23.50 PGS.

ES

Seasons winter summer

Fusion energy

motion

Solar constant

1367 W m

AM 0
fairness

ILY

The air mass is the pathlength which light

takes through the atmosphere normalized to the

shortest possible path length The air mass

quantities the reduction the power of Light as

it passes through the air and is absorbed by

air and dust

AM 4T

Exercise

Gs L 373 2

Tsuna 2


s n
0

IT 2 LP Gs TDzsamn.TT

T 431.109 5,67 io
TYanTsun

2 2,5 io 2373 I

5780 K

Fk L

Wiens Law

4 high red

98

max 2,8 Low blue

Ext

black body surface is atsss C.AE

wavelength at max emissive power

b total emissive power

2935 E

a Wiens Law Imax 74

b I 5T 5,67 158 273,15T II 5 2287

blue_ red

400.700mi visible light

ummunrummsmur

dtmnmT

tango

visible

infrared

Äh

400mm 550mm 700mm

Exercise 3

Calculate the power density A

of solar spectrum invisible range

rkwlmzlr.vn
1,50

T 1,5
F

0,7 T T
SPI

300

disused
direct light

you see

the saukalt

more insolation in summer an in winter tilt

angle

Exercise
You going to invest

are some money in PV

System In which way you have to make your

facility in order to heaving as much as possibleenergy

Tracking difuse Light

City Direction Tilt angle system direct light

t

Berlin S 8 400 no difuse

Bun.ie

VdrEggptSafewyesdS

no dir

Norwalk

Wp 3000 STC

Hose Mexico Oscar France

JO MWh 3MWh

Exercise

To compare solar cells it is necessary to

d l l d l l dl l l U


define Standart test conditions for solar cells

cell temperature T 25 C 2 C

AM b 5

sooo 2

Shorter wave Stronger

Whg is the sky blue Reviere

In

1 blue Z how Intensivemessis high

I maxwhen 550mm Yellowand green

TE h D h

oi

Solarconstanf 2367Ez maxunumAM

o.lt 00 700 mm visible light

If we see sein direct insolation

If no difuse insolation

direct
0

diffuse

At

Absorbtion

FEET

Insolation
n

2M 22

läuft

warf

5T E much
how energy

Write two curves forbodies2

warum

t.es
j

In ecuator

In Cottbus summer 300

In Cottbus winter Ä sä

Tracking system

have sauce in Egypt

Grid parity equality of demand and supplyofelectricity

Tools for estimating solar resource

http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/

STC standart test conditions IHM 1,5 f 251 22

m

n.tn
Plz AM 2,5 1000

1 Ähm

Lager
s
0 3
GeV 500mm 4000mm
Power an
0,6 eV
µ

pxxdtxAreaxzkwpE
GB.dk 2 E

LI kEN
i

74 time 184 7 time edge

 rnerm.net
m otin 3YIfjme
out

Heats
sun hour In FYI sooo f hour

Calculate the needed area in Cottbus

in order to meet the
electricity yearly demand
Assuming we have 2500 seen hours in Cottbus
demand 200 6Wh
d
Area 5d YIIEIIi zoo.com

0,08 km2
 Ex 2
Igor Germany 2,3 hoursldaglge.ae
Spain 7 hoursMag Gear

Daily 2,3 23kWh

SO aufs

year 23mW h 365 8,395 MWh

Bohr modelgefetrones

Sie 2828 2ps353ps

0

electrons the last shell

jaunt
on
Energy
3

Äsen
dem of Si
3 2,33
Icm 2,33g
mass 2,33 3
8
M 28,09 mal

0,083 moles
n 433 1,7
NA 6 62.1023 atome
N n NA Er 6 1020atoms
Neutrons N 24 el

ÄÄ
free electrons noFree electrons

CB
FÄÄÄÄ
PK
B

27.11.2018
E.tn w

M FF
P I
n

f
 I

t.is u
that
iE w z.n

be higher Eg ho Eg
Important
I

Generation

In

Consumption
t

LED reverse from PV generation process

5 Circuit is open no current

µ
 qfpigj.no

resistance

Exercise
Draw IV curve for two different solar cells
I good
2 bad
on one
diagram
I FF field factor
MPPS
Impp
npmp.ptt.ro FF

Impp
T Exa
 Exercise 2
Calculate the Papp for a 2 solar

Ffs 0,8 Voce 700mV Ise 40 MA

FF 0,5 Von 300mV Ise 2 60 of Ise

PmppjvmppjImppe FFs Ic.es Voce 22,4mW

Pmppz Hupp Impp FFz 0,6 Is es Volz 3,6mW

Exercise
Estimate FF when
a Voc Isc 1,6 Vmpp Impp
b Solar cell works under short circuit condition
c Solar cell works under open circuit condition
d 0,6 Ise Inpp and 2,2 Unpp Voc
a FF Pre 9625 62,5
Va
IgShorteireuIopencircuit
cannot estimate
96 Isc Voc
d FF Voc
0,5 50
Isc

Exercise
Calculate the power conversion efficiency if
Pseen 800W Pimpp ImppVmpp
FF 973 Pont FÄKE 5,3
Pinput 800
Isc 2,7A
Voc 21,6 V
Exercise

Ä
 Solar
an We need to increase Ea
incoming We want to absurd as
Light maximum as possible

Ea Er
ho Eg
Ez
reflexion

Beer Lambert's Law

Light
intensity

HEHE
50µm man's hair
200µm Silicon cell thickness
5µm than film material

Exercise 6
How thick needs a lager to be to absorb
approx 95 of the incoming light if it is made
out of
l
a Sie LCS t.IO cm

b Cd Te TL Cd Te s.IO au
 a I I e
2L

2L Ln 0,053

III 300µm

Ion
IIIT 3 um

Sado 0,05
0

1 5

04.12.2018
n

MPP

80 for good
 Silicon is made in Snook in eirenles which
then are vetted E because of usefulness
of the Space
North Carolina and Norway best Si
Solar cells from Si
zochral.sk S emensbThinfiLm
8
texturization to decrease
HÄ optical losses
eight Snelltstaj refraction law
n
different materials
s
n sisunOs nz.su
Mz
Ex
calculate n
ns.t air O s 300 02 21,10
2
Mz 1,39 water
N

How to reduce optical losses for exam

Whole paars more

g
current

io
 got
voltage depends
strongly on
temperature
Power LL

solar cells are

in parallel
we increase
current and
Voltage is the same

Ex 2

72 silicon solar cells connected in series

2 8
calculate
Ise LA
FF 7
Ps an 500W

Psun
FE
O
II.IE
0,6 V
sFF Isc Voc
in
720,6
everytime
Ex
How large is area of solar panel if
under STC Pnpp 300W and z L 5

Pmpp_ STC standart test conditions

D Area 2000 2 2000 2
 Rsf current

man RPF II load

Iz

Rp infinity Rs 0

TO maximize current from PV Rst RPT

Rs series resistance
Rp parallel resistance
Exercise
By the given panels configuration connect the panels
in order to
d increase max the current output
b increase the current and voltage
c reduce the cable losses
a 1117 De
D DBB ü
ö

Tout ß
 f
t ARC Optimal
n ARC thickness

absorber
T

I.IO
t
where Bo is
wavelength at
the peak spectrum

Exercises
If the refractive index of Si is 3,5
that of air ist What would be the refractive
index of perfect anti reflection coating
How thick needs to be the ARC to have its
biggest impact at approx a wavelength 800mm

air
Mz HT
f 2
3
Mz
Jo
5 2,89
800mm
tz 4
200mm 91rem

71112.20187dB
II I Etc
Er
Ideal solar cell Rs so Rp
 n E h
a
Eg e5
P VI

VB
f VB
Eg

EI
GaAs 1,4W G Bang gap
GO.IP
dis9FsGe
s.ru GaA
o 7eV Gefoabsorbmere
Solarcell Light
EIN
Reffition re silicon
30
i r glass

200N Wavelength600mm 800mm

no SET
2 L
Un
Voltage 4 hell E
Current b Inkl

EIN
Drama IN curve for solar cells with
200 W m I µ
10 an
600 W m Isc C STC
lm 0

Voc
Fx 5
36 Sie cellar cells are connected in
series under STC condition
What mean this numbers
28 ist 2,2 2
Ist
9EE a EI rFY
s8V 7Vmpp
2,2A Isc
Vmpp
2,0 Impp
 Draw IN curve for solar cell with Ex 6
a Rss JR good a ftp.s.oh

Rsz 5h Rp sooo D good

n

Hl
 CIGS
selenide
copper Indien Gallium

reduce CO2 emissions T renewables

08.122018
rem walde
energy act 2000
euro Gwh demand of Germany electricity
tipp points in climate non reversible events
melting
deforestation

oftener p
it

E
 Exame
22.02.2018 so es Hörsaal

1 Mark correct answers 2 point is true 0,5

2 Few questions
describe shortly 2 59

3 to draw something curves

everything should be described

Calculate something
Tf Tür
4 to go through all
exercises equations and
5 Connect solar cells in proper way
e
Topics
Airmass
Solar spectrum Black body
Solar constant
Effects of roof pitch angle androoforientat
Tracking Systems why where When
Energy bang gap model
Windig Shaw's Beerte radiation
Diffuse direct solar radiation
What is the main mechanism of solar
cells
 Methods of improving optical absorbtion
General Properties of solar cells
Standart test conditions
calculation of properties ideurve
I D curve depends on field factor
insolation T.RS Rp
Equivalence circuit of solar cells
Interconnection of solar cells
Mismatch
Direct indirect bang gap
Cherkasski process monoergstal process

Slide
I Solar spectrum Solar constant
Exp Solar radiation
on Earth sulrfo.se

tilted surfase
Solar ak
Ice char Id curve
Ice eher depend of everything
Spectral Efficiency
Spectral vs Theoretical
Efficiency practical efficiency
Methods to increase efficiency
 37 5 2 b 2
3,4 5,6 7 19,292
PE
PE 3 2 3,4 so 2L

go through all exercises

PVoltage

Sie
Calculator