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EE100CH11
EE100CH11
• Introduction
• Analog Image
• Definition
• Analog Examples/Processing
• Digital Image
• Definition
• Digital Examples/Processing
• Gray Scale and Color
• Common Digital Image Manipulation
• Noise (3-Common Types)
Introduction
• Practically everything around us involves images and image processing
Trivial Example,
Digitize 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
Analog Images and Processing
Simple Black and White film is made up of a number of layers, one is known
as the emulsion layer which is covered with crystals of silver halide
Incoming light causes a chemical reaction to take place in the film causing
some of the silver halide crystals to be transformed into silver. The degree to
which the silver halide is converted is dependent on the amount of energy that
is absorbed which is proportional to the color and intensity of the incoming light
After being exposed the film must be developed before the picture can be
viewed
Simple Camera
Mirror or Prism
Viewfinder
Translucent Screen
Aperture
Shutter
Film
Lens
Mirror
Human Sight: The Eye:
The cornea is the clear front layer of the eye that allows for transmission and
focusing of light into the eye
The iris, the colored part of the eye, contracts and expands to change the size
of the pupil, which is the hole in the center of the iris that regulates the amount
of light entering the eye
The lens is the second part of the eye’s focusing system. Incoming light is first
focused by the cornea and then the lens performs the task of fine tuning the
focus.
Light focused by the lens is projected onto the retina, a layer of nerve cells that
line the back of the eye.
These light sensitive cells convert the light into electrical impulses that travel to
the brain, via the optic nerve, where they are decoded.
The Eye and Simplified Model
Retina
Lens
Macula Pupil
Fovea
Iris
Cornea
Retina
Viewed
Object
Image
Lens
Digital Images and Processing
Digital Image: a digital image is restricted in both its spatial coordinates
and in its allowed intensities
The discrete elements that make up a digital image are called picture
elements, or pixels
• Matrices are perfect tools for mapping, representing, digital images
• For example, an image that is 800 pixels wide and 600 pixels high can be
represented as a 600 x 800 matrix (600 rows and 800 columns)
Digitize 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
a. 600 x 800
b. 1024 x 768
• The acquisition of a digital image is a three step process
• They contain sensor arrays that react to different intensity and wavelengths.
Incoming Light
Filter
Power In
Light Sensitive
Material
Intensity
Signal
1). Sample and quantize: Make intensity readings at evenly spaced locations in both the
x and y directions Visualized by placing an evenly spaced grid over the analog image
2). Quantize Intensity: quantize the sampled values of intensity to arrive at a signal that
is discrete in both position and amplitude.
The sampling rate, must be high enough to capture the required detail.
Once a grayscale image has been captured and digitized, it is stored as a two-
dimensional array (a matrix) in computer memory
0 Black
255 White n
Each element contains the quantized intensity, a value ranging from 0 to 255
EXAMPLE 11.2
Color
• To digitize a color image the intensities of each of the three primary colors
must be detectable of the incoming light.
• One way to accomplish this is to filter the light sensed by the sensor so that
it lies within the wavelength range of a specific color.
• We can detect the intensity of that specific color for that specific sample
location
• Note the three primary colors are red, green, and blue. They are defined as
primary because any color of light consists of a combination of frequencies
contained in the three “primary” color ranges
As an example of quantizing a color image consider a computer imaging
systems that utilizes 24 bit color.
For 24 bit color each of the three primary color intensities is allowed one byte of
storage per pixel for a total of three bytes per pixel.
Each color has an allowed numerical range from 0 to 255, for example 0=no
red, 255=all red.
The combinations that can be made with 256 levels for each of the three
primary colors amounts to over 16 million distinct colors ranging from black
(R,G,B) = (0,0,0) to white (R,G,B) = (255,255,255).
0
3
Red m
Green
255
Blue
EXAMPLE 11.3
Fundamental Color Models
RGB (Red, Green, Blue) used primarily when direct light intensity produces
the color. Additive process, color presence is increased by increasing the
intensity of that color.
CMY (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow) used primarily when indirect or reflected light
intensity, light not absorbed, produces the color. Subtractive process, color
presence is increased by removing the absorbing color.
Referenced: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu
Common Digital Image Manipulation
Horizontal and Vertical Flipping: The operation requires only that you
change the order of the rows (vertical flipping) or columns (horizontal flipping)
1 2 3
1 ⎡1 0 1⎤ 3
2 ⎢⎢ 1 0 0 ⎥⎥ 2
3 ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦ 1
1 2 3 3 2 1
1 ⎡1 0 1⎤
2 ⎢⎢ 1 0 0 ⎥⎥
3 ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
Original Image Horizontal Flip
⎡1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡0 1 1 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡0 0 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 1 0 ⎥⎦
R1 → C3 C1 → R3
R2 → C2 C2 → R2
R3 → C1 C3 → R1
Image Resizing: To shrink an image to half its original size, we must discard
half of the image’s pixel information. To accomplish, throw out every other row
and column in the image.
Noise is present in all analog devices, but digital signals have some built-in
tolerance to noise due to the nature of their discreteness.
The three most common types of random noise you are likely to encounter
in images are white noise, salt and pepper noise, and speckle noise.
White Noise: noise with a flat spectrum (meaning that it contains an equal
amount of all frequencies)
Salt and Pepper Noise: a “spike” or impulse noise that drives the intensity
values of random pixels to either their maximum or minimum values. The
resulting black and white flecks in the image resemble salt and pepper.
White Noise
•Most difficult to remove
•Can contain all frequencies in the spectrum
•Low-pass, Band-pass, High-pass????
The median: is defined as the center place holder of an ordered set of numbers,
for an odd number of numbers, or the average value of the two middle numbers, for
an even number of numbers.
EXAMPLE 11.4
What you should know