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Experimental study on compression strength variation on low grade

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Article  in  International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology · October 2018

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 1265–1270, Article ID: IJCIET_09_10_125
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COMPRESSION

STRENGTH VARIATION ON LOW GRADE
AGGREGATES IN PERVIOUS CONCRETE
K. S. B. Prasad
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam -
532127, Andhra Pradesh, India

N.V.L.N. Pavan Kumar

P.G Student, Department of Civil Engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam -
532127, Andhra Pradesh, India

M.Pavan Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SVP college of Engineering,
Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
Pervious Concrete which is also known as No-fines Concrete is a mixture of cement,
water and a particular sized coarse aggregate combined to form a porous structural
material . Application of pervious concrete in pavements mainly focuses on storm water
control mostly in urban areas where scarcity of land is high. Permeable Pavement
allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass through it and therefore
reduces the runoff from a site which results in the recharge of ground water and
increase the level. This Pavement is made using coarse aggregates with no fine
aggregates. The main objective is to study about the applications of pervious concrete
and also develop a strong and durable Pervious cement concrete mix using
additive high range water reducer (HRWR) as addition. The properties such as
compressive strength are performed to determine the suitability.
Key words: Pervious Concrete, Permeable, high range water reducer
Cite this Article: K. S. B. Prasad, N.V.L.N. Pavan Kumar and M.Pavan Kumar,
Experimaental Study on Compression Strength Variation on Low Grade Aggregates in
Pervious Concrete. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,
10(10), 2018, pp. (1265)-(1270).
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=7

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 K. S. B. Prasad, N.V.L.N. Pavan Kumar and M.Pavan Kumar

1. INTRODUCTION
As urbanization increases in India and also in many parts of the world there is a problem of
water logging and there is a huge requirement of drainage facility. This is due to impervious
nature of the bituminous and concrete pavements in minor aspect. Pervious concrete which has
feasible open spaces helps significantly to provide high permeability due to its interconnected
pores. Pervious concrete (also called porous concrete, permeable concrete and no fines
concrete) is a special type of Concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork
applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through and
therefore reduces the runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge. Pervious concrete
is made by using large sized aggregates without aggregates. Pervious concrete has been used in
the United State for over 30 years. Pervious concrete was first used in the 1800s in Europe as
pavement surfacing and load bearing walls. Cost efficiency was the main motive due to omition
of sand. It became popular again in the 1920s for two story homes in Scotland and England. It
became more efficient in Europe after the Second World War due to the scarcity of cement.
India is facing a typical problem of ground water table falling at a fast rate due to reduced
recharge of rainwater into subsoil and unplanned water withdrawal for agriculture and industry
by pumping. Pervious concrete if adopted for construction of pavements, platform/walkways,
parking lots designed for lighter load.

1.1. Literature Survey

Carmen T. Agouridis et.al., conducted study on pervious concrete and findings
shows substantial long-term savings. The number of factors affects the cost of permeable
pavement, such as the availability of materials, transport, site conditions, storm water
management requirements and project size.
Miklas Scholz et.al., Study evaluated that Permeable pavement system have many
potential benefits such as reduction of runoff, recharging of groundwater, saving water
by recycling and prevention of pollution. In comparison to traditional drainage systems,
storm water retention and infiltration is a sustainable and cost effective process, which is
suitable for urban areas.
Govind Ravish et.al., They said that no fines concrete is a material which has the potential
to replace the use of traditional concrete pavements in situations where heavy traffic is limited,
such as car parking’s, residential streets and drive ways.
Shaik Niyazuddinm et.al., discussed about the various applications of pervious
concrete.
Akshay Tejankar et.al, mentioned that Permeable pavement is made using coarse
aggregates with little to no fine aggregates.
Keijin Wang et.al., A binder to aggregate ratio of 0.21 and a water to cement ratio of 0.27
was found to be optimum, considering strength, permeability, and void ratio.
Darshan Shah et.al., mix proportion such as 1:6, 1:8 and 1:10 with 18.75 mm and 9.375
mm gravel size using OPC 53Grade is used. Pervious concrete made with smaller size of gravel
(i.e. 9.375 mm) with 1:6 concrete mix proportion and with OPC 53 grade cement exhibited
highest compressive strength (12.71 N/mm2) and highest flexural strength (1.91 N/mm2)
compared to any other mix proportion.
Sumanasooriya et.al, All the mixtures were made with a water-to-cement ratio by mass
(w/c) of 0.33 and an aggregate-to-cement ratio by mass of 4.

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 Experimental Study on Compression Strength Variation on Low Grade Aggregates in Pervious
Concrete

2. APPLICATIONS
Porous Pavement is one of the techniques to improve storm water management, which can be
used on parking lots, the surface courses of highways, and light-traffic roads or streets.
Generally the surfaces of these facilities are built with impervious materials, which results in
replacement of the original vegetation that efficiently reduces peak runoff volume and also even
absorbs some pollutants. In an event of rainfall, the motor oil, grease, paints, and rubbers on the
impervious pavement surface are quickly picked up by the runoff, flow through the drainage
systems, and merges into water bodies. Porous pavement can facilitate infiltration of the runoff
into the ground and reduces the peak volumes. This provides a way to reduce downstream
flooding, limiting surface water pollution, recharging aquifers, and in certain urban areas
reducing the frequency of combined sewage overflow problems.

3. MATERIALS AND MIX PROPORTION

3.1. Cement
In this Deccan cement of 53 grade is used (OPC) is used. Appearance of cement is gray and
free from lumps. As per IS: 12269:2013.

Table 1 Properties of Cement

Property Result Requirement Remarks
Fineness sq m/kg 245 225 minimum passed
Soundness mm 7 10 maximum passed
Setting time 30,480 30,600 maximum passed

Compressive strength (mpa)

3 days
30 27
7 days
39 37 passed
28 days
55 53

3.2. Mix Proportion

Table 2 Mix Proportion for Pervious concrete
Aggregate Water
Mix Cement (kg/cu.mt)
(kg/cu.mt) (lit/cu.mt)
Ratio 1 4 0.33
Quantity 450 1800 135

3.3. Additives
Table 3 Pervious concrete with additives percentage

Coarse HRWR
Mix Cement (kg/m3) Water (lit/m3)
aggregate(kg/m3) (ml)
Ratio 1 4 0.33 3 ml
Quantity 450 1800 135 3 ml

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 K. S. B. Prasad, N.V.L.N. Pavan Kumar and M.Pavan Kumar

3.4 High Range Water Reducer (HRWR)

Description
The basic components of CEMCRETE SP are synthetic polymers, which allow
mixing water to be reduced considerably and concrete strength to be enhanced significantly,
particularly at the early ages. CEMCRETE SP is chloride free product.
Advantages
CEMCRETE SP makes the concrete highly flowable, with low water/ cement ratio
and improves strength of concrete when compared with normal concrete with same workability
. The increase in strength especially evidently at early ages remains at later ages. Initial
and final sets remain same when compared to normal concrete. Due to the reduction in water
cement ratio, all other properties like permeability , shrinkage, creep, workability and
modulus elasticity will be improved.
Typical Properties
CEMCRETE SP is a brown free flowing liquid.
Specific gravity: 1.20+0.035
Chloride content: Nil to BS 5075 to I.S:456-78
Nitrate content: Nil
Freezing point: 0°C. Can be reconstituted if stirred after thawing.
Air entrainment: Maximum 0.5%
Dosage : 0.2 to 0.5% by weight of the cement depending upon the condition of the
materials and conditions. Trail mixes are recommended prior to production of concrete.

4. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE AND TESTING:

Mechanical properties on hardened concrete is found out along with compressive strength,
flexural strength, tensile strength, porosity and elasticity. For the calculation of compressive
strength cylinders of dimensions 100*200 mm are used. The sample is then mixed and poured
in the cylinder in two layers by giving 25 blows with a modified proctor hammer for every
layer and is then kept for curing for about 7,14,28,56,91 days. Now the compressive strength
of the specimen is found out by placing it in the Compressive Testing Machine ACTM.

5. RESULTS
5.1 Plain pervious conventional mix
Table 4 plain pervious concrete results

Compressive
Pervious convectional strength
Size of aggregate
mix (Days)
(N/mm2)

28 10mm 11.0

28 11.2mm 7.13

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 Experimental Study on Compression Strength Variation on Low Grade Aggregates in Pervious
Concrete

Table 5 Compressive strength in (N/mm2) of cylinders for mix (Pervious concrete+ admixture)

Amount of
Pervious Concrete CompressiveStrength
Size of aggregate admixture
(days) (N/mm2)
in ml

28 10mm 3 ml 13.5

28 11.2mm 3 ml 12.8

Graph 1 Compression Strength comparison for 28 Days

6. CONCLUSIONS
A cement aggregate ratio of 1:4 is found to be optimum. Compressive strength of modified
pervious concrete for 28 days age is increased to 13.5 and 12.8 for 10mm and 11.2 mm size
aggregates after addition of HRWR when compared to plain pervious concrete. However the
Compressive strength values of modified Pervious Concrete are satisfying the standards
and are applicable for constructions as. Usage of pervious concrete with addition of such
admixtures can improve the strength and can be used for construction of low load bearing
pavers.

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 K. S. B. Prasad, N.V.L.N. Pavan Kumar and M.Pavan Kumar

REFERENCES
[1] Akshay Tejankar, Mr. Aditya Lakhe, Mr. Manish Harwani and Prem Gupta(September
2016)- “The Use of Permeable Concrete for Ground Water Recharge, International Journal
of Engineering Research and Application, Vol 6, issue 9, pp 60-63
[2] Ammar A.Muttar, Improving the Mechanical properties of Pervious concrete, Journal of
Babylon University/ Engineering Sciences / No.(2)/ Vol.(21): 2013
[3] Carmen T.Agouridis, Mr. Jonathan A.Villines and Mr. Joe D.Luck(2011), Permeable
Pavement for Storm water Management, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture,
Lexington, Ky, 40546
[4] Darshan S.Shah and Jayeskumar pitroda, (2014) An experimental study on Hardened
properties of Pervious concrete, Journal of International Academic Research for
Multidisciplinary Volume 2.
[5] George N.McCain and Mandar M.Dewoolkar, (2009), Strength and Permeability
characteristics of Porous Concrete Pavements.
[6] Govind Ravish and Mr. Er .V.K.Ahuja (2015) No fines concrete as a road pavement,
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Volume 24, pp 187-190
[7] Schaefer, V. R., Wang, K., Suleiman, M. T., & Kevern, J.T. (2006). Mix design
development for pervious concrete in cold weather climates (No. Report No.2006- 01).0
[8] B. Balaji Naik and Dr. K. Chandrasekhar Reddy, Manufacturing of Self Compaction
Concrete Application of Red Mud. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 51–58.
[9] P. Syam Sai and Chandana Sukesh, Strength Properties of Concrete By Using Red Mud as
a Replacement of Cement with Hydrated Lime. International Journal of Civil Engineering
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[10] Mr. A. Gowtham and Ms. V. Janani Study on The Effectiveness of Red Mud on
The Expansive Soil. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017,
pp. 378-385.
[11] Miklas Scholz and Mr. Piotr Grabowiecki ( 2007), Review of permeable pavement systems
Building and Environment,42, 3830–3836

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