Combined loading 3

Dr Jiawa Lu
 Conceptual question
• Do the forces below produce a torque or a moment
on the bolt, the beam and the cube?
Principal of superposition
The total effect of combined  The effects of the individual 
loads applied to a body    loads applied separately 
   

• Case 1: Combined bending and axial loads

• Case 2: Combined bending and torsion
• Case 3: Combined pressure, axial and torsional loading
Methodology
• Identify a 2D element at the location of interest in the component
• Determine the stresses acting on the element arising from each
individual load
• Superpose the stresses from each individual load to obtain the
combined stresses on the element
• Use Mohr’s circle to determine the principal stresses and the
maximum shear stress on the element
Case 3: Combined pressure, axial and
torsional loading
Torque T
F
P
F
Torque T

• A thin-walled closed-end cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure,

P, an axial tensile force, F, and a twisting torque, T.
• Determine the stresses arising from each load separately
• Location of interest: a surface element in the plane of the cylinder
wall.
• Determined the combined effect

5
Stresses on the free surface
• A plate under tensile test
• (b) and (c) are plane surface element
containing several grains
• Local forces transfer results from
grain interaction: grain deformation
and grain sliding
• The surface stresses including direct
and shear stresses are zero
Radial stress

• Right image shows the radial stress

distribution of a thick cylinder
• Thin cylinder t/R<0.1, Radial stress=0
Axial Stress in Thin Cylinder
For the closed-end thin cylinder,
balancing the force exerted on the end
cap by the internal pressure with the
reaction in the cylinder walls

P x (End Cap Area) = σz x (Wall Area)

P x πR2 = σz x 2πRt

PR
z 
2t

8
Hoop Stress in Thin Cylinders
The lateral pressure force on the side wall
is reacted by the circumferential
component of the stress tensor

P x (Projected Area) = σθ x (Wall Area)

P x 2RL = σθ x 2tL

PR
 
t

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Case 3: Combined pressure, axial and
torsional loading
Torque T
F
P
F
Torque T

σθ =
PR/t
+ + τ

σZ σZ = σF σF=F/A
PR/2t
τ=
TR/J
σθ
PR/t

= PR/2t + F/A PR/2t + F/A

σZ τ

10
PR/t
Exercise 4
A thin-walled cylindrical tank is subjected to an internal pressure of 300
kPa and a torsional moment of 15kNm. The outer radius of the tank is
250 mm and the wall thickness is 1 mm. Calculate
i) the in-plane principal stresses and the maximum in-plane shear stress
ii) the overall maximum shear stress for the stress system
iii) Draw the maximum shear plane in the 3D stress element (additional
question from the exercise sheet)

11
Worked example-offset cantilever
L = 200 mm
Position A

Fixed end
d = 30 mm

a = 120 mm
P = 1 kN

• A solid circular cross-section cantilever beam, length, L, and diameter, d, fixed at one end.
• Attached at the free end of the beam is a crank arm which allows a vertical load, P, to be
applied at an offset distance, a, from the axis of the cantilever.
• Does the external force produce a moment or a torque on the cantilever beam and the
crank arm?
• Determine the maximum shear stress on the upper surface at position A
Worked example-offset cantilever
τ σB
P = 1 kN
L = 200 mm
a = 120 mm
σB τ d = 30 mm

d
My PL 2 32 PL
Bending stress: B   4   75.45 MPa
I d d 3

64

Torsional shear stress d

Tr Pa 2 16 Pa
  4   22.64 MPa
J d d 3

32
Worked example-offset cantilever
τ=22.46 MPa σB=75.45 MPa
Element stresses
σx = 75.45 MPa
-ve τ σy = 0 MPa
τxy = 22.64 MPa
σB τ
E (0, -22.46)

Direct
Stress
σ2 C σ1
O σ

B (75.45, 22.46)

Shear τmax = 44 MPa

Stress
+ve τ The maximum shear stress,
τmax = Radius =
 x  y
2

    xy 2
= 44 MPa  2 
Exercise 5
• For the purpose of analysis, a segment of a crankshaft in a vehicle is
presented. The load P = 1 kN, and the dimensions are b1 = 80 mm, b2
=120 mm and b3 = 40mm. The diameter of the shaft is d = 20 mm.
Determine the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stresses at
point A, located on the surface of the shaft at the z-axis.
Wrong answers in exercise sheet
• Wrong sign convention for Q1 and Q2, Q5
• Q3, A=pi*r^2=pi*(25^2)
• Q5, M=P(b1+b3)
Next lecture
• Finite element method