Properties of

Solids and Liquids

Properties of Solids
• Two Types of Solids:
– Amorphous Solids are solids without
orderly arrangement of particles
and no definite melting points.
(Ex. Glass)
– Crystalline Solids are solids with
orderly arrangement of particles
and have definite melting points.
(Ex. Diamond)
Properties of Solids
• Types of Crystals:
– Ionic Crystals are formed from the
attraction between positive and
negative ions, brittle and hard, with
high melting points.
– Covalent Crystals are formed from
the attraction between one or
more pairs of electron shared, very
hard, with very high melting points.
Properties of Solids
• Types of Crystals:
– Molecular Crystals possess
intermolecular forces, soft, with low
to moderate melting points.
– Metallic Crystals formed from
attraction between metal ions and
surrounding mobile electrons,
lustrous, soft to hard, with high
melting points.
– Allotropes are crystalline solids that
has more than one form.
Properties of Solids

Seven Forms of Crystals

Properties of Solids
• Seven Forms of Crystals:
– Cubic - all axes the same length
and all angles 90°.
– Hexagonal - two axes the same
length, two angles 90°, and one
angle 120°
– Monoclinic - no axes the same
length and two angles 90°
– Orthorhombic - no axes the same
length and all angles 90°
Properties of Solids
• Seven Forms of Crystals:
– Rhombohedral - all axes the same
length and all angles equal but not
90°.
– Tetragonal - two axes the same
length and all angles 90°.
– Triclinic - no axes the same length, no
angles the same, and no angles 90°.
Properties of Solids
• Three Main Properties of Solids:
– Freezing Point is the temperature at
which a liquid is changed into solid.
– Melting Point is the temperature at
which a solid is changed into a
liquid.
• The stronger the force of attraction,
the higher the melting and freezing
points.
Properties of Solids
• Three Main Properties of Solids:
– Sublimation is the direct conversion
of a solid into vapor without
passing through its liquid state.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Vapor Pressure is the pressure
exerted by the gaseous form of a
substance when it is in equilibrium
with the liquid state.
• Strong intermolecular force yields to
low vapor pressure.
• As the temperature increases, the
vapor pressure increases.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Boiling Point is the temperature at
which the vapor pressure of a liquid
is equal to the pressure of the
surrounding atmosphere.
• Polar substances have higher boiling
point than non-polar substances.
• In comparison between non-polar
substances, higher molecular weight
will have higher normal boiling point.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Viscosity is the resistance to flow
of a liquid.
• Strong intermolecular force yields to
high viscosity.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Surface Tension is the amount of
energy required to stretch or
increase the surface of a liquid
by a unit area.
• Strong intermolecular force yields to
high surface tension.
Properties of Liquids
• Five Main Properties of Liquids:
– Capillary Action is the drawing of a
liquid inside a small- bore tube.
• Adhesion is the intermolecular
attraction between unlike molecules.
• Cohesion is the intermolecular
attraction between like molecules.
• Strong force of attraction yields to
cohesion.
 Adhesion

attracted to glass

Cohesion

attracted to each other