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Assignment 7: Solution
Assignment 7: Solution
Assignment 7: Solution
14 December, 2015
Assignment 7: Solution
1. In class, we derived that the ground state of the harmonic oscillator |0 is given in the
position space as
1/4
mω 2 /2~
e−mωx
ψ0 (x) = x|0 = .
π~
(a) This question deals with finding the state in the momentum basis. Let’s start off
by finding the position operator x̂ in the momentum basis. Show that
∂
p|x̂|ψ = i~ p|ψ .
∂p
This is analogous to the expression of the momentum in the position basis,
∂
x|p̂|ψ = −i~ ∂x x|ψ . You will use [Beck Eq. 10.56] expressing the momentum
eigenstate in the position basis as well as the definition of the Fourier transform.
∂
(b) Since â|0 = 0 and the position operator p|x̂ = i~ ∂p , construct a differential
equation to find the wavefunction in momentum space p|0 = ψ f0 (p). Solve this
equation to find ψ
f0 (p). Plot ψ
f0 (p) in the momentum space.
(c) Verify that your ψ
f0 (p) = p|0 derived above is the Fourier transform of x|0 =
ψ0 (x).
Answer
Now
∂ −ipx/~ −ix −ipx/~
e = e
∂p ~
∂ −ipx/~
i~ e = xe−ipx/~ .
∂p
Inserting into Eq (1):
Z
i~ ∂ −ipx/~
p|x̂|ψ = √ dx e x|ψ
2π~ ∂p
Z
∂ 1 −ipx/~
= i~ √ dxe x|ψ
∂p 2π~
∂
= i~ p|ψ ,
∂p
where ψ(p)
e is the Fourier transform of ψ(x). So we have
∂
p|x̂|ψ = i~ p|ψ and
∂p
∂
p|x̂ = i~ p|,
∂p
which is the required form.
Let ψ
f0 (p) = p|0 be the wavefunction in momentum space,
r
mω df i f
0 = i~ ψ0 (p) + pψ0 (p)
2~ dp mω
df i f
∴ i~ ψ 0 (p) = − pψ0 (p)
dp mω
dψf0 (p) 1
= − p dp
ψf0 (p) ~mω
Z Z
dψ
f0 (p) 1
= − p dp
ψf0 (p) ~mω
f0 (p) = − p2
ln ψ + ln A
2~mω
p 2
f0 (p) = Ae− 2~mω
ψ .
Now
Z
2
Z
p2 √
e− ~mω dp = |A|2 π~mω = 1
2
fψ0 (p) dp = |A|
1/4
1
A =
π~mω
1/4
1 p2
∴ ψ0 (p) =
f e− 2~mω .
π~mω
(c) We need to find the Fourier transform of ψ0 (x) and compare it with ψ
f0 (p) derived
in (b).
Z ∞
1
ψ0 (p) = √
f dxe−ipx/~ ψ0 (x)
2π~ −∞
1/4 Z ∞
1 mω 2
= √ dxe−ipx/~ e−mωx /2~ by using Eq (1)
2π~ π~ −∞
1/4 Z ∞
1 mω 2
= √ dxe−(ipx/~+mωx /2~) .
2π~ π~ −∞
Consider
r 2 r 2 2
mωx2 ipx
mω mω ip ip ip
+ = x +2 x √ + √ − √
2~ ~ 2~ 2~ 2mω~ 2mω~ 2mω~
r 2 2
mω ip ip
= x+ √ − √
2~ 2mω~ 2mω~
r 2 2
mω ip p
= x+ √ + ·
2~ 2mω~ 2mω~
Let
r
mω ip
y = x+ √
2~ 2mω~
r r
mω 2~
⇒ dy = dx or dx = dy
2~ mω
So the integral becomes
Z ∞ r Z ∞
2
−ipx/~ mωx /2~ 2~ 2 2
dxe e = dye−y e−p /2mω~
−∞ mω −∞
r
2~ −p2 /2mω~ ∞
Z
2
= e dye−y
mω −∞
r r
2~ −p2 /2mω~ √ 2π~ −p2 /2mω~
= e π= e .
mω mω
Hence
1/4 r
f0 (p) = √ 1 mω 2π~ −p2 /2mω~
ψ e
2π~ π~ mω
1/4
1 2
= e−p /2mω~ ,
mωπ~
which is the required result.
r
mω~ 1
−iφ
† 1 iφ
= −i √ 0| + e 1| (â − â ) √ |0 +e |1 .
2 2 2
Here ↠and â are raising and lowering operators:
√
â|n = n|n − 1
√
↠|n = n + 1|n + 1 .
Therefore,
r
i mω~
−iφ
iφ
†
p̂x = − 0| + e 1| e â|1 −â |0
2 2
r
i mω~
−iφ
iφ
= − 0| + e 1| e |0 −|1
2 2
r
i mω~ iφ
= − (e − e−iφ )
r 2 2 r
mω~ (eiφ − e−iφ ) mω~
= = sin φ.
2 2i 2
q
Given that p̂x at t = 0 = mω~
2
. So we have
r r
mω~ mω~
= sin φ
2 2
⇒ sin φ = 1 or φ = π/2
1
∴ |ψ(0) = √ |0 +i|1 ,
2
is the required state.
If |ψ(0) = √12 (|0 +i|1 ), then after time t, the state evolves to
3. Calculate the probability that a particle in the ground state of the harmonic oscillator
is located in a classically disallowed region, namely, where V (x) > E. Obtain a
numerical value for the probability. Suggestion: Express your integral in terms of a
dimensionless variable and compare with the tabulated values of the error function.
Answer
The ground state of the harmonic oscillator (or the minimum uncertainty state)
1/4
mω 2 /2~
ψ0 (x) = e−mωx
π~
Here ±xc are classical turning points (or critical points), at these points the energy of
is the required result. Therefore, |α|2 is a measure of the average number of photons.
2
5. Evaluate β|α for coherent states |α and |β . Show that the states |α and |β
become approximately orthogonal in the limit |α − β| 1.
Answer
The series representation of the coherent states |α and |β are
∞
−|α|2 /2
X (α)n |n
|α = e √
n=0 n!
∞
X (β) |n n
−|β|2 /2
|β = e √
n=0 n!
∞
∞
(β)m m| X (α)n |n
|α|2 +|β|2
X
−
Now β|α = e 2 √ √
m=0 m! n=0 n!
∞
X (αβ)n
|α|2 +|β|2
= e− 2
n=0
(n!)
Let
= β ∗ α β|α .
(3)
From L.H.S,
∞
(α)n |n
−|α|2 /2
X
†
2
= e−|α| /2
√ β|N̂ |n
n=0 n!
∞
X (α)n
−|α|2 /2
= e √ n β|n .
n=0 n!
Now
X∞ ∗ m
2 (β ) m|
β|n = e−|β| /2
√ |n
m=0 m!
∞ 2
X (β ∗ )n e−|β| /2
= √
n=0 n!
∞ ∞
(α)n X (β ∗ )n
−|α|2 /2 −|β|2 /2
† X
⇒ β|â â|α = e e √ n √
n=0 n! n=0 n!
∞
X (αβ ∗ )n
2 2
= e−|α| /2 e−|β| /2 n .
n=0
n!
Using Eq(3)
∞
∗
−|α|2 /2 −|β|2 /2
X (αβ ∗ )n
β α β|α = e e n
n=0
n!
∞
1 −|α|2 /2 −|β|2 /2
X (αβ ∗ )n
β|α = e e n
(αβ ∗ ) n=0
n!
∞
−|α|2 /2 −|β|2 /2
X n(αβ ∗ )n−1
= e e
n=0
n!
∞
2 /2 2 /2
X n(αβ ∗ )n−1
= e−|α| e−|β|
n=0
n(n − 1)!
⇒ α|β β|α
2 +|β|2 −(αβ ∗ +α∗ β)
= e−(|α|
2)
= e−(|α−β|
2
∴ α|β → 0 if |α − β| 1.
6. (a) Find the mean number of photons in the coherent state |α .
(b) Find the probability of finding n photons in the coherent state |α .
(c) Show that the probability distribution obtained above in (b) is Poissonian. Look
up and state the discrete Poissonian probability distribution function.
Answer
(a) The mean number of photons in the coherent state |α are
= α|α∗ α|α
= α∗ α α|α = |α|2 .
(b) The probability of finding the n photons in the coherent state |α is given by
2
P n|α = n|α
αn 2
n|α = √ e−|α| /2
n!
2 n
2 (|α| ) −|α|2
∴ n|α = e .
n!
(c) Poisson distribution function with parameter λ > 0 and k = 0, 1, 2... is given by
λk e−λ
Pr(k) = .
k!
2
ψn=1 (x) = 2(2π 1/2 x0 )−1/2 (x/x0 )e−0.5/(x/x0 )
with x0 = (~/mω)1/2 . Calculate the probability of finding the particle in the interval
x to x + dx. Show that, according to classical mechanics, the probability is
1 2
Pclassical (x)dx = (A − x2 )−1/2 dx
π 0
for −A0 < x < A0 and zero elsewhere (A0 is the classical amplitude). With the
aid of sketches compare this probability distribution with the quantum mechanical
one. Locate the maxima for the probability distribution for the n = 1 quantum state
The minimum energy required to eject the electron from the metal is W , called the
work function. If a nearby metal is placed at a positive voltage V0 w.r.t. the bulk
metal tip, an electric field is setup. As a result the potential energy profile changes as
shown in figure (c). The Fermi electron can now easily tunnel out of the metal tip.
(a) If |E| is the constant electric field between the tip and the nearby metal, express
V (x) − EF in terms of the electric field. Use the notation
V (x)= potential energy, v=electric voltage,
EF =Fermi energy = energy of tunneling electron.
Answer
(a) From the figure (c), it is clear that the potential energy varies in the region x > 0
as
V (x) = EF + W − e|E|x
V (x) − EF = W − e|E|x.
Here [a, b] corresponds to classically forbidden region (or tunneling allowed re-
gion). So it is clear that a = 0, b is the value of x when V (x) = EF , i.e.,
W
W − e|E|b = 0, ⇒b = ·
e|E|
So we have
W
r
√ Z
e|E| e|E|x
I= W dx 1− ·
0 W
Let
e|E|x W 2
= z2, ⇒ x = z
W e|E|
2W z
⇒ dx = dz.
e|E|
W
When x = 0, z = 0 and when x = e|E|
, z = 1. By these substitutions, integral
becomes
√ Z 1 √
2W
I = W z 1 − z 2 dz.
0 e|E|