Homework II Solution

August 25, 2017

Section 1.3 6: Find the rates of convergence of the following sequences as n → ∞.

1 1
a. lim sin = 0 b. lim sin =0
n→∞ n n→∞ n2
2
1

c. lim sin = 0 d. lim [ln(n + 1) − ln(n)] = 0
n→∞ n n→∞

Solution:
1
sin −0
a. limn→∞ 1/nn
= 1, then we say sin n1 converges to 0 with rate of
convergence O( n1 ).
sin 12 −0
b. limn→∞ n
1/n2
= 1, then we say sin n12 converges to 0 with rate of
1
convergence O( n2 ).
1 2
(sin n ) −0
 2
c. limn→∞ 1/n2
= 1, then we say sin n1 converges to 0 with
rate of convergence O( n12 ).
d. Using Taylor expansion:
1 1 1 1 1
ln(n + 1) − ln(n) = ln(1 + )= − 2
+ O( 3 ).
n n 2n n
Then we have
1 1 1
ln(n + 1) − ln(n) n − 2 n2 + O( n13 )
lim 1 = lim 1 = 1.
n→∞ n→∞
n n

Therefore we say ln(n + 1) − ln(n) converges to 0 with rate of conver-

gence O( n1 ).

1
Section 2.1 2(a): Let f (x) = 3(x + 1)(x − 1/2)(x − 1). Use the Bisection method
on the following intervals to find p3 .
a. [−2, 1.5].
Solution:
a+b
a = −2, b = 1.5, p1 = 2 = −0.25
f (a) = −22.5, f (b) = 3.75, f (p1 ) = 2.1094, take a = −2, b = p1 =
−0.25, p2 = a+b
2 = −1.125
f (a) = −22.5, f (b) = 2.1094, f (p2 ) = −1.2949, take a = p2 = −1.125, b =
−0.25, p3 = a+b
2 = −0.6875

√
14 (12): Find an approximation to 3 correct to within 10−4 using
the Bisection Algorithm. [Hint: Consider f (x) = x2 − 3.]
Solution:
Take a = 1, b = 2, we have
b−a 1
|pn − p| ≤ n
= n < 10−4 .
2 2
We solve this inequality and obtain n > 13.2877. So we take n = 14
and compute p14 = 1.73205566406250.

20 (16): Let f (x) = (x − 1)10 , p = 1, and pn = 1 + 1/n. Show that

|f (pn )| < 10−3 whenever n > 1 but that |p − pn | < 10−3 requires that
n > 1000.
Proof:
1
|f (pn )| = |(pn − 1)10 | = | | < 10−3 .
n10
Since 2110 = 9.765625000000000 · 10−4 < 10−3 and |f (pn )| is a decreas-
ing function with n, we have |f (pn )| < 10−3 whenever n > 1.
On the other hand,
1
|p − pn | = | | < 10−3 .
n
Solving this inequality, we obtain n > 1000.

2
Section 2.2 6 (4): The following four methods are proposed to compute 71/5 .
Rank them in order, based on their apparent speed of convergence,
assuming p0 = 1.
 3
7−p5n−1
a.pn = pn−1 1 + p2n−1

p5n−1 −7
b.pn = pn−1 − p2n−1
p5n−1 −7
c.pn = pn−1 − 5p4n−1
p5n−1 −7
d.pn = pn−1 − 12
Solution:

n=1, pa=343 ,pb=7 ,pc=2.2 ,pd=1.5

n=2, pa=-2.25393e+25 ,pb=-335.857 ,pc=1.81976,pd=1.45052
n=3, pa=-3.38385e+253,pb=3.78844e+07 ,pc=1.58347,pd=1.49875
n=4, pa=-Inf ,pb=-5.43726e+22,pc=1.48946,pd=1.4519
n=5, pa=NaN ,pb=1.60746e+68 ,pc=1.47602,pd=1.49758
n=6, pa=NaN ,pb=-Inf ,pc=1.47577,pd=1.45319
n=7, pa=NaN ,pb=NaN ,pc=1.47577,pd=1.49648
n=8, pa=NaN ,pb=NaN ,pc=1.47577,pd=1.4544
n=9, pa=NaN ,pb=NaN ,pc=1.47577,pd=1.49544
n=10, pa=NaN ,pb=NaN ,pc=1.47577,pd=1.45552

We have 71/5 = 1.47577316159455. So the order should be (c), (d),

(b), (a).

8 (6). Use a fixed-point iteration method to determine a solution

accurate to within 10−2 for x3 − x − 1 = 0 on [1, 2]. Use p0 = 1.
Solution: we can set r
1
g(x) = 1+ ,
x
√
which is a decreasing function in [1, 2] with g(1) = 2 and g(2) =
1.2247. We have g(x) ∈ [1, 2].

3
Then g 0 (x) = − 2√x13 +x4 , which is a increasing function in [1, 2] with
g 0 (1) = −0.3536 and g 0 (2) = −0.1021. We have

|g 0 (x)| < 0.4 = k.

We have

|pn − p| ≤ k n max(p0 − 1, 2 − p0 ) = k n < 10−2 .

Solving this inequality, we have n > 5.0259. So we take n = 6.

n=1,p_n=1.41421
n=2,p_n=1.30656
n=3,p_n=1.32867
n=4,p_n=1.32387
n=5,p_n=1.3249
n=6,p_n=1.32468

20 (16): Let A be a given positive constant and g(x) = 2x − Ax2 .

a. Show that if fixed-point iteration converges to a nonzero limit, then
the limit is p = 1/A, so the reciprocal of a number can be found using
only multiplications and subtraction.
b. Find an interval about 1/A for which fixed-point iteration con-
verges, provided p0 is in that interval.
Solution:
(a) The limit p should satisfy:

p = 2p − Ap2 .
1
We solve this equation and obtain p = A.
(b) We want:
|g 0 (x)| = |2 − 2Ax| < 1.
1 3
Therefore x ∈ ( 2A , 2A )