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2DMT MT6314 Chapter 56 and 57
2DMT MT6314 Chapter 56 and 57
2DMT MT6314 Chapter 56 and 57
OUTLINE Asbestos
Occupational and Environmental Toxicology Endocrine Disruptors
*Toxicology *Cyanotoxins
Generalities Metals
Occupational Toxicology Beryllium
Environmental Toxicology Cadmium
*Ecotoxicology Nanomaterials
Terms Others
Hazard versus Risk IARC Classification
Routes of Exposure High-Yield Terms to Learn
Quantity, Duration and Intensity of Exposure
Legend: Sources:
Environmental Considerations
Colored – Lecturer • PPT and YT Vid Discussion
Hierarchy of Controls
* – from book (Dr. Karl Ablola)
Air Pollutants
• Book by Katzung (15th Ed)
Carbon Monoxide
• Reviewer by Katzung (12th
Mechanism of Action of CO
Ed.)
Clinical Effects of CO
Treatment for CO OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
Sulfur Dioxide TOXICOLOGY
Mechanism of Action of SO2 1. Great London Smog (1952)
Clinical Effects & Treatment of SO2 • Its inhabitants used unusually large quantities of coal to
Nitrogen Oxides heat their homes. Soot poured out of their chimneys,
Mechanism of Action of NO 2 mixing with factory and powerplant emissions to form an
Clinical Effects & Treatment of NO2 acrid(?) smelling fog that hovered over the city from
Ozone and other oxides December 5 to December 9.
Mechanism of Action of O3 • Trapped in by a high-pressure weather system, as well
Clinical Effects & Treatment of O3 as the lack of wind, this toxic reduced visibility to near
Solvents zero.
Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons • Abandoned cars dotted the roads, movie theaters closed
Clinical Effects of “ “ “ because no one could see the screen, some people even
Aromatic Hydrocarbons accidentally stumbled into the Thames River. Worst of all,
Benzene about 4,000 people died of respiratory ailments over a
Toluene few days (Dec. 5 – Dec. 9) and up to 8,000 more would
Xylene come in the months that followed.
Pesticides 2. Minimata Disease (1950s)
Organochlorine Pesticides • In the early 1950s, the residents of Minimata, a small
Mechanism of Action & Clinical Effects of “ “ coastal city in southern Japan, began observing some
Organophosphorus Pesticides animal behavior from cats, birds, dogs, and soon enough
Mechanism of Action & Clinical Effects of OP humans too were suffering from what became known as
Carbamate Pesticides your Minimata Disease.
*Botanical Pesticides • Patients started developing slurring of their speech,
*Nicotine stumbling, tremors, having trouble with simple tasks and
*Rotenone cognitions.
*Pyrethrum • In 1959, it was determined that the chemical company
*Herbicides Chisso Corporation and one of Minimata’s biggest
*Chlorophenoxy Acids employers was dumping mercury into the sea as part of
2,4-D its manufacturing process and that this toxin was
2,4,5-T poisoning people and animals that ate the local seafood.
Glyphosate • Chisso continued releasing mercury-tainted wastewater
Bipyridyl Herbicides until 1968 reporting at least 2,000 deaths as well as birth
Environmental Pollutants defects, paralysis, and other diseases.
Polychlorinated and Polybrominated 3. Chernobyl (1986)
Biphenyls • On April 26, a turbine test on one of the reactors at the
*PCB Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station went wrong leading to
*PBBs and PBDEs a series of explosions that spewed massive amounts of
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins radioactive material into the atmosphere.
Perfluorinated Compounds
PREPARATIONS AVAILABLE*
Generic Name Available as
Deferasirox Exjade, Jadenu
Deferiprone Ferripox
Deferoxamine Generic, Desferal
Dimercaprol BAL in oil
Edetate calcium [calcium EDTA] Calcium Disodium Versenate
Penicillamine Cuprimine, Depen
Pentetate Calcium Trisodium [calcium DTPA] and Generic
Pentetate Zinc Trisodium [zinc DTPA]
Prussian Blue Radiogardase
Succimer Chemet, Succicaptal (in Europe)
Unithiol Dimaval