Proposal on:

effect of different doses of nitrogen on growth and yield of different

pipeline varieties of paddy at bijuwar pyuthan

Principal researcher: Avinash kafle

Mobile no: 9847427673

Email address: kafleavinash@gmail.com

Major advisor: Rajandre regmi

Department of entomology

Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU)

Rampur, Chitwan Nepal

Project location: bijuwar,pyuthan

Responsible organization: Agriculture and forestry university

Rampur, Chitwan Nepal

Starting date: March 6, 2021

Type of project: Research

Sector: Agronomy

Commodity: Rice

Budget:

Table of Contents
1.1 Background........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of problem.......................................................................................................................2
1.3 Justification of the study....................................................................................................................3
1.4 Objectives..........................................................................................................................................3
1.4.1 General Objective.......................................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Specific Objectives......................................................................................................................3
1.5 Limitation of the study.......................................................................................................................3
2.3 Nitrogen in rice..................................................................................................................................5
2.3.1 Role of nitrogen in rice...............................................................................................................5
 4.2.8 Layout of the field......................................................................................................................7
4.2.6 Design of the experiment............................................................................................................8
1m4.2.6 Design of the experiment.......................................................................................................8
4.2 Experimental details..........................................................................................................................9
4.2.1 Experimental materials...............................................................................................................9
4.2.2 Nursery Preparation....................................................................................................................9
4.2.3 Main field preparation................................................................................................................9
4.2.4 Weeding......................................................................................................................................9
4.2.5 Irrigation.....................................................................................................................................9
4.2.6 Design of the experiment..........................................................................................................10
4.2.10 Data collection........................................................................................................................11
4.2.11 Data analysis:..............................................................................................................................13
5. EXPECTED OUTCOME......................................................................................................................13
6. BENEFICIARIE....................................................................................................................................13
7.RISKS AND LIMITATIONS.................................................................................................................13

1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has a special significance in Asia, where about 90% of the rice is
produced and consumed as a staple food. Rice is by far the most important crop in Nepal and
accounts for about 50 percent of the total agricultural area and production in the country. It is
grown on about 1.45 million ha, and total production since 1988/89 has hovered between 3.2
million and 3.5 million tonnes. Rice contributes approximately one-fourth of GDP and more than
75 percent of the working population is engaged in rice farming for at least six months of the
year.In Asia more than 2 billion people obtain 60 to 70% of their calories from rice [ CITATION
Dow98 \l 1033 ].

World rice production should be increase by approximately 1% annually to meet the

growing demand for food that will result from population growth and economic development
[ CITATION Hor04 \l 1033 ].. Rice production, amounting to about half of the total cereal grains
produced in the country, is Nepal’s most important crop [ CITATION Ghi13 \l 1033 ] . Nepal is a
mountainous country with a great diversity of rice ecosystem. Rice is grown in all agro-
ecological zones ranging from Terai (Jhapa, 60 m) to the high mountains (Chumchaur, Jumla
3050 m). There are many landraces suited to diverse agro-climate and farmers’ needs [ CITATION
jos06 \l 1033 ]. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) or Dhaan in Nepali, is an annual, self-pollinated and semi-
aquatic plant of Poaceae Family.
 Considering the increasing demand of rice due to population increase and decreasing land
and water resources available for rice cultivation, it is critical to develop and use rice
technologies that will result in higher yields (Virmani and Kumar, 2004). Rice ranks the first
among cereal crops in terms of area, production and livelihood of the people .As the most important
staple food of Nepalese people ,rice supply about 40% of the food calories and contribute nearly
20% to the agriculture gross domestic product (AGDP) and almost 7% to GDP. Rice in
NepalNepal is one of the important centers of rice genetic resources s.more than n1700 rice
landraces are reported in Nepal growing from 60 to 3050 m altitude. These rice diversities and
diversity traits found in Nepalese rice can be commercially utilized in rice breeding program to
increase yield and develop biotic and abiotic stress tolerant rice varieties. Considering this
important of rice diversities the national gene bank of Nepal agriculture research council has
conserve more than 3,980 germplasm collected and received from national and international
sources. Mid hill 1000 to 1500 masl mid hill 25.8% total production

The general classification of Rice is as follows:

The general classification of Rice is as follows:
Kingdom:Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Liliopsida

Order: Poales

Family: Poaceae

Genus: Oryza

Species: sativa

1.2 Statement of problem

Pyuthan is one of the leading District in rice cultivation.
Area in hector, production in metric ton, yield in metric ton per hector

District Spring season Main season

Area production yield Area production yield

Pyuthan 42 191 4.49 6,222 24,302 3.91

Source:(MOALD, 2020)
Total production of rice is decreasing but the demand of rice is increasing with increased
population. The soil fertility status of Nepal is poor and soil fertility is declining year by year due
to various factors. Nitrogen deficiency problem causes yield loss. When N application is non
synchronized with crop demand, N losses from the soil plant system are large, resulting in low N
fertilizer use efficiency. Hence, plant need-based application of N is crucial for achieving high
yield and N-use efficiency. The farmers hereby are using Nitrogen fertilizer haphazardly and
untimely in rice field. Fertilizer application knowhow is lacking in terms of quality, quantity and
time (QQT).

1.3 Justification of the study

The government had planned to expand the acreage of chaite dhan by 200,000 hectors in a bid to
increase output and make the country self-reliance in food grain. The country possess
1.422millions hectares of land for growing paddy however spring paddy is planted on only
112,000 hectare. According to it year rounds irrigated area of concerned districts are the
implementing area of this program. According to the Crop Development Directorate ,the
productivity of spring paddy is 4 tonnes per hectare compare to 3.17 tonnes for regular paddy.
(“Spring Paddy Acreage to Be Expanded by 200k Hectares,” n.d.) Fertilizer nitrogen (N) is one
of the major inputs in rice–wheat production systems in South Asia. As fertilizer N has generally
been managed following blanket recommendations consisting of two or three split applications
of preset rates of the total amount of N. Different doeses of nitrogen application help to study the
effect in yield and growth. National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) has recommended
seed varieties like chaite2, chaite4 and Hardinath1and now it has been conducting multilocation
trial on different pipeline varieties in chaite rice. In summary this research is based on all this.

1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General Objective
 To determine the best suited variety in this location.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
 To evaluate the effect of different dose of nitrogen application in each variety.
 To evaluate the performance in terms of growth and yield.

1.5 Limitation of the study

There is the some problem with the research regarding material collection and performance of
the cultivar according to the climate. Some limitations are as follows.
 Results are varied according to growing season.
  Attack of bird, jackel and domestic animal.
 Adverse climate may cause failure of research.
 Unavailability of agri-inputs.

As per government statistics there is a deficit of 1.2 milions tonnes .

The international rice research institute has expanded the

Mega rice production program

The varieties that mature in less than or up to 125 days are called as short duration ;those maturing
between 126 to 140 days are called as medium duration and those taking more than 140 days to mature
aws long duration .

Average duration of maturity is the longest 178 days for mountain ,hills 147 days and terai 135days.
Average yield of rice in Nepal 2011/2012 3.312 mt/ha

Spring rice
The crop is sown in the last week of February to the first week of march and follows transplanting of 30
to 40 days old seedling .the month of transplanting coincides with the nepali month “Chaitra” and so is
name as chaite rice . this crop also needs assured irrigation from various source . the coverage area odf
spring rice for mountain ,hill and terai is found to be 5.48, 24.85 and 69.67 percent respectively. River
basin areas of mid hill region throughout the country are potential belt for growing this crop .

The most viable option to increase annual rice production is to increase the area under spring rice
.therefore spring rice production should be promoted in irrigated areas.

Government of Nepal should prioritize the implementation of the national sedd vision (2013-2025)
foresees to double the number of location specific high yie;lding competitive varieties by 2025

Pyuthan 6,483 main season 42spring season 6,525total area total area .

Outline Cover/title page

Table of contentsAbbreviation Introduction

BackgroundStatement of the problem Rational of the studyObjective of the study

2. Theoretical framework3.Research design and methodology Research site ,type and source of
dateDate collection technique Data analysis

Research framework4. expected outcome of the study5. work plan (Ganti chart)6. budgetReference in
apa inside and outside coding
2.3 Nitrogen in rice
2.3.1 Role of nitrogen in rice
Nitrogen is an essential plant nutrient being a component of amino acids, nucleic acids,
nucleotides, chlorophyll, enzymes, and hormones. N promotes rapid plant growth and improves
grain yield and grain quality through higher tillering, leaf area development, grain formation,
grain filling, and protein synthesis. N is highly mobile within the plant and soil.[ CITATION htt \l
1033 ]

Rice needs nitrogen almost throughout the vegetative cycle, but in particular at tillering and

panicle initiation stages. Nitrogen accumulates first in the leaves (vegetative phase) then
migrates to the panicles and grains (maturity). At maturity, 75% of the nitrogen assimilated is
present in the grains.[ CITATION RICE \l 1033 ] . Nitrogen is the most limiting element in almost all
soils. Thus, proper application of N fertilizers is vital to improve crop growth and grain yields,
especially in intensive agricultural systems. Insufficient and/or inappropriate fertilizer N
management can be detrimental to crops and the environment. Optimal N management strategies
aim at matching fertilizer N supply with actual crop demand, thus maximizing crop N uptake and
reducing N losses to the environment. The best times to apply nitrogen fertilizers are at
transplanting and at panicle initiation. Fertilizer application after flowering may increase spikelet
sterility. and cause late tillers to be produced Weeds compete with the rice plants for nitrogen
fertilizer. Remove the weeds before applying nitrogen. If fertilized flooded soils dry out and are
then flooded again, part of the nitrogen fertilizer changes into a gas that escapes into the air.
Water keeps the air from moving into the soil. The less air in the soil, the less nitrogen gas
produced. Keep fields flooded to prevent nitrogen loss to the air Fertilizers applied before
transplanting should be mixed thoroughly with the soil - to prevent nitrogen losses into the air,
and - to keep the fertilizer nearer the roots. Do not top dress in water immediately after
transplanting.(Beneto S. Vergara, n.d.) Nitrogen Nitrogen is important to increase tiller number.
But too much nitrogen can increase the incidence of diseases and lodging

S.No. Fertilizer Irrigated Rainfed

1. FYM(MT/ha) 6 6

Requried Nutreints
2. Nitrogen(kg/ha) 120 70
3. Phosphorus(kg/ha) 40 30
4. Potash(kg/ha) 40 30

Required chemical fertilizer

5. Urea (kg/ha) 226.84 126.7
6. DAP(kg/ha) 86.96 65.2
7. MOP(kg/ha) 66.67 50.0
Source: Krishi dairy 2077
N2V2 N3V3 N1V5
N1V2 N1V1 N2V4
N3V2 N2V2 N3V3
N1V1 N3V1 N2V1 4.2.8 Layout of
N3V1 N1V5 N1V4 the field
N3V3 N2V4 N3V2
N1V3 N3V2 N2V2
N2V1 N2V5 N1V1
N2V3 N1V2 N3V4

N3V5 N3V4 N1V2

N2V4 N2V1 N2V3
N2V5 N1V3 N3V5
N3V4 N3V5 N1V3
N1V4 N2V3 N2V5
N1V5 N1V4 N3V1
 12m
mmm

3m

2m 1m
4.2.
0.5m

38m

0.5m
 Source of Degree of Sum of Square Mean sum of Fcal value Ftab value
Variance freedom(df) Square

Replication r-1=2 5% 1%

Treatment ab-1=14
Nitrogen (A) a-1 = 2
Variety (B) b-1 = 4
A×B (a-1)(b-1) = 8

Error (r-1)(ab-1)=28

Total rab-1 =44

** Significant at 1% level

4.2 Experimental details

4.2.1 Experimental materials

The major experimental materials which will be used in the research are five pipeline varieties
of rice, Chaite -5 ………………….having 125 and 120 maturity days respectively. Organic
source of nutrients, FYM and inorganic sources of nutrients, Urea, DAP and MoP will be used.

4.2.2 Nursery Preparation

The nursery bed will be ploughed with power-tiller. FYM will be applied at the rate of 2 kg in
each nursery bed. After 24 hours of soaking, remove water and wash seeds The seed are sown in
the morning or evening. Urea is applied after 10-14DAS. If find necessary herbicide will be
used. The seedlings will be ready 22DAS.

4.2.3 Main field preparation

The main field will be heavily ploughed and tillered 3 times and puddled. The size of main field
will be 28.4x8.5 m with 30 different plots (2.4x2.4m). Urea, DAP and MOP will be applied as
per the treatments in each corresponding plot. The main source of irrigation will be nearby solar
pump. The seedlings will be transplanted manually in line at 20x20cm spacing.

4.2.4 Weeding
The weed infestation is higher in spring rice as compared to main season rice. The pre-
emergence weedicide will be applied in the field during preparation. If not, manual weeding will
be done 2 times as 25 DAT and 45DAT respectively. Most grasses and sedges will not grow
when covered with 5-10 cm water. Flooding will not control some broad-leaved weeds . Weeding
in the first 30 days following transplanting is important. Grain yield is drastically reduced if rice is not
weeded during the early growth stages.

4.2.5 Irrigation
Rice requires more quantity of water than other crops. The wrong concept of waterlogged
condition in rice in farmers is a big problem. Rice required more water at critical stages;
vegetative, panicle initiation and grain filling stage. The rice field will be irrigated at
7DAT,30DAT tillering after 1 month alternate dry and wet condition.The source of irrigation
will be the solar water pump which is provided by PMAMP rice supersone ,Kapilvastu to the
farmers at 85% subsidy. Water management The rice plant is most sensitive to water deficit from
booting to flowering. Make sure there is sufficient water at these stages. Maintain a 5-1 0 cm water
level, especially during the early ¢ This level will prevent the germination and growth of many weeds.

4.2.6 Design of the experiment

The experiment will be carried out in a two factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
consisting 15 treatments (nitrogen and variety) and will be replicated three times. The total
experimental field will be 456 m2 (38x12m2) with 1 meter margin between replications and o.5
outside the field border. The space between individual plots will be 0.5 meter between rows and
within rows.
Uptake of water is the first need for germination. ¢ Soak seeds for at least 24 hours for a more uniform
germination. ¢ Many activities go on inside the germinating seed. Starch, protein, and fat are changed
into simple foods for the embryo

Germinating rice seeds need air to live. Water contains very little air. If the germinated seeds are
covered too deeply with water, embryos will grow slowly, resulting in tall, weak shoots. Embryos will die
in some cases if the water is too deep.

How to calculate percentage of productive tillers

Percent productive tiller= (Number of panicles produced/highest number of tiller produced)*100

Variety affect tillering

.
Leaf sheath

Too much water can cause long leaf sheaths and weak seedlings. ¢ Weak seedlings grow poorly right
after transplanting. They ¢ The long, droopy leaves of poor seedlings often stick to the mud recover
slowly. when transplanted

2-3 cm is good enough htillers normally develop 5-1 0 days after transplanting. Deep planting delays
tillering

A large percentage of the applied nitrogen is lost. Part of the nitrogen fertilizer applied to the rice crop
may be used Minimizing the loss and maximizing the use of the available by the following crop. nitrogen
are important

40% taken up by plant 20%hide in the soil and 40% get lost

Time of fertilizer application The best times to apply nitrogen fertilizers are at transplanting and
Fertilizer application after flowering may increase spikelet sterility at panicle initiation. and cause late
tillers to be produced.(Beneto S. Vergara, n.d.)

Good seedlings have short leaf sheaths

Good seedlings have more roots that are longer and heavier

The leaf sheath is the lower portion of the leaf that encloses the A long leaf sheath indicates very rapid
initial elongation, making stem and young leaves. the seedling weak.

the right nitrogen level in the soil results in the optimum leaf area, tiller number, and light distribution-
and therefore higher grain yield

Determine the number of panicles per hill by counting at least three hills inside the field. Use the
average. Do not use hills in the first three rows from the levee.

¢ Figure out the spacing used and calculate the number of hills per square meter. If the distance
between hills is 25 centimeters, then the area per hill = 25 x 25 = 625 square centimeters Number of hills
= 1 square meter per square meter area per hill = 0.0625 square meter 1 square meter 0.0625 square
meter = = 16 ¢ Calculate the number of panicles per square meter assuming 20 panicles per hill
(determined by counting) and 16 hills per square meter. Number of panicles per = Number of panicles
per hill x number of hills square meter per square meter = 20 x 16 = 320 ¢ If number of panicles per
square meter is less than 250, something is wrong with the method of farming, the rice variety, or the
soil. Also check spacing and fertilizer application

4.2.10 Data collection

4.2.10.1 Plant height(cm)

Randomly selected and tagged 10 plants will be used for phenological recording for the
measurement of plant height at an interval of 15 days interval. Plant height Reduced plant height is
the most important factor to increase the ¢ Shorter plants are more resistant to lodging. ¢ The lower
leaves of tall, leafy plants receive very little light. ¢ Shorter plants can take up more nitrogen fertilizer
without grain yield potential of rice. lodging, resulting in higher grain yields. Plant height increases with
nitrogen application. Lodging can become a problem because added fertilizer results in taller plants,
heavier panicles, and top-heavy plants

4.2.10.2 No of tiller per square meter

Observation of randomly selected 10 hills, tillers per square meter will be recorded with the help
of a quadrate (1m × 1m) in each stage of the crop and the average values will be used to obtain
the tiller per square meter.

4.2.10.3 Leaf Area Index (LAI)

One sample is recorded from each plot, counting number of leaves in a hill and measuring the
length breadth of leaves. The LAI is calculated as;
Leaf Area= Length x Breadth x 0.78
And, LAI = Leaf Area / Ground Area

4.2.10.4 No of effective tiller per square meter

The number of effective tiller per square meter will be calculated for each plot just before
harvesting the crop. The tiller having filled grains will be recorded as effective tiller.

4.2.10.5 Panicle Length(cm)

The randomly selected 10 panicle from each hill will be used to measure the panicle length and
value will be taken as panicle length.

4.2.10.6 No of grains per panicle

The average number of grains will be taken as final data from 10 selected samples in the
experiment.

4.2.10.7 Thousand grain weight

Samples will be selected from each treatment and will be weighed thousand grains by weighing
machine.

20*20 centimeter spacing means 25hills per square meter

Grain yield= panical per unit area* spikelet per panicle* fertility of spikelets * weight of the single
grain(Beneto S. Vergara, n.d.)

GANTT CHART(work schedule):

S.N Activities Magh falgun chaitra Baisakh Jestha Ashad
1 Review of literature
 2 Field visit and
problem
identification
3 Site selection and
input collection
4 Field preparation
and seed sowing

5 Intercultural
operation

6 Data collection from

the experiment

7 Data analysis and

report writing
8 Presentation

4.2.11 Data analysis:

All the recorded data will be arranged systematically treatment-wise under three replications on
the basis of various observed parameters. A simple correlation and regression will be established
among the selected parameters with reference to Gomez and Gomez, 1984.The treatments were
randomized by creating random table in EXCEL.

Different statistical tools as R studio and EXCEL will be used for the analysis of variance and
other data analysis.

5. EXPECTED OUTCOME
 Able in selecting high yielding variety.
 Saving of Nitrogen fertilizer without decreasing the yield of rice.
 Appropriate application of N fertilizer in right amout and right time.

6. BENEFICIARIE
 People of bijuwar pyuthan as this research will identity the superior pipeline chaite
variety.
 Primary- commercial paddy farmers as well as subsistance farmers.
  Secondary-Academicians, NARC, researchers, NGOs and INGOs involved in related
investigation and study.
 Tertiary- policy makers and PMAMP involved in the policy formulation in order to use
this information as the source of progress report for further increase production of rice.

7.RISKS AND LIMITATIONS

 Biotic and abiotic factors will remain normal during research period.
 The donor agency will be satisfied with the work and provide financial support in time.
 Research material will be available in time.
 Farmers and responsible organization/institutions will co-operate the study.