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Finite Fields: 1. Groups
Finite Fields: 1. Groups
Finite Fields
1. Groups
A group is an elementary structure, which underlies many other
Definition:
(4) a o ( b o c ) = ( a o b ) o c (associativity)
If the group G satisfies a o b = b o a ,
A group is denoted by (G , o)
Examples:
2. Rings
Definition:
(4) a ∗ ( b + c ) = a ∗ b + a ∗ c and
(b + c ) ∗ a = b ∗ a + c ∗ a (distributive laws)
distributive laws.
Definition: ( field )
0.
denoted by 1 .
(3) For all a, b, c ∈ F , a ∗ ( b + c ) = a ∗ b + a ∗ c
and ( b + c ) ∗ a = b ∗ a + c ∗ a
Examples:
The set of all rational numbers is the rational field. The set of all
i.e. ( −1) 2 + 1 = 0
real-number field.
Both complex-number field and real-number field have infinite
elements.
0 +0 = 0 0 •0 = 0
0+1=1 0•1=0
1+0 = 1 1•0 = 0
1+1 = 0 1• 1 = 1
These two operations are commonly called modulo-2 addition
∗ , respectively.
a • v ∈V
a • (u + v ) = a • u + a • v
(a + b) • v = a • v + b • v
(a ∗ b) • v = a • (b • v )
Definition (subspace)
( a1 , a2 ,L , an ) + ( b1 , b2 ,L , bn ) = ( a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 ,L , an + bn )
Scalar Multiplication:
( a1 , a2 ,L , an ) + ( a1 , a2 ,L , an ) = (0,0,L ,0 )
A subset S of Vn is called a subspace of Vn if
Inner Product:
b = ( b1 , b2 ,L , bn ) is defined as follows:
a • b = ( a1 b1 + a2 b2 + L + an bn )
Linear Independent:
Dimension of Subspace:
k-dimensional subspace of Vn .
Dual space:
b in Sd , a • b = 0
of Sd is n-k.
e.g. 1 + x + x , 1 + x + x , 1 + x + x and 1 + x + x5
2 3 2 5
divides x + 1 is n = 2 - 1
n m
n = 2 4 - 1 = 15
degree m
Example (Lin / Costello page 29)
m Primitive Polynomial
3 1+ x + x3
4 1+ x + x4
5 1 + x2 + x5
6 1 + x + x6
7 1 + x 3 + x7
8 1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x8
9 1 + x + x9
10 1 + x + x 10
11 1 + x 2 + x 11
12 1 + x + x 4 + x 6 + x 12
8. Finite Fields
A field with only a finite number of elements is called a finite
field.
Finite fields are also known as Galois field after their discover.
GF(2).
Construction of GF( 2 m )
as follows:
0 •0=0
0 •1=1•0 =0
1•1=1
0 •α =α•0=0
1•α =α •1=α
α2 = α • α
α3 = α • α • α
M
αj =α α2
1•4 •L α
4•3
j times
F = {0, 1, α , α 2 , L}
−1 −1
+ 1 . Hence x 2 +1=0.
m m
α must also be a root of x 2
−1
= 1 . As a result, F is finite and
m
2
This implies that x
−2
F = {0, 1, α , α 2 ,L , α 2
m
}
For 0 ≤ i, j ≤ 2 - 1
m
α i • α j = α i+ j = α r
= α2 =1
m m
2 m - 1 . Since α i • α 2 - 1- i -1
m
α2 - 1- i
is called the multiplicative inverse of α and vice
i
versa.
= α2 = α -i
m m
We can also write α •α
2 - 1- i -1 -i
αi
unit element).
α i ÷ α j = α i • α -j = α i - j
(7) we define “addition” on F as follows:
For 0 ≤ i ≤ 2 - 2 , we divide X i by p( x )
m
This results in X = a( x ) p( x ) + b( x )
i
b( x ) = b0 + b1 x + b2 x 2 + L + bm - 1 x m - 1
Replacing X by α , we have
α i = a( α ) p( α ) + b( α )
= b0 + b1 α + L + bm - 1 α m - 1
Suppose α = b0 + b1 α + L + bm - 1 α
i m -1
α j = c 0 + c 1 α + L + c m -1 α m -1
α i + α j = ( b0 + c0 ) + ( b1 + c 1 )α + L + ( bm -1 + c m -1 )α m - 1 = α k
(8) Clearly, α + α = 0
i i
α i - α j = α i + ( -α j ) = α i + α j
2 m elements.
α j = b0 + b1 α + L + bm - 1 α m - 1
α j = ( b0 , b1 ,L , bm - 1 )
Example:
age of 20. On the eve of his death, he wrote a letter to his friend
Remarks
1. Galois fields are important in the study of cyclic codes, a