iaterial properties

the early 1900s, scientists imagined atoms as solid spheres. Drawticks (/)inthe table to sho,,..
the solid sphere model can, and cannot, explain.

:henomenon The solid sphere model of atoms The solid sphere model of atoms
can explain this. cannot explain this,
: lusion
:-emical reactions
:ranges of state
,:oms joining together

j: entists now know that atoms are made up of sub-atomic particles.

-se words from the box to label the diagram of the lithium atom below.

nucleus electron neutr0n, proton

lomplete the table to show the relative mass and

:rarge of each sub-atomic particle.

Sub-atomic Relative Relative mass

particle charge
croton +1
reutron
electron 1

1 840

a A boron atom has 5 protons and 6 neutrons. How many electrons does it have?
b A potassium atom has 20 neutrons and 19 electrons. How many protons does it have?
c A nickel atom has 2B protons and 3'l neutrons. How many electrons does it have?
d An arsenic atom has 33 electrons and 42 neutrons. How many protons does it have?

5 Draw diagrams of the nuclei of the atoms listed below.

A carbon nucleus made up of A beryllium nucleus made up of A fluorine nucleus made up of
6 protons and 6 neutrons. 4 protons and 5 neutrons. 9 protons and 10 neutrons.

Of*ptuin,
using ideas about the mass and volume of sub-atomic particles, why nuclei of atoms have
high densities.

67
 Enquiry:
Material properties electrons

1 The statements below describe how J, J. Thomson investigated cathode rays.

The diagram shows one way of developing scientific explanations.

a Write the number of each statement in the correct box on the diagram.
i Thomson wondered what cathode rays are.
ii Thomson passed cathode rays between electrically charged pieces of metal.
iii Thomson thought that cathode rays may be electrically charged.
iv Thomson observed that the cathode rays bent towards the positively-charged piece of metal

Ask a question

Suggest an explanation

Test the explanation There must be

another explanation.

Check the evidence-does it support the explanation?

NO

YES

Accept the explanation.

b Cathode rays are made up of one type of sub-atomic particle. Use evidence from part a to decide
whether cathode rays are made up of protons, neutrons, or electrons. Explain your answer.

c Solve the anagram to show one thing that scientists need to do to develop explanations, in addition
to collecting evidence.
achy live knitter
I e

and another scientist, Nagaoka, developed different models for the structure of an atom.
J. J. Thomson G
Read about their models in the table below.

Part of model J. J. Thomson Nagaoka

positive charge Atoms are made up of a positively- Atoms have a positively charged centre,
charged sphere, which is the size of which is smaller than the atom. Most of the
the whole atom. mass of the atom is in the nucleus.

negative charge Electrons are placed throughout the Electrons orbit around the centre of the
sphere. atom in rings, like the planet Saturn.

Write a paragraph about the similarities and differences of the models of J. J. Thomson and Nagaoka.

E il
 Material properties

1 ln 1909 Geiger and Marsden fired A

positively-charged particles at a thin sheet
of metal foil. The diagram to the right B

summarises their observations.

a Give the letter of one line which shows
C
the path of a particle that travelled
straight through the foil.
b Give the letter of one line which shows
D
the path of a particle that changed
direction slightly when it travelled source of
through the foil. positively-
charged G
c Give the letter of one line which shows pa rticles
f

the path of a particle that bounced

backwards off the foil.

2 Use words from the box to complete the sentences below. Use each word once, more than once,
or not at :
posrtrve electrons neutrons orbits

Rutherford thought about the results of Geiger and Marsden's experiment. He created a new TnocE
':
thestructureof theatom. Hesaidthatatoms havea central Mostof the...... ,

of the atom is here.This part of the atom has a . ...... charge.Around the outside of the cenlra
part of the atom is a big empty space. Tiny particles called ....... move in this space. They mo,,,e

in . .., . .. , or shells.

3 For the experiment in question 1, draw lines to match each observation with an explanation
Observation anation
n
Most particles travel straight through the foil These particles travelled veni . ::: .

positive nucle-.
A very few particles bounce backwards off the foil These les hit a c:s . .
Some particles change direction slightly when they These particles . i'. ,
=,
'-
travel through the foil. spacebel,',i:- --.:

@Rutherford did another investigation. He fired positive particles

were formed. He said that the positive particles came frc- :-
For the sentences beloW write prediction next to tl^: :: - : -
evidence next to the sentence which describes e , l: - _:
that explains evidence.
a The nucleus of a nitrogen atom includ:. : _. : :: - :

b Tinypositiveparticlesformedu,i..- -- -:-: - - :. . -

c When positive particles hit r-:-:::- : -' -- : ;."-

_ y positive
Rartlcles

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Material Properties electronq

Then write
F next to the sentences that are false.
1 Write I next to the Sentences that are true' Write
are false'
corrected versions of the sentences that
electrons'
a The nucleus of an atom is made up of protons and
b All atoms of an element have the same number of protons'
cThefirstelectronshellcanholdamaximumofeightelectrons.
is equal to the number of neutrons'
d ln a neutral atom, the number of protons
Corrected versions of false sentences:

2 Comptete the table for the elements shown

Number of electrons in an Electronic structure

Element
atom of the element
2
helium
2,1
lithium
5
boron
7
nitrogen
fluorine 9
2,8,2
magnesium
silicon 14

sulfur 16

elements below
3 Draw the electron arrangements for the

ne0n
rum carbon

horus chlorine
sodium aluminium

describe the
Write the electronic structures for the first
three elements in Groups 1 and 2' Then A
patterns in these electronic structures'

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 Extension:
Material properties and isotopes

e 1 Draw lines to make three correct definitions.

Proton number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the

nucleus of an atom.
Mass number is
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Nucleon number is

2 Use the periodic table on page vi

to help you answer this question.
write the symbol of each element in the box below its proton number,

75 23 53 14 B 7 53 16 9 92 7

Now crack the code. What does the sentence say?

3 Complete the table below.

Atom of the element. Proton number Nucleon number Number of neutrons

hydrogen 1 1

2 2

4 9

7 7

11 23

16 16

titanium 22 26

4 Write the missing number or name in each sentence below.

a The mass of a carbon atom is times the mass of a helium atom.
b The mass of a helium atom is times the mass of a hydrogen atom.
c The mass of a ... .. .. atom is twice the mass of a nitrogen atom.
d The mass of a ..... .. atom is five times the mass of a nitrogen atom
e The mass of an oxygen atom is ... . ,.. the mass of a sulfur atom.
f The mass of a calcium atom is twice the mass of a .,... .. atom.

r
Material properties

1 The list below describes some properties of elements.

o Write A next to the words and phrases that describe properties of most metals.
o Write O next to the words and phrases that describe properties of Group 1 metals.
You will need to write both A and O next to some properties.
A shiny when freshly cut
B good conductor of electricity
C soft
D dull
E brittle
F melting point of 180 "C or lower

2 The Group 1 elements react vigorously with water.

a Complete the word equations for the reactions below.
i lithium + water -+ lithium + hydrogen
ii ....
sodium + . ,.....-) ... + hydrogen

iii potassium+...., .......--) ...+,.....

b Describe the trend in the reactions of the Group 1 elements with water.

3 Mr Okoro has samples of four different metals. He measures the mass and volume of each sample. His
results are in the table.

Metal Mass (g) Volume (cm3) Density (g/cm3)

A 1.00 1.89
B 3.00 0.14
C 4.00 4.65
D 2,00 0,10

a -'-"-"-r= volume
--'-'- -'-" density
-.'- equation
Calculate the density of each metal. Use- the
m'.ass

Write your anSWerS in the table.

b Give the letters of the metals which are most likely to be Group 1 elements
Give a reason for your choices.
€

The table gives the melting points and boiling points of the Group 1 elements,

Metal Melting point ("C) Boiling point ('C)

lithium 180 1 330
sodium 98 890
potassium 64 774
rubidium 39 688

a Plot the data on two bar charts.

b Describe the trends shown on the bar charts.

I
 Material properties

1 Shade in the Group 2 elements on the periodic table.

H He

Li Be B C N o F Ne

Na lvg AI Si P S CI Ar
K Ca 5c Ti Cr lVln Fe Co Ni Cu Zn \.1 d Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb IVo Tc Ru Rh Pd A9 Cd ln Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Dd La Hf Ta Re Os lr Pt Au H9 TI Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra

Note: This periodic table does not include all the elements.

2 A scientist adds some Group 2 elements to water. She writes her observations in a table
Group 2 element Observations when added to cold water
magnesium Small bubbles form on surface of m agnesrum
calcium Bubbles vigorously, Colourless solution formed
strontium
barium Bubbles very vigorously indeed. Colourless solution formed.

a Predict what the scientist will observe if she adds strontium to water,

b When calcium reacts with water; the products are calcium hydroxide and hydrogen. Write a ,,, _-l
equation for this reaction,

c Write a word equation for the reaction of barium with water.

3 Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to make magnesium chloride and water.
a Predict the products of the reaction of calcium with hydrochloric acid,

b write a word equation for the reaction of calcium with hydrochloric acid

oThe table gives hardness values of some Group 1 and Group 2 elements.The b
;:.- .-:
harder the element.

Element Mohs hardness Eleme nt

ithium t---
0.6 Ut
sodium 0.5
cotassium 0.4
.ubidium 0.3
caest um 0.2

a Plot the hardness values on a bar chart.

b Describe the trend in hardness for the Grouc . = =-.- __

c Comparethe hardness values and trends':' :-= :':-:' --: f.:,,p 2 elements,

E.
Material properties 7

Complete the word equations for the reactions of the Group 7 elements with metals.
a iron + ... .. . -+ iron chloride

b iron + bromine -+ ....

c sodium + ..... . + sodium iodide
d potassium + bromin€ --> ..
e lithium + .,... . -+ lithium chloride

f sodium + chlorine -) ....

2 Make up four sentences using the phrases in the table. Each sentence must include a phrase from
each column.

There are weak forces between the two atoms of a chlorine molecule.
strong forces between a chlorine molecule and its neighbours.
between the two atoms of an iodine molecule.
between an iodine molecule and its neighbours.

3 For the sentences A-H below:

o Write 1 next to the sentences that are true for Group 1.
o Write 7 next to the sentences that are true for Group 7.
o Write B next to the sentences that are true for both Groups 1 and 7.
A Going down this group, boiling point increases.
B Going up this group, the reactions of the elements get more vigorous.
C Going down this group, the number of protons in atoms of the elements increases.
D Atoms of the elements in this group form molecules made up of two atoms.
E Going up this group, the colours of the elements get lighter.
F The elements at the top of this group are gases.

G The elements in this group conduct electricity.

tt All the atoms of the elements in this group have the same number of electrons in the
outermost shell.

Write M next to the pair of elements that you predict will react most vigorously.
Write L next to the pair of elements that you predict will react least vigorously.
a sodium and iodine
b lithium and iodine
c potassium and fluorine
d potassium and bromine
e sodium and bromine
Z
 Enquiry:
\Iaterial properties

Read the information in the box, and then answer the questions below it

Fluoridation of drinking water

ln some areas, fluorine compounds are added to water. The purpose of adding these compounds is
to protect against tooth decay.
ln 2009 a scientist called Sunitha Gowda asked a question. Did the fluoridation of water in New
Zealand towns affect tooth decay in children?
The scientist collected evidence, ln 2007 she (and others) examined the teeth of 5405-6 year olds
and 12-13 year olds from four towns. Two of the towns then started fluoridating their water. ln
2009 the scientists examined the teeth of 514 children of the same ages in the same towns.
The table below summarises some of the evidence collected.

Town Was the Change from 2007 to Change from 2007 Change in number of
water 2009 in number of 5-6 to 2009 in number of 12-13 year olds with
fluoridated? year olds with 1 or more 12-13 year olds with surface tooth decay
teeth missing as a result decayed, missing, or detected by X-rays
of tooth disease filled teeth
A yes decreased decreased decreased
B no increased decreased no change
C yes decreased no change decreased
D n0 decreased no change no change

' The scientist collected evidence from more than 500 people in both 2007 and 2009. Suggest why s^=
chose to study such a large number of people.

i Suggest why the scientist collected evidence from two towns in which the water was fluoridated, and
from two towns in which the water was not fluoridated.

3 The scientist wrote that she would have preferred to have collected data from 2007 and 2012 (not
from 2007 to 2009). Suggest how this might have improved the investigation.

.i Use the data in the table to write a conclusion for the investigation.

5 The scientist discovered that, for several months between 2007 and 2009, the water companies in
towns A and C did not add enough fluoride to the water. Write a new conclusion for the investigation
to take account of this discovery.
 Material properties

'l 0n the outline of the periodic table, colour and label

a Group 7
b Period 2
c Period 4

H
hydrogen

Li Be B C N o F

hthium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen f uorne

Na Nlg AI Si P S CI
sodium magnesium aumnum s llcon phosphorus suLfur chlorine a a'

K Ca Sc Ti Cr lVn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
potassium calcium scandium ttanium vanad um chromium tof cobdlt nicke copper Ttnc qa rum ar5en c selenium brom ne

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb N,40 Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd ln Sn Sb Te
rubidium strontium \,ttrium zirconrum niobium nolybdenum technet um ruthenium rhod um pa adium S VEI cadm um indium tln ant mony te lurium iodine

Cs Ba La Hf Ta Re Os lr Pt Au H9 TI Pb Bi Po
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tanta um tungsten rhenium OSM UM lrd um platinum qod mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astat n-"

Fr Ra
francium rad um

Note: This periadic table does not tnclude all the e/ements.

2 Chitra asks a scientific question. Element Covalent radius (nm)

ls thoro a Irond in ths *it-s of atoms arobb tho periodr of sodium 0.157
the periodic tab\e? magnesrum 0.136
Chitra decides to collect data from secondary sources. aluminium 0.125
She writes the data in a table. silicon 0.117
a Suggest why Chitra decided to collect data phosphorus 0.'l 10
from secondary sources, rather than from first sulfur 0.104
hand experience. chlorine 0,099

bi ls it better to display the data in the table

on a bar chart or on a line graph? Give a
reason for your decision.

I
I

ii Draw a bar chart or line graph to display I

the data in the table.

c Describe the trend shown on your bar chart or
line graph.

Chitra writes the conclusion below:

tho eiLo of atomo in the pariods 0f thg ?yriodiL iab\e changes gradualll from \ofl to righi.
Write an improved version of the conclusion, based on your bar chart or line graph. Give reasons for
the changes you make to Chitra's conclusion.
 Enquiry:
\laterial properties ,s-ub-atomic particles

The statements in the left-hand boxes below describe how scientists investigated what gives proto"s
and neutrons their mass.
a Draw lines to match each statement to one stage of developing a scientific explanation.

Statement describing what scientists did Stage of developing a

scientific explanation
Scientists suggested that there is a particle called the Higgs A
boson that gives protons and neutrons their mass. They Use creative thought to
described the properties of this particle. suggest an explanation.
Scientists built the Large Hadron Collider. They made protons B
collide in it. They examined the products of the collisions. Check the evidence to see
if it supports the suggested
explanation.
Scientists wondered what gives protons and neutrons their c
m455. Ask a question.
Scientists compared the products of the collisions with the D
predicted properties of the Higgs boson. Collect evidence to test the
suggested explanation,

b Write the letters of the stages in the best order.

c Suggest why the Large Hadron Collider scientists sent their data to scientists in many countries tc
analyse.

d Suggest why scientists will continue to look for evidence of the Higgs boson, even though in 2012
the evidence strongly suggested they had found this particle.

2 Today, many scientists work in international teams.

a Suggest why scientists are more likely to work in international teams in the twenty-first century
than they were in the nineteenth century.

b The list below gives some advantages and disadvantages of working in international teams.
Write Anext to the advantages, and D next to the disadvantages. Write B next to any statements
that could be both an advantage and a disadvantage.

Statement Advantage, disadvantage,

or both?
ln an international team, scientists may speak different
languages.
ln an international team, costs can be shared
Scientists from different countries may be experts in different
things.
ln an international team, scientists may not meet their
colleagues often.