CRI

TICALJOURNALREVI
EW

WHATI
STHEATTI
TUDEOFTHELEADER

LECTURER:Dr
.MARI
NIDAMANI
K,M.
Si

Ar
rangedby:
1.Anni
saRahay
u(4203131045)
2.Er
iant
iSi
mbol
on(4203131028)
3.FahmyNandaSahal
aPohan(
4203131006)
4.Lamt
iurPar
onaul
iSi
l
aban(
4203131048)
5.Nur
ulAmal
i
ahNasut
ion(
4203332025)

BI
LINGUALCHEMI
CALEDUCATI
ONSTUDYPROGRAM

FACULTYOFMATHANDSCI
ENCE

MEDANSTATEUNI
VERSI
TY

ODDSEMESTER2020/
2021
 FOREWORD

Pr
aisebet
othet
eam ofwr
it
erst
oGodAl
might
y.BecauseofHi
sbl
essi
ngand
gr
ace,
thewr
it
ingt
eam wasabl
etocompl
etet
heCr
it
ical
Jour
nal
Riv
iew ont
he
Leader
shi
pcour
se"
Whati
sTheAt
ti
tudeofTheLeader
".Ther
eal
i
zat
ionoft
his
Cr
it
ical
Jour
nal
Riv
iewcannotbesepar
atedf
rom t
hedi
rect
ionandgui
danceoft
he
l
ect
urer
swhoar
eteachi
ngcour
ses.Ther
efor
e,t
het
eam ofwr
it
erswoul
dli
ket
o
t
hankDr
.t
ech.Mar
ini
Damani
k,M.
Si.

Wr
it
ingt
heCr
it
ical
Jour
nal
Rev
iewi
sint
endedsot
hatr
eader
scanbet
ter
under
standt
hemat
eri
alt
hatt
hewr
it
ingt
eam haspr
esent
ed.Thet
eam ofwr
it
ersi
s
awar
ethati
nwr
it
ingt
hisCr
it
ical
Jour
nal
Rev
iewt
her
ear
emanydef
ici
enci
es.
Ther
efor
e,t
hewr
it
ingt
eam expect
ssuggest
ionsandcr
it
ici
sm f
rom r
eader
s.

I
nconcl
usi
on,
theaut
hor
shopet
hatt
heCr
it
ical
Jour
nal
Rev
iewi
susef
ulf
or
r
eader
sandcanbet
terunder
standt
hemat
eri
alt
hathasbeenpr
esent
ed.

Medan,
8Okt
ober2020

(
Aut
hor
s)
 i

TABLEOFCONTENTS

FOREWORD…….
……………………………………………………………………….
..
..
..
..
i

TABLEOFCONTENTS…………………………………………………………………….
..
ii

CHAPTERI
:PRELI
MINARY……………………………………………………………….
.1

1.
1Backgr
oundofWr
it
ing…………………………………………………………….
1

1.
2Ai
m ofWr
it
ing…………………………………………………………………….
1

1.
3Benef
it
sofWr
it
ing………………………………………………………….
..
..
..
..
..
1

1.
4Ident
it
yofJour
nal
…………………………………………………………………2

CHAPTERI
I:SUMMARY………………………………………………………………….
..
3
2.
1Summar
yofJour
nal
……………………………………………………………….
3
CHAPTERI
II
:ADVANTAGESANDDI
SADVANTAGES………………………………12

3.
1Adv
ant
agesofJour
nal
………………………………………………………….
..
12

3.
2Di
sadv
ant
agesofJour
nal
..
.……………………………………………………….
12

CHAPTERI
V:CONCLUSI
ONS……………………………………………………………13

4.
1Concl
usi
ons………………………………………………………………………13

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………….
14
 i
i

CHAPTERI
PRELI
MINARY
1.
1Backgr
oundofWr
it
ing

Ast
udentmustbesensi
ti
vet
othet
imesandexi
sti
ngi
nfor
mat
ion.Var
iousway
s
canbeusedt
oobt
aini
nfor
mat
ion,
oneofwhi
chi
sbyr
eadi
ngj
our
nal
.Notonl
y
r
eadi
ngj
our
nal
,ast
udentcanal
soj
udgewhet
hert
hej
our
nal
stheyr
eadar
egoodor
not
.Thi
sact
ivi
tyi
scal
l
edt
heCr
it
ical
Jour
nal
Rev
iew.Bef
oreconduct
ingan
assessment
,st
udent
smustf
ir
stunder
standt
hecont
entoft
hej
our
nal
bei
ng
cr
it
ici
zed.

1.
2Ai
m ofWr
it
ing

I
nthi
swr
it
ing,
iti
shopedt
hatt
heobj
ect
ivedwi
l
lbeachi
eved,
namel
yas
f
oll
ows:

1.Tr
aint
othi
nkcr
it
ical
l
yinr
espondi
ngt
oinf
ormat
ion
2.Knowi
ngwhati
stheat
ti
tudeoft
hel
eader
3.I
ncr
easeknowl
edgeaboutt
heLeader
shi
p
4.Fi
ndi
ngl
ear
ningr
efer
encesour
cesf
ordeeperunder
standi
ngoft
hemat
eri
al

1.
3Benef
it
sofWr
it
ing

Thebenef
it
sthatwi
l
lbeobt
ainedl
atert
rought
hiswr
it
ing,
namel
y:

1.Ful
fi
ll
i
ngoneoft
hemandat
oryt
asksoft
heLeader
shi
pcour
se
2.I
mpr
ovecr
it
ical
thi
nki
ngski
l
lsi
nrecei
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion
3.Tr
aini
nsummar
izi
ngj
our
nal
4.Getnewi
nsi
ght
s
 1

1.
4Ident
it
yofJour
nal
Ti
tl
e :ThePastandTheFut
ureofInter
nat
ional
Ent
repr
eneur
shi
p(aRi
vi
ew andSuggest
ionsf
orDevelopi
ngTheFiel
ds)
Aut
hor :
Mar
chusMat
iasandOl
i
verGassmann
Edi
ti
on :
Fir
stEdi
ti
on
Publ
i
sher :
Sout
her
nManagementAssoci
ati
on
Pl
aceofpubl
i
sh :
Swi
tzer
land
Publ
i
cat
iony
ear :
2009
Pages :
35
DOI :
 10.
1177/
0149206308330558
I
SSN :
01492063
 2

CHAPTERI
I
SUMMARY
2.
1 Summar
yofJour
nal
I
nthi
sar
ti
cle,
theaut
hor
sanal
yzet
hef
iel
dofi
nter
nat
ionalent
repr
eneur
shi
p(I
E),
whi
chi
sindesper
ateneedoff
urt
hert
heor
ydev
elopment
.Theyst
udyt
hef
iel
dofI
E
si
nce i
tsi
ncept
ion byof
fer
ing a compr
ehensi
ver
evi
ew of179 ar
ti
cles on I
E
publ
i
shedi
n16j
our
nal
sov
er14y
ear
s,cov
eri
ngt
heacademi
cdi
sci
pli
nesofst
rat
egi
c
management
,int
ernat
ional busi
ness, ent
repr
eneur
shi
p, and t
echnol
ogy and
i
nnov
ati
onmanagement
.Fr
om asy
stemat
iccont
entanal
ysi
soft
hisl
i
ter
atur
e,t
he
aut
hor
sdev
elopanor
gani
zi
ngf
ramewor
ktoanal
yzet
hef
iel
d’scur
rentst
atus.Ont
he
basi
soft
hisanal
ysi
s,t
heaut
hor
scani
dent
if
ytheor
eti
cali
nconsi
stenci
es,
conf
li
cti
ng
pr
edi
cti
ons,andknowl
edgegapst
hatal
lfor
est
allt
hef
urt
herdev
elopmentofI
E
r
esear
ch.Theyt
hendev
elopdi
rect
ionsf
orf
utur
eresear
cht
hatcanhel
ptoov
ercome
t
heseobst
acl
esandpr
omot
efut
uret
heor
ydev
elopment
.Thi
sphenomenol
ogi
cal
,
r
athert
hant
heor
eti
cal
,appr
oacht
othedef
ini
ti
onofI
Etr
igger
ed empi
ri
caland
concept
ual
studi
est
hatmakeupt
heov
erwhel
mingmaj
ori
tyofext
antI
Eli
ter
atur
e.

 f
ormul
ati
onoft
hepr
obl
em

Lat
eri
nourar
ti
cle,weshowt
hat
,wi
thv
eryf
ewexcept
ions,t
hisempi
ri
call
i
ter
atur
e
hasexcl
usi
vel
yconcent
rat
edonanal
yzi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Thepr
opensi
tyofsmal
lyoungf
ir
mst
oint
ernat
ional
i
ze(
thet
ypi
calsampl
i
ng
cr
it
eri
aher
ear
e f
ir
mst
hatempl
oyl
esst
han500orl
esst
han250,
dependi
ng
ont
hedef
ini
ti
onused)

2.Whatsmal
lnewv
ent
urest
hathav
eint
ernat
ional
i
zeddot
openet
rat
emar
ket
s
and/
ort
osur
viv
eandhowt
hei
rint
ernat
ional
per
for
mancedi
ff
ers

3.Thedemogr
aphi
candcogni
ti
vechar
act
eri
sti
csofi
ndi
vi
dualorgr
oupsof
ent
repr
eneur
sandt
hei
ract
ionsi
nthecour
seofi
nter
nat
ional
i
zat
ion

Gi
vent
heor
igi
nali
ntent
iont
hatI
Eshoul
dcr
eat
eanew f
iel
dofacademi
cst
udy
wher
etheor
yonI
Bandent
repr
eneur
shi
pint
ersect
s(Ov
iat
t&McDougal
l
,2005b)
,thi
s
dev
elopmentseemspr
obl
emat
ic.Ont
heot
herhand,
overt
hepasty
ear
sanumberof
t
heor
eti
caldev
elopment
shav
eemer
gedt
hathav
etr
iedt
oposi
ti
onI
Eawayf
rom t
he
phenomenol
ogi
calnat
ureoft
heabov
est
udi
esand t
o achi
eve a mor
egener
al
t
heor
eti
cal
under
standi
ngofwhatI
Eis.

Theat
tempt
sdi
rect
edatmaki
ngI
Eresear
chi
ndependentoff
ir
m si
zeandf
ir
m
agecanbet
racedbackt
oa1997ar
ti
clet
hatr
edef
inedI
Eas“
new andi
nnov
ati
ve
act
ivi
ti
est
hathav
ethegoalofv
aluecr
eat
ionandgr
owt
hinbusi
nessor
gani
zat
ions
acr
ossnat
ionalbor
der
s”I
nthi
svei
n,ShaneandVenkat
araman(
2000)def
inedt
he
not
ionof“
int
ernat
ionalent
repr
eneur
ialdy
nami
cs”as“
theschol
arl
yexami
nat
ionof
how,bywhom,andwi
thwhatef
fect
soppor
tuni
ti
est
ocr
eat
efut
uregoodsand
ser
vicesar
edi
scov
ered,
eval
uat
edandexpl
oit
ed.
”

I
nar
elat
edway
,Cov
iel
l
o(2006)andMat
hewsandZander(
2007)t
ri
edt
o
r
econcept
ual
i
zeI
Easady
nami
cpr
ocesst
hatev
olv
esov
ert
ime.Thi
smul
ti
tudeof
def
ini
ti
onsmakesi
tdi
ff
icul
ttodi
sti
ngui
shwhatshoul
dcountasanI
Est
udy
.Aswe
show i
nthi
sar
ti
cle,att
hemomenta“
typi
cal
”IEst
udyi
sonewher
ether
esear
ch
quest
ionf
ocusesonst
udy
ingsmal
lfi
rmst
hatv
ent
ureabr
oadoronsmal
lfi
rmst
hat
st
artexpor
ti
ng.Manyoft
hese st
udi
es hav
e notused anyspeci
fi
ctheor
eti
cal
f
ramewor
katal
l
,nei
therf
rom I
Bnorf
rom ent
repr
eneur
shi
ptheor
y,andt
hoset
hat
hav
emost
lyhav
eusedf
ramewor
ksf
rom mai
nst
ream I
Btheor
y.Ty
pical
l
y,t
hese
st
udi
eshav
elegi
ti
mizedt
hei
rpr
esencei
ntheI
Edomai
nbecauset
hei
rsampl
esar
e
composedofnewv
ent
urest
hathav
erev
enuesf
rom mor
ethanonecount
ry.

Howev
er,i
fIEi
ssupposedt
obet
hei
nter
sect
ionofI
Bandent
repr
eneur
shi
p
t
heor
y,t
hent
hisst
udyofhowandwhynewv
ent
uresi
nter
nat
ional
i
zei
sasubsetof
possi
bleI
Eresear
cht
opi
cs,butnotequi
val
entt
oIEi
tsel
f,becausenei
therI
Bnor
ent
repr
eneur
shi
ptheor
yisspeci
fi
ctof
ir
m si
zeorf
ir
m age.Thus,
webel
i
evet
hati
tis
i
mpor
tantt
oemphasi
zet
heuni
quenessofI
Easat
heor
eti
cal
l
ylegi
ti
mat
efi
eldof
st
udybey
ondent
repr
eneur
shi
pandI
Btheor
yingener
al.

I
nfact
,theear
lyst
agesofanypr
ocesswher
etheent
repr
eneur
ialaspect
sof
i
nter
nat
ional
i
zat
ion come t
o t
he f
ore (
incl
udi
ng, i
n pr
inci
ple, t
hose
i
nter
nat
ional
i
zat
ionpr
ocessesexecut
edbyl
argemul
ti
nat
ional
s)ar
echar
act
eri
zedby
phenomenat
hatcanbeexpl
ainednei
therbyI
Bnorbyent
repr
eneur
shi
ptheor
yin
i
sol
ati
on(
Mat
hews&Zander
,2007)
.Thest
udyofsuchpr
ocesseswoul
dpossi
blybe
ev
encl
osert
othel
ater
-st
agedef
ini
ti
onsofI
Ethany
etot
herst
udi
esofhow smal
l
newv
ent
uresi
nter
nat
ional
i
ze.

Howev
er,cont
ri
but
ionst
hatadequat
elyr
efl
ectsucht
heor
eti
cali
nter
sect
ions
ofI
B and ent
repr
eneur
shi
ptheor
y ar
e al
mostnonexi
stent
.Thi
simbal
ance i
s
par
ti
cul
arl
yrel
evantt
othedev
elopmentofI
Eresear
chbecauset
heov
erwhel
ming
maj
ori
ty oft
hose I
E st
udi
es t
hatexpl
i
cit
ly ci
teat
heor
eti
calf
oundat
ion uses
f
ramewor
ksf
rom mai
nst
ream I
Btheor
y.

Few st
udi
es ar
e gr
ounded i
nfr
amewor
ks f
rom ent
repr
eneur
shi
ptheor
y.
Howev
er,whati
smostdi
sconcer
ti
ngi
sthatal
mostnost
udyseekst
oint
egr
ate
t
hinki
ngf
rom bot
hincor
por
atedI
Bandent
repr
eneur
shi
ptheor
y.

Asar
esul
toft
hisi
mbal
ance,
themoder
ntheor
iesofI
Bhav
eabst
ract
edf
rom t
he
i
nher
ent ent
repr
eneur
ial f
unct
ions t
hat made t
hem possi
ble, wher
eas
ent
repr
eneur
shi
phasf
ocusedont
heent
repr
eneur
sandent
repr
eneur
ialpr
ocesses
wi
thoutmuchconcer
nfort
hebr
oadert
heor
iest
hatper
tai
ntot
hegl
obalgr
owt
hof
f
ir
ms(
Etemad,2005a)
.Ther
efor
e,cur
rentI
Eresear
cht
endst
ofav
orei
thert
he
i
nter
nat
ionalort
heent
repr
eneur
shi
psi
de,
atendencyt
hatmakesI
Eresear
chdi
ver
ge
i
ncr
easi
ngl
yfr
om t
hei
ntendedl
egi
ti
mizat
ionofI
East
hei
nter
sect
ionofI
B and
ent
repr
eneur
shi
p t
heor
y. Al
l of t
hese pr
obl
ems hav
e l
ed t
o consi
der
abl
e
i
nconsi
stenci
es,knowl
edgegaps,andconf
li
cti
ngpr
edi
cti
onst
hatf
orest
allabet
ter
t
heor
eti
cal
andpr
act
ical
under
standi
ngofI
E.

 Met
hod

Wel
i
mit
edourr
evi
ew t
ononi
nvi
tedpeer
-r
evi
ewedj
our
nalar
ti
cles,omi
tt
ingbooks,
bookchapt
ers,andot
hernonr
efer
eedpubl
i
cat
ionsbecausej
our
nalar
ti
clescanbe
consi
der
edv
ali
dat
edknowl
edgeandar
eli
kel
ytohav
ethehi
ghesti
mpactont
hef
iel
d
(
Podsakof
f,MacKenzi
e,Bachr
ach,&Podsakof
f,2005)
.Al
thought
hisappr
oachdoes
notcov
ernonj
our
nalpubl
i
cat
ions,wedo f
eelt
hati
tpr
ovi
desan accur
ateand
r
epr
esent
ati
vepi
ctur
eoft
hear
easonwhi
chI
Eschol
arshav
echosent
ofocust
hei
r
r
esear
chat
tent
ionandr
esour
ces.Toensur
eacompl
etecov
erageofI
Eli
ter
atur
e
acr
oss di
ff
erentschol
arl
yfi
elds,we anal
yzed 16 j
our
nal
sfr
om f
our ar
eas:
ent
repr
eneur
shi
p

Wechose1994asourbegi
nni
ngpoi
ntasi
twasi
nthi
syearwhenOv
iat
tand
McDougal
l
’s(
1994)decade-
winni
ngar
ti
clewaspubl
i
shedi
nJour
nalofI
nter
nat
ional
Busi
nessSt
udi
es.Thi
sar
ti
clei
sconsi
der
edakeyt
ri
ggerf
ort
hedev
elopmentoft
he
f
iel
dofI
E(Aut
io,
2005)
,so1994canbeconsi
der
edast
hest
art
ingpoi
ntoft
hef
iel
d.
Consequent
ly,
wesear
chedal
li
ssuesofal
loft
heabov
ejour
nal
sfr
om 1994t
o2007.
Toav
oidar
bit
rar
inessi
mpl
i
edbysubj
ect
ivel
ygener
atedkey
wor
dsf
orsear
chengi
nes,
f
ivecoder
s(bot
haut
hor
soft
hisar
ti
cleandt
hreeassi
stant
s)manual
l
ywentt
hrough
al
lissues ofal
ljour
nal
s usi
ng v
ari
ous el
ect
roni
c dat
abases (
Busi
ness Sour
ce
Pr
emi
erPubl
i
cat
ions,
JSTOR,
ProQuest
).

Wher
eanar
ti
clewasnotcov
eredbyanel
ect
roni
cdat
abase(
whi
chwas
somet
imest
hecasewi
thar
ti
clespubl
i
shedbef
ore1995)
,thear
ti
clewasr
etr
iev
ed
f
rom ourl
i
brar
yasahar
dcopy
.Todet
ermi
newhi
char
ti
cleswer
erel
evantt
othef
iel
d
ofI
E,t
hecoder
srev
iewedt
hear
ti
clesandcl
assi
fi
edt
hem.
 At
otalof7,
627ar
ti
cleswasr
evi
ewedbyt
hecoder
s.Al
lthr
eecoder
sagr
eed
ont
hecl
assi
fi
cat
ionof98.
66% oft
hear
ti
cles.The1.
34% oft
hear
ti
cleswher
e
unani
mit
ycoul
dnotbeat
tai
nedwer
ecl
assi
fi
edasI
Eifatl
eastt
hreeoft
hef
ive
coder
smadet
hatcl
assi
fi
cat
ion.

Thi
spr
ocedur
eyi
eldedaf
inall
i
stof179ar
ti
cles,
whi
char
esummar
izedi
nthe
appendi
xatt
hev
eryendoft
hisar
ti
cle.Toanal
yzet
hese,anor
gani
zi
ngf
ramewor
k
der
ivedf
rom suchal
i
stofar
ti
clesi
snecessar
yforsy
stemat
ical
l
yev
aluat
ingt
hei
r
cont
ri
but
ions(
Ginsber
g&Venkat
raman,
1985)
.

Weder
ivedt
hisf
ramewor
kasf
oll
ows.Toensur
eobj
ect
ivi
ty,eachcoderr
ead
eachoft
he179ar
ti
clesandi
ndependent
lyanal
yzedt
hear
ti
cle’
sdef
ini
ti
onofI
E,
r
esear
chf
ocus,t
heor
eti
calf
ramewor
k,v
ari
abl
es,dat
aandmet
hod,out
comes,and
t
heor
eti
cali
mpl
i
cat
ionsf
orI
E.Thei
ndi
vi
dualassessment
swer
ethencombi
nedand
sy
nthesi
zed.I
fther
ewer
edi
sagr
eement
sbet
weencoder
sregar
dingt
hisanal
ysi
s
(
whi
chwer
efew)
,thei
ssuewasdi
scussedandr
esol
ved.Thi
spr
ocessy
iel
deda
codi
ngmat
ri
xforal
lar
ti
clest
hatpr
ovi
dedi
nfor
mat
ionf
ort
hesubsequentanal
yses.

 Resul
ts

Fi
rst
,thedi
str
ibut
ionofI
Ear
ti
clesi
shi
ghl
yskewedacr
ossj
our
nal
s.Tabl
e1gi
vesa
det
ail
edaccountofwher
eandwhent
he179r
evi
ewedar
ti
cleswer
epubl
i
shed.About
65.
03% ofI
Eresear
chwaspubl
i
shedi
nent
repr
eneur
shi
pjour
nal
s,compar
edt
o
24.
60% i
nIBj
our
nal
sand9.
82% i
nst
rat
egi
cmanagementj
our
nal
s.Al
thought
he
t
opi
csoff
ir
ms’
speci
ali
zedt
echnol
ogi
calposi
ti
onandl
ear
ningcapabi
l
iti
esar
eof
ten
di
scussedasani
mpor
tantel
ementofi
nter
nat
ional
i
zat
ion,I
Ear
ti
clesar
evi
rt
ual
l
y
nonexi
stenti
nthet
echnol
ogyandi
nnov
ati
onmanagementl
i
ter
atur
e(0.
55% ofal
l
ar
ti
cles)
.Ev
enwi
thi
ntheent
repr
eneur
shi
pjour
nal
s,I
Ear
ti
clesmakeuponl
y4.
6%of
al
lent
repr
eneur
shi
par
ti
clesonav
erage.Thi
sfr
equencyanal
ysi
ssuggest
sthatI
Eis
st
il
la v
ery cont
ext
-speci
fi
cli
ter
atur
ethat
,much i
n cont
rast t
o“cl
assi
cal
”
ent
repr
eneur
shi
presear
cht
hati
sal
sopubl
i
shedwi
del
yinmai
nst
ream management
j
our
nal
s(cf
.Ir
eland&Webb,
2007)
,1hasnoty
etachi
evedmuchacademi
clegi
ti
macy
out
sidet
hei
mmedi
ateenv
ironmentofent
repr
eneur
shi
pjour
nal
s.

Looki
ngatt
her
esul
tsofFi
gur
e1,wef
indt
hatmostI
Ear
ti
cleshav
emost
ly
anal
yzedant
ecedent
sofI
E(especi
all
ysoci
ocogni
ti
vef
act
orsatt
hei
ndi
vi
duall
evel
ofanal
ysi
s)and pat
ter
nsand degr
eesofi
nter
nat
ional
i
zat
ion att
he f
ir
m l
evel
.
Regar
ding t
hecausalconnect
ionsbet
ween t
het
hreet
op-
lev
elcat
egor
ies,most
st
udi
esdi
rect
lyr
elat
eant
ecedent
sandout
comes(
Arr
ow 3)
.Her
e,st
udi
est
ypi
cal
l
y
t
akeant
ecedent
sasi
ndependentv
ari
abl
esandr
elat
ethem t
oadependentv
ari
abl
e
t
hatf
ocusesont
hepr
ocessofi
nter
nat
ional
i
zat
ionsuchasexpor
torsal
esgr
owt
h
(
e.g.
,Pr
eece,
Mil
es,
&Baet
z,1998)
.

Theel
ement
scat
egor
y,howev
er,r
ecei
vescompar
ati
vel
yli
tt
leat
tent
ion;and
compar
ingt
hecount
soft
hiscat
egor
ywi
tht
hoseoft
het
woot
her
s,i
tcanal
mostbe
l
abel
ed t
he “
black box”i
fIEr
esear
ch.St
udi
es t
hatanal
yze t
he i
nfl
uence of
ant
ecedent
sonel
ement
s(Ar
row1)
,thei
nfl
uenceofel
ement
sonout
comes(
Arr
ow
2)
,and r
elat
ions bet
ween el
ement
s such as (
say
)technol
ogi
call
ear
ning and
compet
it
iveadv
ant
age(
Arr
ow 4)ar
ever
yscar
ce.I
nouropi
nion,t
hispr
obl
emat
ic
di
str
ibut
ionofr
esear
cht
opi
csi
soneoft
hemai
nreasonswhyt
hef
iel
dofI
Ehas
madel
i
ttl
epr
ogr
essi
nter
msofext
ernalt
heor
eti
call
egi
ti
mizat
ion.Al
thought
her
eis
noshor
tageofst
udi
est
hatl
ookatt
hehow ofI
E,t
hati
s,ant
ecedent
sandexpor
t
gr
owt
hpat
ter
ns,
ver
yli
tt
ler
esear
chhassof
araddr
essedt
hewhyquest
ionofI
E,t
hat
i
s,el
ement
ssuchasst
rat
egi
cmanagement
,accesst
oresour
ces,knowl
edgeand
i
nfor
mat
ion,f
ir
m capabi
l
iti
es,and i
nnov
ator
y adv
ant
ages,al
lofwhi
ch enabl
e
ent
repr
eneur
ialf
ir
mst
oint
ernat
ional
i
zet
hei
rbusi
nessi
nanent
repr
eneur
ialmanner
ov
ert
ime(
Gassmann&Keupp,
2007;
Kni
ght&Cav
usgi
l
,2004)
.

We f
urt
heri
nvest
igat
ed t
he r
esul
ts ofFi
gur
e 1 byext
ract
ing t
he r
esear
ch
quest
ionf
rom al
lar
ti
clesandanal
yzi
ngwhatel
ement
sandconnect
ionsamong
el
ement
stheyst
udi
ed.Theser
esul
tsar
edet
ail
edi
nTabl
e2.Thi
stabl
eshowst
hat
t
hegr
eat
estpar
tofext
antI
Eresear
chi
sver
y“out
comedr
iven”i
nthati
tst
ri
vest
o
expl
ain t
he scope, ext
ent
, pat
ter
ns, and per
for
mance i
mpl
i
cat
ions of
i
nter
nat
ional
i
zat
ion.Thi
sespeci
all
yappl
i
est
oar
ti
clesdesi
gnat
edbyAr
row 3;t
he
maj
ori
tyoft
hesest
udi
esst
ri
vest
oident
if
y“successf
act
ors”t
hatmakeaf
ir
m
i
nter
nat
ional
i
ze ear
li
er,wi
th a bet
terper
for
mance,orwi
th gr
eat
ergeogr
aphi
cal
cov
eraget
hanot
herf
ir
ms.Tabl
e3pr
ovi
desanov
erv
iewoft
hedependentv
ari
abl
es
t
hatt
hequant
it
ati
veI
Ear
ti
cleshav
est
udi
ed—t
heov
erwhel
mingmaj
ori
tyoft
hese
v
ari
abl
esr
efer
stot
hemeasur
ementofi
nter
nat
ional
i
zat
ion,wher
easmeasur
ement
s
of ent
repr
eneur
ial or
ient
ati
on or act
ion, l
et al
one weal
th cr
eat
ion f
rom
ent
repr
eneur
ialact
ion,ar
eunder
repr
esent
ed.Af
urt
herpr
obl
em i
sthatal
loft
hese
f
act
orsar
est
udi
edi
nanempi
ri
calenv
ironmentt
hatf
ocusesal
mostexcl
usi
vel
yon
smal
lfi
rms:Oft
he179ar
ti
clesr
evi
ewed,
149ar
eempi
ri
cal
,thati
s,t
heyanal
yzedat
a
i
nbot
hqual
i
tat
iveandquant
it
ati
vef
orm.Wi
tht
woexcept
ions,al
loft
hese149
empi
ri
calar
ti
clesusesampl
esofsmal
landy
oungf
ir
ms,
rest
ri
cti
ngt
hei
ranal
yzi
ngt
o
anyoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Thepr
opensi
tyofsmal
lyoungf
ir
mst
oint
ernat
ional
i
ze(
thet
ypi
calsampl
i
ng
cr
it
eri
aher
ear
efi
rmst
hatempl
oyl
esst
han500orl
esst
han250,dependi
ng
ont
hedef
ini
ti
onused)
 2.Whatsmal
lnewv
ent
urest
hathav
eint
ernat
ional
i
zeddot
openet
rat
emar
ket
s
and/
ort
osur
viv
eandhowt
hei
rint
ernat
ional
per
for
mancedi
ff
ers

3.Thedemogr
aphi
candcogni
ti
vechar
act
eri
sti
csofi
ndi
vi
dualorgr
oupsof
ent
repr
eneur
sandt
hei
ract
ionsi
nthecour
seofi
nter
nat
ional
i
zat
ion

Webel i
ev ethatthi sempi r
icalfocusonsmal lfi
rmsi spr oblemat i
c,asitseems
oddt ogroundt hetheor yofawhol efieldofacademi cst udysuchasI Eonfir
m size.
Thereisnor easonf orsuchanempi r
icalcontextspecifi
city,ast het heoreti
cal
defi
niti
onofI Eas« acombi nationofi nnovati
ve,proactiveandr i
sk- seekingbehavior
thatcrossesnat i
onal bor dersandi si ntendedtocreat evaluei nor ganizati
ons»is
i
ndependentoff i
rm si ze.Howev er,although149oft he179ar t
iclesar eempi ri
cal
,
noneoft hesehasempl oy edameasur ementmodel thatwoul ddoI Eresear
ch
i
rrespecti
veoff ir
m si ze.Thi sinabil
ityofmostst udiest oclarifythei rconceptual
understandingofIEl eav esamaj orconcer nunaddr essed.Al readybacki n2000,
therewasacl earcall thatf utureresear chshoulddemonst ratedef initi
onalri
gorso
thatusefulcompar i
sonsamongst udiescanbemade.
Howev er,9y ear slater,wedonotf indt hatt hiscallhasbeenadequat ely
addressedThei nformat ioni nTabl e4r eflect sanot herprobl em withcurrentIE
research,namel y,whatwecal lan« imbal ance»bet weent heI Bandt he
entrepreneurshi pf i
elds,thei ntersect ionofwhi chconst i
tutest hefiel
dofI Eaccor di
ng
toitsowndef initi
on.Panel dat astudi esar ear ar eexceptioni nIEresearch.
Dependentv ariablesofal ongi tudinal natur e,suchassur v i
v alt
imes, ar
eal sovery
scarce.Thi sseemspr oblemat icbecauset imei sani mpor tantdimensionoft he
entrepreneurial discov ery,
cr eation, andexpl oitationprocess.Thesef i
ndingsalso
mat chthoseofCov i
elloandJones, whof oundt hatextantI Eresearchis
characteri
zedbyst atic,cross- sectional studi est hathavel argelyfail
edtocapt ure
compl expr ocesses. Thi sfailureofext antI Er esear chtoadequat el
ydepictt he
entrepreneurial processofi nternational i
zat iont hatiskeyt oanyf i
rm’sIEact i
vit
yisin
ourv i
ewasi gnificantobst acl e.
Fut
ureDi
rect
ionf
orI
EResear
ch
•Conf li
ct i
ngVi ewpoint sAboutt heEnt r
epreneurialComponentofI nternationalizati
on
Therei s a ser ious gap i n ourknowl edge r egarding how t he pr ocess of
ent r
epreneur i
allydriveni nternati
onali
zationev olves,especi all
yr egar dingt heear l
y,
ent r
epreneur i
allydr i
ven st ages ofi nternat
ionalizati
on,and t her e are conf li
cti
ng
states of knowl edge and pr edicti
ons f rom I B t heor y on one hand and
ent r
epreneur shiptheor yont heotherhand.
Oneoft hemostdomi nantIBf r
amewor ks,t
hepr ocesst heor yofi nternationalizati
on,
predictst hatinternationalizati
onev olvesgradual l
y,inst agest hatbui ldl i
near lyon
eachot her.
IBt heory,yetitmaybeunabl etocor rectl
ypr edicttheear lystagesoft he
i
nt ernational
ization pr ocess.Att hese earl
yst ages,when f i
rms ar e seeki ng to
establisht hemsel vesandnew mul t
inati
onalf ir
msar eappear ingt oexpl oitnew
oppor tuniti
es cr eated by gl obalizati
on, t he ent repr eneur i
al aspect s of
i
nt ernational
izationcomet ot hefore.
 9

Howev er ,neit
hert hePTInorot herI Bf ramewor ksconsi dert hisaspect .Theexi st ing
framewor ksinI B ar eboundedi nt heirscopeandgi vel imi tedt ract ioni nmany
i
nt erestingcasesf oundi ntheear lystagesofi nt er nati
onal i
zat i
onoff i
rms.
Wet heref orebel i
ev et hatt hesegapsandi nconsi stenciespoi ntt ooppor tuniti
esf or
futureI Er esear cht hatwoul dai mt or esolv ethem.Suchr esear chcoul ddev el
opnew
framewor ksofi nt ernat ional i
zationt hati ncorpor at etheent repr eneur ialcomponent ,
as pr ocess st udi es ofent repreneur shi pt hatanal yze the ev oluti
on ofa f irm’ s
ent r
epreneur ialef for tsov ert i
mear escar ce.Tot hebestofourknowl edge,onl yt he
concept ualar t i
cl esofCov ielloandMat hewsandZanderhav esof arat tempt edt o
analy zeI Efrom suchapr ocessper spect iveofent repreneur ialbehav ior .
Webel iev et hatj ustl ikei nternat i
onal i
zat ion,ent repreneur shipi sapr ocess,
rathert hanast at icphenomenon.I ti sessent iall
yapl annedbehav i
ort hatdev elops
ov ertimeandi nt er act swi thi tsenv ironment .Thi si mpl i
est hatf utureI Er esearch,as
thei nter secti
on ofi nternat ionalization and ent repreneur ship,coul d benef i
tf rom
mor el ongi t
udi nalr esear chdesi gns.Thus,t hest udyoft heear l
y,ent repr eneur shi p-
drivenst agesofi nternat ional i
zat i
oncoul dbeanoppor tunit yt oachi ev eamor e
gener alunder st andi ngofhow ent r
epr eneur ialpr ocessesandi nter nat i
onal i
zat ion
i
nt eractandcoev ol veov ert ime.Thedi mensi onoft i
mehasbeenst ressedr epeat edl y
asf undament alt oi solat i
ngkeydev elopment si nst udiesofi nt ernational izati
onand
studiesofent repr eneur i
al behav i
orandot herpr ocesses.
•
Conf
li
cti
ngExpl
anat
ionsofWhyEar
lyandRapi
dInt
ernat
ional
i
zat
ionI
sPossi
ble
Asecondsour ceofconfl
i
cti nthefi
eldofIEist
hequestionofhowandwhysome
fi
rmscanint
ernati
onali
zeearl
yandr api
dlywhereasother
scannot.Here,
theli
terat
ure
has major problems:conf l
ict
ing predi
cti
ons between competing expl
anatory
fr
ameworksandt helackoftheoreti
cal
foundati
onsfoundinmanypastIEstudies.
Ther e ar e conf l
icting v iews ofwhysome f irms shoul d be mor e ablet o
i
nternat ional
izeear l
yandr apidl ythanothers.Thi sst r
eam ofr esearchal sost resses
thei mpor tanceofsoci alt i
es,whi chmayof t
enr eplacet heowner shipofphy sical
resour ces by t he access t o resources. By v irtue of soci al relati
onshi ps,
entrepr eneurialfirmscanf acilitateentr
yi ninternati
onalmar kets,ext ernalnetwor ks
canhel pentrepr eneur ialfir
msl earnnewcapabi l
it
ies, andinfor malnet wor kti
esmay
provideaccesst or esour cesandknowl edge.Thus,accor dingt othesepr edicti
ons,
resour cescar cit
ycanbeadr i
v erof,ratherthanani mpedi mentt o,ear lyandr api d
i
nternat ional
izat i
on,andsoci alt i
esthatopenupway st oaccessr esour cescanact
assubst i
tut
est ot heowner shi pofr esources.I tisdi sconcer ti
ngt hati npar tI E
researchhasmadef ewat tempt storesolvet hesecont r
adicti
ons.Tabl e4suggest s
thatst udiesempl oyingassetendowment -
relatedf r
amewor kssuchast her esource-
basedort heknowl edge- basedv iew ofthef irm asabasi sf ortheor ydev elopment
aretheexcept ionr atherthant henor m.About50%oft hear t
icleswer evieweddonot
specifyanyt heor eticalframewor katall
,asTabl e4demonst rates.
 10

•
Knowl
edgeGapsResul
ti
ngFr
om t
heUni
l
ater
alEmpi
ri
cal
FocusonSmal
lFi
rms
Afur t
herknowl edgegapst emsf rom t hef actt hatal mostal loft he149ar ti
cles
west udiedanal yzedsmal lfirms.Weal readydi scussedi nthei ntroductionthatt here
i
sal ackofdef ini t
ionalr i
gori nt hef i
eldandt hatt herei snor easont oassumet hatIE
i
saphenomenonl i
mi tedt osmal lf i
rms. I
ndeed,McDougal landOv i
att’sdefinit
ionof
IEisinf actindependentoff i
rm size, wher east he1994def i
ni t
ionofI Ewast akenas
anempi ri
cal« bluepr int »f ort hemanysubsequentdef ini
tionst hatf ocusonhow
smallandy oungnewv entur esint ernationalize.Howev er,wi tht woexcept i
ons,al lof
the149empi ri
calar ti
cl essummar izedi nTabl e5f ocusonsmal lfir
ms.Thi sl eadst o
theparadoxi calsi tuat i
ont hatal thought het heor eticalf oundat ionsoft hefieldinour
view arenotatal lspeci f
ict of irm si ze,ourempi ri
calknowl edgeaboutI Emor e,
specifi
cally,thedat ai n whi ch ther ejection and accept anceofhy pothesesar e
groundedi sal mostt otallyspeci fict of i
rm size.Gi v
ent hator gani zati
onalcapabi l
it
ies
arethebasi sf orcompet iti
v eadv ant age, andgi v ent hatcapabi l
iti
esar ebasedont he
abil
it
yt ouser esour cest oachi ev eor ganizationalgoal s,f uturer esearchshoul d
emphasi zet hest udyofcapabi li
ti
esandr esour ceconf igurationsofent r
epreneur ial
fi
rms t hati nter national ize irrespect ive off i
rm si ze.We al so bel i
ev ethatr ecent
development sint hef ieldst rategicent r
epreneur shipr esear chcanpr ovidebenef icial
i
nputt ohelpov er comet heuni l
ater alfocusonsmal lfir
ms.
 11

CHAPTERI
II
ADVANTAGESANDDI
SADVANTAGES
3.
1ADVANTAGES

Thi sjour nal coversmanyaspect sandmanyr efer encesi nbusinessstrategysoi t

i
sv er yusef ul forpeoplewhoar estart
ingabusi ness.t hisjournalcontainsabout
cov eringtheacademi cdi sciplinesofst rategicmanagement ,i
nter
national business,
entrepr eneur ship,andt echnol ogyandi nnov ati
onmanagement .From asy stemat ic
cont entanal y sisofthisliterature,theaut hor sdev elopanor ganizi
ngf ramewor kt o
anal yzethef ield’scur r
entst atus.Ont hebasi soft hisanal ysi
s,theaut hor
scan
i
dent ifytheor eticalinconsi stencies,conflicti
ngpr edi ctions,andknowl edgegapst hat
allforestallthef ur
therdev el
opmentofI Er esearch.Theyt hendev elopdi r
ect i
onsf or
futurer esear cht hatcanhel pt oov er
comet heseobst aclesandpr omot efuture
theor ydev elopment .

3.
2DI
SADVANTAGES

 Toomuchdat
aispr
esent
edt
hatconf
usest
her
eader
 Doesnotpresentwhatatt
it
udesandt
rai
tst
hatmustbepossessedi
nan
ent
repr
eneurial
str
ategy
 Doesnotbr
ief
lyexpl
ainef
fect
ivebusi
nessst
rat
egi
esf
ornewent
repr
eneur
s
 Thewr
it
ingi
stoosmal
lsot
hati
tdi
spl
aysabor
ingi
mpr
essi
on
 12

BABI
V
CONCLUSI
ONS
4.
1Concl
usi
ons
I
nanat temptt oanswert her esearchquest ion,“Whi chi nconsi stenci es,
knowl edgegaps, andconf l
icti
ngt heor eti
cal pr edi ctionsexi stinourcur rent
theor eti
cal andpr acti
cal knowl edgeaboutI E, andhowmayt heybeov ercome? ”we
hav esy st emat icallyreviewed179j our nal arti
cl est hat ,asawhol e, canbeconsi dered
repr esent ativeofourpr esentknowl edgeaboutI E.Ont hebasi soft hisr eview, we
wer eabl et ochar toutanumberoft heoret i
cal inconsi stencies, conf l
icti
ng
predi cti
ons, andknowl edgegapst hatinourv iewar eobst aclest othef uture
dev elopmentoft hef i
eld.Ouranal y sisidentifiedf oursuchobst acles: (
a)conf l
i
ct i
ng
viewpoi nt saboutt heent repreneur ialcomponentofi nternational i
zat ion, (
b)
conf li
ctingexpl anat i
onsofwhyear lyandr api di nter nationalizationi spossi bl e,(c)
knowl edgegapsr esulti
ngf rom t heuni lateral empi rical f
ocusonsmal lfi
rms, and( d)
knowl edgegapsf rom thei mbal anceofI Bandent repreneur shipt heor yinI E.For
eachoft hese, wehav emadeanumberofsuggest i
onsofhowf uturer esear chmay
ov ercomet hem.Apar ti
cul arl
ydi sconcer tingr esul tfrom t heanal ysisoft he179
articlesist hatsof ewseekt odev elopuni queknowl edgeandcoher encef ort hef i
eld,
aswehav ear guedt hroughoutt hisar ti
cle.Anexampl eofanexcept ioni sDeCl ercq,
Sapi enza, andCr ijns(2005) ,whot riedt odev elopnewI Et heoryusi ngor gani zational
l
ear ningasat heor eti
cal foundat i
on.Howev er, at heor y-developi nggoal isabsent
from mostI Ear t
icles.Thist riggersav ici
ousci rclebecauset hel ackofst rong
theoretical foundat ionsimpl iest hati tishar dt odev elopt est ablehy pot heses, whi ch
rei
nforcest het endencyf orphenomenondr i
v en, rathert hant heor y-dr iven, wor k.As
goodt heor yl egi ti
mat esanacademi cf ield, webel i
ev et hatI Est il
l hasal egi t
imacy
problem.Thi spr obl em isni cel yil
lust ratedbyar ecentl i
ter aturer ev i
ewf r
om t he
entrepreneur shipdomai n.Irel andandWebb( 2007)f oundt hat, from 1980t o2005,
43ent repreneur shipar t
icleswer epubl ishedi nAdmi ni strat i
v eSci enceQuar terly, 102
i
nAcademyofManagementJour nal,45i nAcademyofManagementRev iew, and53
i
nJour nal ofManagement —j ournal st hatcanbeconsi der edl eadi ngout l
etsf or
theorydev elopment .Wer ev iewedt hesear ticlesandf oundt hatnoneoft hear ticles
publishedi nDownl oadedf rom ht tp:
/ /jom. sagepub. com atUNI VERSI TAETST
GALLENonJune8, 2009622Jour nal ofManagement/June2009bot h
Admi nistrativeSci enceQuar terlyandAcademyofManagementRev iewwasf rom t he
IEdomai n.Ev eni nAcademyofManagementJour nal andJour nal ofManagement ,
theshar eofI Ear ti
cleswasnegl igible.Thi sseemst osuggestt hatI Er esear chst ill
hasnotachi ev edt henecessar ytheor et ical rigorandext er nal theor etical
l
egitimizat i
on.Thr oughoursuggest ionst hroughoutt hisar ticle, wehav eel abor at ed
pathsofhowf uturer esear chmaydi ssol veconf licti
ngpr edi cti
onsbyt est ing
compet i
nghy pot hesesbasedi nt heor et i
cal foundat ions, maycl oseknowl edgegaps
byincor por atingst i
mul ati
ngt heor eti
cal input s, andmayov ercomet heor etical
i
nconsi stenci esbyemphasi zi ngt hedev elopmentofnewt heor etical framewor kst hat
equal l
ydr awf rom bot htheI Bandt heent repr eneur shi pdomai ns.These
recommendat ionsmaypr ov ideway sofhowI Er esear chcani ncr easeext er nal
theoretical l
egi timizat i
on.Howev er ,west rongl ybel iev ethatgi v ent hepr esentst ate
ofIEl i
teratur e, i
nitialtheory -building, rat hert hant heor y-t
est i
ng, wor ki spar amountt o
arri
veatabodyofi ntersubj ect i
veunder st andi ngofI Ebef oremor eel abor at edt heor y
canbededuct edandt ested.

13

REFERENCE
1. Keupp,
M.M.&Gassmann,O.Thepastandthefutureofint
ernat
ional
ent
repr
eneur
shi
p:Arev
iewandsuggest
ionsfordevel
opingthefi
eld.J.
Manage.35,
600–633(
2009).
14