Dr. Oscar Victor M. Antonio, JR.: Prepared by

Prepared by : Dr. Oscar Victor M. Antonio, Jr.
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Displaced State of Elements

Shape Function
When the resulting element formulation is intended to

be approximate, the approximation is nearly always in
the form of a description of the displaced state, or
“shape function,” of the element.
In linear elastic analysis, the requirements for the

construction of element stiffness equations by virtual
displacement are:
• Elastic constants relating the stress and strain

• Differential relationships between strain and displacement
• Description of the real and virtual displaced states
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Shape Function
“To form element stiffness equations by means of virtual

displacement approach, the only preliminary task that
remains is the description of the displaced shape of the
element, which is then employed for both the virtual and
real displaced states.”
Objective: to produce an algebraic expression in terms of all

the displacements at the element node points
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Formulation of Shape Functions
Axial member
Torsional member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Flexural member
What is the physical significance of N???

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Axial member (uniform cross-sectional area)
axial strain is constant

→
BC: N1 N2
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Axial member (uniform cross-sectional area)
N1 N2
Each plot describes the displaced shape of the element when the
element is given a unit displacement at the node corresponding
to Ni, and the displacement at all other DOF are held zero.
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Torsional member
N1 N2
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Flexural member
cubic polynomial
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Flexural member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Flexural member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Flexural member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Summary
• Each of the element joint displacement is described in terms

of parameters ai.
• Displacement state may be based on the solution of the

governing differential equations or through the choice of a
polynomial containing as many terms are there are element DOF.
• The expression for the displaced state is evaluated at each

degree of freedom Di, sufficient to determine ai.
• The multipliers of the joint displacements Di in the resulting

expression for the displaced state are the shape functions.
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Example 7.1
It is desired that a stiffness matrix be formed, using the
virtual displacement principle for an axial member with three
node points. Construct the shape function on which the
formulation will be based.
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Example 7.1
Using a quadratic polynomial to approximate the function
Applying the boundary conditions:

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Example 7.1
Solving for the unknown variables
Substituting and rearranging

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Example 7.2
The illustrated tapered beam is of rectangular cross section, of
width b, and tapering depth h1(1+x/L). Construct an
expression for the displaced shape that satisfies exactly the
governing differential equation
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Example 7.2
The moment of inertia is
Thus
or
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Example 7.2
Integrating the expression twice,
where C1 and C2 are constants of integration
Rearranging
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

Example 7.2
Integrating to obtain the slope equation
Integrating again to obtain the deflection equation

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Displacements
Formulation of Element Stiffness Equation
• The expressions for virtual work is written in terms of strains

• The displacements must be differentiated in the manner
appropriate to the type of structural action under study
Axial member
du
displacement: u strain: ex =
dx
Torsional member
d x
displacement: x strain: =
dx
Flexural member
d 2v
displacement: v strain: k z =
dx 2
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
displacement
D = [N] {D} DOF
shape function
strain
e = D’ = [N’] {D}
derivative wrt the spatial coordinate
- the shape functions [N] are functions of the spatial coordinate

- the joint displacements are specific values
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Axial member
displacement
or
strain
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Torsional member
displacement
strain
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Flexural member
displacement
strain
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
To form the complete statement of internal virtual work, it is

necessary to have expressions for the virtual strains…
Virtual displacement
D = [N] {D} element-point virtual displacement
shape function
Virtual strain
e = [N’] {D}
derivative wrt the spatial coordinate

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual strain expressions for different structural elements:
Axial member
Torsional member
Flexural member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Work Principle
real strain
elastic constant
virtual strain
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
If the element subjected to joint forces F1,…, Fi,…, Fn, the

virtual work principle becomes
Thus, the element described by n DOF is
or
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
where
Under the condition that the virtual displacements are

completely arbitrary,
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Axial member
Torsional member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Flexural member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Non-uniform Elements
Example 1
Determine the stiffness matrix using PVD
a) approximate solution
b) exact solution
r
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
displacement
strain
stiffness matrix
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
b) exact solution
governing D.E.
displacement
stiffness matrix
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Assignment
Determine the stiffness matrix using PVD
b) exact solution
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Loads Between Nodal Points
Uniformly distributed axial force
Virtual Work by q
let D = u
Substitute D = [N] {D}

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Uniformly distributed axial force

thus
since
therefore
L
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Flexural member subjected to intermediate loads
Virtual Work
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

thus
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.

therefore
finally
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Example 2
Determine the nodal forces using PVD
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Example 2
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Example 3
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Example 3
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Formulation of Element Flexibility Equation
There are many conditions under which the formulation of

element flexibility equations is straightforward, while the
direct formulation of element stiffness is extremely difficult.
• combined transverse shear and flexural deformations

in beam elements
• tapered members
• elements with curved or irregular axes

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Principle of Virtual Forces
where
real stress
material property
virtual stress
[E]-1 denotes the inverse of the relevant elastic modulus

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Principle of Virtual Forces
If the element subjected to virtual joint forces F1,…,  Fi,…,

 Ff, the virtual work principle becomes
• The subscripts f emphasize that the virtual joint forces and associated
displacements refer to the points that free to displace on elements that
are supported in a stable, statically determinate manner.
• The number of node points, f, is s fewer than for the stiffness

formulation, where s designates the number of rigid body motion.
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Internal Virtual Work

Axial member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces

Torsional member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces

Flexural member
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces

Similar to the principle of virtual displacements (use of
shape functions), the principle of virtual forces can be
expressed as
[Q] is the vector function of force distribution
Thus,
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Flexibility equation
{Df} = [d] {Ff}
recall
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Axial member
supported at node 1
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Torsional member
supported at node 1
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Flexural member
supported at node 1
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Example 4
Determine the stiffness matrix using PVF
r
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Example 4
Fx = Fx2
where [Q] is equal to 1

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Example 4
{Fs} = Fx1 = - Fx2
[Φ] = -1
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Example 5
Determine the flexibility matrix using PVF
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Example 5
[Q] is equal to [(L-x) 1]

O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Example 6
Determine the Stiffness matrix of the beam in Example 5
−1 0
Φ =
−𝐿 −1
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Virtual Forces
Example 6
 12 6 12 6 
 L2 − 2 
L L L
 Fy1   6 6   1 
M   4 − 2   
 z1  EI z  L L   z1 
  =  
 − 2 

F L 12 6 12 6
 y2  − 2 −
M z 2   L L L 2
L   
 6 6  z 2 
 2 − 4 
 L L 
O.V.M.Antonio,Jr.
Reference:
Matrix Structural Analysis, William McGuire et al.

Dr. Oscar Victor M. Antonio, JR.: Prepared by

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr. Oscar Victor M. Antonio, JR.: Prepared by

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Prepared by : Dr. Oscar Victor M. Antonio, Jr.

Displaced State of Elements

When the resulting element formulation is intended to

In linear elastic analysis, the requirements for the

• Elastic constants relating the stress and strain

Displaced State of Elements

“To form element stiffness equations by means of virtual

Objective: to produce an algebraic expression in terms of all

Displaced State of Elements

Displaced State of Elements

What is the physical significance of N???

Displaced State of Elements

axial strain is constant

Displaced State of Elements

Displaced State of Elements

Displaced State of Elements

Displaced State of Elements

Displaced State of Elements

Displaced State of Elements

Displaced State of Elements

• Each of the element joint displacement is described in terms

• Displacement state may be based on the solution of the

• The expression for the displaced state is evaluated at each

• The multipliers of the joint displacements Di in the resulting

Displaced State of Elements

Displaced State of Elements

Using a quadratic polynomial to approximate the function

Applying the boundary conditions:

Displaced State of Elements

Solving for the unknown variables

Substituting and rearranging

Displaced State of Elements

Displaced State of Elements

The moment of inertia is

Displaced State of Elements

Integrating the expression twice,

where C1 and C2 are constants of integration

Displaced State of Elements

Integrating to obtain the slope equation

Integrating again to obtain the deflection equation

• The expressions for virtual work is written in terms of strains

D = [N] {D} DOF

derivative wrt the spatial coordinate

- the shape functions [N] are functions of the spatial coordinate

To form the complete statement of internal virtual work, it is

D = [N] {D} element-point virtual displacement

derivative wrt the spatial coordinate

Virtual strain expressions for different structural elements:

Virtual Work Principle

Virtual Work Principle

If the element subjected to joint forces F1,…, Fi,…, Fn, the

Thus, the element described by n DOF is

Virtual Work Principle

Under the condition that the virtual displacements are

Uniformly distributed axial force

Substitute D = [N] {D}

Uniformly distributed axial force

Flexural member subjected to intermediate loads

Flexural member subjected to intermediate loads

Flexural member subjected to intermediate loads

There are many conditions under which the formulation of

• combined transverse shear and flexural deformations