Exercise 1: Use of GPS and GIS 02/01/2021

- Global Positioning System (GPS)

- - permits operator to identify accurate location on Earth’s surface
- - Garmin GPSmap76CSx
- - Garmin GPSmap 78s
- - Garmin GPSmap 62s
- GPS receivers can usually receive a minimum of 3 or 4 satellites
-
- GPS locates specific point on Earth using trilateration
- Trilaterate:
- - GPS receiver measures distances to satellites using radio signals
- - similar to triangulation, which instead measures angles
-
- Triangulation
- 3 satellites measure Geographic location (longitude & latitude)
- common point or intersection: site
- each satellite releases radio signals which GPS receiver receives
-
- Trilateration
- 4 satellies measure Geographic location (longitude and latitude),
elevation, speed, direction
- - more accurate
-
- Geographic Information System (GIS)
- computer-based system that handles georeferenced information
(spatial) through data
1. Capture and Preparation
2. Management
3. Modelling and Analysis
4. Presentation
- elements used: hardware, data, methods, people, software

Coordinates = composed of 2 numbers

Parts of map
1. Inset Map – helps readers to orient specific location
2. Locality Names
3. Site Number – to identify which site you are pertaining to
4. Legend
5. North Arrow
6. Scale Bar – orientation of size
Exercise 2: Winogradsky Column 02/01/2021
- invented by Sergei Winogradsky
- Miniature enclosed ecosystem which enriches the microbial community
within a sediment or soil sample
- To be able to study biogeochemical processes
- Serves as a self-contained recycling system, driven only by light energy
- Demonstration of metabolic diversity of prokaryotes
- Energy can be obtained from:
 Phototrophs: light reaction
 Chemotrophs: chemical oxidation of organic substances
 Autotrophs: carbon for cellular synthesis obtained from carbon
dioxide
 Heterotrophs: preformed organic compounds
- Glass cylinder is usually used
- Carbon sources: Cellulose (newspaper), Calcium Carbonate (eggshells),
Sulfur source (yolk)
- Air: aerobic conditions; oxygen
 Low sulfide content
- Bottom: anaerobic conditions; depleted oxygen content
 High sulfide content
- Large amount of cellulose promotes rapid microbial growth that depletes
oxygen in sediment and in water column
- Only top remains errated because oxygen diffuses very slowly
- Only organisms that can grow in anaerobic conditions are the ones that
ferment organic matter and perform anaerobic respiration
 Fermentation: process in which organic compounds are degraded
incompletely
- Anaerobic respiration: Organic substrates are degraded completely to
become Carbon dioxide using a substance other than oxygen as terminal
electron acceptor
- Light dependent: phototroph (sunlight) to chemotroph (chemical)
 Top: phototroph
 Bottom: chemotroph
- Microbial Zonation
 Chemoheterotrophs: Cellulose degrading microorganisms may
grow when oxygen is depleted in the sediment (Clostridium)
 Sulfur reducing bacteria – also at bottom; can utilize fermentation
products through anaerobic respiration using sulfate or thiosulfate
as terminal electron acceptor generation hydrogen sulfide
 Hydrogen sulfide reacts with iron producing black ferrous sulfide
 Some hydrogen sulfide diffuses up to water where it is utilized by
other microbial systems
o Enables anaerobic photosynthetic bacteria to grow (purple
and green)
o Green sulfur bacteria (bottom) – chlorobium; smaller; deposit
sulfur externally
o Purple sulfur bacteria (top) – chromatium; have larger cells;
deposit sulfur granules internally
o These two gain energy from light reaction and produce
cellular materials from carbon dioxide (just like plants)
o Only difference:they do not produce oxygen because water is
not used as reductant, instead hydrogen sulfide is used
 Plant photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Bacterial anaerobic photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6 H2S + 6S
 Sulfur formed returns to sediment where it is recycled by sulfur-
reducing microorganism (eg. Desulfovibrio) which is a pathway to a
sulfur cycle
 Photoheterotrophs – in water column; purple non-sulfur bacteria
o Include Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirilium, Rhodomicrobium
o Grow in anaerobic conditions
o Gain energy from light reactions
o Carbon source: Organic Acid for cellular synthesis
o Organic Acid: fermentation products of other anaerobic
bacteria usually Clostridium
o Intolerant when there is high amount of hydrogen sulfide
o Occur above zone of green and purple bacteria
 Chemoautotrophs – in oxygenated zone at top of water column
o Sulfur oxidizing bacteria (Beggiatoa)
o diffuses or accepts hydrogen sulfide  oxidized to sulfate
o gains energy from hydrogen sulfide and synthesize own
organic matter from Carbon dioxide
 o Similar type of organisms occur in soils gaining energy from
oxidation of ammonium to nitrate which leeches from soil and
accumulates in water supply
 Photoautotrophs – Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria; green; in upper
zone
o Only bacteria with oxygen evolving photosynthesis
o Mitochondria of eukaryotes are derived from mitochondria of
purple bacteria
o Once it growns they can oxygenate water from water column
o Has sheathed biofilms – aerobic organisms that use organic
substrates but are unusual because as bacterial cells divide,
they synthesize rigid tubular sheath where individual cells
escape to establish new colonies
o Empty sheaths are seen in older colonies and madee up of
protein, polysaccharides and lipids
 Protects from predation of protozoa
o Sheaths are encrusted with ferric oxide – gives yellow crusty
appearance above colonies
Exercise 4: Dissolved Oxygen Determination
02/01/2021
oxygen is introduced from air –sea exchange
nutrient cycling
- nitrates for nitrification  maintenance of photosynthesis, which also
release oxygen
- Photosynthesis drives: DIC, NH4, PO4

Methods in measuring dissolved oxygen

1. Winkler Method
- classic and standard
- sensitive and laborious
- testing the health of bodies of water
- titrimetric or iodometric
- samples are fixed and titrated with reagenets = acid solution
- amount of titrant required to neutralize the acid indicates how
concentration of dissolved oxygen
2. Optical Sensors
- handy and efficient
- in situ measurements
- measures interation between oxygen an luminescent dyes/sensors
- blue light ecites (electron gaining energy) the dyes and emit light as
electrons return into normal state
- wavelengths will be altered depending on the interacting oxygen