Common Rail Injection System

Pressure Control
Hannu Jääskeläinen, Alessandro Ferrari

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Abstract: There are several approaches to control the pressure in the common rail. One early
approach method was to supply more fuel than is needed to the common rail and use a pressure
control valve to spill the excess fuel back to the fuel tank. A more preferred approach is to meter the
fuel at the high pressure pump in order to minimize the amount of fuel pressurized to the rail pressure.
A variety of fuel metering can be used for the later. Some practical common rail implementations
utilize both approaches with the control strategy depending on the engine operating conditions.

 Introduction

 Pressure Control Valve

 Pump Metering

 Practical Rail Pressure Control

Introduction
Production common rail fuel systems are equipped with a closed-loop high pressure control-
system that stabilizes the rail pressure within a relatively small margin to the nominal value
specified by the electronic control unit for a given engine operating condition. The pump
maintains the rail pressure by continuously delivering fuel to the common rail. This pressure
is monitored by a pressure sensor and the difference between the nominal rail pressure value
and the measured one is the input signal for the controller. In control terminology, the rail
pressure is the system output while the position of the actuator used to control the rail
pressure is the system input.
There are a number of approaches to control the pressure in the common rail. One way is to
supply more fuel than is needed to the common rail and use a high pressure regulator—
commonly referred to as a pressure control valve—in the high-pressure circuit to spill the
excess fuel back to the fuel tank. In this approach, the pressure control valve position is the
control system input. While this approach was used exclusively in some early fuel injection
systems such as those with Bosch CP1 pumps (Figure 1 and Figure 2), poor efficiency and an
excessively high fuel return temperatures can result.
Another approach is to meter the fuel at the high pressure pump to ensure that only the
amount of fuel required by the injectors is supplied to the common rail. A number of pump
metering approaches are possible. One common approach is to meter the fuel drawn into the
pump (inlet metering) with some type of inlet metering valve (IMV)—sometimes also
referred to simply as a fuel metering valve (FMV). Another approach is to allow the pump to
draw in an uncontrolled amount of fuel and meter the pump’s discharge flow (outlet
metering) with a valve such as an outlet metering valve (OMV). Another means is to vary the
effective displacement of the high pressure pump. By carefully controlling the amount of fuel
entering the pump and avoiding compression of excess fuel to high pressure, the fuel
injection system hydraulic efficiency can be improved and generation of excessively high
fuel temperatures can be avoided. It should be noted, however, that metering the fuel at the
injection pump may not avoid the need for a high pressure regulator. A pressure regulator can
still be used to provide some trimming of the rail pressure.

Pressure Control Valve

A pressure control valve (PCV) for controlling rail pressure can be located at one rail
extremity (pump-external PCV), Figure 1, or at the pump outlet (pump-integrated PCV),
Figure 2. The pump-external PCV leads to lower pump manufacturing costs but the proximity
of the regulator to the injectors can introduce additional disturbances in injector dynamics. In
the pump-integrated PCV solution, the fuel throttled by the control valve joins the leakage
flow from the pumping chambers as well as the fuel flowing in the pump’s cooling and
lubrication circuits. This combined flow is discharged from the pump to return to the fuel
tank.

Figure 1. Common rail diesel fuel injection system with pressure control valve located on the
rail
(Source: Bosch)
 Figure 2. Bosch CP1
pump with integrated pressure control valve
(Source: Bosch)

Rail pressure control with a PCV is inherently fast because of the proximity of the system
input (PCV) and system output (rail pressure sensor). In other words, the system does not
include the delay resulting from fuel passing through the high pressure pump as would be the
case for some of the pump metering approaches.
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