2012/8/14

CE5509
Advanced Structural Steel Design
http://www.ivle.nus.edu.sg/default.asp

J Y Richard Liew
Professor
PhD, PE, MIStructE, CEng, ACPE, StEr

National University of Singapore

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
E1A057-13
1 Engineering Drive 2
Singapore 117576
TEL: 65-6516 2154
FAX: 65-6779 1635
E-MAIL: ceeljy@nus.edu.sg

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Introduces students the advanced principles and

concepts of structural steel design. The course enables
students to acquire the knowledge and practical skills
through the design projects, homework and problem-
solving sessions.

They should develop the capability of applying the

knowledge to produce acceptable technical designs of
steel and composite structures and their components
for multi-storey construction.

It also requires students to learn how to use design aids

for problem solvings.

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INTENDED OUTCOME
• After the completion of the module students should have
learned the principles of limit states design in relation to
composite steel and concrete construction and to apply
them steel building projects.
• know and be aware of the requirements of modern
design codes for members (slabs, beams, columns) and
systems (frames and building) under serviceability and
ultimate limit states
• have the ability to design steel structural components
using basic engineering tools and design aids.
• be able to produce acceptable technical design of steel
and composite structures for the construction of multi-
storey buildings.
• be aware of the contemporary issues of implementation
structural building projects, particularly from the point of
safety and cost effectiveness

MODE OF TEACHING AND LEARNING

• Lectures: Key information inclusive of theories and

methods made available in PowerPoint slides. A
copy of all the slides can be downloaded from IVLE.
• Readings: Comprehensive lecture notes have been
developed and made available. Reference list is also
given for deeper learning and research.
• Homeworks: assignment of readings, homeworks
and project works.

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ASSESSMENT
• Quizzes and examinations
• 2 quizzes and one final examination
• Break up of CA and final assessment
• Main exam = 60%
quiz and assignments = 40%
• Schedule assignments/quizzes/projects/papers
• Every three-hour lecture will be followed with a
homework assignment. For graded assignments,
letter grades will be assigned based on performance
relative to classmates and performance in
comparison to lecturer' expectation.

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Teaching Assistant
Mr Jeyarajan Selvarajah
• email : a0016508@nus.edu.sg
• Office - E1A-02-06

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References
Compulsory reading
• EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part1.1: General rules and rules for
buildings.
• EN 1994-1-1 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures, Part1.1:
General rules and rules for buildings, 2004.
• Steel building design: Design data, Publication P363, jointly published by The Steel
Construction Institute and the British Constructional Steelwork Association UK, 2009.
• 8 Chapters course notes by Prof. J Y Richard Liew.
Supplementary Readings
• Johnson, R.P., "Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete", Vol 1, Beams, Slabs,
Column and Frames for Buildings, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 3rd ed., 2004.
• Johnson R P and Anderson D, Designers’ guide to EN 1994-1-1 Eurocode 4: Design of
composite steel and concrete structures, Part1.1: General rules and rules for buildings,
Thomas Telford, 2004.
• Gardner L and Nethercot D, Designers’ guide to EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of
steel structures, Part1.1: General rules and rules for buildings, Thomas Telford, 2003.

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Final Examination
• Items allowed in the exam
– Lecture notes
– EN 1993-1-1
mandatory – EN 1993-1-5
– EN 1993-1-8
– EN 1994-1-1
– Section tables
– Tutorials

• 3 to 4 questions (answer all)

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Schedule 2012
Venue: LT4
Date Activity
16/08 Lecture 1 Date Activity
23/08 Lecture 2 18/10 Lecture 9
30/08 Lecture 3 25/10 Lecture 10
06/09 Lecture 4 01/11 Lecture 11
13/09 Lecture 5 08/11 Lecture 12
20/09 Quiz 1 (L6) 15/11 Lecture 13
24/09 (Recess week No (Optional)
lecture!) 29/11 Final Exam
04/10 Lecture 7
11/10 Cancel
Make up on Make up Lecture
13/10/2012 on 13/10/2012
6-9pm

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Standards relating to EC3 and EC4

(3 Parts) (21 Parts)

(4Parts)

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Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures

Overview on Structural Eurocodes

10 Structural Eurocodes
 EN1990: Basis of structural design
 EN1991: Actions on structures
 EN1992: Design of concrete structures
 EN1993: Design of steel structures
 EN1994: Design of composite steel and concrete structures
 EN1995: Design of timber structures
 EN1996: Design of masonry structures
 EN1997: Geotechnical design
 EN1998: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
 EN1999: Design of aluminium structures

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Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures

Overview on Eurocode 3 (EN1993)

Part 1 (General)
 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
 Part 1-2: Structural fire design
 Part 1-3: Supplementary rules for cold formed members and sheeting
 Part 1-4: Supplementary rules for stainless steel
 Part 1-5: Plated structural elements
 Part 1-6: Strength and stability of shell structures
 Part 1-7: Plated structures subject to out of plane loading
 Part 1-8: Design of joints
 Part 1-9: Fatigue
 Part 1-10: Material toughness and through thickness properties
 Part 1-11: Design of structures with tension components
 Part 1-12: Additional rules for the extension of EN1993 up to steel grades S700
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Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures

Part 2 (Bridges)
 Part 2-1: Bridges

Part 3 (Towers, Masts and Chimneys)

 Part 3-1: Towers, masts and chimneys – Towers and Masts
 Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys – Chimneys

Part 4 (Silos, Tanks and Pipelines)

 Part 4-1: Silos, tanks and pipelines – Silos
 Part 4-2: Silos, tanks and pipelines – Tanks
 Part 4-3: Silos, tanks and pipelines – Pipelines

Part 5 (Piling)
 Part 5: Piling

Part 6 (Crane Supporting Structures)

 Part 6: Crane supporting structures 13

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Design of Steel Structures

Resistance > Action
• material • varies during its design
• geometric properties working life
• cross-section area • function of the structure
• moment of inertia • environmental
• slenderness of the member conditions
• slenderness of the section
• etc.

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Advantages of Structural Steel

• High strength: reduced weight
• Uniformity: isotropic properties do not change
appreciably with time
• Elasticity : Hook’s law applies up to fairly high
stresses
• Ductility : offer additional safety
• Toughness: ability to absorb large amount of energy;
ease of fabrication and erection
• Speed of Construction: no formwork, speed of
erection, low self-weight, modifications (strengthening,
extensions), good dimensional control.

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Conventions
Property Symbol Subscript Definition
area A k characteristic
section modulus W d design
radius of gyration i E effect
second moment of area I Rd design resistance
el elastic
Loads Symbol pl plastic
Permanent action G
z
Variable action Q Member axes
Accidental action A y y z–z Minor axis
y–y Major axis
x–x Longitudinal axis
z

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Material Properties & Notation (EC3)

EN 1993-1-1 Clause 3.2.6

Modulus of elasticity: Shear Modulus G = 81 GPa

Poisson’s ratio:

Coefficient of thermal expansion:

z b

tw
y y h d

x-x axis: along

member axis
tf
z 17

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Mechanical Properties of Steel

Stress f

• fu = ultimate tensile strength

Est • fy = yield strength
1 • E = Young’s modulus
• u = ultimate strain
• y = yield strain
E
• Elongation measured in percentage
1 Elastic
Strain Necking
Plastic hardening and failure
Strain 

Elongation at failure, f

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Nominal values of yield strength fy & ultimate strength fu

for non-alloy structural steel
EN 10025-2:2004
Nominal S235 S275 S355 S450
Thickness fy fu fy fu fy fu fy fu
[mm] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa] [MPa]
t ≤ 16 235 360 275 410 355 470 450 550
16 < t ≤ 40 225 360 265 410 345 470 430 550
40 < t ≤ 63 215 360 255 410 335 470 410 550
63 < t < 80 215 360 245 410 325 470 390 550
80 < t < 100 215 360 235 410 315 470 380 550
100 < t < 150 195 350 225 400 295 450 380 530
150 < t < 200 185 340 215 380 285 450 - -
200 < t < 250 175 340 205 380 275 450 - -

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An Example (*)
S275 UB
457×191×98
19.6 mm
S275
Thickness range
fy (MPa)
(mm)*
11.4 mm 16 275
40 265
63 255
80 245
100 235

fy = 275 MPa for web

fy = 265 MPa for flange What is the strength of the entire section?

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Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures

Design Approach of Eurocodes

The approach in Eurocode is based on Limit State Design and the following are the
two main types of limit states:
Ultimate Limit States
states associated with collapse or with other similar forms of structural failure
 yielding
 buckling
 overturning
Serviceability Limit States
states that correspond to conditions beyond which specified service requirements
for a structure or structural member are no longer met.
 excessive deflection
 excessive vibration

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Partial Factors
Partial safety factors account for
Variability of material strength
Actual material strength may deviate from its characteristic
value
Variability of action
Actual loads may deviate from its characteristic value.
Variability of structural performance
Variations in geometrical data
Variations in workmanship
Differences between idealized and actual behaviour.

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Combination of actions
Terms used in BS 5950-1:2000
Dead load – permanent action.
Imposed load – variable action
(excluding wind).

Permanent actions Leading Accompanying

variable variable
action actions

ψ : combinations factors
Details for γ and ψ given in EN 1990: 2002.
Typical ULS combinations:
1.35DL + 1.5IL (unfavourable DL and IL)
1.35DL + 1.5IL + 0.9WL (unfavourable DL, IL and WL; IL dominant)
1.0DL + 0IL + 1.5WL (favourable DL and IL, WL dominant)

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Actions
3 types: permanent (G), variable (Q) and accidental (A).

Partial factors for actions γ :

Actions ULS SLS

Unfavourable conditions:
Permanent action (G) / Dead load (DL) 1.35 0
Variable action (Q) / Imposed load (IL) 1.5 1.0
Favourable conditions:
Permanent action (G) / Dead load (DL) 1.0 0
Variable action (Q) / Imposed load (IL) 0 0

Favourable: action results in lower load resultant/effect.

Unfavourable: action results in higher load resultant/effect.
Load resultant/effect: bending moment, shear, tension, compression, overturning, etc.

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Load Combinations for ULS

EN 1990 Clause 6.4.3.2
The fundamental combination for ULS is given as follows:

NON‐LEADING variable action
LEADING variable action 

Unfavourable Condition

Values of 0,i are found in Table A1.1 of EN 1990:2002

Typical recommended values of  factors for buildings are listed below:
 = 1.0 (imposed loads in storage areas)
 = 0.0 (imposed loads in roof)
 = 0.7 (imposed loads in other categories of buildings)
 = 0.5 (wind loads on buildings)
 = 0.6 (temperature in buildings)

Load Combinations (2)

Ultimate Limit States: Simplifications

(6.10)

From SS NA of EN1990
ψ0 = 0.5 for the wind load;
ψ0 = 0.7 for the imposed load;
G = 1.35 for unfavorable permanent action;
Q = 1.50 for leading or non-leading variable action.

Examples
For permanent + imposed action,

For permanent + imposed action + other variable action,

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Typical ULS combinations

 = 0.7 (imposed loads in other categories of buildings)

 = 0.5 (wind loads on buildings)

Imposed load Qk is the leading variable action

1.35Gk + 1.5Qk + 0.75Wk + EHF

Wind load W is the leading variable action

1.35Gk + 1.5Wk + 1.05Qk + EHF

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Equivalent Horizontal Force (EHF)

• To account for the effect of initial sway imperfection, EC3 requires the
consideration of equivalent horizontal forces, for each column.
• EHF is a function of the design vertical load, NEd.

h: height of structure in meters

m: number of columns in a row with the NEd applied on the column ≥ 50%Ned,avg for
all columns in the vertical plane.

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Equivalent Horizontal Force (EHF)

The EHF on the building can be disregarded if,

HEd is the design value of the horizontal reaction at the bottom of the storey

VEd is the total design vertical load on the structure at the bottom of the storey

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Application of equivalent horizontal forces

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Serviceability Limit States (SLS)

Deflection:
• should not affect the appearance of the structure
• should not cause discomfort to the users
• should not affect the function of the structure (including functioning of machines
or services)
• should not cause damage to finishes or non-structural members

Vibration and oscillation

• should not cause discomfort to people
• should not limit the functional effectiveness of the structure

Other damages:
• should not adversely affect appearance
• should not adversely affect durability
• should not adversely affect the functioning of the structure

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Load Combinations for SLS

EN 1990 Clause 6.5.3

Leading variable action

Due to EHF

If the leading variable action is the imposed load, Qk, we can simply it as follows:

0 = 0.5 based on SS NA

If the leading variable action is the wind load, Wk, we can simplify it as follows:

SS National Annex ignores the permanent action in evaluating serviceability

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Deflection Check
(a) Vertical deflection due to imposed load
Cantilevers Length/180
Internal beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360 or 40mm
Other beams (except purlins and sheeting rails) Span/200 or 40mm
Edge beam Span/300 to span/500
or 20mm
(b) Horizontal deflection of columns due to imposed load and wind load
Tops of columns in single-storey buildings, except
Height/300
portal frames
In each storey of a building with more than one
Height of that storey/300
storey
(c) Crane girders
Vertical deflection due to static vertical wheel loads
Span/600
from overhead traveling cranes
Horizontal deflection (calculated on the top flange
properties alone) due to horizontal crane loads Span/500
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Classification of Actions
Actions (loads) shall be classified by their variation in time as follows:

- Permanent actions (G), e.g., self-weight of structures, fixed equipment and

road surfacing, prestressing force, indirect actions (e.g., settlement of
supports).

- Variable actions (Q), e.g., imposed loads on building floors, beams and roofs,
wind action and snow actions, indirect actions (e.g., temperature effects).

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Permanent Actions, Gk, (EN 1991-1-1)

Materials Density  (kN/m3)

Light weight concrete 9.0 to 20.0
Normal weight concrete 24.0 to 25.0
Cement mortar 19.0 to 23.0
Gypsum mortar 12.0 to 18.0
Wood 3.5 to 10.8
Plywood 4.5 to 7.0
Particle boards 7.0 to 12.0
Fibre building board 4.0 to 10.0
Steel 77.0 to 78.5
Glass 22.0 to 25.0
Acrylic sheet 12.0
Hot rolled asphalt 23.0

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Imposed Loads (EN 1991-1-1)

Usage qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)
Residential
- Floors 1.5 to 2.0 2.0 to 3.0
- Stairs 2.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 4.0
- Balconies 2.5 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0
Office 2.0 to 3.0 1.5 to 4.5
Cafe, restaurant 2.0 to 3.0 2.0 to 4.0
Theatres 3.0 to 4.0 2.5 to 7.0 (4.0)
Shopping mall 4.0 to 5.0 3.5 to 7.0

Recommended values are underlined!

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Some values of imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings
Specific Use qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)
Bedrooms and dormitories except those in hotels and motels 1.5 2.0
Bedrooms in hotels and motels; hospital wards; toilet areas 2.0 2.0
Office area (At or below ground floor level) 3.0 2.7
Office area (Above ground floor level) 2.5 2.7
Public, institutional and communal dining rooms and lounges, cafes and restaurants 2.0 3.0
Reading rooms with no book storage 2.5 4.0
Classrooms 3.0 3.0
Assembly areas with fixed seating 4.0 3.6
Places of worship 3.0 2.7
Corridors, hallways, aisles in institutional type buildings (not subjected to crowding) 3.0 4.5
Stairs, landings in institutional type buildings not subjected to crowding 3.0 4.0
Corridors, hallways, aisles in all buildings (subjected to crowding) 4.0 4.5
Stairs, landings in all buildings (subjected to crowding) 4.0 4.0
Walkways – Light duty 3.0 2.0
Walkways – General duty 5.0 3.6
Walkways – Heavy duty 7.5 4.5
Museum floors and art galleries for exhibition purposes 4.0 4.5
Dance halls and studios, gymnasia, stages 5.0 3.6
Assembly areas without fixed seating, concert halls, bars and places of worship 5.0 3.6
Balconies in hotels and motels 7.5 4.5
Areas in general retail shop, department stores 4.0 3.6

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Some values of imposed loads due to storage
Specific Use qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)
General areas for static equipment not specified elsewhere (institutional and 2.0 1.8
public buildings)
Reading rooms with book storage, e.g. libraries 4.0 4.5
General storage other than those specified 2.4 per metre of storage height 7.0
File rooms, filing and storage space (offices) 5.0 4.5
Stack rooms (books) 2.4 per metre of storage height 7.0
but with a minimum of 6.5

Paper storage for printing plants and stationery stores 4.0 per metre of storage height 9.0

Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trolleys, in public and institutional 4.8 per metre of storage height 7.0
buildings but with a minimum of 9.6

Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trucks, in warehouse 4.8 per metre of storage height 7.0
but with a minimum of 15.0

Cold storage 5.0 per metre of storage height 9.0

but with a minimum of 15.0

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Example 1
A beam of span 9 m is simply supported at its ends. It is loaded by two
concentrated loads at its third-points. Calculate the moment and shear
forces required for beam design.

The dead and imposed loads are given as follows:

DL Distributed load 3 kN/m

Concentrated load 40 kN

IL Concentrated load 60 kN

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Design loads
54 kN + 90 kN 54 kN + 90 kN

4.05 kN/m

3m 3m 3m
162 kN 162 kN

Design loads:
DLDistributed load 3 × 1.35 = 4.05 kN/m
Concentrated load 40 × 1.35 = 54 kN

IL Concentrated load 60 × 1.5 = 90 kN

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Load resultants/effects
54 kN + 90 kN 54 kN + 90 kN

4.05 kN/m

3m 3m 3m
162 kN 162 kN

Maximum bending moment occurs at mid-span:

MEd = 162×4.5 – 4.05×4.5×4.5/2 – (54+90)×1.5 = 472 kNm.

Maximum shear force occurs at the supports:

VEd = 162 kN.

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Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures

HW: Design of primary beam with one-way spanning slabs

Determine the design loads on Beam 1 shown in the figure below which is supporting one-way
spanning slabs. The uniformly distributed dead and imposed load are 5kN/m2 and 3kN/m2
respectively.
7m
Design permanent loads
1.35Gk = 1.35*5*4 = 27kN/m
4m
Design imposed loads Beam 1

1.5Qk = 1.5*3*4 = 18kN/m

4m
Design loads
1.35Gk + 1.5Qk = 45kN/m

45kN/m
1. Determine maximum shear and moment
2. Check beam deflection
158kN 158kN

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Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures

Some values of permanent loads
Materials Density  (kN/m3)
Light weight concrete 9.0 to 20.0
Normal weight concrete 24.0 to 25.0
Cement mortar 19.0 to 23.0
Gypsum mortar 12.0 to 18.0
Wood 3.5 to 10.8
Plywood 4.5 to 7.0
Particle boards 7.0 to 12.0
Fibre building board 4.0 to 10.0
Steel 77.0 to 78.5
Glass 22.0 to 25.0
Acrylic sheet 12.0
Hot rolled asphalt 23.0

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Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures S D Pang

Some values of imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings
Specific Use qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)
Bedrooms and dormitories except those in hotels and motels 1.5 2.0
Bedrooms in hotels and motels; hospital wards; toilet areas 2.0 2.0
Office area (At or below ground floor level) 3.0 2.7
Office area (Above ground floor level) 2.5 2.7
Public, institutional and communal dining rooms and lounges, cafes and restaurants 2.0 3.0
Reading rooms with no book storage 2.5 4.0
Classrooms 3.0 3.0
Assembly areas with fixed seating 4.0 3.6
Places of worship 3.0 2.7
Corridors, hallways, aisles in institutional type buildings (not subjected to crowding) 3.0 4.5
Stairs, landings in institutional type buildings not subjected to crowding 3.0 4.0
Corridors, hallways, aisles in all buildings (subjected to crowding) 4.0 4.5
Stairs, landings in all buildings (subjected to crowding) 4.0 4.0
Walkways – Light duty 3.0 2.0
Walkways – General duty 5.0 3.6
Walkways – Heavy duty 7.5 4.5
Museum floors and art galleries for exhibition purposes 4.0 4.5
Dance halls and studios, gymnasia, stages 5.0 3.6
Assembly areas without fixed seating, concert halls, bars and places of worship 5.0 3.6
Balconies in hotels and motels 7.5 4.5
Areas in general retail shop, department stores 4.0 3.6

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Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures S D Pang

Some values of imposed loads due to storage
Specific Use qk (kN/m2) Qk (kN)
General areas for static equipment not specified elsewhere (institutional and public buildings) 2.0 1.8
Reading rooms with book storage, e.g. libraries 4.0 4.5
General storage other than those specified 2.4 per metre of storage height 7.0
File rooms, filing and storage space (offices) 5.0 4.5
Stack rooms (books) 2.4 per metre of storage height 7.0
but with a minimum of 6.5

Paper storage for printing plants and stationery stores 4.0 per metre of storage height 9.0

Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trolleys, in public and institutional buildings 4.8 per metre of storage height 7.0
but with a minimum of 9.6

Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trucks, in warehouse 4.8 per metre of storage height 7.0
but with a minimum of 15.0

Cold storage 5.0 per metre of storage height 9.0

but with a minimum of 15.0

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Questions
• What are ultimate limit states (ULS)? What will
happen when they are violated?
ULS = strength, stability, overturning, fatigue, fracture.
The structure may collapse.
• What are serviceability limit states (SLS)? What will
happen when they are exceeded?
SLS = deflection, vibration, durability etc.
Cause discomfort and minor cracks
• How does factor of safety used in ULS design and
SLS design?
Apply factor of safety to ULS design
Use service loads for SLS design

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