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dist, numSamples = [], 1000000

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weights = [1/numSamples]*len(dist)
v = pylab.hist(dist, bins = 100,
weights = [1/numSamples]*len(dist))
pylab.xlabel('x')
pylab.ylabel('Relative Frequency')

print('Fraction within ~200 of mean =',

sum(v[0][30:70]))

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Fraction within ~200 of mean = 0.957147

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factor1 = (1.0/(sigma*((2*pylab.pi)**0.5)))
factor2 = pylab.e**-(((x-mu)**2)/(2*sigma**2))
return factor1*factor2

xVals, yVals = [], []

mu, sigma = 0, 1













x = -4
while x <= 4:
xVals.append(x)
yVals.append(gaussian(x, mu, sigma))
x += 0.05
pylab.plot(xVals, yVals)
pylab.title('Normal Distribution, mu = ' + str(mu)\
+ ', sigma = ' + str(sigma))

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def gaussian(x, mu, sigma)

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def checkEmpirical(numTrials):
for t in range(numTrials):
mu = random.randint(-10, 10)
sigma = random.randint(1, 10)
print('For mu =', mu, 'and sigma =', sigma)
for numStd in (1, 1.96, 3):
area = scipy.integrate.quad(gaussian,
mu-numStd*sigma,
mu+numStd*sigma,
(mu, sigma))[0]
print(' Fraction within', numStd,
'std =', round(area, 4))

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def plotMeans(numDice, numRolls, numBins, legend, color, style):
means = []
for i in range(numRolls//numDice):
vals = 0
for j in range(numDice):
vals += 5*random.random()
means.append(vals/float(numDice))
pylab.hist(means, numBins, color = color, label = legend,
weights = pylab.array(len(means)*[1])/len(means),
hatch = style)
return getMeanAndStd(means)

mean, std = plotMeans(1, 1000000, 19, '1 die', 'b', '*')

print('Mean of rolling 1 die =', str(mean) + ',', 'Std =', std)
mean, std = plotMeans(50, 1000000, 19, 'Mean of 50 dice', 'r', '//')
print('Mean of rolling 50 dice =', str(mean) + ',', 'Std =', std)
pylab.title('Rolling Continuous Dice')
pylab.xlabel('Value')
pylab.ylabel('Probability')
pylab.legend()

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numTrials = 1000000
numSpins = 200
game = FairRoulette()

means = []
for i in range(numTrials):
means.append(findPocketReturn(game, 1, numSpins,
False)[0])

pylab.hist(means, bins = 19,

weights = [1/len(means)]*len(means))
pylab.xlabel('Mean Return')
pylab.ylabel('Probability')
pylab.title('Expected Return Betting a Pocket 200 Times')

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from the one brim to the other: it was
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def throwNeedles(numNeedles):
inCircle = 0
for Needles in range(1, numNeedles + 1, 1):
x = random.random()
y = random.random()
if (x*x + y*y)**0.5 <= 1.0:
inCircle += 1
return 4*(inCircle/float(numNeedles))

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def getEst(numNeedles, numTrials):

estimates = []
for t in range(numTrials):
piGuess = throwNeedles(numNeedles)
estimates.append(piGuess)
sDev = stdDev(estimates)
curEst = sum(estimates)/len(estimates)
print('Est. = ' + str(curEst) +\
', Std. dev. = ' + str(round(sDev, 6))\
+ ', Needles = ' + str(numNeedles))
return (curEst, sDev)

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def estPi(precision, numTrials):

numNeedles = 1000
sDev = precision
while sDev >= precision/2:
curEst, sDev = getEst(numNeedles,
numTrials)
numNeedles *= 2
return curEst

estPi(0.005, 100)

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Est. = 3.1484400000000012, Std. dev. = 0.047886, Needles = 1000

Est. = 3.1391799999999987, Std. dev. = 0.035495, Needles = 2000
Est. = 3.1410799999999997, Std. dev. = 0.02713, Needles = 4000
Est. = 3.141435, Std. dev. = 0.016805, Needles = 8000
Est. = 3.141355, Std. dev. = 0.0137, Needles = 16000
Est. = 3.1413137500000006, Std. dev. = 0.008476, Needles = 32000
Est. = 3.141171874999999, Std. dev. = 0.007028, Needles = 64000
Est. = 3.1415896874999993, Std. dev. = 0.004035, Needles = 128000
Est. = 3.1417414062499995, Std. dev. = 0.003536, Needles = 256000
Est. = 3.14155671875, Std. dev. = 0.002101, Needles = 512000

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inCircle = 0
for Needles in range(1, numNeedles + 1, 1):
x = random.random()
y = random.random()
if (x*x + y*y)**0.5 <= 1.0:
inCircle += 1
return 2*(inCircle/float(numNeedles))

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MIT OpenCourseWare
https://ocw.mit.edu

6.0002 Introduction to Computational Thinking and Data Science

Fall 2016

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: https://ocw.mit.edu/terms.