MORPHOLOGY

Rearrange these letters to create meaningful words.

1. indkun MORPHOLOGY
→ Unkind
- “un”: not
- “kind”: Friendly and thoughtful
2. earction
→ Reaction
- “re”: again
- “act”: to do something for a particular purpose
- “-ion”: the state/action of….
→ “kind”, “un” are morphemes
WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?
• “morph- means “shape, form”
• “-ology” means “the study of….”

→In linguistics, the study of WORD

- word formation
- their internal structure,
- how they are formed.
LINGUISTICS
 WHAT IS MORPHEME?
Unkind Reaction
- “un”: not - “re”: again
- “kind”: Friendly and - “act”: to do something for a
thoughtful particular purpose
- “-ion”: the state/action of….
→ “kind”, “un”, “re”, “act”, “-ion” are morphemes
‘A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language.’
[Richards, Platt & Weber, 1987: 183]
It is a word or part of a word that has meaning.

It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of

its meaning or without meaningless remainders.

It recurs in different verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning.’

[Stageberg, 1965: 85]
 MORPHEME
• Ex: Rainy • “rain” “-ny” • Ex: Rainy
→“rain”: drops of → /ˈreɪ.ni/ →A rainy day
water from clouds Can not be → The rainy season
→“ny”: “Having divided into
rain” smaller Recur/appear in
meaningful parts different
A word or a part without violation environment
of a word that its meanings or with stable
has meaning. without meaning.
meaningless
remainders.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEME
• FREE Morpheme • BOUND Morpheme
- Can be uttered ALONE - CanNOT be uttered
WITH MEANING. alone with meaning.
- Can be used on ITS OWN. - Is NEVER used ALONE
- Stand alone as but with other morpheme.
WORDS/OTHER - Can occur only if combine
WORDS. with another morpheme.
Ex: What are u doing? Ex: unkind, reaction
-> eat, study, sleep… -> “un” “re” “-ion”
 CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEME
• BASE • AFFIXES
“The morpheme in a
words that has PRINCIPLE
meaning”
- Ex: compete, competitor,
competition
→ Free base
- Ex: audience, audible,
audition, auditory
->Bound base
Identify types
of morpheme
in the
following
words.
 CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEME
• BASE • AFFIXES
“a morpheme that has “a morphemes that occurs
PRINCIPLE meaning” before/behind a word”
- Ex: compete, competitor, - POSITION:
competition -> Prefixes
→ Free base -> Suffixes
- Ex: audience, audible, -> Infixes
audition, auditory
- FUNCTION:
->Bound base Inflectional/Derivational
affixes
 INFLECTIONAL AFFIXES
• Always suffixes
• Perform grammatical function
→ Grammatical categories
VERB:
NOUN:
ADJ:
ADV:
 DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

• Prefixes/ suffixes
• Have lexical function
-> create new words
• Class-changing derivational affixes
• Class-maintaining derivation affixes:
MORPHOLOGY - SYNTAX
TESTING AND ASSESSMENT