TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF CAMPECHE

OIL MAINTENANCE

SUBJECT:

OPTIONAL II

TEACHER NAME:

ING. RAUL OLAN QUE

STUDENTS:

DAVID MAY HERNANDEZ

GROUP GRADE:

10TH QUARTER "A"

RACE:

OIL MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING

UNIT NAME:

III. GAS AND STEAM TURBINES USED IN THE OIL AREA.

NAME OF THE ACTIVITY:

INVESTIGATION OF UNIT III 3.1 INTRODUCTION AND TRENDS OF TURBINES IN THE OIL
AREA AND 3.2 OPERATION AND MAIN ELEMENTS OF GAS TURBINES USED IN THE OIL
AREA.

DATE: 03/19/2020
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OIL MAINTENANCE

3.1 INTRODUCTION AND TRENDS OF TURBINES IN THE OIL

AREA

Turbines: Turbines are machines that develop torque and power on the shaft as a
result of varying the amount of movement of the fluid that passes through them. It
is a machine that transforms the kinetic and potential energy of a fluid to produce a
rotational movement that is transferred to an axis.

Turbines:In the Mechanical engineering are machines that transform the energy of
a fluid current into another kind of energy (mechanical, electrical, etc.). It consists
of one or more wheels called impellers, attached to a rotating metal shaft, formed
by a central body from which curved blades come out as propellers called blades
and whose purpose is to make the most of the energy of the fluid. Turbines, then,
are machines that develop torque and power on the shaft as a result of the
variation in the amount of movement of the fluid that passes through them. What a
turbine does, therefore, is to take advantage of the pressure of a liquid (or fluid) to
make a wheel with propellers turn and produce a movement. It can be said,
therefore, that the turbine is a type of engine that producesmechanical energy
Said fluid can be a gas, steam or liquid, although the notes that follow are
applicable to turbines that operate with gas or steam. For the fluid to reach the high
velocity required for useful moment variations to occur, there must be a significant
difference between the pressure at the inlet to the turbine and the pressure at the
exhaust.
As sources of pressurized gas, mention should be made of a previously
compressed and heated gas, as would be the case of a gas turbine, or in the
turbine of a turbocharger of an IC engine. In the electricity generation industry, the
use of Steam generated in high pressure boilers that use solid or nuclear fuels to
drive alternators driven by steam turbines.
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There are many types of turbines, from the most elementary used in a dentist's
burin, to the large multi-expansion turbines used in power plants, which can
develop up to 1000 MW.

Illustration 1: Turbines

Types of turbines: Turbines can be classified according to the criteria set out in
that article. But in the common language of turbines there are usually two main
subgroups: hydraulic and thermal.
Hydraulic turbines: They are those whose working fluid does not undergo a
considerable change in density through its passage through the impeller or through
the stator; These are generally water turbines, which are the most common, but
they can still be modeled as hydraulic turbines to windmills or wind turbines.
Within this genre, it is usually spoken of:
 Action turbines: They are those in which the fluid does not undergo any pressure
change through its passage through the impeller. The pressure that the fluid has at
the entrance to the turbine is reduced to atmospheric pressure in the guide ring,
remaining constant throughout the impeller. Their main characteristic is that they
lack a suction pipe. The main action turbine is the Pelton Turbine, whose flow is
tangential. They are characterized by having a low specific number of revolutions
(ns <= 30). The distributor in these turbines is called the injector.
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 Reaction turbines: They are those in which the fluid does undergo a considerable
pressure change through its passage through the impeller. The fluid enters the
impeller with a pressure higher than atmospheric and at the outlet of it presents a
depression. They are characterized by presenting a suction pipe, which joins the
outlet of the impeller with the fluid discharge area. These turbines can be divided
according to the configuration of the blades. Thus, there are fixed blade turbines
(Francis-> Diagonal flow; Helix-> Radial flow) and turbines with steerable blades
(Deriaz-> Diagonal flow; Kaplan-> Radial flow). The use of adjustable blades
allows to obtain higher hydraulic performances.
The range of application (an approximation) of the turbines, from lowest to
highest jump is: kaplan-francis-pelton
The specific number of revolutions is a common number for all geometrically
similar turbines / pumps (from lowest to highest is: pelton-francis-kaplan). The
higher the specific number of revolutions, the greater the risk of cavitation of the
turbine, that is, a Kaplan Turbine is more likely to cause cavitation in it than in a
Francis Turbine or a Pelton.

Illustration 2: Hydraulic turbines.

Thermal turbines: They are those whose working fluid undergoes a considerable
density change through its passage through the machine. These are usually
classified into two different subsets due to their fundamental design differences:
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 Steam turbines: their working fluid can undergo a phase change during its passage
through the impeller; This is the case with mercury turbines, which were popular at
one time, and steam turbines, which are the most common.

Illustration 3: Steam turbines.

 Gas turbines: In this type of turbine, a phase change of the fluid is not expected
during its passage through the impeller.

Illustration 4: Gas turbines.

Also when talking about thermal turbines, the following subgroups are usually
spoken of:
 Turbines in action: in this type of turbines, the enthalpy jump occurs only in the
stator, with the transfer of energy only due to the change in fluid speed.
 Jet turbines: the enthalpy jump is carried out both in the impeller and in the stator,
or possibly only in the rotor.
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Illustration 5: Action and reaction turbines.

It is just as common to classify turbines by the pressure existing in them in relation

to other turbines arranged in the same group:
 High pressure turbines: they are the smallest of all the stages and are the first
through which the working fluid enters the turbine.
 Medium pressure turbines.
 Low pressure turbines: They are the last of all the stages, they are the longest and
can no longer be modeled by the description of turbomachines.
Although it is not used within the oil industry, I would not like to stop mentioning in
this note the concept of wind turbines.

Illustration 6: Pressure turbines.

Wind turbines: A wind turbine is a mechanism that transforms the energy of the
wind into another form of useful energy such as mechanical or electrical. The
kinetic energy of the wind is transformed into mechanical energy through the
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rotation of an axis. This mechanical energy can be used to grind, as was the case
in old windmills, or to pump water, as in the case of the multi-bladed mill.
Mechanical energy can be transformed into electrical energy by means of an
electrical generator (an alternator or a dynamo). The electrical energy generated
can be stored in batteries or used directly.

Classification
Steam turbines are available in a wide variety of sizes, from 1 HP (0.75 kW) units
used to power pumps, compressors, and other shaft-driven equipment, to
2,000,000 HP (1,500,000 kW) turbines used to generate electricity. There are
various classifications for modern steam turbines, and because they are
turbomachines they are subject to the same classification criteria as these. The
classification of steam turbines can be done according to the way in which the
energy contained in the steam flow is used (reaction or action), according to the
number of stages (multistage or single stage), according to the direction of the
steam flow (axial or radial), whether or not there is steam extraction before
reaching the exhaust and finally by the steam outlet pressure (back pressure, free
exhaust or condensation).
 Reaction steam turbine: In the reaction turbine, the mechanical energy is
obtained from the acceleration of the expanding steam. Turbines of this type have
two groups of blades, some mobile and the other fixed. The fixed blades are
positioned so that each pair acts as a nozzle through which steam passes as it
expands, reaching the blades of the reaction turbines, which are mounted on a
drum that acts as the shaft of the turbine.
 In the reaction turbine there is a speed escalation. This staging consists of
producing a large pressure drop in a group of nozzles and using the resulting
speed of the steam in as many groups of blades as necessary by means of a set of
straighteners, redirecting the exit steam from the first stage so that it enters in one
second. impeller. The degree of reaction is the fraction of the expansion produced
in the mobile crown with respect to the total, a degree of reaction 1 indicates that
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the turbine is pure reaction, while for the zero value it will be an action steam
turbine.
 Action steam turbine:A stepping-action steam turbine essentially consists of:
 A fixed dealer,composed of one or more nozzles, whose mission is to transform
the thermal energy of the steam made available, totally (action), or partially
(reaction), into kinetic energy.
 A mobile crown,fixed on an axis, whose blades located on the periphery are
intended to transform into mechanical energy of rotation, the kinetic energy made
available to it. Its operation consists of driving the steam through the fixed nozzles
until it reaches the blades, which absorb a part of the kinetic energy of the
expanding steam, which makes the rotor rotate and with it the shaft to which it is
attached. The usual action turbines have several stages, in which the pressure
gradually decreases in each one of them.

Illustration 6: Behavior of the pressure drop of pressure turbines.

 Single-stage turbine: They are used for turbines of up to 2 MW of power, being

the simplest construction they are the most robust and safe, as well as having
lower installation and maintenance costs than multistage.
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Illustration 7: Single-stage turbine

 Multistage turbine:The objective of the stepping in the steam turbine is to reduce

the speed of the impeller while maintaining a speed of the blades close to the
optimum value in relation to the speed of the steam jet. If we have a very high
steam pressure without the necessary stages, it would be necessary for the turbine
to rotate at a very high speed, which would not be mechanically feasible due to the
dimensions that the reducer should have (gearbox that would adjust the final speed
of the shaft to The desired). They achieve better performance than single-stage,
they can also absorb steam flows of much higher pressure, which is why they are
used for high-power turbines. Mixed turbines are usually used, with the first stages
of action and the final stages of reaction.

Illustration 8: Multistage turbine

 Axial flow turbine:It is the most used method, the passage of steam is carried out
following a cone that has the same axis as the turbine.
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Illustration 9: Axial flow turbine

 Radial flow turbine:The passage of steam is carried out following all directions
perpendicular to the axis of the turbine.

Illustration 10: Radial flow turbine

 Turbine with steam extraction:It is carried out in high pressure stages, sending
part of the steam back to the boiler to superheat it and send it back to intermediate
stages. On some occasions the steam can also be extracted from some stage to
divert it to other industrial processes.

Illustration 11: Turbine with steam extraction

 Back pressure turbine:The pressure of the steam at the outlet of the turbine is
higher than the atmospheric one, it is usually connected to an initial condenser that
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condenses the steam, obtaining hot or superheated water, which allows its
subsequent thermal use.

Illustration 12: Back pressure turbine

 Condensing turbines:The steam comes out at a pressure lower than

atmospheric, in this design there is a greater use of energy than back pressure,
cooling water is obtained from its condensation. This design is used in high power
turbines looking for high performance.

Illustration 13: Condensing turbines

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A) PREPARE THE SUBJECT SYNTHESIS

Turbines are classified into hydraulic or water turbines, steam turbine, and
combustion turbines. Today most of the world's electrical energy is produced using
turbine-driven generators. A steam turbine is a turbo machine that transforms the
energy of a steam flow into mechanical energy. This steam is generated in a steam
boiler, from which it comes out under conditions of high temperature and pressure.
In the turbine, the internal energy of the steam is transformed into mechanical
energy that, typically, is used by a generator to produce electricity.In a turbine two
parts can be distinguished, the rotor and the stator. The rotor is made up of
bladed wheels attached to the shaft and which constitute the moving part of the
turbine. The stator is also made up of blades, not attached to the shaft but to the
turbine housing. From a mechanical point of view, it has the advantage of directly
producing a rotary motion without the need for a crank or some other means of
converting reciprocating energy into rotational energy. As a result, the steam
turbine has replaced reciprocating machines in electric power plants, and is also
used as a form of jet propulsion. The steam turbine was not invented by a single
person, but was the result of the work of a group of inventors at the end of the
19th century. Some of the most notable participants in this development were
the British Charles Algernon Parsons, responsible for the so-called principle of
steps, The classification of steam turbines can be done according to the way in
which the energy contained in the steam flow is used (reaction or action),
according to the number of stages (multistage or single stage), according to the
direction of the steam flow (axial or radial), whether or not there is steam
extraction before reaching the exhaust and finally by the steam outlet pressure
(back pressure, free exhaust or condensation).
Gas turbines. It is a turbo machine designed to generate electrical energy or
work in thermal plants or in cogeneration plants, as well as in the aeronautical
and maritime fields. The first patent for a turbine was granted in 1791 to an
Englishman named John Barber. It incorporated many of the elements of a
modern gas turbine, but used a reciprocating compressor. There are many other
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examples of turbine by various inventors, but they are not considered true gas
turbines because they used steam at a certain point in the process.
It has many applications as they are
Military aviation: For helicopters, fighter planes or fighter bombers, vertical take-
off planes (Harrier V / tol and V / stol) In this case, turbines with higher intake
temperatures are sought to achieve higher speeds and vertical take-offs.
Pipes for gas transmission: It is one of the industries that most uses gas
turbines. Gas turbines have been installed to drive compressors in sizes greater
than 22,500 KW (300 HP). This is an excellent application as natural gas is an
ideal fuel and a large amount of motive power is required.
Transportation: On ships, the high specific power of gas turbines allows high
speed designs. This is very useful for container ships, motorcycle torpedo boats
and large warships. They are also used in railways, freight locomotives and
passenger light rail, but only in the latter has it represented a significant change.
Electric generation: Electric utility companies use them for peak workloads first.
Installation and operating costs, as long as refined fuels are used, are favorable
for intermittent jobs. Aviation engines adapted for this service have a quick start,
approximately two minutes to start at full load. Power plants have been installed
at peak load above 150 MW with a single generator.
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3.2 OPERATION AND MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE GAS TURBINES

USED IN THE OIL AREA.

MAIN ELEMENTS OF STEAM TURBINES

The turbine is made up of three main parts:
 The rotor body, which contains the rotating blade crowns.
 The casing, containing the fixed nozzle crowns.
 Blades.
In addition, it has a series of structural, mechanical and auxiliary elements, such as
bearings, regulating valves, lubrication system, cooling system, turning, control
system, vapor extraction system, control oil and sealing system of the steam.

Illustration 14: Main Elements of a Steam Turbine.

The rotor: The rotor of an action turbine is made of cast steel with certain amounts
of Nickel or Chromium to give the rotor toughness, and is of approximately uniform
diameter. Normally the wheels where the blades are placed are hot coupled to the
rotor. They can also be manufactured by making the rotor from a single forged
piece, machining the necessary grooves to place the blades. The blades are made
of stainless steels, chromium-iron alloys, with the design curvatures according to
the steam exit angles and the necessary speeds. The last stages are critical due to
the possibility of the existence of water particles that would erode the blades.
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Therefore, a silver welded satellite metal tape is attached to the leading edge of
each blade to retard erosion.

The casing:The casing is divided into two parts: the lower part, attached to the
bench and the upper part, removable for access to the rotor. Both contain the fixed
nozzle crowns or fixed blades. The casings are made of iron, steel or its alloys,
depending on the working temperature, obviously the casing parts of the high
pressure part are made of more resistant materials than the exhaust part. The
maximum humidity should be 10% for the last stages.It is normally covered by an
insulating blanket that reduces heat radiation to the outside, preventing the steam
from cooling down and losing energy, reducing the performance of the turbine. This
insulating blanket is usually covered with a waterproof fabric that prevents its
degradation and allows it to be disassembled more easily.

Blades: The fixed and moving blades are placed in grooves around the rotor and
housing. The blades can be secured singly or in groups, fixing them in position by
means of a small lock, in the form of a bolt, or by rivets. The ends of the blades are
fixed in a ring where they are riveted, and the longer ones are often tied together
with wires or bars in one or two places in between, to give them rigidity.

Regulating valve: It regulates the inlet flow to the turbine, being one of the most
important elements of the steam turbine. It is actuated hydraulically with the help of
an oil pressure group (control oil) or pneumatically. It is part of two control loops:
the loop that controls the speed of the turbine and the loop that controls the load or
power of the turbine.

Support, main or radial bearings: The rotor turns on them. They are usually
made of a soft material, and covered with a lubricating layer that reduces friction.
They are wear elements, which must be replaced periodically, either with an
established frequency if their cost is low compared to their production, or by
observing their surface and change when they are in a poor state.
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Thrust or thrust bearing: The axial or thrust bearing prevents the displacement of
the rotor in the direction of the shaft, preventing the axial thrust suffered by the
shaft due to the effect of steam from affecting the gearbox, seriously damaging it. It
is not in contact with the shaft but is abutted by a disc that is integral with the shaft.
The bearing is made of a soft material and covered by a layer of material that
reduces friction between the disc and the bearing. In addition, it must be properly
lubricated. To check the condition of this bearing, in addition to measuring the
temperature and vibrations of the shaft, the axial displacement is constantly
measured. If the permitted limit is exceeded, the control system causes the turbine
to stop or prevents it from completing its start-up.

Lubrication system: Provides the lubricating fluid, usually oil. To ensure the
circulation of the oil at all times, the system is usually equipped with three pumps:
a)Main mechanical pump: It is coupled to the turbine shaft, so that whenever the
turbine is turning, the pump is turning, thus ensuring the pumping pressure better
than with an electric pump. However, at startups this pump does not give enough
pressure, so it is necessary for the equipment to have at least one additional pump.
b)Auxiliary pump: It is used exclusively in start-ups, and serves to ensure the correct
oil pressure until the mechanical pump can perform this service. It is connected
before the start of the turbine and it is disconnected at certain revolutions during
start-up, automatically switching from the auxiliary pump to the main pump. It is
also connected during turbine stops.

c)Emergency pump: If there is a power supply problem in the plant, it is left without
voltage, during the stop there would be a moment when the turbines would run out
of lubrication, since the auxiliary pump would have no voltage. To avoid this
problem, turbines are usually equipped with an emergency pump that works with
direct current from a battery system.
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Illustration 15: Lubrication system of a gas turbine.

Vapor extraction system:The oil reservoir is usually at a pressure below

atmospheric to facilitate the extraction of oil vapors and make it difficult for a
possible leak of oil to the outside. To achieve this vacuum, the lubrication system is
usually equipped with an extractor.

Oil cooling system:The oil in its lubrication path heats up, modifying its viscosity,
and therefore its lubricating characteristics, becoming degraded if the heat is
excessive. To avoid this, the lubrication system has some exchangers that cool the
oil, these exchangers can be air-oil, so that the heat of the oil is evacuated to the
atmosphere, or water-oil, so that the heat is transferred to the closed cooling circuit
with plant water.

Control oil system: When the regulating valve is oleo-hydraulically actuated, the
turbine assembly is equipped with a pressure group for the control oil circuit. This
must maintain the pressure normally between 50 and 200 bars of hydraulic
pressure. The control system governs the outlet valve of the group, which makes
the oil reach the steam inlet regulation valve with the appropriate pressure.
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Steam sealing system: Steam turbines are equipped with carbon seals, which are
fitted to the shaft, and / or with steam labyrinths. With this, it is possible to prevent
the steam from going out into the atmosphere and reducing the thermal efficiency
of the turbine.

Toner: The turning system consists of an electric or hydraulic motor (usually the
second) that slowly turns the turbine when it is not running. This prevents the rotor
from bending, due to its own weight or thermal expansion, at standstill. The speed
of this system is very low (several minutes to complete a complete turbine turn),
but it becomes essential to ensure the correct straightness of the rotor. If for any
reason this system stops (rotor failure, turbine failure, internal inspection with
disassembly) it is necessary to ensure that, before starting, it will be rotating for
several hours with the turning system.

Compensator:It is the connecting element between the turbine outlet and the rest
of the installation (generally the pipes that lead to the condenser or the condenser
itself). Since the turbine casing undergoes large changes in temperature, this
connecting element is essential to control and dampen the effect of expansions
and contractions.
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Illustration 16: Parameters to be evaluated of a steam turbine.

COMPONENTS OF A GAS TURBINE

A gas turbine basically consists of an air compressor, a combustion chamber or
combustor, the turbine and, to improve performance, a regenerator.

Illustration 17: Main Elements of a Gas Turbine

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Main parts of a gas turbine.

a) Air intake:The air intake system consists of all the elements necessary for the air to
enter the turbine under the most suitable conditions of pressure, temperature and
cleanliness. For this, it has filters of various types, which will take care of
eliminating the dirt that may be dragged by the air; and of a series of systems that
will condition the temperature to facilitate that the largest possible amount of air
mass enters the turbine.
b) Air compressor: The function of the compressor is to raise the pressure of the
combustion air (once filtered) before it enters the combustion chamber, in a ratio
that varies depending on the turbine. This compression is carried out in several
stages and consumes approximately 2/3 of the work produced by the turbine. The
control of the air inlet for combustion is carried out by varying the angle of
inclination of the initial bladed wheels of the compressor. The greater the angle, the
greater the amount of inlet air to the compressor, and therefore to the turbine. This
method is used to improve the partial load performance of the gas turbine. In some
large installations, compressed air is drawn from the gas turbine compressor for
use as control air for the cogeneration plant.
c) Combustion chamber:In it, the combustion under pressure takes place, of the
fuel gas together with the air. This combustion under pressure forces the fuel to be
introduced at a suitable pressure level, which ranges between 16 and 50 bar. Due
to the high temperatures that can be reached in combustion and in order not to
reduce the useful life of the chamber component elements too much, a high excess
of air is used, using 300 to 400% of the theoretical air required, thereby On the one
hand, it is possible to reduce the flame temperature and, on the other, to cool the
hottest parts of the chamber. Part of the air that comes from the compressor is
directed directly towards the walls of the combustion chamber to keep its
temperature at conveniently low values. Another part is circulated inside the turbine
blades,
d) Turbine: In the turbine is where the conversion of the energy contained in the
combustion gases takes place, in the form of pressure and high temperature
(enthalpy), to mechanical power (in the form of rotation of a shaft). As indicated
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before, a significant part of this power is absorbed directly by the compressor. The
gases, which enter the turbine at a temperature of 1000-1300ºC and a pressure of
10 to 30 barg, leave at about 450-600ºC and at a pressure slightly higher than
atmospheric. The high temperatures present in the turbine, especially in the first
stages, require a special ceramic coating on each of the blades and the stream of
compressed air from the compressor that was detailed in the previous section.
Another part of the compressor air is sent to the first turbine blade wheel,
e) Reducer: In turbines smaller than 50 MW, the rotation speed of the shaft is usually
higher than that necessary to drive an alternator (3000 or 3600 rpm) or a
compressor and for this reason this speed reduction element is usually needed,
which adapts the speed of the turbine to that necessary in the driven element.
f) Generator: It is the consumer element of the driving force provided by the turbine
and it is the one that generates the electrical energy that is desired. In turbines that
are used as a mechanical drive, instead of an alternator, there is, for example, a
compressor. Such is the case of gas pipeline compressors.
g) Exhaust nozzle: To favor the constant flow of air inside the turbine and to be able
to effectively direct the air coming from its wheel, a conical attachment is used.
This exhaust nozzle considerably increases the thrust of the engine. It also has
several auxiliary devices such as filters, speed regulation, lubrication, feeding,
combustor and start-up devices. These devices depend on the speed
characteristics and the weight / power ratio.

Functioning: Atmospheric air is taken in through the compressor intake from

where compressed air is sent to the combustion chamber (in red in the figure) in
which the fuel enters with a constant flow rate and remains in continuous flame
(The arrows on the drawing indicate the direction of flow). Initial ignition is generally
obtained by means of a spark (Starting Device). The air, heated in the combustion
chamber or combustor, expands through nozzles or fixed blades and acquires a
high speed. Part of the kinetic energy of the air stream is transferred to the blades
or buckets of the turbine. A fraction of this energy is used to drive the compressor
and the rest to produce work. In the operation of gas turbines there are several
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limitations of a practical nature, which determine a large part of the performance of

this class of machines. Among these limitations, it is worth mentioning the
temperature and speed of the blades, the performance of the compressor, the
performance of the turbine and the heat transfer (in cycles with regeneration).

Illustration 18: Operation of a gas turbine

Fuels: Natural gas (The various types of turbines used today are obtained from the
combination of four elements, taking from them one, two, three or four, a primary
form of methane) is the ideal fuel for gas turbines . Light distilled oils form a
suitable fuel. Sulfur, salt or vanadium fuels can cause corrosion unless washed
with water and surfaces treated with anti-corrosive additives. Powdered charcoal
has also been used but unsatisfactory results have been obtained.

Cycles: The basic cycle of the gas turbine is the BRAYTON or JOULE. This
consists of 2 isentropic (1,2) and (3,4) and two lines at constant pressure (2,3)
(4,1).
 1-2 Isentropic Compression
 2-3 Adding energy at constant P
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 3-4 Isentropic expansion

 4-1 Cessation of energy at constant P

Advantage
 More compact installations
 Fewer auxiliary devices
 They do not need a condenser
 They don't need water
 Simpler lubrication
 Easy control
 Light foundations
 Clean exhaust (no chimney needed)
 Smaller power / weight ratio
 There are no limitations imposed by the characteristics of the propellers.
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B) PREPARE THE SUBJECT SYNTHESIS

Given the importance of steam turbines on oil platforms, they have been the
subject of innumerable studies, both to improve their efficiency and also to keep
them at the best level of operation. One of the most common problems
encountered in the power generation process is evaluating steam turbines for their
efficiency. The development of new maintenance techniques for power plants,
whether predictive, preventive or corrective, aims to reduce the additional
consumption of energy resources of the plants by correcting malfunctions, and also
prolong the useful life of the power plants. equipment. In this sense, it is
considered feasible in many cases to maintain continuous monitoring of certain
equipment in silver (boiler, turbine, condenser, etc.

In order to achieve a good operation of a steam turbine, it is necessary to know

very well what we are talking about, so we will talk about how to maintain a steam
turbine ?, and also know the parts of a turbine and what types of maintenance are
there to keep the turbine in good working order? As with other thermal machines,
behind each serious failure there is usually negligence of operation or
maintenance, since the turbines are usually equipment designed to be operator-
proof.

Industrial turbines are designed from their origin for industrial use, so their weight
and size is greater as they are not limited by their place of use, so as they are large
in general, the revisions are carried out in the same plant. Large powers have
always been sought for electrical production, these can reach up to 500 MW, it has
also been sought that they are operating constantly as long as possible, since their
stops are longer than that of the aeroderivatives, so more is lost. money by not
having it working. Its electrical performance is somewhat less important than in
aeroderivatives, since it can take advantage of the heat of its exhaust gases for
cogeneration. Their speed of rotation is important since when used for the
production of electricity they must be around 50-60 Hz.

A gas turbine is a rotary internal combustion heat engine, where mechanical

energy is produced from the energy provided by a fuel and a significant amount of
heat is generated in the form of hot gases with a high percentage of oxygen. The
machine follows an open cycle, since the fluid that passes through it is continually
renewed. The air is drawn in from the atmosphere and compressed and then
passed to the combustion chamber, where it mixes with the fuel and ignites. The
hot gases, the product of combustion, flow through the turbine. There they expand
and move the shaft, which drives the turbine compressor and the alternator. The
energy losses are released in the form of heat that must be evacuated from the
system. Normally they are not more than 3% of the energy supplied.
 TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF CAMPECHE
OIL MAINTENANCE

The main constituent elements of a steam turbine are the housing, the rotor and
the bearings. The process followed in a steam turbine manages to transform the
potential energy contained in the steam under pressure into other types of energy,
such as electrical energy or mechanical energy for propulsion, for compression,
etc. Along with the main elements, the steam turbine requires a series of
complementary elements, such as the lubrication system, the labyrinth seal system
or the control system.

Gas turbines are used when high power and low weight are required.

• propulsion of aircraft with turbojet and propeller engines

• propulsion of fast ships, locomotives and fast freight vehicles

• propulsion of electric generators in power plants

• propulsion of compressors and pumps in the extraction of natural gas and oil.

An additional advantage is the quick service provision. Gas turbines can be put to
full load in a very short time and are therefore used as drives for peak and standby
hours. One drawback is the high fuel consumption compared to the diesel engine