.43kW
(b) According to Moody’s equation,
Or
Or
=114.5 r.p.m.
We know that
Or
=491.09 kw
Problem.14. Show that in a turbine, with radial vanes at inlet

and outlet, the hydraulic efficiency is given by:
Where is the guide blade angle. Assume the flow velocity to

remain constant.
Solution. Neglecting losses with in the runner, the energy balance

gives:
Head supplied = (work done or head utilized) + (kinetic head at exit)
For radial vanes at inlet and outlet
Hydraulic efficiency,
Problem.15. A Kaplan turbine develops 2250 kW under a net

head of 5.5 m and with overall efficiency 87 percent. The draft
tube has a diameter of 2.8 m at its inlet and has an efficiency
ptumech.loremate.com/fluid-machinery/node/13
of 78 percent. In order to avoid cavitation, the pressure head24/26
of 78 percent. In order to avoid cavitation, the pressure head
at entry to the draft tube must not drop more than 4.5 m below
atmosphere. Calculate the maximum height at which the
runner may be set above the tail race level.
Solution. Power available from the turbine shaft,

P = wQH x
2250 × = (9810 x Q x 55) x 0.87;
Q = 47.93
Now =7.79 m/s
Given: = 4.5m
=4.5-
Draft tube efficiency,
0.78 =
= 4.5 - x 0.78 = 2.087
Problem.16. An inward flow pressure turbine has runner vanes

which are radial-at the inlet and inclined backward at 45° to
the tangent at discharge. The guide vanes are inclined at 15°
to tangent at inlet and velocity of water leaving the guides in
24 m/sec. Determine correct speed for runner and absolute
velocity of water at point of discharge if diameter at entry is
twice that at discharge and width at entry is 0.6 times that at
discharge.
Solution.
Fig. Input and outlet velocity triangle

Given =15°
= 24 m/s
ptumech.loremate.com/fluid-machinery/node/13
In outlet velocity triangle 25/26
In outlet velocity triangle
= m/s Ans.
We know
x33.94
x 33.94 = 28.28 m/s
(For radial discharge)
= 105.94 m/s Ans.

Chapter 3 Francis and Kaplan Turbine Fluid Machinery

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Chapter 3 Francis and Kaplan Turbine Fluid Machinery

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2/3/13 Chapter 3 : Francis and Kaplan Turbine | Fluid Machinery

Q. 2. List the advantages of Kaplan Turbine over Francis

Ans. Advantages of Kaplan turbine over Francis turbine

Q. 3. Draw velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of typical

Fig. Slow runner

Fig. Medium Runner

Fig. Fast Runner

Q. 4. Define degree of reaction and Euler’s Head.

Ans. The degree of reaction (R) is defined as a ratio of change of

Euler’s Head: It is defined as energy transfer per unit weight.

Q.5. Why is the efficiency of Kaplan turbine nearly constant

Q. 6. Define specific speed of a turbine and write down its

Ans. The specific speed of a turbine may be defined as the speed of an

Q. 7. Sketch different types of draft tubes.

2. Simple elbow tubes

Fig. Types of draft tubes

Q. 8. List the various functions of surge tanks.

Ans. Surge tanks have the following functions:

Q. 9. Explain (i) Hydraulic efficiency (ii) Mechanical efficiency

(ii) Mechanical Efficiency—it is the ratio of actual work available at

Q. 10. Differentiate between Francis and Kaplan turbine.

Q. 11. List the unit quantities as applied to turbo-machines.

Q. 12. List the factors/criteria to choose a turbine.

Ans. The selection of turbines depend on the following considerations.

Francis turbine - 50-400 m

Q. 13. What is the importance of a draft tube in a Francis

(2) Simple elbow tubes

Fig. Types of draft tubes

Q. 14. Derive the expression for specific speed of turbine. What

Ans. Power available at turbine shaft

Since and w are constant: … (1)

Substituting this value in expression (1)

Expression (ii) may be written as

Q. 15. Show that in a given turbine v

Ans. (i) We know that

(ii) Q = Area of flow x Velocity

Q. 16. Define draft tube efficiency. Give mathematical

used because the pressure value is just the atmospheric so there is no

Q .18. What is the function of scross casing in reaction

Q.19. Explain with neat sketch the operation of Kaplan turbine,

Ans. Kaplan Turbine The figure shows a schematic diagram of Kaplan

Performance Characteristics of Reaction Turbine:

Fig.I: Performance characteristics of a reaction turbine in

Fig. 2 Variation of efficiency with load

Q. 20. Write note on Surge tanks.

Ans. A surge tank is a storage reservoir fitted at some opening made

Q. 21. Write short note on design of runner for reaction

Ans. Suppose, H = Head

Where and are entrance diameter and width.

5. Find Flow Velocity,

6. Obtain and by using

(1) Net Head, H =

(2) Hydraulic efficiency,

Problem 1. A Francis turbine works under a head of 25 m

Specific speed of the turbine

Problem. 2. A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to

and the overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is

Overall efficiency, = 60% = 0.60

And 6.788 = 2.262 m

Problem. 3. The following data pertains to an inward flow

0.5 Flow ratio = 0.17, = 0.95 and = 0.85. The flow

velocity remains constant and the discharge is radial.

Flow velocity = =5.83m/s

Power available from the turbine shaft = w Q H x