ME 1a – THERMODYNAMICS

TOPIC 2: FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

CONSERVATION OF MASS

- The law of conservation of mass states that mass is indestructible.

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔

The quantity of fluid passing through a given section is given by the formula

𝑉̇ = 𝐴𝑣

𝑉̇ 𝐴𝑣
𝑚̇ = = = A𝑣𝜌
v v
Where: 𝑉̇ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝐴 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚

𝑣 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑚̇ = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑣 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

Applying the law of conservation of mass,

𝐴1 𝑣1 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝑚̇ = =
v1 v2

𝐴1 𝑣1 𝜌1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝜌2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. Two gaseous streams enter a combining tube and leave as a single mixture. These data apply at the entrance
𝑓𝑡 3
section: For one gas, 𝐴1 = 75 𝑖𝑛2 , 𝑣1 = 500 𝑓𝑝𝑠 , v1 = 10
𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
For the other gas, 𝐴2 = 50 𝑖𝑛2 , 𝑚̇2 = 16.67 , ρ2 = 0.12
𝑠 𝑙𝑏
𝑓𝑡 3
At exit, 𝑣3 = 350 𝑓𝑝𝑠 , v3 = 7
𝑙𝑏

Find (a) the speed v2 at section 2, and (b) the flow and area at the exit section.

Solution:

(a) To solve for the speed at section 2, we use

𝑚̇ 2
𝑚̇ 2 = 𝐴2 𝜌2 𝑣2 𝑣2 =
𝐴2 𝜌2

Substituting the given values

𝑙𝑏
16.67 𝑠
𝑣2 = 1 𝑓𝑡2 𝑙𝑏
= 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒇𝒑𝒔
50 𝑖𝑛2 ( )(0.12 3 )
144 𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡

(b) for the mass flow rate at the exit, m3, we use the formula

𝑚̇ 3 = 𝑚̇ 1 + 𝑚̇ 2

But the mass flow rate at section 1 is unknown, so we calculate it using

1 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
𝐴1 𝑣1 75 𝑖𝑛2 ( 2 ) (500 ) 𝑙𝑏
144 𝑖𝑛 𝑠
𝑚̇ 1 = = 3 = 26.04
v1 𝑓𝑡 𝑠
10
𝑙𝑏
Thus, the mass flow rate at exit is
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝒍𝒃
𝑚̇ 3 = 𝑚̇ 1 + 𝑚̇ 2 = 26.04 + 16.67 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟕𝟏
𝑠 𝑠 𝒔
 Then the area at exit can be calculated using

𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
𝐴3 𝑣3 𝑚̇ 3 v3 42.71 𝑠 (7 𝑙𝑏 )
𝑚̇ 3 = → 𝐴3 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟐 𝒇𝒕𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝒊𝒏𝟐
v3 𝑣3 𝑓𝑡
350
𝑠
2. A 10-ft diameter by 15-ft height vertical tank is receiving water (ρ=62.1 lb/cu. ft) at the rate of 300 gpm (gallons
per minute) and is discharging through a 6-in ID (internal diameter) line with a constant speed of 5 fps. At a given
instant, the tank is half full. Find the water level and the mass change in the tank 15 minutes later.

Solution:

For the water entering the tank

𝑉̇ 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑚̇ 𝑒 = = 𝑉̇𝜌 = 300 ( ) (62.1 3 ) = 2490.64
v 𝑚𝑖𝑛 7.48 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛

For the water leaving the tank through a discharge line

𝜋 1 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 60 𝑠 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑚̇ 𝑙 = 𝐴𝑣𝜌 = [6 𝑖𝑛 ( )] 5 ( ) (62.1 3 ) = 3657.99
4 12 𝑖𝑛 𝑠 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Since there is water leaving the tank, the mass of the water inside the tank is changing (take note that during this
change, the water level is also changing). Notice that in the calculation for the mass flow rates, the mass flow rate
of water leaving the tank is greater than the mass flow rate entering. Therefore, there is a decrease in the water
level. The mass change after 15 minutes can be calculated using
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = (𝑚̇ 𝑙 − 𝑚̇ 𝑒 )(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 ) = (3657.99 − 2490.64 ) 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝟏𝟕, 𝟓𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒍𝒃 (𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛

The volume change can be calculated using the formula for density
𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 17,510.25 𝑙𝑏
𝜌= → 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = = = 281.97 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉 𝜌 𝑙𝑏
62.1 3
𝑓𝑡
The decrease in water level can be calculated by using the expression for volume
𝑉𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑉𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) = 𝐴ℎ → ℎ= =
𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘
The area of the base of the tank is
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘, 𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑑 = (10)2 = 78.54 𝑓𝑡 2
4 4
Thus, the decrease in water level is

𝑉𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 281.97 𝑓𝑡 3

ℎ= = = = 3.59 𝑓𝑡
𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝐴 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 78.54 𝑓𝑡 2
The water level after 15 minutes is

𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 15 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 = 7.5 𝑓𝑡 − 3.59 𝑓𝑡 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟏 𝒇𝒕

FORMS OF ENERGY

Gravitational Potential Energy (P)

- The gravitational potential energy of a body is its energy due to its position or elevation.

𝑚𝑔𝑧
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑔 𝑧 =
𝑘
𝑚𝑔
∆𝑃 (𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦) = 𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝑘

Kinetic Energy (K)

- The energy or stored capacity for performing work possessed by a moving body, by virtue of its
momentum.

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐾=
2𝑘
𝑚 2
∆𝐾 (𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦) = (𝑣 − 𝑣12 )
2𝑘 2
Internal Energy (U, u)

- The energy stored within a body or substance by virtue of the activity and configuration of its
molecules and of the vibration of the atoms within the molecules.

u = specific internal energy (per unit mass) ∆𝑢 = 𝑢2 − 𝑢1

U = mu = total internal energy (m mass) ∆𝑈 = 𝑈2 − 𝑈1

Work (W)

- Work is the product of the displacement of the body and the component of the force in the direction
of the displacement.
𝑊 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝐹𝑑

- Work is energy in transition, that is, it exists only when a force is “moving through a distance”.

Work of a Nonflow System

The work done as the piston moves from e to f is

𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝𝐴(𝑑𝐿) = 𝑝𝑑𝑉
which is the area under the curve e-f on the pV (pressure-
volume) plane. Therefore, the total work done as the
piston moves from 1 to 2 is
2
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉
1

which is the area under the curve 1-e-f-2.

The area under the curve of the process on the pV plane

represents the work done during a nonflow reversible
process.

Work done by the system is positive (outflow of energy)

Work done on the system is negative (inflow of energy)

 Flow Work (Wf)

- Flow work or flow energy is work done in pushing a fluid across a boundary, usually into or out of a
system.

𝑊𝑓 = 𝑝𝑢𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤) = 𝐹𝐿

𝐹(𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒)
Since 𝑝 (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) = → 𝐹 = 𝑝𝐴
𝐴(𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)

𝑊𝑓 = 𝑝𝐴𝐿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝐿 = 𝑉(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒) → 𝑊𝑓 = 𝑝𝑉

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘, ∆𝑊𝑓 = 𝑊𝑓2 − 𝑊𝑓1

∆𝑾𝒇 = 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟏

Heat (Q)
- Heat is energy in transit (on the move) from one body or system to another solely because of a
temperature difference between the bodies or systems.

Q is positive when heat is added to the body or the system.

Q is negative when heat is rejected by the body or the system.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The law of conservation of energy states that “energy is neither created nor destroyed but can be converted from
one form to another”.

The First law of Thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy that is adapted for
thermodynamic processes, distinguishing two types of energy, as heat and as thermodynamic work, and relating
them to a function of a body’s state, called Internal energy.

Terminologies:
State – is the condition of a system as indicated by its properties.
Process – is the progress of a system proceeding from initial state to a final state.
Cycle – is a process or a series of processes whose initial and final states are identical.

Steady Flow Energy Equation

Characteristics of a Steady Flow System

1. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of mass within the system.

2. There is neither accumulation nor diminution of energy within the system.
3. The state of the working substance at any point in the system remains constant.

Energy Diagram of a Steady Flow System

 Referring to the energy diagram and law of conservation of energy

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 = 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚

𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝑝1 𝑉1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 𝐾2 + 𝑝2 𝑉2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

Since 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑊𝑓 , the equation becomes

𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊
Simplifying,
𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑾𝒇 + ∆𝑼 + 𝑾 (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

Enthalpy (H, h)
- It is the amount of energy possessed by a thermodynamic system that can be transferred between
the system and its environment.
- It is the sum of the internal energy and the product of the pressure and volume

h = specific enthalpy (per unit mass) ℎ = 𝑢 + 𝑝v

H = total enthalpy (m mass) 𝐻 = 𝑚ℎ = 𝑈 + 𝑝𝑉

The steady flow energy equation becomes

𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝐻1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 𝐾2 + 𝐻2 + 𝑊
𝑸 = ∆𝑷 + ∆𝑲 + ∆𝑯 + 𝑾

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. During a steady flow process, the pressure of the working substance drops from 200 to 20 psia, the speed increases
from 200 to 1000 fps, the internal energy of the open system decreases 25 Btu/lb, and the specific volume
increases from 1 to 8 ft3/lb. No heat is transferred. Sketch an energy diagram. Determine the work per lb. Is it
done by or on the substance? Determine the work in hp for 10 lb/min. (1 hp = 42.2 Btu/min)

Given: 𝑝1 = 200 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑝2 = 20 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

𝑣1 = 200 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 𝑣2 = 1000 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 3
v1 = 1 v2 = 8
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
𝐵𝑡𝑢
∆𝑢 = −25 (𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒) 𝑄 = 0 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛𝑜 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑)
𝑙𝑏

Solution:

𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

Since there is no given height/elevation, potential energy (P) is zero. The

steady flow energy equation becomes
𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 = 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

Energy Diagram

We will base our solutions on 1 lbm since there was no given mass. The calculations will be having the units per
lbm

𝑓𝑡 2
𝑣12 (200 𝑠 ) 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝐾1 = = = 0.80
2𝑘 𝑙𝑏 ∙𝑓𝑡 778 𝑓𝑡 ∙𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑚
2(32.174 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙𝑠 )( 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢 )
𝑓

𝑓𝑡 2
𝑣22 (1000 ) 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠
𝐾2 = = = 19.97
2𝑘 𝑙𝑏 ∙𝑓𝑡 778 𝑓𝑡 ∙𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑚
2(32.174 𝑙𝑏𝑚 ∙𝑠 )( )
𝑓 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢
 𝑙𝑏𝑓 144 𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 ∙𝑙𝑏𝑓 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑊𝑓1 = 𝑝1 v1 = 200 ( ) (1 ) = 28,800 ( ) = 37.02
𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 778 𝑓𝑡 ∙𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝑙𝑏𝑓 144 𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 ∙𝑙𝑏𝑓 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑊𝑓2 = 𝑝2 v2 = 20 ( ) (8 ) = 23,040 ( ) = 29.61
𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 778 𝑓𝑡 ∙𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑚

Substituting the solved quantities

𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 = 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 = 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + ∆𝑢 + 𝑊

𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢

0.80 + 37.02 = 19.97 + 29.61 − 25 +𝑊
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝑾 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝟒 (𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒃𝒚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚)
𝒍𝒃𝒎

Work was done by the system since the value is positive. After the calculation, the work in the energy diagram
should have the arrow pointing out of the system.

The work in hp per 10 lb/min is

𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑙𝑏𝑚 1ℎ𝑝
𝑊(ℎ𝑝) = 13.24 (10 )( ) = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 𝒉𝒑
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛 42.4 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑚𝑖𝑛

2. An air compressor (open system) receives 272 kg/min of air at 99.29 kPa and a specific volume of 0.026 m 3/kg.
The air flows steady through the compressor and is discharged at 689.5 kPa and 0.0051 m 3/kg. The initial internal
energy of the air is 1594 J/kg; at discharge, the internal energy is 6241 J/kg. The cooling water circulated around
the cylinder carries away 4383 J/kg of air. The change in Kinetic energy is 896 J/kg increase. Sketch an energy
diagram. Compute the work.

Given:
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 𝐽
𝑃1 = 99.29 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 99.29 v1 = 0.026 𝑢1 = 1594
𝑚2 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 𝐽
𝑃2 = 689.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 689.5 v2 = 0.0051 𝑢2 = 6241
𝑚2 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝐽
𝑄= −4383 (𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦) 𝑚̇ = 272 ∆𝐾 = 896
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔

Solution:

𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

Since there is no given height/elevation, potential energy (P) is zero. The

steady flow energy equation becomes

𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑢1 + 𝑄 = 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑢2 + 𝑊
Energy Diagram 𝑾𝒇𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 + 𝑸 = ∆𝑲 + 𝑾𝒇𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 + 𝑾

We will base our solutions on 1 kgm since there was no given mass and the given quantities on the problem are
expressed per kgm

Basis 1 kgm
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 𝑘𝑁 ∙𝑚 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑓1 = 𝑝1 v1 = 99.29 2 (0.026 ) = 2.851 = 2.581
𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
 𝑘𝑁 𝑚3 𝑘𝑁 ∙𝑚 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑓2 = 𝑝2 v2 = 689.5 (0.0051 ) = 3.516 = 3.516
𝑚2 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔

Substituting the given quantities in the energy equation

𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑢1 + 𝑄 = ∆𝐾 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑢2 + 𝑊
𝑘𝐽 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽
2.581 + 1594 ( ) − 4383 ( ) = 896 ( ) + 3.516 + 6241 ( )+𝑊
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 1000𝐽 𝑘𝑔 1000𝐽 𝑘𝑔 1000𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 1000𝐽

𝑘𝐽 𝒌𝑱
𝑊 = (2.851 + 1.594 − 4.383 − 0.896 − 3.516 − 6.241) = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟏
𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝒈

For a mass flow rate of 272 kg/min

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝒌𝑱
𝑊 = −10.861 (272 ) = −𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 (𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚)
𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝒎𝒊𝒏

Work was done on the system since the value is negative. After the calculation, the work in the energy diagram
should have the arrow pointing into the system.

3. Steam is supplied to a fully loaded 100-hp turbine at 200 psia with u1=1163.3 Btu/lb, v1=2.65 ft3/lb and
𝑣1 = 400 𝑓𝑝𝑠. Exhaust is at 1 psia with u2=925 Btu/lb, v2=294 ft3/lb and 𝑣2 = 1100 𝑓𝑝𝑠. The heat loss from the
turbine is 10 Btu/lb. Neglect potential energy change and determine (a) the work per lb steam and (b) the steam
flow rate in lb/hr.

Given:
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡
𝑝1 = 200 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑢1 = 1163.3 v1 = 2.65 𝑣1 = 400
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝑠
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡
𝑝2 = 1 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑢2 = 925 v2 = 294 𝑣2 = 1100
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝑠
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑄= −10 (ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠)
𝑙𝑏

Solution:

𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

Since potential energy is neglected, the steady flow energy equation

becomes
𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

(a) Basis 1 lbm

𝑓𝑡 2
𝑣12 (400
) 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠
𝐾1 = = = 3.196
2𝑘 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 778 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑚
2 (32.174 𝑚 )( )
𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑓𝑡 2
𝑣22 (1100 ) 𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑠
𝐾2 = = = 24.17
2𝑘 𝑙𝑏 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 778 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑚
2 (32.174 𝑚 )( )
𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑙𝑏𝑓 144 𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑊𝑓1 = 𝑝1 v1 = 200 2
( 2
) (2.65 ) = 76,320 ( ) = 98.098
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 778 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝑙𝑏𝑓 144 𝑖𝑛2 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 1 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢

𝑊𝑓2 = 𝑝2 v2 = 1 2 ( 2 ) (294 ) = 42,336 ( ) = 54.416
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 778 𝑓𝑡 ∙ 𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑚
 Substituting the calculated quantities in the energy equation
𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝐵𝑡𝑢

3.20 + 98.098 + 1163.3 + (−10 ) = 24.17 + 54.416 + 925 +𝑊
𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚 𝑙𝑏𝑚

𝑩𝒕𝒖
𝑾 = 𝟐𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟐
𝒍𝒃𝒎

(b) The steam flow is

𝐵𝑡𝑢
2544
100 ℎ𝑝 ( ℎ𝑟 )
1 ℎ𝑝
𝒍𝒃𝒎
𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟗𝟕
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝒉𝒓
251.012
𝑙𝑏𝑚

4. A centrifugal pump operating under steady flow conditions delivers 2270 kg/min of water from an initial pressure
of 82,740 Pa to a final pressure of 275,800 Pa. The diameter of the inlet pipe to the pump is 15.24 cm and the
diameter of the discharge pipe is 10.16 cm. What is the work?

Given:
𝑘𝑔
𝑚̇ = 2,270 𝑑1 = 15.24 𝑐𝑚 = 0.1524 𝑚 𝑝1 = 82,740 𝑃𝑎
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝑑2 = 10.16 𝑐𝑚 = 0.1016 𝑚 𝑝2 = 275,800 𝑃𝑎 𝜌(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) = 1000
𝑚3

Solution:

𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

Since there is no potential energy, heat and internal energy, the energy
equation becomes

𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 = 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑊

In order to solve for the Kinetic energy (K) and flow work (W f) we need to identify the speeds at the inlet (1) and
discharge (2) pipes. This can be solved by using
𝑚̇
𝑚̇ = A𝑣𝜌 → 𝑣=
𝐴𝜌
We need to calculate the areas of the inlet (1) and discharge (2) pipes
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐴1 = 𝑑 = (0.1524 𝑚)2 = 0.01824 𝑚2
4 1 4
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴2 = 𝑑22 = (0.1016𝑚)2 = 0.008107 𝑚2
4 4

Solving for the speeds at the inlet (1) and discharge (2) pipes
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚̇ 2270 ( ) 𝑚
𝑣1 = = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 = 2.074
𝐴1 𝜌 0.01824 𝑚2 (1000 𝑘𝑔 ) 𝑠
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚̇ 2270 ( ) 𝑚
𝑣2 = = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 = 4.667
𝐴2 𝜌 0.008107 𝑚2 (1000 𝑘𝑔 ) 𝑠
𝑚3
 Solving for the Kinetic energy and Flow work

Basis 1 kgm
𝑚 2
𝑣12 (2.074 𝑠 ) 𝑁∙𝑚 𝐽
𝐾1 = = 𝑘𝑔 ∙𝑚 = 2.151 = 2.151
2𝑘 2 (1 𝑚 2 ) 𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑁 ∙𝑠

𝑚 2
𝑣22 (4.667 𝑠 ) 𝑁∙𝑚 𝐽
𝐾2 = = 𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙𝑚 = 10.89 = 10.89
2𝑘 2 (1 ) 𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚
𝑁 ∙𝑠2

𝑁
1 𝑝1 82,740 𝑚2 𝑁∙𝑚 𝐽
𝑊𝑓1 = 𝑝1 v1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 v = → 𝑊𝑓1 = = = 82.74 = 82.74
𝜌 𝜌 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚
1000 3
𝑚

𝑁
𝑝2 275,800 𝑚2 𝑁∙𝑚 𝐽
𝑊𝑓2 = = = 275.8 = 275.8
𝜌 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚
1000 3
𝑚

Substituting in the energy equation

𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 = 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑊

𝐽 𝐽 𝐽 𝐽
2.151 + 82.74 = 10.89 + 275.8 +𝑊
𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑘𝑔𝑚

𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝐽 𝒌𝑱
𝑊 = −201.799 (2270 ) = −458,083.73 = −𝟒𝟓𝟖. 𝟎𝟖𝟒
𝑘𝑔𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝒎𝒊𝒏

5. A turbine operates under steady flow conditions, receiving steam at the following state: pressure 1200 kPa,
temperature 188°C, enthalpy 2785 kJ/kg, speed 33.3 m/s and elevation 3 m. The steam leaves the turbine at the
following state: pressure 20 kPa, enthalpy 2512 kJ/kg, speed 100 m/s and elevation 0 m. Heat is lost to the
surroundings at the rate of 0.29 kJ/s. If the rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.42 kg/s, what is the power
output of the turbine in kW?

Given:
𝑘𝐽 𝑚
𝑝1 = 1200 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ℎ1 = 2785 𝑣1 = 33.3 𝑧1 = 3 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 𝑠

𝑘𝐽 𝑚
𝑝2 = 20 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ℎ2 = 2512 𝑣2 = 100 𝑧2 = 0 𝑚
𝑘𝑔 𝑠

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = −0.29 𝑚̇ = 0.42
𝑠 𝑠

Solution:
𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝑊𝑓1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑄 = 𝑃2 + 𝐾2 + 𝑊𝑓2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑊

Since 𝐻 = 𝑊𝑓 + 𝑈 and 𝑃2 = 0 (𝑧2 = 0), the energy flow equation becomes

𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝐻2 + 𝑄 = 𝐾2 + 𝐻2 + 𝑊

𝑘𝑔𝑚
Using 𝑚 = 𝑚̇ = 0.42
𝑠
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑚̇𝑔𝑧1 0.42 𝑠𝑚(9.8066 2 )(3𝑚) 𝑁∙𝑚 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝑠
𝑃1 = = 𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙𝑚 = 12.356 = 12.356 ( ) = 0.012356
𝑘 1 𝑠 𝑠 1000 𝐽 𝑠
𝑁 ∙𝑠2

𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
𝑚̇𝑣12 0.42 𝑠𝑚(33.3 𝑠 ) 𝑁∙𝑚 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐾1 = = 𝑘𝑔𝑚 ∙𝑚 = 232.867 = 232.867 ( ) = 0.232867
2𝑘 2 (1 ) 𝑠 𝑠 1000 𝐽 𝑠
𝑁 ∙𝑠2
 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2
𝑚̇𝑣22 0.42 𝑠𝑚(100 𝑠 ) 𝑁∙𝑚 𝐽 1𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐾2 = = 𝑘𝑔 ∙𝑚 = 2100 = 2100 ( ) = 2.1
2𝑘 2 (1 𝑚 2 ) 𝑠 𝑠 1000 𝐽 𝑠
𝑁 ∙𝑠

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐻1 = 𝑚̇ℎ1 = 0.42 (2785 ) = 1169.7
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐻2 = 𝑚̇ℎ2 = 0.42 (2512 ) = 1055.4
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑠

Substituting the calculated quantities in the energy equation

𝑃1 + 𝐾1 + 𝐻2 + 𝑄 = 𝐾2 + 𝐻2 + 𝑊

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
0.012356 + 0.232867 + 1169.7 + (−0.29 ) = 2.1 + 1055.4 + 𝑊
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

𝑘𝐽
𝑊 = 112.155 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝑾
𝑠

PROBLEM SET NO. 3

Solve the following items. List the given quantities and show complete solution/s.

1. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in a flow line. At section 1: 𝐴1 = 10 𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝑣1 =
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑙𝑏
100 𝑓𝑝𝑚, v1 = 4 . At section 2: 𝐴2 = 2 𝑓𝑡 2 , 𝜌2 = 0.20 . Calculate (a) the mass flow rate and (b) the speed
𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
at section 2.

𝑙𝑏
2. If a pump discharges 75 gpm of water whose specific weight is 61.5 (𝑔 = 31.95 𝑓𝑝𝑠2 ), find (a) the mass flow
𝑓𝑡 3
rate in lb/min, and (b) total time required to fill a vertical cylinder tank 10 ft in diameter and 13 ft in height.

For Nos. 3-9, start with the steady flow equation, deleting energy terms which are irrelevant.

3. Assuming that there are no heat effects and no frictional effects, find the kinetic energy and speed of a 3320-lb
body after it falls 775 ft from rest.

4. A reciprocating compressor draws in 500 ft3/min of air whose density is 0.079 lb/ft3 and discharges it with a density
of 0.304 lb/ft3. At the suction, p1=15 psia; at discharge, p2=80 psia. The increase in the specific internal energy is
33.8 Btu/lb and the heat transferred from the air by cooling is 12 Btu/lb. Determine the work on the air in Btu/min
and in hp. Neglect change in kinetic energy.

5. Steam enters a turbine with an enthalpy of 1292 Btu/lb and leaves with an enthalpy of 1098 Btu/lb. The
transferred heat is 13 Btu/lb. What is the work in Btu/min and in hp for a flow of 2 lb/s?
𝑚
6. A thermodynamic steady flow system receives 4.56 kg per minute of a fluid where 𝑝1 = 137.90 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑣1 = 122 ,
𝑠
𝑚3 𝑘𝐽
v1 = 0.0388 and 𝑢1 = 17.15 . The fluid leaves the system at a boundary where 𝑝2 = 551.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑣2 =
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝑚3 𝑘𝐽
183 , v2 = 0.193 and 𝑢2 = 53.80 . During passage through the system the fluid receives 3000 J/s of heat.
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
Determine the work.

7. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering at 7 m/s speed, 100 kPa pressure and
0.95 m3/kg specific volume, and leaving at 5 m/s, 700 kPa, and 0.19 m3/kg. The internal energy of the air leaving
is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air
at the rate of 58 kW. Compute the work in kW.

8. In a steady flow apparatus, 135 kJ of work is done by each kg of fluid. The specific volume of the fluid, pressure
and speed at the inlet are 0.35 m3/kg, 600 kPa and 16 m/s. The inlet is 32 m above the floor, and the discharge
pipe is at floor level. The discharge conditions are 0.64 m3/kg, 100 kPa and 270 m/s. The total heat loss between
the inlet and discharge is 9 kJ/kg of fluid. In flowing through this apparatus, does the specific internal energy
increase or decrease, and by how much?

9. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3628 kJ/kg at 70 m/s and leaves the same stage with an enthalpy
of 2846 kJ/kg and a velocity of 125 m/s. Calculate the work done by the steam.