3CL CASPE, NICOLE CHARLES C.

SECTION RIGEL
ACTIVITY 6

LO1.3.10 Sea condition affecting the navigation of the vessel

1. How do you measure the sea condition by beaufort scale

The Beaufort scale, officially known as the Beaufort wind force scale, is a
descriptive table. It depicts the force of wind by a series of numbers from 0 to 12.
Actually, the Beaufort scale goes all the way to 17, but the last five numbers only
apply to tropical typhoons. The Beaufort scale is useful for estimating wind power
without wind instruments.

2. What is a crest
The highest point in a wave.

3. What is a through
The lowest point in a wave.

4. What are Hogging, sagging, twisting effects of a vessel in relation to bad

weather.
- Hogging is the stress a ship's hull or keel experiences that causes the center or
the keel to bend upward.
- Sagging is the stress a ship's hull or keel is placed under when a wave is the
same length as the ship and the ship is in the trough of two waves. This causes
the middle of the ship to bend down slightly, and depending on the level of bend,
may cause the hull to snap or crack.
- Torsion in ships is caused due to forces which do not pass through the sheer
centre line axis of a ship's hull cross section.

5. What is a wave length

Physical distance of one period (wave repeat).

6. What is propeller racing, speed reduction and a torque rich effect on the engine
during bad weather.
- Propeller racing - is the sudden increase in the number of revolutions made by
the engine when the propeller blades are lifted clear of the water, or nearly so,
due to the roll or pitch of the ship.
- Speed Reduction - A practice that is known as 'slow steaming. ' It is often
mentioned that when a ship reduces its speed by 10%, the energy required for
the voyage is reduced by 19%. This approximation is based on the assumption
that power (and therefore daily bunker consumption) is proportional to ship
speed cubed.
- Torque rich effect - When the vessel receives waves and undulation from the
front, the resistance of these combined with additional wind pressure, the ship's
speed will decrease, and the engine will undergo a torque rich effect.
7. What is a shipping seas
( Nautical Terms) a vessel propelled by engines or sails for navigating on the water,
esp a large vessel that cannot be carried aboard another, as distinguished from a
boat.

8. What is a slamming phenomenon

Slamming is the impact of the bottom structure of a ship onto the sea surface. It is
mainly observed while sailing in waves, when the bow raises from the water and
subsequently impacts on it. Slamming induces extremely high loads to ship
structures and is taken into consideration when designing ships.

LO1.3.11 The weather condition

Useful Reference:
https://www.weather.gov/jetstream/basicten

Indicate the corresponding description of column A from column B

A B
1. High-level clouds (5-13 cirrocumulus, cirrus, and altocumulus,
km) cirrostratus. altostratus, and
nimbostratus.
2. Mid-level clouds (2-7 altocumulus, altostratus, and stratus, cumulus,
km) nimbostratus. cumulonimbus, and
stratocumulus
3. Low level clouds (0-2 stratus, cumulus, cirrocumulus, cirrus,
km): cumulonimbus, and and cirrostratus.
stratocumulus

9. What is meant clouds cover/cloud amount

Cloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage, or cloud amount) refers to the
fraction of the sky obscured by clouds when observed from a particular location.

LO1.3.12 The weather at sea affected by rain and fog

10. What are precipitation-rain, drizzle, sleet, snow and why does this occur.
-Rain: Rain is precipitation that falls to the surface of the Earth as water droplets.
Raindrops form around microscopic cloud condensation nuclei, such as a particle of
dust or a molecule of pollution.
-Drizzle: Drizzle is a light liquid precipitation consisting of liquid water drops smaller
than those of rain – generally smaller than 0.5 mm (0.02 in) in diameter. Drizzle is
normally produced by low stratiform clouds and stratocumulus clouds.
 -Sleet: Sleet and freezing rain occur under very similar conditions. Sleet is pellets
of ice that form when snow falls into a warm layer and melts into rain.
-Snow: Snow is precipitation that falls in the form of ice crystals. Hail is also ice, but
hailstones are just collections of frozen water droplets. Snow has a complex
structure. The ice crystals are formed individually in clouds, but when they fall, they
stick together in clusters of snowflakes.

11. What is a thunder storm and when does it likely to occur

Thunderstorm, a violent short-lived weather disturbance that is almost always
associated with lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain or hail, and strong
gusty winds. Thunderstorms arise when layers of warm, moist air rise in a large,
swift updraft to cooler regions of the atmosphere.

12. What are fog, mist, haze and when does it occur
-Fog: Fog refers to the water droplets that hang in the atmosphere resulting in
reduced visibility. Moisture in the fog is from nearby sources like rivers, lakes,
marshes, or the ocean. The airline industry defines fog in terms of how far away one
can see. As a result, they define fog as when a person can see less than 3,280 feet
(which is 1km) away.
-Mist: Mist forms when the warm, moist air suddenly cools because of cold
temperatures. Consequently, water droplets hang in the atmosphere hindering
vision. Mists hinder vision within a distance of less than or equal to one kilometer. It
occurs naturally due to natural weather conditions and rapidly disappears because it
is less dense than fog.
-Haze: Haze is a suspension of small, dry particles in the air. These particles are
too small to be seen or felt but diminish visibility. It forms through the reflection of
sunlight off air pollutants that gather away from the source of air pollution. Naturally
occurring haze includes smoke from fires, dust, and visibility-reducing aerosols like
sulfur dioxide gases that are emitted through combustion.

13. What is an advection fog

Advection fog is fog produced when air that is warmer and more moist than the
ground surface moves over the ground surface. The term advection means a
horizontal movement of air. Unlike radiation fog, advection fog can occur even when
it is windy.

14. What is an evaporation fog

Evaporation fog (or cold advection fog) is formed when cold, stable air moves over
a much warmer body of water. Evaporation from the warm body of water saturates
the cold air above; water vapour condenses in the cold air producing “steam fog” or
“sea smoke”, or, in polar regions, “Arctic sea smoke”.
15. Why does it rain and explain the process.
Rain is droplets of water that fall from clouds. Heat from the Sun turns moisture
(water) from plants and leaves, as well as oceans, lakes, and rivers, into water
vapour (gas), which disappears into the air. This vapour rises, cools, and changes
into tiny water droplets, which form clouds.