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B
o
o
k
From
Wikipedia
, the free
encyclope
dia
Not to
be
confu
sed
with T
extbo
ok or 
Noteb
ook.

For other uses, see Book (disambiguation).

The Guten
berg Bible,
one of the
first books
to be
printed
using
the printing
press.

Literature

Major
forms

Novel
Poetry
Drama

Short story

Novella
Genres

Adventure

Comedy

Drama
Epic
Erotic

Nonsense

Lyric
 Mythopoeia

Rogue

Romance

Satire

Speculative fiction

Tragedy

Tragicomedy

Media

Performance 

Play
Books
Technique
s
Prose
Poetry
History
and lists
History 

modern

Outline

Glossary of terms

Books
Writers

Literary awards 

poetry

Discussio
n

Criticism

Theory 
(critical
theory)

Sociology

Magazines
 Literature
portal
v
t
e

us, parc
hment, v
ellum,
or paper
) bound 
together
and
protecte
d by
a cover.
 The
[1]

technica
l term
for this
physical
arrange
ment
is codex
 (plural, 
codices)
. In the
history
of hand-
held
physical
supports
for
extende
d written
composi
tions or
restricte
d sense,
a book
is a self-
sufficien
t section
or part
of a
longer
composi
tion, a
usage
that
reflects
the fact
that, in
antiquity
, long
works
had to
be
written
on
several
scrolls
and
each
scroll
had to
be
identifie
d by the
The intellectual content in a physical book need not be a
novel
like
Proust's
seven-
volume I
n
Search
of Lost
Time),
in
contrast
to serial
publicati
ons like
a magaz
ine, jour
nal or n
ewspap
er. An
avid
reader
or
collector
of books
is
a bibliop
hile or
colloqui
ally,
"bookwo
rm". A

Contents

1Etymology

2History
2.1Antiquity

2.1.1Tablet

2.1.2Scroll

2.1.3Codex
2.1.4Manuscript

2.1.5Middle Eas
2.1.6Wood bloc
2.1.7Movable ty
2.219th century to

2.3Indian manuscri
 2.4Mesoamerican C

3Modern manufacturi
3.1Processes

3.1.1Layout

3.1.2Printing

3.1.3Binding
 3.2Finishing

4Digital printing

4.1E-book

5Design
6Sizes

7Types

7.1By content

7.1.1Fiction
7.1.2Non-fiction

7.1.3Non-publis
 7.1.4Other type

7.2Decodable read
 7.3By physical form

8Libraries
9Identification and cla
 9.1Classification sy

10Uses

11Book marketing
11.1Other forms of
11.2Evolution of th
12Paper and conserva

13See also

14Citations
15General sources

16Further reading
 17External links

Etym
ology
with
'beech'.
In
Russian
, Serbia
n and
Macedo
nian, the
word бу
кварь (b
ukvar')
or буква
р (bukva
r) refers
to a
primary
school
textbook
that
helps
young
children
master
the
techniqu
es of
reading
and
writing.
It is thus
conjectu
Histo
ry

Main article: History of books

This
section n
eeds
addition
al
citations
for verifi
cation. P
lease
help impr
ove this
article by
 adding
citations
to
reliable
sources.
Unsourc
ed
material
may be
challeng
ed and
removed.
 Find
sources: "B
ook" – new
s · newspa
pers · book
s · scholar 
· JSTOR (
May
2017) (Lea
rn how and
when to
remove
this
template
message)

Antiqui
ty
Sumerian c
lay tablet,
currently
housed in
the Orienta
l Institute at
the Univers
ity of
Chicago,
inscribed
with the
text of the
poem Inan
na and
Ebih by the
priestess E
nheduanna
, the first
author
whose
name is
known[6]
When w
riting
systems
 were
created
in ancie
nt
civilizati
ons, a
variety
of
objects,
such as
stone, cl
ay, tree
bark,
metal
sheets,
and
bones,
were
used for
writing;
these
are
studied
in epigr
aphy.

Tablet
Main
article
s: Cla
y
tablet 
and 
Wax
tablet

See also: Stylus
were
used as
a writing
medium,
especial
ly for
writing
in cuneif
orm,
through
out
the Bron
ze
Age and
well into
the Iron
Age. Wa
x
tablets 
were
pieces
of wood
covered
in a
coating
of wax
thick
enough
to
record
the
of
binding
several
wax
tablets
together
(Roman 
pugillare
s) is a
possible
precurs
or of
modern
bound
(codex)
books.
 The
[7]

etymolo
gy of the
word co
dex (blo
ck of
wood)
also
suggest
s that it
may
have
develop
ed from
wooden
Scroll

Main article: Scroll

Book of the
Dead of Hu
nefer;
c. 1275 BC
; ink and
pigments
on papyrus
; 45 ×
90.5 cm; Br
itish
Museum (L
ondon)
with a
hammer
-like tool
until it is
flattened
.
Papyrus
was
used for
writing
in Ancie
nt
Egypt,
perhaps
as early
as
the First
Dynasty
,
althoug
h the
first
evidenc
e is from
the
account
books of
King Nef
erirkare
Kakai of
the Fifth
Dynasty
and
book
(biblos)
come
from the
Phoenic
ian port
town By
blos,
through
which
papyrus
was
exporte
d to
Greece.
 From
[11]

Greek
we also
derive
the word
tome
(Greek: 
τόμος),
which
originall
y meant
a slice
or piece
and
from
there
paper,
scrolls
were the
domina
nt form
of book
in the
Hellenis
tic,
Roman,
Chinese
,
Hebrew,
and
Macedo
nian
cultures.
The
more
modern 
codex b
ook
format
form
took
over the
Roman
world
by late
antiquity
, but the
Codex

A Chinese bamboo book meets the modern definition of C

 Main article: Codex
and
scroll in
his Etym
ologiae 
(VI.13):
"A
codex is
compos
ed of
many
books; a
book is
of one
scroll. It
is called
codex
by way
of
metaph
or from
the
trunks
(codex)
of trees
or vines,
as if it
were a
wooden
stock,
because
it
contains
ity did it
gain
widespr
ead use.
 This
[12]

change
happen
ed
graduall
y during
the 3rd
and 4th
centurie
s, and
the
reasons
for
adoptin
g the
codex
form of
the book
are
several:
the
format is
more
economi
cal, as
both
sides of
the
Manuscr
ipts

Main article: Manuscript
Folio 14
recto of the
5th
century Ver
gilius
Romanus c
ontains an
author
portrait
of Virgil.
Note
the bookca
se (capsa),
reading
stand and
the text
written
without
word
spacing
in rustic
capitals.

material
made
from
process
ed
animal
skin and
used—
mainly
in the
past—
for
writing
on.
Parchm
ent is
most
common
ly made
of
calfskin,
sheepsk
in, or
goatskin
. It was
historica
lly used
for
writing
docume
nts,
his Rule
of Saint
Benedic
t (compl
eted
around
the
middle
of the
6th
century)
later
also
promote
d
reading.
 The R
[14]

ule of
Saint
Benedic
t (Ch. XL
VIII),
which
set
aside
certain
times for
reading,
greatly
influenc
ed the
monasti
The Codex
Amiatinus 
anachronis
tically
depicts the
Biblical Ezr
a with the
kind of
books used
in the 8th
Century
AD.

books
expensi
ve and
compar
atively
rare.
Smaller
monaste
ries
usually
had only
a few
dozen
books,
medium
-sized
perhaps
a few
hundred
. By the
9th
century,
larger
collectio
ns held
around
500
volumes
and
even at
the end
The scri
ptorium 
of the
monaste
ry was
usually
located
over
the chap
ter
house.
Artificial
light
was
forbidde
n for
fear it
may
damage
the
manuscr
ipts.
There
were
five
types of
scribes:
Burgundian author and scribe Jean Miélot, from his Mirac

parchm
ent had
to be
prepare
d, then
the
unboun
d pages
were
planned
and
ruled
with a
blunt
tool or
lead,
after
which
the text
was
written
by
the scrib
e, who
usually
left
blank
areas
for
illustrati
on
Desk with
chained
books in
the Malate
stiana
Library of 
Cesena, Ita
ly.

vitriol.
This
gave
writing a
brownis
h black
color,
but
black or
brown
were not
the only
colors
used.
There
are texts
written
in red or
even
gold,
and
different
colors
were
used for
illuminat
ion. For
very
luxuriou
s
manuscr
ipts the
Irish monks introduced spacing between words in the 7th
leather.
Becaus
e dried
parchm
ent
tends to
assume
the form
it had
before
processi
ng, the
books
were
fitted
with
clasps
or
straps.
During
the
later Mid
dle
Ages,
when
public
libraries
appeare
d, up to
the 18th
century,
to an
increase
in the
demand
for
books,
and a
new
system
for
copying
books
appeare
d. The
books
were
divided
into
unboun
d leaves
(pecia),
which
were
lent out
to
different
copyists
, so the
speed of
book
producti
placed
in
a synag
ogue m
ust be
written
by hand
on
parchm
ent and
a
printed
book
would
not do,
though
the
congreg
ation
may use
printed
prayer
books
and
printed
copies
of the
Scriptur
es are
used for
study
outside
Middle
East
This
section p
ossibly
contains
inappro
priate or
misinter
preted ci
tations t
hat do
not verif
y the
text. Ple
ase
help impr
ove this
article by
checking
for
citation
inaccura
cies. (Sep
tember
2010) (Lea
rn how and
when to
remove
this
template
message)
techniqu
es
in Islami
c
calligrap
hy, mini
atures a
nd
bookbin
ding. A
number
of cities
in the
medieva
l Islamic
world
had
book
producti
on
centers
and
book
markets.
Yaqubi
(d. 897)
says
that in
his time
Baghda
d had
over a
which
the
copyist
read the
copy
aloud in
the
presenc
e of the
author,
who
then
certified
it as
accurate
."  With
[22]

this
check-
reading
system,
"an
author
might
produce
a dozen
or more
copies
from a
single
reading,
" and
Wood
block
printing
Bagh print,
a
traditional
woodblock
printing
in Bagh Ma
dhya
Pradesh, In
dia.

Asia.
The
oldest
dated
book
printed
by this
method
is The
Diamon
d
Sutra (8
68 AD).
The
method
(called 
woodcut
 when
used in
art)
arrived
in
Europe
in the
early
14th
century.
Books
(known
as block
-books),
as well
Movable
type and
incunab
ula
A 15th-century Incunable. Notice the blind-tooled cover,

Main
article
s: Mo
vable
type a
nd Inc
unabl
e
Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Son Masters, th
g
example
s of his
printing.
Around
1450, in
what is
common
ly
regarde
d as an
indepen
dent
inventio
n, Johan
nes
Gutenbe
rg invent
ed
movable
type in
Europe,
along
with
innovati
ons in
casting
the type
based
on a
matrix
and han
known
as incun
ables or 
incunab
ula. "A
man
born in
1453,
the year
of the
fall of
Constan
tinople,
could
look
back
from his
fiftieth
year on
a
lifetime
in which
about
eight
million
books
had
been
printed,
more
perhaps
19th
centur
y to
21st
centuri
es
ed in the
late 19th
century.
They
could
set
more
than
6,000
letters
per hour
and an
entire
line of
type at
once.
There
have
been
numero
us
improve
ments in
the
printing
press.
As well,
the
conditio
ns
for freed
om of
there is
no
decline
in the
rate of
paper
publishi
ng.
 There
[27]

is an
effort,
however
, to
convert
books
that are
in
the publi
c
domain i
nto a
digital
medium
for
unlimite
d
redistrib
ution
and
infinite
availabil
ity. This

Indian
manus
cripts

See also: Palm-leaf manuscript

manuscr
ipt made
of birch
bark or
palm
leaf
existed
side by
side
since
antiquity
.   The
[28]

text in
palm
leaf
manuscr
ipts was
inscribe
d with a
knife
pen on
rectang
ular cut
and
cured
palm
leaf
sheets;
colourin
gs were
then
applied
Mesoa
merica
n
Codex
strips of
either fig
bark
(amatl)
or plant
fibers,
often
with a
layer
of white
wash ap
plied
before
writing. 
New
World c
odices
were
written
as late
as the
16th
century
(see Ma
ya
codices 
and Azt
ec
codices)
. Those
written

Mode
rn
manu
factur
ing

Main article: Bookbinding

See also: Publishing
The spine 
of the book
is an
important
aspect
in book
design,
especially
in the
cover
design.
When the
books are
stacked up
or stored in
a shelf, the
details on
the spine is
the only
visible
surface
that
contains
the
information
about the
book. In
stores, it is
the details
on the
spine that
attract a
buyer's
attention
first.
by letter
press to
create
multiple
copies.
Modern
paper
books
are
printed
on pape
rs desig
ned
specific
ally for
printed
books.
Traditio
nally,
book
papers
are off-
white or
low-
white
papers
(easier
to read),
are
opaque
to
minimis
The size
s of
books ar
e
usually
specifie
d as
"trim
size":
the size
of the
page
after the
sheet
has
been
folded
and
trimmed
. The
standar
d sizes
result
from
sheet
sizes
(therefor
e
machine
sizes)
which
Proces
ses
Layout

Parts of a
modern
case
bound
book
matter,
which
includes
all
textual
material
after the
front
cover
but not
part of
the
book's
content
such as
a
forewor
d, a
dedicati
on, a
table of
contents
and
publishe
r data
such as
the
book's
edition
or
printing
Printing

Book
covers
Some books, particularly those with shorter runs (i.e. few
A make-ready is the preparatory work carried out by the p

Binding
would
be
bulky,
fragile
and
heavy.
The less
it was
moved
in this
conditio
n the
better:
so
printing
would
be
carried
out in
the
same
location
as the
typesetti
ng.
Printed
sheets
on the
other
hand
could
es of a
book
can also
be held
together
by
"Smyth
sewing"
using
needles,
"McCain
sewing",
using
drilled
holes
often
used in
schoolb
ook
binding,
or
"notch
binding"
, where
gashes
about
an inch
long are
made at
intervals
through
the fold
Finishi
ng

Book
pages
"Making cases" happens off-line and prior to the book's a

Digita
l
printi
ng
Recent developments in book manufacturing include the

E-book

Main article: e-book
A screen of a Kindle e-reader.

book is
usually
made
availabl
e
through
the
internet,
but also
on CD-
ROM
and
other
forms.
E-Books
may be
read
either
via a
computi
ng
device
with an
LED
display
such as
a
tradition
al comp
uter,
a smart
phone o

Desig
n

Main article: Book design

methods
and
rules
upon
which it
is
impossi
ble to
improve
have
been
develop
ed over
centurie
s. To
produce
perfect
books
these
rules
have to
be
brought
back to
life and
applied.
"
Richard
Hendel
describe
s book

Sizes

Main article: Book size

Actual-
size facsim
ile of
the Codex
Gigas, also
known as
the 'Devil's
Bible' (from
the
illustration
at right)

A page from the world's largest book. Each page is three a

a
common
flatbed
press.
The
pages of
type
were
arrange
d and
clamped
in a
frame,
so that
when
printed
on a
sheet of
paper
the full
size of
the
press,
the
pages
would
be right
side up
and in
order
when
the
The
most
common
book
sizes
are:
Sizes
smaller
than
16mo
are:
Small
books
can be
called b
ooklets.

Sizes
larger
than
quarto
are:
The
largest
extant
medieva
l
manuscr
ipt in the
world
is Code
x
Gigas 9
2 × 50 ×
22 cm.
The worl
d's
largest
book is
made of
stone
and is
in Kutho
daw
Pagoda 
(Burma)
.

Types
By
conten
t

Novels in
a bookstor
e
A
common
separati
on by
content
are fictio
n and n
on-
fiction b
ooks.
This
simple
separati
on can
be
found in
most col
lections,
 libraries
,
and boo
kstores.
There
are
other
types
such as
books
of sheet
music.
Fiction
books
publishe
d today
are
"fiction",
meanin
g that
they
contain
invented
material,
and are
creative 
literatur
e. Other
literary
forms
such
as poetr
y are
included
in the
broad
category
. Most
fiction is
addition
ally
categori
zed
by literar
y
d to any
topic; a
novel
can be
whimsic
al,
serious
or contr
oversial.
The
novel
has had
a
tremend
ous
impact
on
entertai
nment
and pub
lishing 
markets.
 A nov
[33]

ella is a
term
sometim
es used
for
fiction pr
ose typi
cally
Comic
books or
 graphic
novels a
re books
in which
the story
is
illustrate
d. The
characte
rs and
narrator
s use
speech
or
thought
bubbles
to
express
verbal
languag
e.

Non-
fiction

A page from a dictionary

politics,
social
and
cultural
issues,
as well
as autob
iographi
es and 
memoirs
. Nearly
all acad
emic
literatur
e is non-
fiction.
A refere
nce
book is
a
general
type of
non-
fiction
book
which
provides
informati
on as
oppose
d to
gs, and
other
informati
on is
called
a diction
ary. A
book
which is
a
collectio
n
of maps 
is
an atlas.
A more
specific
referenc
e book
with
tables or
lists of
data
and
informati
on
about a
certain
topic,
often
intende

An atlas
Books
with
technica
l
informati
on on
how to
do
somethi
ng or
how to
use
some
equipm
ent are
called in
struction
manuals
. Other
popular 
how-
to books
include 
cookboo
ks and h
ome
improve
ment bo
oks.

Student
s
typically
store
and
carry tex
tbooks a
nd scho
olbooks 
for study
purpose
s.

Non-
publishe
d books
owner,
for a
variety
of
persona
l
records.
 Elemen
tary
school p
upils
often
use wor
kbooks,
which
are
publishe
d with
spaces
or
blanks
to be
filled by
them for
study
or home
work. In
US high
er
educatio
n, it is

A page
from
a notebook
 used as
hand
written diar
y
publishe
d and
are
typically
destroye
d or
remain
private. 
Noteboo
ks are
blank
papers
to be
written
in by the
user. St
udents a
nd writer
s comm
only use
them for
taking
notes. S
cientists
 and
other
researc
hers
use lab
noteboo
ks to

A telephone directory, with business and residence listing

g
periodic
entries
by the
user,
such as
daily
informati
on
about a
journey,
are
called lo
gbooks 
or
simply
logs. A
similar
book for
writing
the
owner's
daily
private
persona
l events,
informati
on, and
ideas is
called
a diary o
Other
types
of photo
graphs,
card
collectio
ns, and
memora
bilia.
One
common
example
is stamp
albums,
which
are
used by
many
hobbyist
s to
protect
and
organiz
e their
collectio
ns
of posta
ge
stamps.
Such
albums
are
often
made
of music
al hymn
s that
can
typically
be
found
in churc
hes. Pra
yerbook
s or mis
sals are
books
that
contain
written p
rayers a
nd are
common
ly
carried
by monk
s, nuns,
and
other
devoted
follower
s
or clergy
. Lap
books ar
ea

Decod
able
reader
s and
leveled
books
ble
readers
or books
are a
speciali
zed type
of
leveled
books
that use
decoda
ble text
only
includin
g
controlle
d lists of
words,
sentenc
es and
stories
consiste
nt with
the
letters
and
phonics
that
have
been
taught
to the
By
physic
al
format

Hardcover books
Paperback books

be less
durable.
An
alternati
ve to
paperba
ck is the
glossy
cover,
otherwis
e known
as a
dust
cover,
found
on
magazin
es, and
comic
books.
Spiral-
bound
books
are
bound
by
spirals
made of
metal or
plastic.
Exampl
es of
Publishi
ng is a
process
for
produci
ng pre-
printed
books, 
magazin
es, and
newspa
pers for
the
reader/u
ser to
buy.

Publishers may produce low-cost, pre-publication copies k

Librar
ies
 Main article: Library

The Library
of
Celsus in E
phesus,
Turkey was
built in 135
AD, and
could
house
around
12,000
scrolls.
d in
using
them.
The
differenc
e from a
modern 
public
library li
es in the
fact that
they
were
usually
not
funded
from
public
sources.
It is
estimate
d that in
the city
of Rome
at the
end of
the 3rd
century
there
were
around
30
from An
drew
Carnegi
e. This
reflected
classes
in a
society:
The
poor or
the
middle
class
had to
access
most
books
through
a public
library
or by
other
means
while
the rich
could
afford to
have
a private
library b
uilt in
le for
many
people.
Paperba
ck
books
often
included
works
from
genres
that had
previous
ly been
publishe
d mostly
in pulp
magazin
es. As a
result of
the low
cost of
such
books
and the
spread
of
bookstor
es filled
with
them (in
addition
In library and booksellers' catalogues, it is common to inc

When rows of books are lined on a book holder, bookend

Identi
ficatio
n and
classif
icatio
n

ISBN with 
barcode

Descript
ion (ISB
D).
Each
book is
specifie
d by an
Internati
onal
Standar
d Book
Number,
or ISBN,
which is
unique
to every
edition
of every
book
produce
d by
participa
ting
publishe
rs,
worldwi
de. It is
manage
d by the
ISBN
Society.
An ISBN
or public
collectio
n
requires
a catalo
gue.
Codes
called
"call
number
s" relate
the
books to
the
catalogu
e, and
determi
ne their
location
s on the
shelves.
Call
number
s are
based
on
a Librar
y
classific
ation sy
stem.

Books on
library
shelves
and call
numbers
visible on
the spines
ed, and
hence
have
problem
s
handling
new
subjects
, such
as
computi
ng, or
subjects
relating
to other
cultures.
 Inform
[37]

ation
about
books
and
authors
can be
stored in
databas
es
like onli
ne
general-
interest
book

Classif
ication
system
s
Bliss bibliographic clas
Chinese Library Classifi

Colon Classification
Dewey Decimal Classi
Harvard-Yenching Clas
Library of Congress Cla
New Classification Sch
 Universal Decimal Clas

Uses

Aside
from the
primary
purpose
of
reading
them,
books
are also
used for
other
ends:
A book can be an artis
A book may be evalua
A book may be read b
A book may be studie
Book
mark
eting
Once
the book
is
publishe
d, it is
put on
the
market
by the
distribut
ors and
the
bookstor
es.
Meanwh
ile, his
promoti
on
comes
from
various
media
reports.
Book
marketin
g is
governe
d by the
law in
many
states.

Other
forms
of
secon
dary
spread
the form
of
reading
aloud.
This is
called
public
reading
s of
publishe
d works,
with the
assistan
ce of
professi
onal
readers
(often
known
actors)
and in
close
collabor
ation
with
writers,
publishe
rs,
booksell
ers,
librarian
Many
individu
al or
collectiv
e
practice
s exist
to
increase
the
number
of
readers
of a
book.
Among
them:
abandonment of book
Evoluti
on of
the
book
industr
y
t dates
only
from the
ninetee
nth
century.
For
many
centurie
s,
especial
ly before
the
inventio
n of
printing,
each
freely
copied
out
books
that
passed
through
his
hands,
adding if
necessa
ry his
own
commen
ts.
The
inventio
n of the
Internet,
e-
readers,
tablets,
and
projects
like
Wikipedi
a and
Gutenbe
rg, are
likely to
strongly
change
the book
industry
in the
years to
come.

Paper
and
conse
rvatio
n
 Main article: Conservation and restoration of books, m

Halfbound
book
with leather
 and marbl
ed paper.
s,
allowing
for
paper to
be
made
out of
wood
pulp.
Paperm
aking in
Europe
began
in the
11th
century,
althoug
h vellum
 was
also
common
there as
page
material
up until
the
beginnin
g of the
16th
century,
vellum
being
it was
cheaper
than line
n or aba
ca cloth-
based
papers.
Pulp-
based
paper
made
books
less
expensi
ve to the
general
public.
This
paved
the way
for huge
leaps in
the rate
of
literacy
in
industria
lised
nations,
and
enabled
techniqu
es for
making
paper
used lim
estone r
ollers,
which
neutraliz
ed the
acid in
the pulp.
Books
printed
between
1850
and
1950
are
primarily
at risk;
more
recent
books
are
often
printed
on acid-
free
or alkali
ne pape
ns.
Therefor
e, care
should
be given
to the
collectio
ns by
impleme
nting
light
control.
General
houseke
eping
issues
can be
address
ed,
includin
g pest
control.
In
addition
to these
helpful
solution
s, a
library
must
also

See
alsoBoo
ks
port
al

Outline of books
Alphabet book

Artist's book

Audiobook
Bibliodiversity

Book burning

Booksellers
Lists of books

Miniature book

Open access book

 Society for the History

Citati
ons

1. ^ IEILS, p. 41
3. ^ Curtis, George (20
7. ^ Leila Avrin. Scribe
11. ^ Leila Avrin. Scrib
12. ^ The Cambridge H
13. ^ Leila Avrin. Scrib
15. ^ Martin D. Joachi
16. ^ Edith Diehl. Book
17. ^ Bernhard Bischo
18. ^ Paul Saenger. Sp
19. ^ Bernhard Bischo
20. ^ W. Durant, "The
21. ^ S.E. Al-Djazairi "T
24. ^ Johs. Pedersen, "
34. ^ Miriam A. Drake
35. ^ Miriam A. Drake
36. ^ McCook, Kathlee
 38. ^ Patkus, Beth (20

Gener
al
sourc
es
Furth
er
readi
ng
Exter
nal
links

Bookat Wikipedia's sister projects

Definitions from Wiktionary

Media from Wikimedia Commons

News from Wikinews

Quotations from Wikiquote

Texts from Wikisource

Textbooks from Wikibooks

Resources from Wikiversity
Information on Old Bo
 "Manuscripts, Books,

hide
v
t
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Covers 

dust jackets

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Editing

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hardcover

paperback

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ania (ts
undoku)

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blurbs

book towns

used

Censorship

umption Clubs

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Digitizing

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e 

bookcases

bookends

Library

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literacy

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country
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GND: 4
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