Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Signals in Communications
Signals in Communications
Signals in Communications
Signals in communications
ﺕ&
%
/0ــــم ﺱ,ـــــــن ذـــــب
23 4,ل 50م ا
6ﺱت
ااع دار ا
وا
ا
ا
اد ٢٠١١ "#
٢١٩٨
١
Email: issam_art4@yahoo.com
ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ
٢
<
# @ , 6$ '
8
"
* ;) 3"
$ - > ;
# A"
5 *
" #" !
#
, , < - 2
(C
; ! , - ! " $#
. 2 !1 $ , D 1!( '<
#-
(
E5 #
6$ 2 F *
" ; ; $# !,
G 8
( 6< .
,
!, # " # " # ! ?
; %
#-
39 # # H# %## !,
# , # # 2" I $ F
#
.<
!
! 6! J! D3 @# 5 6$
.;; -; 6$ 2
( 8( $3 !
7$ K
DL
٣
ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ
:
&# SR
& ST
. SU
VW
< .- F
= &#
& 2
(
! 1- > - / 1- 2 I
.# G" 6$ $ # 2 :" 2 6$ - 65 *
٤
( - . . & -
- F
& 2
(W .)
,
$ $ 79 '$
>9 ><
.
٥
6$ Q ?
N , ! # . !, >- :3 ># -
] -0
& 2
( . ] -
7!
6 D& " 2
( (
?^- ] *
*2
#
& - , # # .'$
.(= A
G" !, " I9 !, _ '
< '3
"
- 7
, <
< :-9
!, D #
7
, 8(" G" " < # # .
.D
( , , , @ ! # .
,
&( N( 6!#1 ." " #
:. G9 6&# ; ;; <" 2(W .,
; " Q3"
?# 2
( .2
.6&#
٦
/ /
;; & _ 2
(. # -
O 6$
[ ..1!
,
D
'<
# @ N3 ;; & <" %" ; *9
& 2 59 # @ !, V # C$ .X
.1-
39
- 2
(.
-
(" 8(9 &
'<
?< ! 7! *
.59 O 6$ &
@
< G
; " # *
! " #" E;
&
I
V.a
<
' 6$ <
b
c#[ .9 E5 * '
9 $# 6$ =
&
- 2Y
([$
". <9
&
% ? !,
!,
,
٧
6$
( & - - .$
5" #
:3" 2 A 2#" '<
" !, *
.
6$ @<;
٨
71e[ /+? - &
1 '
. /+; -
SOS > " > /+; - - E5 -" .Q
!,
#!? - " 6 6 6$
( bh1-
@!
( 8(9 - " . 6$ G
G
$ 2
( *< $ !, ," 7?
2
( *&3 &3 29 7?
*
3
" N
$ 2
( " # & E5 # (NC)>
! -
.
٩
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﻲ
&5 , 5 6!/ 6< 2 71 :6!/ 6< 2
G . F 4# < " F -
'
O . 6$ < G" (H " # !/ -$ .%!+-
< ; 6$
2 6$ !, D 2 8
; (H
"2 F < - D
1; 2 .
" .
- G" 2 !, D # ' ; ; " :-
2
( :
< !/
' 9 ! ;
$
E5 6< 6!/
.# , 6$ F
G
١٠
2< -; 5Analog Signal)(mmm !/ -;
-
> / / Continous . ' !
< -; " ]....... " "
< # 2
!,
(" Discrete . '
- $
2
2< ?/ , # 2
!,
7
, < - !/ -;
2 -; 2 8" 2# " 2 QuantizationS2
@ !, Quantization Levels %,
./?/ " # #
( 8Quantize
١١
E5 S
,H - 2< , 5 (Digital Signal)< -;
/ < + O :3
/
A3
,9
2
( #5
;
1
# #
$
0S9
,9 !, !
١٢
2< , 2 (sampling)
. $ ?(
2H D $ (binary codes) &/ 2<"
(quantization)
- (modulation) / 7
,
%C$ * - /
Digital<
١٣
!! 6 !! #
1 - " 6$ + 4# *
65 bit 6 ( "" " "R" ) 8" Individual signal &. -
١٤
# " ' Binary digit , &/ 2<9 6$
+"
6/ E5
" bytes" 6 eight bits . 6/ !#
# ." ' 1!( < T 45 Eight bits ,
* < >1 6$ <9 6!, Eight bits , 6/ # % F
parallel transmission . G. 6 5
١٥
The forms of digital video signals:) 35 0
١٦
6&- F #
%:< # 8 -
frame store
# .( #-random access memory RAM
7
,
1 - # 2
A # E5network .
" reading "out put , : ! :< , * @ +
.# 6$ " in put " writing #
6 8(" (
" # !
2 6 - E5
6 G(" ! 2 the analog to digital converter , 6#,
*
$
- 6!, ! # analog signal , -
.: !, "
5- A
! 2/ @,? .( < - 6 -
. - 6 G("
١٧
digital < -
" E- " O : ;"
$ 2 #$ analog signal . - 6$ F
#signal ,
6!, $3noise _- #
. -
,
digital signal , < -0 A O 5 # . -
45 > off , 6$ off 6
, on 6$ on 6
$
T A 6< 2 GH$ . _- F
6 2
6 " '
- 89 " 8
6!, 8
signal to _- 6 -
6$DB
<
65 # < -0
: " 6 5noise ratio .
-$ #5 . @,? " ! 2 6
, #
, ;
*6<
#
!+-
, # <
; 6$ $ 4 analog signal . -
# G *
, ]
6 6
. # /L , 6$ !
;
, 2/ , ' * .( # < - : /
( RAM ) . + # 6$
1 ! 6
< - @,? 6!,
<
. !# * # # !#
F 2 " # .
7
/#H 1!( ; 6$
E+ 2
:." :. 89random access 6&-
.:.9 6!, /H
/ %.( %!
١٨
#
1 @,? # < - : //
C$ analog signal . - 2
(
" # digital video effects DVE units <
1 /L
2!1 ; 51 # ; @< < 6 # *
$ /L
Optical printerG '
= 6&
>
١٩
N <?
6!/
linear modulation 6
(
R
٢٠
٢١
- *Ac
! - # !, ;
N / T #-
6$ 6 . \
- *(V
) m(t)
, .
.baseband
, . - envelope $?O
٢٢
2 6
3 : / !, E5
2
(
.stereophonic
- D
6$ . 8
D !,
G
65 .BW=fm A \
- . I, C$ 2¤/ *!
. . I, F N
< /#9
٢٣
SSB . G
"
N
?
N E5
!, "
.DSB-SC
. 6&/
!# %- 6/
, . 8
*(0<K<1 F) Kfm E
8(9 . .( :. N $3
.BW=(1+K)fm 0 2.? . I, #$
angle modulation G
b .
T
:6)
:6)
٢٤
phase modulation (PM) G
"
٢٥
- , # 2¤/ .Hz/volt
$/.5 %
Kf F
:N
\
٢٦
G
G
6 6$ - #- () #-
65 6!/ 63
! " " /?/ 45
.position 3 " width 3, " amplitude 3
٢٧
E5
./ Ts # N
- , (" %" $
, # 2¤/ *.b #- - *6
, n F *m (nTs)
2 Ts !, 7!
.%- G"
4! - :
. ("
3 F 63 - !/ - 5
:5 - E5 1
.!/ ! 3
.natural 6
(" "
(" 6 - # F "
5 #-
#- '
< +
3 !!
.m(t) \
-
٢٨
flat-top A
(" @
3! # F *
3 "
#-
5 . .3
(
6$ - , < E
/
(" !, 6$
( #
2
%H % ,
.
3! . . I +
, . - 2 5
:5 " 1
.
. slot 3$ (
' 6
٢٩
#
, 3
2 #- m(t) - E5 '
, . -C - \
3, # /
'
.(§ #-)
٣٠
digital modulation ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ
quantization 2# R
٣١
! %$ /W M( 6< /6!/
N " 5
< #- !, < !# *!/ - ) (
3
.6!! bits
٣٢
differential pulse code 6!31 . 63
U
modulation (DPCM)
٣٣
9 E
. I1( A 6 7
8
. 63
- 65 *. I, M 2¤/
63
!, 7!
* 2< 71! $
.prediction L A- 2
( !,
G *6!31 .
٣٤
adaptive delta modulation (ADM) D#
'
9
. 3 I1( A G
.6 3! 2< !, $
٣٥
+ ' .! '#
( >< + !,
"
.(
-
keying 1< 7
< . ' 7$ ! !, < - 65
-
,
5 . 5 2
( *
amplitude-shiift
.C :1!( 1< 7
45
.!/
.C phase-shift keying (PSK)
.C keying (ASK)
.C differential -shiift keying (DPSK) 6!31
F 6$ !1 65 frequency-shiift keying (FSK)
.
٣٦
ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ
D
' - :; 7
, 2 - ; !,
;( 5 *% # 7
, " -; 2?#
! . (G
! ;) D
٣٧
>
@ , (; D
! ; #;
, & .; E #; &
$ 6$ 6#;
. ! -; 5
$
; (= . ' . G # " <
:
-
٣٨
. microwaves D # " -3
!# " 65 1!( - E5 '
( 45
2 electromagnetic (EM) waves.
+#
: . ' 9 E5 2
(
٣٩
D
2 %!, 7!
+# # 8
5
2
( D
5
$
:. EM spectrum. 6
+#
.
$ D
!,
+# '<
2
@ energy. <
frequency 5
wavelength 6
6
<
. !#$ #, 6
. A >#
, <
1 5
# D
!," 6$ ' 6
5
#$ D
1" 6$ ' 6 *+ 6
٤٠
C$ *D
6$ !," 1 ' %C$ 6
"
!
/ 6
#" D
1" 6$
.
: !,
< O 2, #- C$
"
. " line-of-sight ( E5 * .
'
; D # / 6
$
.
( 6$ ;
<
. <
. %C$ / ' " 3$
d3 . D # C$ * - d3
. - $/#
٤١
<" C$
/ 31( <
"
. 3 !< 13 8(" < (
!
#!
&- 1
. #!;
&- 2
# G D?+ 2
($ 6#!? "
. -
#!?
& 3
. - 1
٤٢
. : -9- 3
: 3
:
" !, /L 6 ,
. F 7
8
- 2
'
6 hertz (HZ) .
8
,
bandwidth. F 7
&.$
٤٣
'
6 31("
!," 71 D 65
. !
+# !< %H attenuation 5 D
. ?( 6-? D3!
2
(
(
, ( 9 E @
. - 6
+ " I1
,
+# .,
& @!O" '
;
. ( ' (
٤٤
+#
+# "
:
+# " I 6! $
Visible Light 6& :3
Micro Waves <
Infrared Waves:
Cosmic Rays. # -9
X - Rays -9
Ultraviolet Rays 1 7$ -9
g - Rays -"
(L
,
+# 5O 9 E5 #
: @ Z#-
1,3 @
٤٥
( ,- <
) 6
+# D
D @
:. 5 . " 6& D
"
9 8
.%L '
G 6
+# D
'
# %L '
; C$ 6
+# D
"
4 ,
: / !$ . 8(" & %, D-#
> ; , ; L '
; " 5; # 6$
4 M(
.
( ; 5
2. '
;
5
4
, '
!
;
:1A3
3
٤٦
B> ) B
6
+# D
6$ ,- <
! 1!( #-9 "
C$
9 6$ 1 5 2O !, * 1!(
"
F /2# U G , E5 ¬1 6$ , >1
. F/ R¡ " .
9 6$ .
$ ¬1 6$ ; ,- <
"
<
#-" # 6& :3 / !$ . 1!(
. 6$ N 3" 6& :3 # . : 6$ 8(9 ,-
8("
" 6$ D1- 4? :
٤٧
1 C3
A3 D3
E>?
'
%H . 5 :
!
-2
6$
." # F ?
"
.
9 I1("
٤٨
Ultra High Frequency Waves UHF ! 7&$
- 4
? N
; E5 . .1! 6$ E5 2
(
6&5 # ;
!, '
; 4C$ 4 .
. ;
2 7
!, " .1!
<
65 Micro Waves : <
- 5
# ( ¡R × U R )
d 6
C$ 6
. ( # ."
5
?
.1! 6$ 6, F " 6$ /
!
. D ." / ;; "
6. ]
!, L D# $" N 3" E
. < <
٤٩
Ultraviolet Rays : 1 7$ -7
7!
C$ 61 7$ -; M
, &#
I
] 6,-; " ] !1" 5 D 5 . :3
F * + 7 "I9 ! N 3 /#9 " 5 5 .
A . >- ,
1 7$
E5 M
< 3 /#"
>? N ,- /#" 4
٥٠
" ' . %3 2 -9 2
(
2 6$ ?( D! " F 3 -9
.#
. ; .&# / .# , 5 2!#
: 65 ;
. (
+# ) - -1
: 6#!-
cable ?#
٥١
*
. #! , , :
. ?#-1
U ?( , *1! #- 6$ 2
(
.
/ 6$ R
?# E5 /*( ; %, 2!# D) :&3 D; ?#- 3
!, G . D 2
(
&3
: 6#!?
: FGH
٥٣
H#
" #
E5 . - E 6$
# 9 ,
4
, (wave front) ! #- !, N # 9
!, (7&, H 3, 2
,
,)
< @ 2$ !,
.!#- +
6$
٥٤
:" /L
# 9 I
M •
># •
# •
_- •
:FH
5
, D3 " (# #- G" ) #!? 9 :3
.5, 6
<
G
L *
,
. #- *!<
3
. #-
< M<
2
(
,* &$# dB
< 6$ 6
( M< '
!<
/H D ( 6$
> G) M
!, N , N
< 4! !<
H 2, #- ?.N # - !,
%#-" ' N 3" : .
M( #- *- M
© M ,
(... E @" *@3 *
)
.#!? #- (
#!?
# ( 1! N 4 *@
*9 M
!, 7! F ].. -9 *@-(© 9 4# .
#!? 9 M 7! $.3 : .# 8
M
٥٥
N
< ! *: # !, 2 C$
.9 M !,
:I >
*
d
!, 6& #-
6$ ># F
>#.&? 8(9
" : A
!, N 3" F
#
.A
$
6 . >1
٥٦
7&
, © A3 - " : 5 #
' 6 #-
*.+5 "
N
N # .
.
J3
'<) / ¯
<?, 4! 6 %1
9 #C
= R + R " G" *I 3 :+C 2 " (© 6
٥٧
:
!, /H
,
, S N
N
N < #
<
!, /H E5 '
, " '
– / !, 8
M @
F
( 2$ 6$ N N
&$ 4! N
, I C$
:6#!?
1 - H
LSB/USB/CW/AM-N/AM/WAM/FM-N/WFM
-
. 6LSB=Lower Side Band
!, 6#!? ; 6$
, 2
( * !
..5 §, U, R,¡ / 1(
٥٩
- . 6USB =Uper Side Band
!, 6#!? ; 6$
, 2
( !
..5 T¡ T RT R¡ R / !,;
٦٠
4
71 #-$ . 1 2 !, 71 #- # '
# 1 2 $ R 2
, + $ 2 # !,
/ 1# !, #- # ' #- 71
?$ #5+15
#- !, A # . 4 !, / . 1
B # ; #- >1 !, ( # . !, ()
# RRR ;# A # . ! #
$ #- # $ 01111110 ;# B # !
+5 +5 +15 +15 + ;# 1 D A # .
/ D #- # $ B # .
,+15 +5 +5
٦١
$ #5 + R+ R+ R+ R+ R+ R+ + ;#
0 , 1&.$ / 2 #5 8
O
$
6 modulation AM Amplitude A!
<
$
6 frequency modulation FM A!
:9 G
7
.
!#R¡ <
I, longwaveLW !
*
AM
( (
@ 7
I, +) .5!# T¡U
<
I, Medium Wave MW
*
AM
2
( N !# R !#T
¡¡ <
I, frequency modulation FM *
2
,
< (
@ I +) R¡
:
G" 2
( #,
<
<
E5 FM
FM " AM
٦٢
G
7
FM " AM
, <?, ; %" 2
6$ !#- ; % % !
@!< # 9 '
.! 4
'
" !#- 4
?A A3
65 M&( F?/
.
. ;
٦٣
+ 2 $ " FM "
, 2 6 "
@ !, : " Carrier " ! M(
!9
٦٤
H 1M 3 G3L @P
; $ !
6 . , D" 65 D9
(
2. 6$ D9 E5
' - 4 # 8
.N
$ &3 - 6$ 2
( ?#
٦٥
D! (
³ %# 2 %!,
< :3 M ; ># 9
"
1 "
$ :3 C$ %!
G
&3 - D3 " F
9 I 6$ # .:3
:1# " # 2, #- * 61! .
6$ @&-
"
!
$ %$ &3 - 8
G D!
:!, !,
D3 "
1
D3
6 :1# D9 ," 45
:3! !# # 10% ,
. ;
+ &3 - 6$
(nm 1.300).6
٦٦
H 1M H? @P R
: D9 ;;
#
D3 "
1 6 &3 - N 3 45 " N # #
?# 6$ F
G# !
$
, (
*+ 1 ;; IO" 6$ 2
( 6 A
!,
- E .. ?# E5 6
٦٧
D" .. E5 #. &3 - !, #
!, 13 &3 -
, *(
1!+
M&( >1 < &3 - 6
/ C$
&.
:3 2(1).! , D?+ " G"*
< &3 -
.
1 "
!
$ :3 !, #5 (
<
(Receiver):?Q
/ E5 @ 5 $ *;; 2, 6$ / D9 /
"
!
4?9 ,
( 31
: 1!# O •
?# 4! <" 1!# &3 ?# " ' #
.> 4?H#
,
٦٨
: 4 $ •
" .
4?9 <
$ H D9 .
?# 6$
2. 6$
' # %C$ $ D9 E5
.> 4?" ' %!, #; 5 + 5
<"
:, :1# •
:7& 3 " •
٦٩
= ! 4*# - G" &3 D9 2
( ;
3" D(
!
$ &3 - !
.# - , 7&
:. 11( •
:, •
< # 6$ 2
( 6$ 4 " D9 .
: IO©
&
# @" 6$ 2! !, M1-
.5 O..]
٧٠
;; $ /
3$ D9
; 8 !! <
, , D;
!, . ; * <
# : # , D!(
7&, <
$ _-
2
,
! -?
Core & 1! (
:3 > !, D; #$
Cladding
.. 2
, - < D;; . 3$
/# !# & $
modulation
٧١
- " ( )!/ - + 8
(H " # !
.(%
)%<
:Modulation
!
, &- 69 G
7
- 2
-9 E5 C$ <
, ! &
# ; 1!(
Modulation @ ! E5 D !,
,
(D3
-) 69 G
7
- F
.
! M&( I
٧٢
.Demodulation
6
, - , , 65 ! E5
, 5 @ 2< 6$
63 @ 7
٧٣
.
S:PM) Phase Mpdulation)
SU
-
!
6$
, , 5
,
" 1
- 6$ + ' @
.
- " 2< 6$ 2
!, " !, %
"
Modulation )
!, 7!
" # 6
!,
(H " C$ 5# 7 6 /?/ 9 8
# " # (Wave
2< 6$ 2 G
@ PM " FM " AM +
- 6,
6$ 2< ( 6 - "
.(emodulation Signal)!(
٧٤
G" ..5 U .5 R
6$ .#
6,
@ !, 2# U 2# R d
"
4 , ;
2# U 2# R
6$ !, O
" &5
6
! ! -0 Modulation , 2
2 4 <" 1!# !, &5 @!
+3 6
4 ., &1# ! - 6
+ F
! 65 < 6
4 5
!, A3
< 11 #
$ 6 < C$ ;/ #
6 $
$ 6 D < C$ % 2/ 2!<
5 2! #
65 < #$ 5
.# 4 < ! 6 !
F ,
, " I1
!, /
&1 ST
G-
G"
- -
4 9 E5 (
F
D 4
6$ %3 @
C$ - #
# < >1 6$ - /# F # ;
!, # F
@ I 3 ,
D
&$ E5 (
F
4 , D!(
!
.
! G(
٧٥
,3 A3
C$ * - # *D# $" ' N.$ E5 #
7
, O9 ( 2 , , $9 E5
..5 T 5
¶! 6
,
+#
N:. 2 G"
$ :
6&.$ < !, 1 5 , "
6$ 4 , # 2 *
(
%C$ *<
*<
D 8("
" " :3 " G# ,1 " #
&5 !, 4
<
E5 2
(
, 6$ #
$
.
٧٦
6$ 9 D-# D# $ , "
9 6$ /
' 6$ "
.#9 - ; 6$ 2
6$ 2
( N
,
< # A , , 5 !
”/ G“ #- ,
6$ !
; *
C$ *+- '3 6$ 5 2
"
, 2
2
(
N 3 5 /H
. .&$
A 2"
#. R 2, N:
#- # 7!
@ 3
:
+ < 2
" (
(
/ @ ' 7 G 2? 1 E5 6$ ..
#- N & # G >
" 6-
*!
@
,; 6$ (" %# *; %
6$ %." 7 ”/ G“
4! #- >
6$ 8 # 2 6 # #1 4!
, 2 ' , ( >
" /" R§ 2, 61$ * !
]
" ". ; N:. A H .., !,"
. 7
, O9 2
]
6 ) ( : 2
< F
.D# 1 2 D
E .#
&
G . /
3 @ N. # 1 4! 6$
; # *%&- !, 4! '- ;
8(" N, *!/
$ " RU* G"
;
. @ ”.1!1h1Y “ 2 %!, 7!
" *79 6$ D#
٧٧
# 2 1 5 '< .
6$
, 2
( 6
U %. # %,1 ¶!
$ *6. 2
(?
3 8 % ' 2 * / G %/ # # *N!#
.2,
6$ ! ! ( 2 :" # 6$ ] D;=
٧٨
X (,3 A3) QB
RQ
)
+# ! I , /) 2 #
/= " !,) - 9 ' I , 5 2!# "
#L 8("
4! % :. " 2 I * O /= "
N
, /H 5
.2 (
F 6$ @
<
!, I 6
+#
- !, N-
. N3" 4!
6$
+# (
, O N/= 45 " #
G /9 " %$ 4-; .1!( 2 ." !,
; " E3 ! 2
, 6+
( /" 5
.%/
!, @" !
, 6,
'$ 4 8
"
<
&. 6$ 4! G /9 ## M(! .:
G
L * 4!
N ..5; S@ 2 6$ S:
M!( E
2 2 ...5; 4 1 F
6$ 1 $ 4 6$ -1
< %# *1!( 7
4!
. 2&
3 F
G
L
< @ :. " 2
I /H # * /H 6 ! F
" # 4 !/"
.I
٧٩
Q @ 1M L
3 ,3 A3
٨٠
? ,
# " *6& 1" D!( 6 !,
. ( .9 F 2
, *
*
&< .# !, /L ; P
< :/" %
( @
2
( @ * RT 1
© 2
(
-
* 1! 6&5 ? '3 1
9
*% :
$ 6 :3,9 6$ /H
. F P 21 (
. ( *
,9
٨١
;
Z > >1 !, *
4! 6$ ! 8<
.
/
@>
٨٢
>
# C$ *$
!, 1 2 "
-
./ 65
.
# *Hz
Y I)
1 >< *7<
I+ *2 % !, 31 $ *'< 6$
, >< , Q3, *# N
b
.? .
Q
, # ;
<
b
b 9 5 .
b
b. $ ?( ! #
6&-, H
( G
L /
b .AH
## *Q
b **2 b# D G" *
b# 1 d > 6$
> ZC$ *9
b" .f
6$ . G
L
.,
7
" #- < # 6 *.
٨٣
Z3P Y
:" F
b 5 f
, 65 v
5 λ
٨٤
-
Y 2 C
D3
ω = 2πf
٨٥
E5 6$ .:3 :
(
6$ :3
.:31 b+
H . b+
ﺍﻻﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ
'3 2 G ! ]
6, 7!
- 2300 1 I; 7$
E
6$ 6,
I; & ; .
, 3 # *&5 !, 6,
A
6
+ # *I; !,
G / 2/ 5#
!#U , *
<
-
6,
.
/ 6$ !R
* 5 8
#; ;;
,
*G D?+ !,
-; # !, ?# !,
-; *4?;
, !, 8 ?# E5 D
. 4& , ; ,
( #$ #
# 7$
6 , <; 2
( #$ :! d< R 2, 6$
6, L # F *#; ;; $
. * 3;
. I; -
٨٦
7
, ; 7 '
* 6 %,1;
.
$
'
G #! $?(
G Echo 1 # ;? 6, < :, <; -
# 2 G Passive 1 O 5 # *R 2, 7!
. #; -? >#, , , # *# &
G G
3
- 2 *
, , E5
2
( 2; E5 6$ G( 3"
E
2/ 5#
. 2
.1! -; <; E5
٨٧
6 !# < 3; # , # '3(
!# * !,"
6$ < # !# % M E5 .@## #
. H
" , 4
#
$ * , I1(
6$ # G Echo 1 $ #5
# #5 ,
?( 3; #
# F , ,
$ ; , 6, # ' 3;
&5 !,
. E/"
1
:;
( ' 6 #
. 2 7
/# 6
+ <; E5
. I,
(
?( 2
( %$ * 6&# <; E #; .; +
. 6&# 6 >- :3 2 6 -
٨٨
/ *:;
( 7$ , ,1 !,
6 , <; J
., <
- @!
5 * -;
@ 6 # $
, -; 6. ( 45 4 $3;
. /
E
< (H 45 */ 6$ 2# U , 2! 5 # -;$
3;
$ '
2.? . 5 / 6! RT
$ # / R . 5 ; I 6$ *6,
G(
15 # :
, ?/ .
# ,
. 6. ( - $ , <; ,
. #- E $ * 6& 6$ # !, 3,
, ¡ 6 6, 63 4 6$
63 7$ ;
. 6$
; 7$
٨٩
# , >1 6, &5
8( I;
. I; A
/
E & 5 ># E
. >- % @$ - ?( d
@ 4 */ # @ 6, (
5
# * (
! ( . 2
( #; .;
. >-
! 6( 2
# .!1 &5 !, , <; 8
6$
A
-; % 2 #- ; &5
. 3;
2 F I;
4
G 6 6, &5 %
'
. ( 2# -
-;
.5
! -;
¶! , <; 2 6$
R RR .5 ¡ § ¶! ; I 6$ .5 !
. 6 !, .5
٩٠
2 F - <
<; E5 6$ #; .; + 2
6&# ! - ?(
: L 4-
, 2 , <; , ;; .
. G
, ?#
٩١
G ) @ >
+ 7
, *A ># *:31 6$(6
+
*:31 6$ (6# ) %, ( (
>
+
< 4
!, G
, (>
+ ) # ?# 6$ ; 3
(attenna) .; 6$ 5 * ># (6# )
:
!,
;; 2 D
٩٢
!33 M Q3 @33 SA 2B [?
: 7
; 1
7
:?
( L E5 $ ' ; ' 7
L 7
2
< L $ 8- O E
8 7
< , I+ 5 7
:- / !$ .. - <
٩٣
. 7
! #
<
. -; < $ ,
7
' 2
< *( E 5. 2; 5
3$
! 5
2
, @
!-$ / % ; >?1 2(
.>- -
: ? ^?
٩٤
!, @# ; $ 3 7
A
$
$ > 5 '
!$ > <
:; ; E5 # 2 $ *
L $
2 ; L !, ( 5
1 '3 ) '
7
. 13 -? # & -;
: K D3
: _\ \?
٩٥
! ` \LM ? O
+# - !,
-; LNB
2
! 2/ 5# 2/ &# - Microwave
.. #
< < ! E5 ?( -- # I1( '
٩٦
5 $
45 >!$ * ; 8 <
>
D!( 2< 5 $ 4 /#; .. ' >1 #
$ %# dB , #
< RRT
$ % * (
5
!, @# 2< * ?/dB ,§ # D!( RR
.. !
8
$ --
-- > C-band . $
-;
E5
!(
dK R K R§ K T K T 4$ 8
; . (
.5 ,T 3.7
. !, IF
5 2< 5 .5 R 950 d$
.. R
2< >1 $ RF
;
٩٧
$
+ A ; 4 # 5
$
E5 @# #
. 5
1! ; 1 5
Ku-band :- 43- 2
:- 4 5H3
٩٨
. -
$ 5
$ !, %- 5 .
. 2# 3
2
#
#
+ 2 # ( 8
! 1 I1( 8
! (22 ;
.. ( $? $ R¡ ! $ R) +
:- 235 5 3
! 7
# -; ' 5 5
1! ; 1
$ 83 O 5
1 $ 4 ..
( ' LNB
$ 2# '
4 LNB -- I1(
; (
#
#)
LNB 2
( $ # .. !(
. 5
1 , :+; '
:- 235 @H3
: 2< /?/ 2
(; '&- 5
1 #
٩٩
# -; ' 2 .#
&
! : ; 2 *
.. 7
A
8 (
) -; %
5 $ : F/ 2 *
1 $ !
@ -; $ 2#
I S $ " < 4?" U ?(
" . 3;
PULSE - @
:- 235 D3
5 @!
-; 5
1 1!( 45
: 65 ; E5 ..
#
١٠٠
..
$
- M( 8
5
$ *
.. # # . - M( 8 5 $ *
- 8 C,KU &/ 5
1 5 ,- /#; *
..
# .
5
1 /
. - ; &/ 5
1 45*
C,C &/
*
! (; $;
! 5
LNB /
, @# 2
(
#- $ 5 *
+ $ %.! ; 4
.
7
8 &31 ;
&/ 5
1! # ; / !, 8 7 $ $ ; F
.. (# , #
, 3$; 5) - 5
+ 2 F 5 O 5
1 @# A < , (
'
F . , @< $3; 4 LNB
.
١٠١
.. 4
M( LNB ! 8
5
$ @# 1! $ 4 I !
D3 $ @ 5 # !,
LNB @#
# .
.. 1!(
$ 5(
+ !,
< 2
, 5
1 @
,;
# 2
-
">#"
@ ' .. 4 ,
( E+ @ $ @
, .. ?/ A$
7
# D< $ @ .. # 2 ! ; #
< .. + &
.1 7 8
L
< @;
;
.. O <- 4) D
, 7
D< %1 :
.. () # , 45
١٠٢
33 b 5- Q3 RA4? a 33 : 3 D3
– B33
: a 33
/
(
4 !(
, , ,
2 .. 1 . 5
$ U E
< &#
8+ +
? # 7
( Mount ,
.. O <- 7
# 2 &
%- # !(
.
,; I
; 4$ :# + 1 M2 / M1 ;*
. O <- 7
!, 1 !(
١٠٣
3
, @ 8 5 Sensor > ' 4! *
. . @ # , D< ! ! &#
2
( 2
, @
? !(
! !(
; #¨ *
.. / #
. #¨ @ (
E (
# *
.. @
,; ! ( !(
;
١٠٤
H/H :- 33
7$;
7
4 %;
# 3
8 (4) (L > ' 8
7 5 .. + 7$; <-
&
D # 5, # @+ 7- 7
%!, 4
!, 1 7
! . 5
R¡ 8
..
$
$ !$ O 5 # $
:- 4
? 3 \ :
.. 1 ( LNB 4! 5 (RG6) !- 4! *
.. D
5 4! *
.. D
U 5 5
1 4! *
١٠٥
4? § !, 8
# $ 5
1 4! 4! #
,
4!
!- 4! ; 2 ; < 2 ' # ..
1
.
$
7
; 4 4 Positioner 7
%
$ # D?(;
..
< &31 ;
U : / ; . -
.. T #
١٠٦
U 4
>? : # ; . -
. U §¡ # -
; 2 ; 1- 41 ; . ! 2 .; E5
-; 2/ 1- 4$ 2 1 -; ( # %1 &31
.. .1!
. # M( D2Mac # !/ 2 # -
١٠٧
. 8# < < 1 -
# $3; < 1 1 >1 2 5
/# 2 <
#
..
4-;
5- 1-
S:
; %#
#
/ M( <
#
*
. 1 <
١٠٨
S: < !/ 1 .
/ d1 < ; 2 &31 1 . 5
< ; < 2
#
. 3 T#
$3; Common Interface
81- 2 /# 1- 1
U# / !/
١٠٩
#
,
2"
, D-#! #!? "
# @3 6$ 1
, D-# G 5 # 69 2
[§ ][ ][ ]
.R 2, 6$ 4 $
O
<
8
>9 :# 2!,
& ? ;# H-"
5 #$ *RR§ >
O" - 6$
*/ @ <
[¡ ]
.6&
D-#
١١٠
@3 B
I >
+
!, D-# M 6
G
4# * ># I1( # 2
(
.#
©
١١١
C$ .D
#-
!,
, #-"
D-# -
+ 5
C$ D
2 <"
#
# D
C$ D
2
" # *= !, :3#
.@
<9 6&/ / (!1 -) @
! D
" ,
" # D-#
(
# F
<
" 2
( /
# * -
..( DO 2 D
5"
. 4 *G
D-# @ 29 " 45
D-# E;
, # $ " *D-# '
"
@ ?# # ; 61( C$ 4 ' *A- &
# ># E;
.!
! ( D ,
١١٢
@3 >
:
D-#
-0 <
#
:" F
! <
= Pt •
١١٣
-; , = F •
5 *_- G"
2
1 ¬1 6$ R=-; ,
?(
1
&
!3 -; /H @
D D3 D-# -
6 3 ;
I .7
.# D
59 D-# 6$ 2
( ()
.
cQ
5 E * E ' ! D-# - 6&#
" $" # D-#
< C$ 6 * @
5 #
"
, !, D-# %# *&
" 2
( #- !, "
,
*
6) _- ! 2
( 6$9 @
; ?/$ *#;
*
29 !, D! 2
( 2
( !,
@
;
! 29 + A
9 !,
6&- @
;
. ? < 2
( D-# 5 I9 (#
١١٤
KL3L
, # 6(
:33 45
" F :1# ; ." # */
D-# " 6$ .D
45 3" .( :33
<"
# !(
:33
# # ?( 6 *
:33 D
4! !< !# <
. !# %" * ' #, <?,
١١٥
< *6. 2 63 D-# 2
( .# #- :33
.
ABS A3
,9 !/
# - * I9#
29 •
. . 6& '3 G -
١١٦
.61( --
. 3
e?
:QQ4 d @
١١٧
># @ # 3 4! 2 .#!? - + @
4! ! 6$ *6& ( < !
"
6 ! < + 6+ 3
. ;
4 / *D-# I $ O # ,. I •
!
6$9 @
;
! 31 •
١١٨
#;
< *& 31! ! /
!, $!
3$ D!+ # D
5 6$ :1# " .
.
3 # .
. !,
% # *<
A" # *7 6$ # % 2# 2 &!
?( , D-#!
! /#" !< '
. !,
.D-#
١١٩
< $ 1; @ / O ' @
.;
J3
% " -- 9 4 *
!#- _-
: 5 % D-# * !
6 D-#
.»!
, ' >! #- < $ *D-#SD
SD-#
< $ # D-# ." <" <
_- ."
D-# _- * 8
3 < *D
59 :1( !,
<
D3 /H _-! .(Main lobe Jamming *6& _- M$)
5 *(9 ?( 8
!, D-# /H
! # .(Jamming Side lobe :.!#) "6 _- M$" /H
# ; # *% . 73 7
, 6& _- M$
>1 >1 2
( G _»- - %
, ( .
١٢٠
_-! M1 !, @!+ # .D-# %
( G @
;
2
( 7
, 3" * M1 ! 6&5 2
D-# (antenna omni directional :.!#) 5; ' 6&5
. M1 - 5
1 - 0 SA
M I)
3?> )3
١٢١
.?03 ?[ A3 -4
#!; < 3 65 D
>
45
, *D
, < @ 2/ (6
+# -)
!# ! D # $ (/ R¡ ,):3 , 65
.<
.9 I <
$ E5 @ @!
*( 5)
١٢٢
*
" - < !
3 2
(
8
D-#$
*<" - < ' < 3 2
( 8
D-#
:.!#) # 3
< 3
, #-
" .D-#! 1
" 5 *(frequency pulse repetition
# 3
+ #C A" F D-# "
3 3 7!
/
"
D-# " *8
+ 2/
6 8(9 *" 6 G" * $! 5
*
' ) ! - . $ !
.!
$!
!
, 3 # .3 #- !, ( 6) ,.
pulse :.!#) 3
+3 3$" :1# !,
.(compression
>
١٢٣
5
, . #
& -$ + -
" .
. !# G" *-
1
. !#
. .
$ *6!9
- 5 2 .
" $ # !#
71
.!
D-# 2
B I)
$ >
2 C$ 4 *. ' $ 7$ 65 ,
# ., >< %!, $ D
# $ # '
D-#$ ) " * , (; -- !,
2! #
# .@
3$" :1# , M!( F
< (= /H 45 #$ *
G" #
E5 2
( .!
/H 6 5 *#!
$ ,
# ."63 !
D-#" D-#! /
9 9
# !
/H ?( 6!9
, $ D
& -
,
" !
/H # .D-# 2 , @
GH$ .
$ D
! D-#
M( 8
?( D
!
E
# ; 8
!, G
, # D
, ,
5 *D
! E E
# # *5
!
/H
."! D-#" (9 2
١٢٤
f -Q
: 9 4 *(
/= ! D-# - 2
(
*# D
59 D-# *!
D-# *# D
59
6< >3 *#
/ *6&31 . D#
D
5H
%" $3 *,. & 6$ 2
( G
.G/ < D-#
@3
5) O / @ ' #!? - G 5 : •
2# G !# (6
+ 6# 2
. +
. 5 :
- •
. 6& @ !, 5 :6 •
/ ? *(3) " ! - #- D : •
. %!
G G
.2
( ! •
١٢٥
1G3 RH
١٢٦
.'
$# ># 7
]Q gM I B
7
< F . '
$# % 7
/
9 2
(
!, !
1 6&
9 4! / * ! /
."D-# 7!O" " *6&! %
١٢٧
_ D3
G& A:/ *A . C 6& 6& 2 :6" A •
.6<
A
A:/ *A . C 6& + 2 :G/ A •
١٢٨
% !! %1!# @ < D-#
1
-
.$# ># 6& #" #- d!
A 3
١٢٩
.A 3
2" 9 ! D-# " 2
(
D-# #
.<
!(
" # 9
# */ @
1
6&<
2 5 *,$
] 2
( 65
. ¼ "
١٣٠
! &
" .D
5 /#" ' %# %" @ 5" < % 2 5
4!
( ! " .; R6S6 65 2 5
" 3$" 8
65 ]*UR ¶ &
65 (!. SBI-16)
.
١٣١
ﺍﻷﻧﱰﻧﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ
! # #- # ." , : , , 5 ;
<? #- E5 * # ." <?, #- :- I 3
2 6$ UU,
. " 2 < '
.
`` > @
; 1!( © A 6 , : 5 #
.I 3
١٣٢
?tcp/ip # 2
( " @ ; ! # ."
.; !,
8(9 #-
M1 Ip % 2 D #- # !,
" 2 : N /
* . # 6 2/
,
% C$
-
(
;" %"
;
, ) 7
!, (= % 2.
,
(. >1 , 2. ' C % 2
١٣٣
. 7
+ 2. 6$ : N //
6$ !#- ?
N / %
M(- 45 # %"
," " : ?
!, 2. ' 2 %" *
, % # % Tcp C$ *M
O . D #- !, 6 , !9 (!) #-
.1
. # G " @ ; , ! 6#
C$ ? #- 23
, ( # # ) % M(
$ Ip , !,
." , !! #-
. 5 * #- , @!
.#- ! #
*
!$ 2 &$ " 2<" / # E
Ip , G"
: 5 /
Ip , C$ * T d " # 2< #
.RT,RU, ,RRT
١٣٤
." * 2; 7
, % D3 # -
,
(. 2 2
( .") #- ! ( #
( %- 65 (" . 1# !, ; D
' " I1 # +
>1 ,1 # 6& # 2
( #- 7&,
( 2
(
+ :." 2 2. G" .. 5
D?( ' @!;
$
, # 3 4 6$ # $
!,
E5 C . 2 %$
2 :
( F
2! #-
"
(
" #
< 6/ @ # >
$ %$
# . %"
#L $ M R I1 # #
:." F?/ # 2 %!" #-
(
Header.1
2# ! 3" % , , % # G :. 5
A #- . 3 <
Data.2
2
!# E:.
< !, :. 5 G
#- !, :.
١٣٥
Trailer.3
! C$ 3 3 %
!, G %;
2 :. 5
3" 65 Data 2< 6$
" 6 4 65 #
E5
CRC ! E5 !
#- 6$ # # '
! E5 2 D# :
<
E5 2 .; # !,
#- # 6$ 4 # 2 (3
6!! . 2
G. #
5 . 6$
# #5 %1!(
6 65 # %$ 2 8(" G. 6!!
2 2 #- 2. 6 65 @!
2. 2
! . 2 4 # %! 6$ # ,
$ 61 3
١٣٦
10 5
. T,
+ D3 71
+ L
F #; G"
! 2
( 5 !#
;
( F 2 5
.
# G" .; >1 2?;
3 .; % ? ' ;
( 2? 2 (;
!, ># F . ?( ;
( 2? #; 4#
.,¡
١٣٧
ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﱃ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ
VoIP " Voice over IP ( #) 7/ ,
71 2
( #- 8" , " , /
! 5
Q ! M(-9
, 89 # .Internet Protocol #-
/
" S() #- /S (IP) 71 2
(
#-
. E5 2
( Q15
*
(! $ #- , 2 6 #-! -
71 , - 2 G(#) 71! -
.VoIP (#)
١٣٨
#- , # 4
C I "
R 2 6$
6 #- 6
( #
$ D
(
, %!
()
1 ;; 2! $
6 # ¶ $ 2 :"
' E
( '
6 "
2 F
# 2 .() #-
<
8 @!
; 23
# #
- , : ' 1 4! 6$ E5
2 .
, # #- 7
, !, !, -L
"
; @$ @ !, #- , 1 ;;
(#) 71 , )
( 2
( ) # A"
. E5 2,
6 D 7
, @ +-
!, () #- 71 , ; " # ½
6$ VoIP #- 71 ,
1 65 *
&$ . # E5 3 . #- ,
L *# : ; / !,
,
#- .. 4 5O * & *(
,)
,
,
( 2
(; . 1!# I1( ;;
( / ' 7
G ! ; 8 4!, > #- 71
. (Routers)
" (".>".G
)
(
.15 ?
١٣٩
?B 3H Q Q i
.G
! D 2, + : (VoIP) #- 7/ ,
' 6$ VoIP %
'
:
% %
! D
(
: D<
1 .%
# 6$ .
&$ 2 :"
./ /#" ?
VoIP ] !,
E5 !,
(VoIP) #- 7/ , ]
" %"
# *vocaltec + #- "
, R 2, "
%- 6. @ !, %!+- 5 2
< . D5
d
<
2
( *2
( D #
7/ 2
( "; D5" # ., ($#)
#- "
.2 ,- /#" A" %" 2O SIP 7/ ;
N
H.323
6& @ .R 2, # * D5 ' vocaltec
*Broadband 3 #- $ 2
, 5 R 2, 6$ G
,
" 6 2
." 6$
( E5 $ >; 5 !,
N3"
1 .
, 15 %# '
, , :
>L 3" 5 & vocaltec 61
" -
.whichvoip.com
١٤٠
PC-to-phone D5 (- @ # 6 .9 &
# / #- #-
< .phone-to-phone D5 D5
2, ! 4 VoIP Traffic # 6
. & ' ¾ U /#" / VoIP 7$
A" T
!, 9 (H
3 3< " *T 2, 6$
#
A3
, /#" E5 A
¡* /#" 5
VoIP
'< .1
VoIP ' &
.T¡ 2, ! ;
!
.-5
! / " E5 A" *#!? 2
( '
G") Voice Over Internet Protocol .! ! ( 65
, /
! 5 – ( # ,
Internet # 2
( #- 8" , "() #-
#- Q ! M(-9
, 89 # .Protocol
Q15 /
" S #- /S (IP) # 2
(
. E5 2
(
١٤١
Q B
?
D Analog Signals !/ - E5 2
Packets 2. - E5 2 2 Digital Signals < -
, 6$ < 2. E5 6$ IP # 2
(
()
2. E5
, #- >1 ,
>#, !, A3 #- , 2 6# ! 2. '
,C 2
() D
#
2
( 6$
;;
2 6# - 8(" - 2
, 15 ()
. $
.Signals
7$
, 45 (N
+ . I,)
2.
+3 •
4
.
+3 ( " # (;#)
. 6$ (H ; 6#
< (#) 71 2
( 2. (
2.
•
١٤٢
- M?( . ! 2
, •
.
.Signals
.IP # 2
( •
! < 2. + :." < - 2 @ •
4
.
+3 ( " # ;#
. 6$ (H ; 6#
; 6# Buffer 2. ' <L .(! # 45 # " @ •
.
١٤٣
2 1 ;; !, 2# 6
-
, , 65
S:
Q-, P
b: H.323 3 33?
; <
2 , / ;# , 65
#- , 1! 1 " ITU-T ;? 6
O 6$ # 5 2
( Packet-Based 2. 2
( 6) @
.NetMeeting / -
١٤٤
b:SIP 3 33?
b: IAX2 3 33?
615 2 5 Asterisk 4" # 5
4" 2
( # , A
d1
#$ (H 6# .
.
+3 2 IAX2 :?, Asterisk
+3 H # , :/"
2 ,
/ 6$ !# R¡ / 6$ !#, +- G
/ 6$ !#R¡ / 6$ !# , 71 DH *. I,
' !, E5 G . E5 6 2.
2<
. 2. (IP Address /) .? !
١٤٥
$3 #
, '& #-
5 I1( IAX2 #
! /
' "
3" + # *. #
( d
.2. >1 6$ 3 >1
/ # , D5 :- , 3; 4#
D" 2 D 6(- @ 3 >1 2
<
$ /#" 5 @!
; .Soft phone "6
١٤٦
6(- G 4
"
#H $3 ($#) d
,
.(PC2Call SNet2Phone) %!/" %!, ' ;
S:VoIP Phone # , D5 •
G.729 /(
+3 = 2,
:. I
4? •
.(Speex
.@ , :!
$ •
), # ' ! ( :! 1 •
.( , @
Wi-Fi/WLAN #!? # , D5 •
S:Phone
١٤٧
PSTN interface 1 ;
#- '
<
•
S:cards
7$ 6 . 1 # %
" 6$
PSTN
! 1 #- # ,
PCI <
/ 4 3 I+ ( . I @#
.TDM400P wildcard
# , 2 ( d @ I
١٤٨
3 ; '3 :
9 , #!; #- , 7
, !#-
2
( 1- 2< .2 ( @ !, -
2 - 3 3
! #,
# .H 2
3 !, 6#!; D5 & F?/ /#" '.
2 I N#!; ; I A 3 " <
,.; 2
, 3 %! G 6#!? D 7
, I
.A3 #- 2!
'$
" @ 4 1!# /# $ E5 , ;
.,
!, 1 ; # G- 4-C# / #
( E5
! G" M(9 E5 7
,
# 1!#
.8("
١٤٩
4
# 1 @# 1!# # " #) <" # 1!#$ D!
.(1!#
b:Mobility 3.l
#
$
# # 9
( E5 2
( ; •
4 @# ( # G" 6$ 215 @# (! d •
.SIP
b:Scalability A.m
(
. ' #$
. ' !,
#- ! (VoIP Phone) .?
:- 4
.. !, / 7
, " !1 ?
١٥٠
b:Features .n
!,
/ 8("
( $3 G
D
( G
– + M( # S 6
– , /
2# # – 2 M(-9 1 $3 1 #
.5O 2< " ' # 2<9 6$
b:Standardization Q.o
M( D 2
3 d? VOIP D 2 4 A •
7
!, GUI 3 2 !,
4
* I, 2 6$ 2# / !,
2
(; 6$ # O 8(9 ( D ."
@# M( 2 6# @+ 6$ 6 @
..9 4! 2
(
١٥١
b:43 2r 1M ?3 3H3 3H Q U 0.q
6$ 9 2
# F G
D
( d 4 #
.G
D 6<
1 2 6< 6.1! 4- 2 .
١٥٢
b:Quality of Service 3A.n
#- D #
( 3$" 2
!, #-
< 6 65
I+ 2
!, 1 /
2.? . I,$ 3
25" VoIP 6
25" #- !,
+3 ,
S:
(
,
. ; 2.? . > #- 6$ (H 2
(
#- 3 9 1 /
2. A @$ .8("
@ (H I1( .4 1 /
6$ (H ; 6#
4# #- 6$
!, ;
,
< /#" 2
( ! !
6$ 1 /
: #
/
:
< <; !,
/ ; 4# *
6,
(H I1(
, 25" .() D
4!,
6# 1
.#- 6$ N
. <9 :. 6$ PBX 61 2 @# 65
S: Jitter Sb
١٥٣
2. .( *' $ 2
/
; 6$ '3 6 <L # 2 ./ 6.
((H S # 2. 6#)
#- ! 2. (H
#
< <" ' 3 # !, 2
(! A
.6#
# :<L " , 45 .%-
" *'Z < 5
, 2 . !, # <L(Buffer)
2 .2
( < E
, # !,
$ 6
.( . , 65 / 6!! R <L(Buffer) ! &-
1 /
, 4# .<L # 6$ 2.!
./
6$ 6!# (H
. @ !, # <L #
. ,
S: Errors Rate :
(9
Sc
/
2. #- # " E5 6$ N
9
.4 3 @
#- N &
$ 1
١٥٤
b: VoIP Hacking 353 E>.o
1 7(0 I " # 6$ #- G"
. 1- !, @ " D!( @$
" #Soft Phone 4# !, 6 D ' (= A$
,
'
" # /#" 2
( 9 /
/H
.<
!,
,; ,. D< 5 /
# , (
)
! D
(
١٥٥
,
(
. 4 5$
2
( ( %
VoIP M(
, 4-
# $
NO
$
< O Equipment
7
, !, (
49 ! !< !<
# G" #$ #-
! !< O ) )4
(
1; ;
Mobility
(
. ' !,
. ' !,
.?
:- 2
$ N
! N
(
" #- !(VoIP Phone) 4?9 /#
Scalablity
7
, 1
١٥٦
! " # , 5" A3 E# 2
N( ; 1!# I1(
"
! D #-
#
7
2
( " F 2
(; ! 9
$
; :
" 2
( !, $3
( .
@ .
( E$ 1 E5 2
( !, " @$
# .%,
( 5 2
!
5
!,
! :
< #- L !, @ 9 >
< 6
&1 .
' 7
,; (9 7
@ # .?
,
, @$ .% 2!,
7 ,; (9 @ N3" .
&1 2 7 G
7
#-! # (9 S
,; – – $ – (H)
(
5 ./ ! 6$ N &-$ N &-
!, "
2/ E5
. # , " I 2
F
?
?
Broadbandbaseband 71
:
8
C #- ?# , 6 - #
M(- G" "
," baseband / broadband 65 9
5 #*< ; '
< " #$ %
#- , 1!( E
,
71
..#1
G5 71 #H
I 2 4" D# 65 broadband
,
!/9
"
١٥٧
M( G # ?( (cable TV) &31
coaxial cable.
5*# ?(
$
< 2 baseband
6$
Ethernet / # #- 6$ N
, 2
(
networks.
١٥٨
(transceiver) S . Baseband 2
(
6$ . @ ; F?/
$ 45 %" 4 6$ @
:65 ;
(one, zero, idle).+- OS1S
. @ %9*N
/#" $ Broadband M( S "
# >1 !, <
# F?/ ; E5
.
١٥٩
`[3 @ ? Q 1M G3L @ R
# 61$ .&3 D9 #- 8
. 7 "
. F?/ 39 #
61#
?#
G 2
¶! "
D! 6$ #" *&3 D9 6$
! # */ 6$ ! & *.
, ?(
. - $3 *
5 6$
d$ 7
; 4
#- !, @#! b
." # /#" &.$ @ )
.
? :" ' 6$ D
photonic 1 " 5 3 5 6$ /#" - 5
6$ # ;
2
( 6
technologies
switching
; 2 !# &$ D *- routing
#- 6$ ,
*E5 " 6$ .2
(; ( #
7( / 6$ ? -,
/#9
A
, .
( swithces ;
6$ # ¿- 6$ #
' # 2
( D#
- '1 * " #-
.6&3
".[ " 6+ D! 6$ &3 !, gigabit À $
* " # ! # F H
"
1 V 6 .7$
' 6$
2/
, &1 !, #
; $ 5
2/ #
.3"
- '1 ." " *@$
١٦٠
6$
$ .:
9 6$ F
6$ 6&3 D! 6H
71 ;
# " -" # D,3 (D! :
9 > 5) /
¿- 6$ .
, D,3 . "
*4 6$ . !,
Moore. D 5 *- R¡ # #! @
١٦١
.(9 -9 ?( H
<
. 5 # *%!# R 2, ?( ;
:. 6$ ' Uniphase JDS # X[ < 5 #- d
Intel %! " # !# 1 $ !, %< " %#
%
.!
6$ /; "
*
# &3 D9 <
&3
D#$ .?$ A &3 ;;
/ I1( !, ! - R¡ 4 *-" # D
D# I1( G" *(9 D[) !#
1!# 6$
6$ /
@" .(law s’Moor *!#
M(" 7
I, A D *5- &3 D9 2
! /
, 6$ ( >& %< 5 "P> "
.Journal Technical Labs Bell
" .
!/ < <
, %
, # 6& 2!$ ?( # 6 *7
3 #-
*.
, $ *
#L O 5 . $ *6#
,#
6< @! 3 2?, #- ;;
(
"
. . ...@!
 < &( :! *#-
" !, < 6$ # 6 * *:/9 4! 6$
!, #- A *>
!
#! 1
,$
.2
١٦٢
( >" 5 7
I,
; <
Ã
$ . /
&- #- , <
6
 63$; '<
;; #- 6$ 9 &3 D9 GTE T&AT #-
(
minicomputers + @ $ :/" 4 *R§§ 2,
%
6. core @!< D! # .6(- @
(U)
of indices # < :
@!! *cladding :
, @! 6$ - 1 ># 3 <
( refraction
@! :3 (
? # 4 .2
!, :
! 1
* D! 6 :.1 21 6# .D! 6 5 % %(
< " *19 - .# : I (
.># :3 5 8[ #$ *: A
< .
, " .I
6$ . " :3! '- diode (
) 6&/ 5
d
$ ! 8 # D!
. R RT
:3 - c#
!, D9 I 2 "
<
.2(3
!# ¡ $ 5, -;
( #
.
I 6$ - #
-
6$ $ &3 #- 7
!,
, 3; *< 4 6$ .!5
,
C D! '¯
١٦٣
_ 3\ (
-!) 0 # *. (3
2
@© /
/#" (3 E5
O
< .$( -
$ '
*6# 6&3 G"
-
P&3
./ 6$ À -,
, , - " 4
= 6$
" /# <
'$ '
" 5 4 259
.
Z# * = 6$
"
, !,
E5
6$ &3 #- #- 6
- F
"
C$ *
"
- 2(3 # "
$ . 79
" #
, #" - 5 %!$ 6$ @O G 6 :6-
,
. #
< #"
# ' *D! 6$
division wavelength dense 6 2 D/# 2(3 4 1 6
. +! 6$ 6 2 5 DWDM multiplexing
I, 6$ 1 (DWDM) 6 2 D/# 2(3 8
"
<
"
,
D! D,3 *2(3 2
($ .7
/# 71 # # '
6 4! *%$
)
R 2 # .< %!
D '
#
6$ À ¶! 7
I, $ G 9 * = 6$ (D!(
& ;; #- #- # -
< .
D !, /
<" D# *I9
D! 4 *DWDM 2
١٦٤
. :. ?( . @# . *
#
D# D
.@/ 1 2.?
. 2
( # ( @ - *:/9 E5 6$
6$ À # 6 1!(
"
S D!
) / 6$ treabit 3 $
*/#" " /
À ¶!
" 3 ? Enkido #- -
U 4!
< *< D< D!
. .(/ 6$
. *
' P/ 6$ "
.barrier petabit the ¿ .
B
A
? DH ; ;; #- " ;
< V switches ;
45 *@$
6$ (; 6 !& ! @" .& %
2
( &3 8
&1
, # D (
, - @!
4 1$ .
# ;
, @ 2/ ., 31( # - & " -,
&3 < 6$ 3 $ 5
*-
.E
2 D , &
YW
,$
#
1 # ;
D#
3 "
1
"
,
&
(= D! 6$ &3 -
&
- 6$ # O 6 *F 7X$ :3,H$ .6&3#
١٦٥
" .! !& ;# ## / *+
5 6$ "6&3
; :" : ] .3 &3 ;
#
.[M(
6$
; , $?( D!( D D 6&3
; " ;
2. / *
$ ,
6
#-
! . IP Protocol Internet #¿ packets
" " # D ;
6$ " routers V 6$ #
.% !,
G . !,
!, # 6 *
! 6$ ) 65 *1 "
. :< !,
"
$ *- 6$ #
.
$ ( @ 6$
١٦٦
; !
$ 2. '3( F *$ &3 #-!
.()&3 2
(
$ 2. *6. 6&3
; ! 2O !, #
#-
6 &3 #- $
, \W "W "
*5 < 6$ . " #" @ ! D
Cisco /" #- 5$ 6 # V 2 E5
7&
6$ + &3 #-
'- D *4 ' .Systems
D
6$ 6&3
? # . #- 2\ W 6
. &3 #- -; ' ;; !, &
# !,
X SONET Network Optical Synchronous
' $
4
< .
$ 2. "
Transfer Asynchronous .?
6
?3;
2. # D #- %
( (= 5 * ATM Mode
.
١٦٧
- G3L ?- Q
(3 &3 - ' &3 #-
(H . " &# - !
5
switch
!, 3 1!( :3
" DWDM multiplexer 23
switch
*- 6&3 2(3 2 .
1 D !
3 #-"
G *1!(
" !, 6&3
.1 1 2/ *- 4!
2(3
- 6$ <
" demultiplexer
(3 &3 - ' &3 #-
(H . " &# - !
5
switch
!, 3 1!( :3
" DWDM multiplexer 23
switch
*- 6&3 2(3 2 .
1 D !
3 #-"
G *1!(
" !, 6&3
.1 1 2/ *- 4!
2(3
- 6$ <
1! 1 #
"demultiplexer
.!
Â
.!
 1! 1 #
" # : *# G9 # *
2 5 6$
6$
" .IP #¿ 2. #- !, " * "
D *, -, , ; ?( '!
8 6 ;;
D " 4
, :6- # * #- # D" .#
١٦٨
;; d 7, @< % 5 " *#- ,
#
.Telcordia 6
#- 8
F
#¿ 2. #- !, # D N 15
,
#- #-" #- 65 *Ethernet Gigabit / À #- ,
#- W .&1 ;; ? 2 (LAN) -; !
5
# .6 2 23 2
( D !, 5
/ À
,
( $ D #- E5 / # , :
653 SONET ATM #- 5$ 6
( , 653
! 6$ '
<
, #" ;;
, !,
<
.D!
! #- D #- A D .
" # D *4 '
. 6$ " @ 6$ / <
'3 "
4# 5 .@$ #
. @# *Å. Å */# M(" 5 *.1! " D5
G 2!
#- I .
SONET #-
U Level ;; #- <
.IP #¿ %$
.
D" #- - Â
6$ .# Communications
.(
; 6$ D" T !,
#- >& '!
*SONET #- !,
. #- " '
#- F 5 %$ -? G 2 <# .J. O> G1 5
/ !, IP #¿ 45 # D" : % .:6- ; D
".&3 D" !, Ethernet
١٦٩
(?3)3A 1M H
( 65 GSM ,
D #- 2! #
E5 ,
, #- # (Global system for mobile )
,
# Microwave links 7
, 3 '
BTS , BSC 65 GSM , radio relay network
MSC
BTS
6$
5- !# G 5 Base Transceiver station ( 5
D# # !, 5 G 6 !,
+ $ 5 5 13indoor and outdoor unit
d G 6$ #- 6
5 #- # %
(
, !,
!# § T !( E5
<
A ># + %!( E5 2 # #
(
, #
6 TDMA 2
(
, E
; 4 @
gsm
(
BSC
, BSC ' BTS
, Base station collector ( 5
L 5 :. 5 %13 microwave links 7
١٧٠
MSC
% !( 6$ bts ; !, , %L & %
65
4 4 D# 7
, 3 ' gsm :. (bts
;
#- &
% D# !( ; # ?
+# first fresnel zone line of sight
5 7 - G
2
, 5 4 6$ @ 2 4- ¬1 6$
?$ I; (
G D?+ 6$ :31 6$ :/
E G D?+ &. <, @ 4
+#
@3
/ G D?+ 6$ 8( , $3;
+# !, /& !# E5 @ &.
. G D?+ 6$
, ; 2;
+# ,
G D?+
/ E5 6
+ !, 6&#
D?+
$/# < # ! G D?+
2! #
#- 5 G3 #- !, # 5 $ 4 !1 G
D D @
+# % ?( G3
8(
fresnel G3 #- / 6
E5 ,
( k factor )/
line $ 5 radio relay network 6$ 5$ @
- zone
@ 5 7&, G fresnel zone 7
I ; @ 4#of sight
2
, first fresnel zone 6$ '3 @
١٧١
< D!( line of sightfirst fresnel zone $3; 4 D#
1# ;
. !# F
D?(
<
F
.5 ##
5F
$ 65D
#- 6$ 3 # 65d1,d2
first fresnel zone
<
1!(
!,
E5 7
,
1 - O @ 5 , #) !!
,
.
@ line of sight ; +
G L
line of sight ; )# % ; 4
4& 1 D# ; 6 . 7( '
+#
## §
, D!( .5 # ¡
5 (
;
.5
!#- # 6 7& 7( '
' @
١٧٢
&( 5 ( &( losses ( , #;
< % @
G # 5 # ## 6$
+#
+ :. # @ &( E5
; ;
& 45
D 4?; E5 6$ ! <
6$
## G ; #
G ##
6$ < dB D
< F
!!< # &( E5 #
. 4!
. !# 65
45 !5 # ; I
. &( 5
DB
, 45 ( ?; 2!, 6$ 2
( ><
65 ( dB)
logarithmic , , 65 dBm,dBi and dB /
E5 -
2 '
6 ! /# 45with the number base 10
(
2
( '
; ! 5 dB 2
(
' A ' '
dB 2
(
, 4 !, /(linear units)
?, ( ( 2< < (+) ' ?, ( A O
(
65 -
! (S) d
dBm
-? F @
6$ // <
# > O 2
( ><
65
6! $
( 65 (transmitted power )
< 5
(decibel over m watt)
١٧٣
dBi
A 4 (gain ) ; 6$ A > O 2
( ><
65
5 ) Ideal or isotropic antenna ) 3$ '
>1 # >1 5; ' 6$ 2! F
, , 65 ;
( 65 dBi 6$ ; E5 /
;
<
(decibel over isotropic antenna ) 4. $
. -; I 6 &(
١٧٤
(?3) 3A
-; 2 6$ ; . C$ , F
,
!, ! 2/ 51- ! 2 F
,
.E
#- 6$ A3 65 # !
?A A3
@ antenna ; F , ,
frequency 5
> M&(
¬1 6$ -
. / 6$ ! 6 ..5;
, % !, D G
.5 # $ !, 1- -; 2
,
#- 6$ A3 5 # ; , transmitter ?( ?
E
١٧٥
6$ / !$ 13 <
transmitter 2
(
* U $ ; <
6#!? .
.
,§ d %$ ; <
C$ %
( G G
" 6$
#- @ (
6$ '3 # .
$ R
.E?, #- 6$ 5 # ; # @!O9 6$ #
١٧٦
-" , , 1- -; 6
9
F 5 . G" 6$ ; 1 .;
-
+#
4!
2 6$ .¬1 6$ 5
6
"
6$ ; ." < ; , 8( ;
.% ; 2 G
,3 >P
١٧٧
?( 6
+# D
6< D-# 2 2/ & -;
.
&.1 5 ?
' N
@ <
+# -; " 2! @ #
= 6
+# -; <
?( 6
' #,
x 4? /
%!, *
+# -9 <
.
. !# %" 4
2 " 2! # 6
+# D
6$ # #" -" <
C$
7.; 7$ D
<
6& D
<
5< <
;
'
># - <
4# 2 ?( 7 @ 3 ultra-violet
.#
( @ I G-
! 7(
١٧٨
1,3 @
١٧٩
#- ; - 65 radiation Non-ionizing L O - .T
G 2 :.
1 @ # .; !,
(
.D# 6& :3
-; E5 . I
( !, -; E F *; ?( !, .# -;
.
; (
4! %/
G G /; 6$ # -; E5 3 C$ 6
?( /
&.
'
; 6 ?( 6$ -;
/H $3; 5 .!< $ 2
7$
F * 6$
61 . ; ! E5 / :!
6. 8
!,
I *; 2 !, - 3 /
65 I; 5 ! %
( ; @ 6 I;
.5. 2 D3
¬
2
١٨٠
!3A 3? ])3 4 GBRS Q B 5
4 1-# H$ #- 6$ 1 6$ ! ! '
, !, 4 I$
(! 4 !,
( D #$ " .3 4 H
( 7
6$
# .A !, 2H #- " 5 7.H 5
. N
# #- 4 $ 4 " "
3 2! ; 4 F
١٨١
global '<
2
. ) /
1! .@5
2
( GPS. N( D 6positioning system
'
(
. #- <
.
( 2 @
G G ! 4 45
'
, <
3 4<
. <
- (
&( ?( % @5
3A
" !, GPS - . $ 39 # !, 4<
: 6!
. 4<$ ,
<" /?/ '<(1)
١٨٢
. /?/ <9 E " "(2)
١٨٤
&. '<
'< P &
. @!
2< @ .
!, #- ! .9 '$ .. 6
#- ! # 2
$ #-
! #$ 6 * 3
# ! G" = %
$ #- 2< # " 6 G 9* !
; * #- 7
6$ 4- 5 2
4- G" , < G" 6$ !
"
. / :." 8
( 4! # 7+
" !, 2 ;? 6 2 #- , G 6 ;;
65* Traffic Channel# < 1!(
6 65* Control Channel2#! < (
. &
( .# 2< @!
2 %C$* C #-
" 2
,
G .# 1 !, 2 #5 * &
' "
1 !, . %
,< !, .( 2* !
%
&
( .# 5* 6& 5
% ! !, !
'< P &
$*
D '< , ! F
" .(
E5* #
6 . '<
!
65* #- !,
! 5
( ." < !, !
!,
'< &
2 2/* #- 7
6$ 8("
.# 2$* 4- '< $ %
&
( .#
١٨٥
Forward 6 !, 6$ !* ! 4! !, : D &
'<
#
6* . '<
SMS Message
!# . @!
D 2< % 2 6* 4- %
E. C$ ' #- 7
(
% :/" %# 4- O
6$ F
G + !, D " !, #- 2* -
.H ;" %<
3A a0 ? 2
" 1!(
, 2
( %C$* &
( .#
,
6
, @ 8(9 #- * 8(9 # D!( !
* 1 !, C 2 ; H$ .
(!
#- 5
.( 5* 2/* &
( .# # !, .( 2
# " 9 !
2
, 6$
1
E5 6$ #- 2 *
+ 7
( " !+ @!
D
, ;
!, :
; #
2
, 6$ .O
6$ >( ; # ?/ 2 #- C$ 9
29 '
; . ?/ , >(
,
. ' ! #- @
! 6
3A
3" D!( 65* & ' ! 7
, . (
# ; .9 I$* 2
( . !,
" #* 8(9 #-
١٨٦
# !, & .( # .9 8(" " 45* & .(
SIM # - !, & .( 8(" " 6$ # . %1 .
&
,
" #
(!
#- C$ E5 6$Card.
%
& 4- 4 * - !, .( d
&
&! - # H - E. C$*&+
8(" ! C$* ! E # 6$ 1 6 '<
%# %H 7 ! % ; #- C$ 4-
E5 E. C$ & I D 4- 2< " .
% 5
2 6 '< &
1 !, !
# 6 & ' !
&
( .# !
.4-
"
" < " $ R !,
. ; & 2
6, 45
" #- !, " Text # " # . .
A
45 5O Tones, + #- !, "Binary
< >1 6$ #- , "
4-
1
#H !, # .
8(" #- !, "* #- >1 !, (= D5 :
6#
"*
( " (
2. , L IP # " 2!
# " IP Address. , 7
, #- 6$ 8(9
A #-
#H , L $* TCPF 6$ 2#
١٨٧
6 G" 2
, 6$ . 5
<?
,C % 2* H
( > " '
# 5 C$* A #-
. A #- 6$
, 5. 6
1 M&( , .$ & "
/
& 6$ P D #-
6 8(9
(
Binary #- &/ & #- !, & # %" #*
!< %1 < 6$ 65 *+ 2
( 6Messages
. 2!
D #- #- & =
" 15 # %$ 2 G < >1 6$ " #C .
2,
6
I 45 " #* #$ " C
E5 2 2 F*
< & #- !, !
, #- !,
& ,
#- !,
& , " &
6$
(
!,
( E5* !
.&
١٨٨
References
١٨٩
11. ^ David D. Clark, "M.I.T. Campus Network
Implementation", CCNG-2, Campus Computer Network
Group, M.I.T., Cambridge, 1982; pp. 26.
12. ^ Pete Carey, "A Start-Up's True Tale: Often-told
story of Cisco's launch leaves out the drama, intrigue", San
Jose Mercury News, December 1, 2001.
13. ^ Oppenheimer, Pr (2004). Top-Down Network
Design. Indianapolis: Cisco Press. ISBN 1587
١٩٠