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LESSON ONE
KINDS OF SENTENCES
A sentence is a group of words that you use to communicate your ideas. Every sentence is formed from one or
more clauses and expresses a complete thought.
The four basic kinds of sentences in English are simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. The
kind of sentence is determined by the kind of clauses used to form it.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence is one independent clause.
 Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level.
 Freshwater boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees Celsius.
 Freshwater and salt water do not boil and do not freeze at the same temperatures.

Notice that the second sentence has two verbs, boils and freezes. This is called a compound verb. The third sentence has both a
compound subject and a compound verb. All three examples are simple sentences because they have only one clause.

Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together. There are two main ways to join the
clauses:
1. With a coordinator
 Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater, so food cooks faster in salt water.
2. With a conjunctive adverb
 Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore, food cooks faster in salt water.

Compound Sentences with Coordinators

A compound sentence can be formed as follows:
Independent clause, + coordinator + independent clause
 Salt water boils at a lower temperature than freshwater, so food cooks faster in salt water.

There are seven coordinators, which are also called coordinating conjunctions. You can remember them by the
phrase FAN BOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So). The following sentences illustrate the meanings of the
seven FAN BOYS coordinators.
(Punctuation note: There is a comma after the first independent clause.)

Coordinators (Coordinating Conjunctions): and, but, so, or, yet, for, nor

EXERCISE 1
Write S if the sentence is simple and C if the sentence is compound.
1. Wildflowers grew in the back corner of the abandoned lot.
2. Tiffany and her friend are bringing decorations, and the Wilsons are supplying the food.
3. Jason cleaned the garage and cut the grass.
4. Magenta is Claire’s favorite color, but Nora prefers turquoise.
5. Place the painting on the wall above the couch.
6. Lisa bought three CDs and one poster at the music store.
7. Dr. Calavaris may speak on atom smashing, or Dr. Yee may give a presentation on forces.
8. The ski club members are raising money for a trip to Aspen, but they will probably pay most of the
expenses themselves.
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NOTE: But and yet have similar meanings: They both signal that an opposite idea is coming. But is preferred
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when the two clauses are direct opposites. When the second clause is an unexpected or surprising continuation
because of information given in the first clause, yet is preferred. (But is acceptable for both meanings; yet for only
one meaning.)

Compare:
 I want to study art, but my parents want me to study engineering. (direct opposite)
 I am very bad at math, yet my parents want me to study engineering. (surprising continuation after "I am
very bad at math")

EXERCISE 2
Which coordinator would you use to connect the two clauses in these sentences? Write either but or yet
in the blank space.

1. a. Too much sun damages the skin, …… many people still do not use sunscreen.
b. Too much sun damages the skin, …… too little sun also causes health problems.
2. a. The company's sales increased last year, …… its profits declined.
b. The company moved its marketing division to Phoenix, …… the operations division stayed in Boston.
3. a. Population growth has slowed in most developing countries, …… it has not slowed enough to avoid
serious problems.
b. The fertility rate in India has decreased from 6 to 3 births per female, …… India's population is expanding
at the rate of 18 million per year.

EXERCISE 3
For each pair of the following sentences form a compound sentence by joining the two independent
clauses with a coordinator that best fits the meaning. Use each coordinator once. Write your new
sentences on a separate sheet of paper, and punctuate them correctly.

1. Nuclear accidents can happen. Nuclear power plants must have strict safety controls.
2. The accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island in the United States created fears about the
safety of this energy source. The disaster at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union confirmed them.
3. Solar heating systems are economical to operate. The cost of installation is very high.
4. Energy needs are not going to decrease. Energy sources are not going to increase. (Use nor and question word
order in the second clause, deleting the word not).
5. Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to our planet. We need to develop other sources of energy.
6. Ecologists know that burning fossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer. People continue to do it
7. Developing nations especially will continue this harmful practice. They do not have the money to develop
"clean" energy sources.
8. All nations of the world must take action. Our children and grandchildren will suffer the consequences.
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Compound Sentences with Conjunctive Adverbs

A second way to form a compound sentence is as follows:
Independent clause; + conjunctive adverb, + independent clause
 Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore, food cooks faster in salt water.

Punctuation note: Put a semicolon before and a comma after the conjunctive adverb. Several transition signals,
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such as on the other hand, as a result, and for example, act like conjunctive adverbs; they can also connect independent
clauses with a semicolon and a comma. The following chart lists common conjunctive adverbs and a few
transition signals that can be used in this way.

Addition: in addition, additionally, furthermore, moreover, besides, also

Contrast: however, in contrast, on the contrary
Surprise: nevertheless, nonetheless
Cause and effect: therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a result
Exemplification: for example, for instance
Emphasis: in fact, indeed, as a matter of fact
Similarity: likewise, similarly, in the same way
Order: first, second, next, then, after that

EXERCISE 4

On a separate sheet of paper, combine the pairs of sentences in items, using conjunctive adverbs instead
of coordinators. Punctuate your new sentences correctly.

1. Nuclear accidents can happen. Nuclear power plants must have strict safety controls.
2. The accident at the nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island in the United States created fears about the
safety of this energy source. The disaster at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union confirmed them.
3. Solar heating systems are economical to operate. The cost of installation is very high.
4. Burning fossil fuels causes serious damage to our planet. We need to develop other sources of energy.
5. Ecologists know that burning fossil fuels causes holes in the ozone layer. People continue to do it
6. All nations of the world must take action. Our children and grandchildren will suffer the consequences.

Important Point:
Correlative adverbs are basically used to combine two complete sentences, but conjunctions can also
be used to join parts of sentences such as verb, nouns, adjectives, etc.
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EXERCISE 5
Use the correlative adverbs and conjunctions below to join sentences or parts of sentences in the
following short paragraph that has short sentences. Use each word or phrase just ONCE AND USE
THEM IN THE SAME ORDER THEY PRESENTED IN BELOW. START FROM LINE 3.

AND – BUT – HOWEVER- FOR – AND

The book I would choose to take on a desert island is a book called Frankenstein. It’s an amazing book about a
man called Frankenstein who is a scientist. He’s obsessed with creating life. He creates this monster out of
different body parts. He brings it to life using electricity. The monster escapes. Frankenstein wants to forget the
whole experiment. The monster tracks him down. He wants revenge. He gets it.

PARALLELISM
Parallelism is an important element in English writing, especially when you are listing and comparing and
contrasting items or ideas. Parallelism means that each item in a list or comparison follows the same grammatical
pattern. If you are writing a list and the first item in your list is a noun, write all the following items as nouns
also. If the first item is an -ing word, make all the others -ing words; if it is an adverb clause, make all the others
adverb clauses.

In the examples that follow, the sentences in the column on the right follow the rule of parallelism.

Non-parallel Structures Parallel Structures

• My English conversation class is made up
of Chinese, Spaniards, and some are from
Bosnia.
• The teacher wanted to know which country
we came from and our future goals.
• The students who do well attend class, they
do their homework, and practice speaking
in English.
• The language skills of the students in the
evening classes are the same as the day
classes.
• My English conversation class is made up
of Chinese, Spaniards, and Bosnians.
(The items are all nouns.)
• The students who do well attend class, do
their homework, and practice speaking
in English.
(The items are all verbs + complements.)
• The teacher wanted to know which
country we came from and what our
future goals were.
(The items are both noun clauses.)
• The language skills of the students in
the evening classes are the same as the
language skills of the students in the
day classes.
(The items are both noun phrases.)

Notes:

1. You may substitute a pronoun for the second "the language skills" in the last example:
 The language skills of the students in the evening classes are the same as those of the students in the day
classes.

2. All the words in the first item do not always have to be repeated in the second. You may repeat all or some of
the words, depending on what you wish to emphasize. The following sentences are both correct:
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 Before you write a paper or before you take a test, you must organize your thoughts.
 Before you write a paper or take a test, you must organize your thoughts.

Parallelism with Coordinators: And, Or, But

Words, phrases, and clauses that are joined by and, or, and but are written in parallel form. Notice the parallel
structures joined by coordinators in the following sentences.

• The Federal Air Pollution Control Administration regulates automobile exhausts, and the
Federal Aviation Administration makes similar regulations for aircraft.
• The states regulate the noise created by motor vehicles but not by commercial aircraft.
• Pesticides cannot be sold if they have a harmful effect on humans, on animal life, or on the
environment.
Parallelism with Correlative (Paired) Conjunctions
Use parallel forms with the paired conjunctions both . .. and, either . .. or, neither . .. nor, and not only . .. but also.
Paired conjunctions are placed directly before the elements they join in the sentence. Notice the parallel
structures in these clauses joined by paired conjunctions:

• A new law provides the means for both regulating pesticides and ordering their removal if they are
dangerous.
• Air pollutants may come either from the ocean as natural contaminants given off by sea life or from the
U U U

internal combustion engines of automobiles. U

• If neither industry nor the public works toward reducing pollution problems, future generations will
U U U U

suffer.
• Many people are neither concerned about pollutants nor worried about their future impact.
U U U

• At the present time, air pollution is controlled through laws passed not only to reduce the pollutants at
U

their sources but also to set up acceptable standards of air quality.

U U U

EXERCISE 6
Directions: Two or more items in each of the following sentences are written in parallel grammatical
form. Underline the items or ideas that are parallel, and circle the word or words that connect the
parallel structures.
1. An ideal environment for studying includes good lighting, a spacious desk, and a comfortable chair.
2. You know you are truly fluent in another language when you can calculate in it and when you begin to dream
in it.
3. You can learn a second language in the classroom, at home, or in a country where the language is spoken.
4. My new personal computer is both fast and reliable.
5. My old typewriter is neither fast nor reliable.
6. Ann is growing older but unfortunately not wiser.
7. Young people buy computers not only to do schoolwork but also to play games.
8. If industrial nations continue to bum fossil fuels and if developing nations.
9. The criminal neither admitted guilt nor asked for forgiveness before he was sent to prison.
10. If industrial nations continue to bum fossil fuels and if developing nations continue to bum their rain forests,
the level of CO2 in the atmosphere will continue to increase.
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EXERCISE 7
Rewrite the following sentences in parallel form. Underline the part of the sentence that is not parallel
and correct it. Remember that you do not have to repeat all the words in the second item. The first one
has been done for you as an example.
1. The disadvantages of using a credit card are overspending and you pay high interest rates.
The disadvantages of using a credit card are overspending and paying high interest rates.
2. Credit cards are accepted by department stores, airlines, and they can be used in some gas stations.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. You do not need to risk carrying cash or to risk to miss a sale.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. With credit cards, you can either pay your bill with one check, or you can stretch out your payments.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. You can charge both at restaurants and when you stay at hotels.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Many people carry not only credit cards but they also carry cash.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The works displayed in the photography exhibit were contributed by numerous artists both those who already
had mass appeal and who never had much exposure.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Not making any payment or to send in only the minimum payment every month is poor money management.
………………………………………………………………………………………………

EXERCISE 8
Part A. Sentence Completion
Select the answer choice that best complete the blank

1. Today people are increasingly linked over long distances by electronic communications, ________ many of
them still prefer face-to-face encounters.
A. however B. nonetheless C. but D. then

4. Even though they are tropical birds, parrots can live in temperate ________ even cold climates.
A. in contrast B. Nevertheless C. but D. or

3. Judge Francis Hopkinson is probably best known as a singer of the Declaration of Independence, but he also
excelled as a poet, ________ and an orator.
A. as a musician B. by playing music
C. a musician D. he played music

4. Medical researchers are constantly looking for ways to control, ________, and cure diseases.
A. prevention B. preventing
C. prevent D. to prevent
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5. Jackie Joyner-Kersee set the world record in the heptathlon in the 1988 Olympics; ________, he won the
long jump in the year.
A. also B. and C. or D. yet

Part B. Written Expression

Select the answer choice that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.

6. Altitude, climatic, temperature, and the length of the growing season both determine where
U U U U U U

A B C
plants will grow. U U

D
7. Northside University, which is situated about 20km from the city centre, is not easy to get to
U U U U

A B
by public transport however, students have several different alternatives for accommodation
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C
on or near the University campus.
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D
8. A century ago women made quits which were used not only to keep their families warm
U U U U

A B
but also expressing their artistic abilities.
U U U U

C D
9. Crystals of pure quartz, usually called rock crystals are coarse, colorless, and transparency.
U U U U U U U U

A B C D
10. People visiting Los Angeles usually take a tour of universal studio, go to the Chinese
U U U U U U

A B C
theater and looking at the footprints of the stars.
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1. Researchers at Cornell University have demonstrated that homing pigeons can sense changes in the earth’s
magnetic field, see light waves that people cannot see, detect low-frequency sounds from miles away, sense U

changes in air pressure, and can identify familiar odors.

(A) sense changes in air pressure, and can identify familiar odors
(B) can sense changes in air pressure, and can identify familiar odors
(C) sense changes in air pressure, and identify familiar odors
(D) air pressure changes can be sensed, and familiar odors identified
(E) air pressure changes are sensed, and familiar odors identified
2. It is a special feature of cell aggregation in the developing nervous system that in most regions of the brain
the cells not only adhere to one another and also adopt some preferential orientation.
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(A) to one another and also adopt

(B) one to the other, and also they adopt
(C) one to the other, but also adopting
(D) to one another but also adopt
(E) to each other, also adopting
3. Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades were the high cost of
land, the pressure of housing and commercial development, and basing a marketing and distribution system U

on importing produce from Florida and California.

(A) basing a marketing and distribution system on importing produce from Florida and California
(B) basing a marketing and distribution system on the imported produce of Florida and California
(C) basing a system of marketing and distribution on the import of produce from Florida and California
(D) a marketing and distribution system based on importing produce from Florida and California
(E) a marketing and distribution system importing produce from Florida and California as its base
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4. A fire in an enclosed space burns with the aid of reflected radiation that preheats the fuel, making ignition
much easier and flames spreading more quickly.
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(A) flames spreading

(B) flame spreads
(C) flames are caused to spread
(D) causing flames to spread
(E) causing spreading of the flames
5. The threatened railway strike would cause significant inconvenience to the city: not only do thousands of
0T 0TU

commuters rely on trains to get them to and from work, but also as a connection between other forms of
U0T 0T

public transportation, such as buses and subways.

(A) not only do thousands of commuters rely on trains to get them to and from work, but also as a connection
between
(B) thousands of commuters rely on trains not only to get them to and from work, but also to connect with
(C) thousands of commuters rely not only on trains to get them to and from work, but also as a connection with
(D) not only thousands of commuters going to and from work rely on trains to get them there, but also to
connect with
(E) thousands of commuters rely on trains, not only for getting them to and from work, but also as a connection
between
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UNIT TWO
Focus on Grammar

PRACTICE WITH NOUN CLAUSES

Ask yourself the following questions about noun clauses.

1. Is the clause a noun clause?

A noun clause has a subject and a verb. It is introduced by a clause marker (see item 2 that follows) and can be
used in exactly the same way as a noun. Compare the following uses of nouns and noun clauses.
As subjects Sam’s jokes are very funny. (noun)
What Sam says is very funny. (noun clause)
As objects The man told us the address. (noun)
The man told us where he lived. (noun clause)
As objects of the preposition I wasn’t asked about the party. (noun)
I wasn’t asked about who was invited. (noun clause)

2. Is the correct clause marker used?

A clause marker introduces a clause.
Noun clause markers
U U Examples
U

"That" indicates a fact. I knew that he had to go.

U U

"What" focuses on a fact. Everyone was surprised at what he brought for U

the picnic.
U

"When" indicates a time. He told us when the plane would arrive.

U U

"Where" indicates a place. Where they are going on their honeymoon is a secret.
U U

"Why" indicates a reason. She wouldn’t say why he left so early.

U U

"Who" indicates a person. Who sent the letter is a mystery to me.

U U

"How many" indicates a quantity. I’ve lost count of how many times I’ve broken
U U

my glasses.
U U

"How much" indicates an amount. He wasn’t paying attention to how much he ate. U U U U

"How" indicates a manner. He showed us how he was going to win the race.
U U

"Which" indicates a choice. I didn’t know which book I was supposed to read.
U U

"Whether" indicates two or more I didn’t know whether I should bring my bike or leave
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alternatives. it home.
U U

"Whose" indicates possession. I never found out whose car was parked outside our house.
U U U U

"Whom" indicates a person. Sue didn’t know to whom he was engaged. U U

"If" indicates alternatives. I didn’t know if I should bring my bike.

U U

When used as clause markers, "if" and ''whether" are interchangeable.

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3. Is the clause marker missing?

Wh- words used as clause markers cannot be left out of the sentence. 'That" can sometimes be left out.
(A) "That" cannot be left out if the noun clause is the subject of the sentence.
Subject position That he passed is a miracle.
(B) "That" can be left out if the noun clause is the object of the sentence.
Object position Janet noticed that the window was broken.
This sentence is also correct without the word "that":
Janet noticed the window was broken.

4. Is there a subject and a verb in the noun clause?

The noun clause must have a subject and a verb to be complete.
S V
One additional feature of the car is that it has push-button windows.
S V
What was in the box surprised everyone.

5. Does the noun clause complete the independent clause?

If the noun clause is used in the subject position, there must be a verb in the independent clause.
S V
That he might fall worries me.
If the noun clause is used in the object position, there must be a subject and a verb in the independent clause.
S V OBJECT U .
Sam knew what he had to do.

6. Does the verb tense in the noun clause agree with the verb tense In the Independent clause?
Correct: Last week Alfred asked where we were going.
"Last week" indicates that the action of asking took place in the past. The verb tense "were going" indicates that
the action of going could have occurred at any point in time after Alfred asked the question.
Correct: Last week Alfred asked where we had gone.
"Last week" indicates that the action of asking took place in the past. The verb tense "had gone" indicates that the
action of going occurred before Alfred asked the question.
Incorrect: Last week Alfred asked where we will go.
The verb tense "will go" (future) in the noun clause does not agree with the verb tense "asked" (past) in the
independent clause.
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EXERCISE 1
Underline the noun clause. Write "S" in the space if the noun clause is the subject and "O" if the clause is
the object.
Examples S That most fast-food meals are high in fat has become an increasing concern.
U U U U

O It is easy to understand why fast-food restaurants are so popular.

U U U U

1. How the buildings are constructed to keep their inhabitants cool is one of the most striking aspects of
traditional Bahraini architecture.
2. What many doctors advise is a vacation away from the hustle and bustle of urban life.
3. ___ When the city of Rome was actually founded is a matter of dispute among historians.
4. Marie Curie showed that a woman can be as good a scientist as a man can be.
5. The psychologist Abraham Maslow argued that all human beings have five levels of needs.
6. In nonverbal communication, what gestures mean in one particular culture may be very different in
another culture, thus causing misunderstandings.
7. He mentioned that he had been in court the previous day.
8. That old cities lose their charm in their zeal to modernize is a common perception.

Sentences beginning with IT

Starting a sentence with a noun clause seems awkward to many English speakers, so they often rewrite such
sentences by putting it at the beginning and moving the noun clause to the end.
 That Earth is getting warmer is certain.
 It is certain that Earth is getting warmer.

In addition, the verb following it (except be or any intransitive verb like seem or appear) is often written in the
passive voice, especially in academic writing.
 It is believed that carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming.
 It was agreed that the meeting would be postponed until next week.
 It has been proven that the world's deserts are expanding.

You can also write these sentences in the active voice:

 Many scientists believe that carbon dioxide is responsible for global warming.
 The participants agreed that the meeting would be postponed until next week.
 Measurements have proven that the world's deserts are expanding.

EXERCISE 2
Write each sentence so that it begins with "it" and ends with a "that clause."
1. That air temperatures are rising is significant.
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. That ocean levels are rising is undeniable.
…………………………………………………………………………………
3. That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock.
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…………………………………………………………………………………
4. That burning fossil fuels is a cause of global warming has been well documented.
…………………………………………………………………………………
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5. That Jane would not do whatever needed to improve her thesis is proved to everyone.
…………………………………………………………………………………

Tense Agreement
Remember that the verb in the subordinate clause should always agree in tense with the verb in the main
clause.
Incorrect: He told me that he has a question he wants to ask immediately.
Correct: He told me that he had a question he wanted to ask immediately.

EXERCISE 3
Write "C" beside each sentence that is correct and "IC" beside each incorrect sentence. Then correct the
faulty sentences.
1. The director was told last week that Doris resides in San Diego.
2. When I saw him last night, he said that he is soon going to look for a job.
3. Mrs. Vasquez promised that she will help us with the party Saturday.
4. Did the reporter announce when would the politician declare his candidacy?
5. They apparently knew that he divorced his wife and remarried.
6. I believe that Johann had to leave next Friday.
7. Can you tell me when will she be conducting a seminar?
8. Last month, a few students asked me do I like teaching.
9. Fred believed that his friend is promoted by his employer a month or so ago.
10. As soon as Fedora heard Dick's voice on the telephone, she could tell that he has just awakened.

Proposals
• Proposal verbs are followed by verb words in "that" clause. Proposal expressions contain that noun
clauses and are used to suggest or require a certain procedure. These expressions are often used to
emphasize or to state officially. The word that is sometimes implied.

ask (that) suggest .(that) insist (that)

request (that) advise (that) urge (that)
propose (that) demand (that) prefer (that)
recommend (that) require (that)

I. Clem's advisor recommended (that) Clem take fewer units next term.
2. The company has suggested we write to them for further information.
3. The manager asks that people in the theater not smoke.
4. At the opening of the concert, the conductor urged that everyone be willing to listen to the strange
contemporary music.
5. Chandra said that she preferred that a driving instructor, rather than a friend, teach her to drive.
6. The monitor should insist that students not talk during the test.
• Use be plus the past participle for the passive voice.
7. Lu has demanded (that) he be told about any schedule changes.
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8. At the meeting, Mr. Simon moved that all decisions be postponed.

9. The controller may propose that production be delayed a month.
• Proposal clauses, like proposal verb expressions, are used to suggest or require a particular procedure.
These clauses are followed by verb words in that clauses.

It is important (that) It is imperative (that) There is a requirement (that)

It is essential (that) I believe it's urgent (that) He saw the notice (that)
It's necessary (that) It's preferable (that) There has been a motion (that)
We saw a proposal (that) He plans to request (that) The rule is (that)
He thinks it's vital (that) It was suggested (that) A recommendation was made (that)

l. There was a notice on the bulletin board that all students who need housing go to Room 742.
2. It's necessary one make reservations for that particular restaurant a week ahead of time.
3. He said that it was urgent he see the manager.
4. If she wishes to get the job, it's imperative she get in touch with Mr. Mohler at once.
5. There's a college regulation that applications for the fall be filed with the registrar before May.

EXERCISE 4
Step 1: Read the following information.
Step 2: Write complex sentences containing subjunctive noun clauses.
• Rewrite each question as a main clause.
• Use the information from the proposed restrictions to write a subjunctive noun clause.
• Combine the two clauses to make a new complex sentence.
The first one has been done for you as an example.

Background Information
A three-year drought has caused a serious water shortage in the fictitious country of Sunnyland. As a result,
Sunnyland's water department has recommended restrictions on water use.

Sunnyland County Water Department

Sunnyland County, Texas
Due to the recent drought in our region, the County of Sunnyland is imposing
restrictions on water use, effective immediately. Violators will be subject to penalties.
Restrictions on Water Use
a. All citizens must conserve water wherever possible.
b. Every individual must decrease water use.
c. Every family must reduce its water use by 40 percent.
d. In the cities, everyone must limit showers to 5 minutes.
e. In the countryside, farmers must cut their water use by 25 percent.
f. Every farmer should install a drip irrigation system.
g. People in the suburbs must not use water to wash cars, sidewalks, or streets.
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1. What does the water department recommend?

The water department recommends that all citizens Conserve water wherever possible.
2. What will the water department demand?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What is necessary?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What does the water department propose for city dwellers?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What is required of farmers?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. What is suggested for farmers?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What does the water department urge for people living in suburban areas?
…………………………………………………………………………………………

EXERCISE 5
Underline the incorrect sentences and write them correctly.
I can't recall or not I've told you this story. You've often said that I'm the world's most absentminded person.
You've even suggested that I carried photos to help me remember my friends! Well, a month ago I thought I'd
caught a glimpse of a friend at a supermarket. I ran after him, complaining loudly that he has been neglecting
me.
A smiling stranger turned round and asked I would forgive him. Still apologetic about not contacting me all
these years, he insisted that I joined him for coffee so that we could catch up on old times. To my delight I
realized that I am finding someone even more absent-minded than me.

EXERCISE 6
PART ONE
DIRECTIONS: Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.
1. Science has not yet made a machine that can learn ------------------ a young child can learn in a few days—how
to tie a pair of shoes.
(A) where (C) that
(B) whether (D) what
2. ------------------ the young woman desired to marry didn’t matter, for she had to marry someone that her
parents had selected.
(A) Whomever (C) Whoever was
(B) Whatever (D) Whoever was that
3. ------------------ the ozone layer has already thinned to a dangerous point is a serious problem.
(A) What (C) It is a fact that
(B) That (D) Scientists know that
4. It is clear ------------------ the city government will have to raise taxes if the police force is going to be
strengthened.
(A) what (C) whatever
(B) that (D) whether
15

5. After the fire had been put out, the firefighters recommended that people ------------------ homes without an
alarm device.
(A) do not buy (C) not buy
(B) not to buy (D) did not buy

PART TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked
A, B, C, and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT CORRECT.
U U

6. That spurred the great explorations of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was the
U U

A
desire to find a more convenient route to the spice supplies of the Far East.
U U U U 0T 0TU U

B C D
7. Market researchers find out exactly how many people live in a certain area and what
U U U U U U

A B C
are their spending habits.
U U

D
8. Urban sprawl occurred wherever the population expanded rapidly and where were there
U U U U U

A B C
no comprehensive plans for esthetics and function.
U U

D
9. Eric Erickson’s theory of development claims who individuals encounter a series of U U

A B
conflicts that need to be resolved for healthy personality development.
U U U U

C D
10. The police Chief indicated that it was vital that a team was formed to investigate the
U U U U U U

A B C
charges that had been made by some of the citizens in the community.
U U

1. When rates were raised in 1985, postal service officials predicted they would make further rate increases U

unnecessary for at least three years.

U

(A) they would make further rate increases unnecessary

(B) they would mean that further rate increases would not be needed
(C) that it will not be necessary for further rate increases
(D) that the increase would make further rate increases unnecessary
(E) further rate increases will not be needed

2. The rise in the Commerce Department's index of leading economic indicators suggest that the economy U

should continue its expansion into the coming months, but that the mixed performance of the index's U

individual components indicates that economic growth will proceed at a more moderate pace than in the
first quarter of this year.
(A) suggest that the economy should continue its expansion into the coming months, but that
(B) suggest that the economy is to continue expansion in the coming months but
(C) suggests that the economy will continue its expanding in the coming months, but that
(D) suggests that the economy is continuing to expand into the coming months, but that
(E) suggests that the economy will continue to expand in the coming months, but
16

3. Until quite recently, American presidents lived in a world in which the public and private realms of their
lives were largely separate, and the press cooperated in maintaining the distinction, and Americans judged
U U U U

national leaders without receiving, or expecting, intimate information about them.

(A) and the press cooperated in maintaining the distinction, and
(B) where the press cooperated in maintaining the distinction, and where
(C) for the press cooperated to maintain the distinction and
(D) the press cooperated to maintain the distinction, for
(E) in which the press cooperated in maintaining the distinction, and in which

4. That the new managing editor rose from the publication’s “soft” news sections to a leadership position is
more of a landmark in the industry than her being a woman.
U U

(A) her being a woman

(B) being a woman is
(C) her womanhood
(D) that she was a woman
(E) that she is a woman

5. The odds are about 4 to 1 against surviving a takeover offer, and many business consultants therefore
advise that a company’s first line of defense in eluding offers like these is to even refuse to take calls from
U U

likely corporate raiders.

(A) that a company’s first line of defense in eluding offers like these is to even refuse
(B) that a company’s first line of defense in eluding such offers be to refuse even
(C) a company defending itself against offers of this kind that, as a first line of defense, they should even
refuse
(D) companies which are defending themselves against such an offer that, as a first line of defense, they
should even refuse
(E) that the first line of defense for a company who is eluding offers like these is the refusal even.
 17

LESSON 3
Section IV. Focus on Grammar

PRACTICE WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

An adjective clause contains a subject and a verb. An adjective clause is a subordinate or dependent clause; it
must be connected to a main or independent clause. An adjective clause modifies a noun. Adjective clauses
begin with a relative pronoun such as who, whom, whose, which, that, or a relative adverb such as when or where.

IDENTIFYING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Clause
Marker
U Use Example

who People The tribes who lived in the Great Plains used smoke
signals (subject)

whom People The woman whom we met was called lightning Cloud.
(object)

whose People/things He sent a message whose meaning we had agreed advance.

(possessive)

which Things That is a tribe which interests me. (subject)

(subject/object)
The drumbeats which we heard sent a message. (object)
that People/things The Apache is a tribe that I will research. (object)
(subject/object)
The smoke that you see is from the hills. (subject)
where Place That is the valley where the tribe lived.
(adverb)
when Time That is the day when we get the signal.
(adverb)

OMISSION OF THE RELATIYE PRONOUN

When the relative pronoun is the subject of the adjective clause, it cannot be omitted.
The man who played the drum was from West Africa. (subject)
If the relative pronoun is the object of the adjective clause, it can be omitted.
The man whom I saw was a Native American. (object)
The man I saw was a Native American.
The drumbeat that I beard was a signal. (object)
The drumbeat I beard was a signal.
The relative pronouns whose, where, and whereby cannot be omitted.
Sequoyah, whose alphabet for the Indian people consisted of 85 characters, was acclaimed a genius by his people.
(Whose cannot be omitted.)
That was the area where the tribe lived (Where cannot be omitted.)
Sequoyah devised an alphabet whereby all the different tribes could read a common language. (Whereby cannot be
omitted.)
18

EXERCISE 1

Write "C" if the correct clause marker has been used. Write "IC" if an incorrect clause marker has
been used.
Examples IC People which love car racing always enjoy the Indianapolis 500.
U U U U

You should write "IC" in the space because the relative pronoun "who" refers to people.
1. California’s San Joaquin Valley, where has lured settlers throughout the years, is rimmed by beautiful
U U

mountains.
2. Edward Kazarian, which is a master of making miniatures, uses microscopes and diamond-tipped tools
U U

to create figures the size of the head of a pin.

3. Elvis Presley, who has been called the "king of rock and roll," made his first record, privately, in 1953.
U U

4. Vast oil spills that contaminate coastal areas cost huge sums to clean up.
U U

5. People whose are in charge of ticket reservations warn travelers to book early during the high seasons.
U U

6. Using low doses of antibiotics that don’t kill bacteria only helps them develop their resistance.
U U

7. The last city of the Pyu civilization, who flourished from the ninth to first centuries B.C.E., lies about
160 miles from Rangoon, Burma.
U U

8. Anna Freud, when was the daughter of Sigmund Freud, was an eminent psychoanalyst as well.
U U

Restrictive vs. Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses

Adjective clauses are either restrictive (necessary) or nonrestrictive (unnecessary).
• A restrictive clause is necessary because it identifies its antecedent for the reader. Do not use commas with restrictive clauses.
• A nonrestrictive clause is not necessary to identify its antecedent; it merely gives the reader some extra information about it. Because
you can omit a nonrestrictive clause without loss of meaning, separate it from the rest of the sentence with commas.
• The relative pronoun that is used in restrictive clauses only. Which is used in nonrestrictive clauses only. The other relative
pronouns and adverbs can be used in both restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses.

Examples:

1. Restrictive (necessary): no commas

 The professor who teaches my biology class won a Nobel Prize two years ago.
(Which professor won a Nobel Prize two years ago? The clause who teaches my biology class is necessary to identify the
professor.)
 He won the prize for research that might lead to a cure for AIDS.
(For which research did he win the prize? We need the clause that might lead to a cure for AIDS to tell us.)

2. Nonrestrictive (unnecessary): commas

Professor Jones, who teaches my biology class, won a Nobel Prize two years ago.
(The person who won a Nobel Prize is identified by his name, so the clause who teaches my biology class is extra,
unnecessary information about Professor Jones. If it were omitted, we would still know which person won the Nobel Prize.)
He won the prize for his research into the structure of T-cells, which might lead to a cure for AIDS.
(We already know which research he won the prize for: his research into the structure of T-cells. The information which might
lead to a cure for AIDS is not necessary to identify the research; it merely gives us extra information about it.)
19

EXERCISE 2

Identify and punctuate sentences with adjective clauses.

Step 1: Underline the adjective clause or clauses in each sentence. (Some sentences have two.)
Step 2: In the space next to the sentence, write R for a restrictive and NR for a nonrestrictive clause.
Step 3: Add commas to the nonrestrictive clauses.

The first two have been done for you as examples.

_R_ 1. Families whose incomes are below a certain level pay no income tax.
NR 2. My family, whose income is more than $50,000, pays about 25 percent income tax.
____3. The sun which in 40 minutes can produce enough solar energy to meet humankind's needs for a year is
one of Earth's potential sources of power.
____4. We are at the beginning of a medical computer revolution, according to an article that appeared in Time
magazine
____5. A medical computer is a machine that analyzes the results of laboratory tests and electrocardiograms.
____6. A physician who feeds a patient's symptoms into a computer receives a list of diseases that fit the
symptoms of that patient.
____7. Laser beams which are useful in both medicine and industry were first predicted in science fiction stories
75 years ago.
____8. The country that has the highest per capital income is not the United States which is in third place.
____9. Kuwait which is a small country in the Middle East is in. first place.
____10. It was a thrilling experience to meet the author of the book that we had been reading all semester.
____11. The public is highly critical of the tobacco industry whose profits have been increasing in spite of the
health risks of smoking.
____12. Carbohydrates which are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are organic compounds.
____13. People who use body language to express themselves are interesting to watch.
____14. My brother-in-law who is from Italy moves his hands a lot when he is talking.
____15. The man whom the president nominated to the Supreme Court is an experienced and respected judge.

Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions

A relative pronoun can be the object of a preposition in its own clause.
Examples:
The address to which I sent my application was incorrect.
These adjective clauses are formed in two ways: the formal way and the informal way.
(a) In the formal way, the preposition and relative pronoun are together at the beginning of the clause:
 to which I sent my application
 with whom I shared a secret
 in which the gift was wrapped
(b) In the informal way, the pronoun comes at the beginning and the preposition at the end of the clause:
 which I sent my application to
 whom I shared a secret with
 which the gift was wrapped in
NOTE: When should you use the informal way, and when should you use the formal way? In all but the most
formal writing (master's theses, Ph.D. dissertations, legal documents, or business reports, for example), the
informal pattern is probably acceptable. English has no academic or governmental authority that issues rules
about correctness.
20

EXERCISE 3

Combine sentences to make a new sentence containing an adjective clause.

Step 1: Change the sentence with the underlined prepositional phrase to an adjective clause.
Step 2: Combine it with the first sentence. Write each new sentence twice,
(a) in the formal pattern and
(b) in any of the possible informal patterns.
The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. Finding reasonably priced housing in big cities is a problem. Many young people are concerned about the
problem.
(a) Finding reasonably priced housing in big cities is a problem about which many young people are concerned.
(b) Finding reasonably priced housing in big cities is a problem that many young people are concerned about.

2. Affordable apartments are scarce. Young people would like to live in them.
(a)
(b)
3. Of course, many young people share apartments, but they have to take care in choosing the people. They will
share living space and expenses with these people.
(a)
(b)
4. Living with people can be stressful, but it can also be fun. You are not related to the people.
(a)
(b)
5. In many countries, young people continue to live with their parents in the same house. They grew up in that
house.
(a)
(b)
6. In the United States, young people do not want to live with their parents. They typically declare their
independence from their parents at age 18.
(a)
(b)

Relative Pronouns in Phrases of Quantity and Quality

A relative pronoun can occur in phrases of quantity and quality.

Examples:

some of whom, all of whom, each of which, both of which, etc.

 He gave two answers, both of which were correct.
 The comedian's jokes, the funniest of which I had heard before, were about politics.

the best of whom, the oldest of whom, the most important of which, etc.
 She has three daughters, the oldest of whom is studying abroad.
 The top students, all of whom graduated with honors, received scholarships
21

Examples for nonrestrictive adjective clauses:

 The citizens of Puerto Rico are well educated. Ninety percent of them are literate.
The citizens of Puerto Rico, ninety percent of whom are literate, are well educated.
 There are many delicious tropical fruits in Puerto Rico. I have never tasted most of them before.
There are many delicious tropical fruits in Puerto Rico, most of which I have never tasted
before.

EXERCISE 4

Change the second sentence in each pair to an adjective clause, and combine it with the first sentence.
The first one has been done for you as an example.

1. There is a chain of islands in the Caribbean Sea. The most charming of the islands is Puerto Rico.
There is a chain of islands in the Caribbean Sea, the most charming of which is Puerto Rico.
2. Puerto Rico attracts thousands of visitors. Most of them come for the sunny weather, the beautiful beaches,
and the Spanish atmosphere.
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Puerto Rico has many historic sites. The most famous of them are in the Old San Juan area of the capital city.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Puerto Rico's economy is growing. The most important sector of the economy is clothing manufacturing.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Puerto Ricans have strong ties to the United States. All of them are U.S. citizens.
…………………………………………………………………………………………

6. Puerto Rico has three political parties. One of them favors Puerto Rico's becoming a state.
…………………………………………………………………………………………

EXERCISE 5

Combine the following sentences.

1. First National Bank tries to attract female customers. The bank's president is a woman.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2. A manufacturer can offer lower prices. Its costs are lower because of mass production.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Companies conduct market research to discover trends among consumers. Consumers' tastes change rapidly.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Affordable apartments are scarce. Young people would like to live in them.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Of course, many young people share apartments, but they have to take care in choosing the people. They will
share living space and expenses with these people.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Living with people can be stressful, but it can also be fun. You are not related to the people.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. In many counties, young people continue to live with their parents in the same house. They grew up in that
house.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
22

8. Each year the museum has got a million of visitors. Only a thousand of them are European countries.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9. This contemporary writer has put out ten books. The best one of them is titled "Sunrise Again."
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. This contemporary writer has put out ten books. The best one of them is titled "Sunrise Again."
…………………………………………………………………………………………

EXERCISE 6
Select the letter of the correct answer.

1. A loudspeaker is an instrument ---------- electrical energy into sound energy.

(A) that
(B) who is transforming
(C) transformed
(D) that transforms
2. The many people ---------- must be willing to commute a long distance to work.
(A) wished to live in rural areas
(B) wished they lived in rural areas
(C) those wishing to live in rural areas
(D) who wish to live in rural areas
3. Researchers may be able to find and monitor San Andreas Fault lines --------- since 1857 or earlier.
(A) where have not slipped
(B) have not slipped
(C) that have not slipped
(D) have not been slipping
4. The Cherokee Indians, ---------- west on the Trail: of Tears in the late 1830s, were originally from the
Appalachian Mountains.
(A) forcing
(B) forced
(C) bad forced
(D) are forced
5. School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central-city areas have contributed,
according to a recent study, to significant increases in housing integration, ----------.
(A) which, in turn, reduces
(B) that, in turn, reduces
(D) in turn, reduces
(E) which, in turn, reduce

Choose the wrong answer choice.

6. Block Island in Long Island Sound it is surrounded by cold, dangerous waters.

U U U U U U U U

A B C D
7. Dolphins lack vocal cords but they have a large, oil-filled organ called the “melon,”
U U U U

A B
which with they can produce a variety of sounds
U U U U

C D
23

8. There are thousands of kinds of bacteria, many of whom are beneficial.

U U U U U U U U

A B C D
9. Pipettes are glass tubes, open at both ends, which chemists use them to transfer small
U U U U U U

A B C
volumes of liquid.
U U

D
10. The Pritzker Prize is given every year to architects their work benefits humanity and
U U U U U U

A B C
the environment
U

. D
1. The airline industry is cutting its lowest discount fares more widely, more substantially, and earlier this year
than it normally does at the end of the summer, a time during which travel usually decreases and the industry
U

uses some lower fares for the attraction of passengers.

U

(A) during which travel usually decreases and the industry uses some lower fares for the attraction of
(B) during which travel usually decreases and therefore the industry will use some lower fares for the
attraction of
(C) in which travel usually decreases and in which the industry therefore uses some lower fares attracting
(D) when travel usually decreases and the industry uses some lower fares to attract
(E) when travel usually decreases and therefore the industry will use lower fares for the attraction of

2. The company is negotiating to sell its profitable credit card subsidiary, which it plans to use money from to
U U

acquire some of the mortgage-servicing operations that are being sold by troubled savings institutions.
(A) subsidiary, which it plans to use money from
(B) subsidiary, from which it plans to use money
(C) subsidiary, and it plans the use of money from that
(D) subsidiary and plans to use money from that sale
(E) subsidiary and plans the use of money from that sale

3. As the etched lines on computer memory chips have become thinner and the chips’ circuits more complex, U

both the power of the chips and the electronic devices they drive have vastly increased. U

(A) the chips’ circuits more complex, both the power of the chips and the electronic devices they drive have
(B) the chips’ circuits more complex, the power of both the chips and the electronic devices they drive has
(C) the chips’ circuits are more complex, both the power of the chips and the electronic devices they drive has
(D) their circuits are more complex, the power of both the chips and the electronic devices they drive have
(E) their circuits more complex, both the power of the chips and the electronic devices they drive have
4. Houseflies that hatch in summer live only about three weeks, but those that emerge in the cooler days of fall
U

often live longer than six months.

U

(A) weeks, but those that emerge in the cooler days of fall often live
(B) weeks, but those that emerge in the cooler days of fall often live as long or
(C) weeks, which is different from those that emerge in the cooler days of fall and often live
(D) weeks; then those that emerge in the cooler days of fall often live as long as or
(E) weeks; this is different from those that emerge in the cooler days of fall, who often live
5. Until quite recently, American presidents lived in a world in which the public and private realms of their lives
were largely separate, and the press cooperated in maintaining the distinction, and Americans judged national
U U

leaders without receiving, or expecting intimate information about them.

(A) and the press cooperated in maintaining the distinction, and
(B) where the press cooperated in maintaining the distinction, and where
(C) for the press cooperated to maintain the distinction and
(D) the press cooperated to maintain the distinction, for
(E) in which the press cooperated in maintaining the distinction, and in which
24

LESSON FOUR
REVIEW EXERCISE

If necessary, correct or make improvements to these sentences. If they are already correct, write C.
1. There's something which I should tell you.
2. The doctor whom Ingrid went to see was very thorough.
3. Yesterday was the hottest day I can remember.
4. There isn't much can go wrong with the machine.
5. Thieves whom stole paintings from Notford art gallery have been arrested in Paris.
6. It may be the most important decision which you will ever take.
7. The boy took the photograph was paid £100.
8. I heard many different accents in the room, but none which I could identify as Polish.
9. He just said anything which came into his head.
10. There's this dream which I have every night about falling downstairs.

REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

Adjective clauses can be reduced to phrases. An adjective phrase modifies a noun. An adjective phrase does not
contain a subject and a verb.
Adjective Clause: The man who is drumming is African.
Adjective Phrase: The man drumming is African.
Only adjectives that have a subject pronoun, who, which, or that, can be reduced.
Clause: The man who is playing the drums is well-known.
Phrase: The man playing the drums. is well-known.
Clause: The man (whom) I met was well-known.
Phrase: not possible
There are two ways to reduce an adjective phrase.
1. The subject pronoun and the be form of the verb are omitted.
Clause: The man who is playing is my friend.
Phrase: The man playing is my friend.
Clause: The signals which are given are simple.
Phrase: The signals given are simple.
Clause: The tones that are in the language are important.
Phrase: The tones in the language are important.
Clause: The books that are available for use by professors cannot be checked out.
Phrase: The books available for use by professors cannot be checked out.
2. When there is no form of be in the adjective clause, you can omit the subject pronoun and change
the verb to the -ing form.
Clause: The Cherokee Indians have an alphabet that consists of eighty-five characters.
Phrase: The Cherokee Indians have an alphabet consisting of eighty-five characters.
Clause: Anyone who wants to get the news can listen to the message.
25

Phrase: Anyone wanting to get the news can listen to the message.
Adjective phrases are usually separated by commas, as in adjective clauses.
Clause: Sequoyah, who was the inventor of an Indian alphabet, was a Cherokee Indian.
Phrase: Sequoyah, the inventor of an Indian alphabet, was a Cherokee Indian.

Exercise 1

Underline the adjectival phrases in the following sentences.

1. The workers evacuating the flood victims are volunteers from the community.
2. The visitors taken to see the sights were unimpressed.
3. Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first they were often sponsored by soap
manufacturers.
4. He beckoned to the boy hesitating in the doorway.
5. The bells chiming so clearly brought back her childhood.
6. More than 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.
7. Pewter, widely added for eating and drinking utensils in colonial America, is about ninety percent tin, with
copper or bismuth added for hardness.
8. I love to hear these voices harmonizing so well.
9. Stars shine because of the amount light and heat produced by the nuclear reactions taking place within them.
10. In 1989 Tillie Fowler, a Republican, became the first member of her party to serving as president of the city
council of Jacksonville, Florida.

Exercise 2
If any verb form in an adjective phrase is incorrect, cross it out and write the correct form above the
verb.
1. Ambroise Pare, knowing as the father of modern surgery, brought medicine out of the Dark Ages.
2. Each child enters school for the first time is individually screened.
3. Natural oils taken from the rose and the jasmine flower are valuable ingredients of perfume.
4. Scissors, a Bronze Age invention remained basically unchanged to this day, consist of two blades linked by a
C-shaped spring.
5. People protesting the destruction of old forests sometimes chain themselves to the trees marked to be cut
down.
6. Butterfly wings have iridescent scales consist of thin interlaced layers.
7. Glacier National Park is impressive with its mountain peaks are towering over splendid lakes.
8. Medicine finding in bathroom cabinets should be thrown out if the expiration date has passed.
9. The word "Minnesota", means many lakes, is another example of a Native American word finding in
S S

American English.
10. Physicians work in the field of public health are mainly concerned with the environmental causes of illness
and how to eliminate them.
26

Exercise 3
Rewrite the sentences correctly using adjectival phrases beginning with present participles or past
participles.

Example:
 A candidate fared very badly expected to win the election.
 A candidate expected to win the election fared very badly.

1. She looked disdainfully at the youth who approaching her.

……………………………………………………………………………………
2. Overseas students yearn for home need help to deal with the loneliness.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. The person is very experienced chosen for the post.
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. They came in carrying cameras were slung on their shoulders.
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. The Master of Ceremonies gave a speech which filled with anecdotes.
……………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 4
Rearrange the words to form sentences with adjectival phrases.

1. children - detest - forced - it - may - music - study - to.

……………………………………………………………………………………
2. by - expedition- join - jungle- keen- must - our - register- students- to - tomorrow.
……………………………………………………………………………………
3. a- a- girl- greeted-kimono-me -wearing.
……………………………………………………………………………………
4. aside - for - insufficient - is - France - money- our - set - the - trip - to.
……………………………………………………………………………………
5. a - as - backyard - child - climbing - her - I - in - our - remember - trees
……………………………………………………………………………………
6. adept - are - at - managers - motivating - needed - people.
27

Exercise 5

Add the information in brackets to the sentences and rewrite them in an appropriate way.

 Gofast Technology has launched its new generation of high-speed trains. (Gofast Technology is part of the
Maddison Enterprises Group)
 Gofast Technology, part of the Maddison Enterprises Group, has launched its new generation of high-speed
trains.)

1. I went on an IT training course with my colleague. (My colleague is Mateo)

……………………………………………………………………………………

2. Rubella is still a common childhood disease in many countries. (Another name for rubella is German measles)
……………………………………………………………………………………

3. Four kilos of Beluga caviar has been ordered for the reception. (Beluga caviar is one of the most expensive foods in the
world)
……………………………………………………………………………………

4. The two countries having land borders border the USA have complained to the US president about the new
customs regulations (These countries are Mexico and Canada)
……………………………………………………………………………………

5. Dr Sofia Lopez has criticized government plans to cut health funding. (Sofia Lopez is head of Downlands Hospital)
……………………………………………………………………………………

6. Klaus Schmidt is running in the Stockholm Marathon. (Klaus Schmidt is the current European champion)
……………………………………………………………………………………

EXERCISE 8
Part A. Sentence Completion
Select the answer choice that best complete the blank

1. Isabel Bishop was one of manyAmerican artists ______ by the government during the Depression years on
various federal art projects.
(A) employed
(B) whose employment
(C) to employ
(D) had been employed

2. The most important chemical catalyst on this planet is chlorophyll, ______ carbon dioxide and water react
to form carbohydrates.
(A) whose presence
(B) which is present
(C) presenting
(D) in the presence of which
28

3. ______ at the site of a fort established by the Northwest Mounted Police, Calgary is now one of Canada’s
fastest growing cities.
(A) Built
(B) It is built
(C) To build
(D) Building

4. Although the huge ice masses ______ glaciers move slowly, they are a powerful erosive force in nature.
(A) call them
(B) are called
(C) to call
(D) called

5. The province of Alberta lies along three of the major North American flyways Used by birds ______between
their winter and summer homes.
(A) the migration
(B) migrating
(C) migrate
(D) and migrate

Part B. Written Expression

Select the answer choice that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
6. Coral formations are known as fringing reefs are located close to shore, separated from land only by shallow
U U U U U U U

water. U

7. Visible only through large telescopes, Pluto has a yellowish color, that indicates that there is very little
U U U U U U U U

atmosphere.
8. Toward the end of his life, john Singer Sargent returned to the painting of landscapes and the use of
U U U U U U

watercolors, of which he excelled.

U U

9. The sounds used in human languages to create meaning consist of small variation in air pressure can be
U U U U U U U

sensed by the ear.

U

10. The Democratic Party, is the oldest existing political party in the United States, has played a vital role in the
U U U U U U U U

nation’s history.
29

GMAT

1. The demand for airplane mechanics is expected to grow about ten percent a year in the next decade,
largely because new federal rules calling for major modifications to older planes and because the airlines
U U

are adding hundreds of new jets.

(A) new federal rules calling for major modifications to older planes
(B) new federal rules, which call for major modifications to older planes
(C) new federal rules call for major modifications to older planes
(D) major modifications to older planes called for by new federal rules
(E) major modifications to older planes are called for according to new federal rules

2. Promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May
U

meeting will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.

(A) Promotions, retirements, deaths, and other actions approved by the board of directors at its May
meeting will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(B) Promotions, retirements, and other actions which have been approved at the May meeting of the
board of directors along with deaths, with be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(C) To be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper are the promotions, retirements, deaths,
and other actions which were approved at the board of directors' May meeting.
(D) Meeting in May, the promotions, retirements, and other actions approved by the board of directors,
including obituaries, will be reported in the July 15 issue of the company paper.
(E) The July 15 issue of the company paper will report on promotions, retirements, and other actions
approved by the board of directors at its May meeting; the paper will also include obituaries.

3. In the 1950's astronomers were divided between those who believed the universe began in a cosmic
U

explosion (the "big bang") with those who favored the model of an eternal and infinite steady-state
U

universe.
(A) universe began in a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") with
(B) universe began with a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") and
(C) universe had a beginning a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") or
(D) universe's beginning was a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") or
(E) universe's beginning was a cosmic explosion (the "big bang") against

4. Prompted by new evidence that the health risk posed by radon gas is far more serious than was
previously thought, property owners are being advised by authorities to test all dwellings below the third
U U

floor for radon gas and to make repairs as needed.

(A) property owners are being advised by authorities to
(B) property owners are advised by authorities that they should
(C) authorities are advising property owners to
(D) authorities are advising property owners they
(E) authorities' advice to property owners is they should

5. Although it was once funded entirely by the government, the Victoria and Albert Museum was one of U

the first of Britain's national museums seeking support from corporations and private donors and to
U

increase income by increasing attendance.

(A) one of the first of Britain's national museums seeking support from
(B) one of Britain's first national museums seeking support of
(C) among Britain's first national museums to seek support of
(D) among the first of Britain's national museums to seek support from
(E) among Britain's first national museums that have sought the support of
30

LESSON FIVE
ADVERB CLAUSES

An adverb clause is a subordinate clause (dependent clause) with a subject and a verb. An adverb clause may
come before or after the main clause (independent clause). When it comes before the main clause or at the
beginning, it is usually separated from the main clause by a comma.
When Schmidt looked at the small points, he saw galaxies.
Schmidt saw galaxies when be looked at the small points.

ADVERB CLAUSE MARKERS

The following are some common words used to introduce an adverb clause.
1. Clause markers showing time:
after by the time until
as once when
before since whenever
as soon as till while
Meteors glow as they burn up in the atmosphere.
It was difficult to observe the stars before the telescope was invented.
2. Clause markers showing manner:
as as if as though just as like
Ancient peoples used the stars as if they were calendars.
The Milky Way looks as though it is a faint band of light.
3. Cause markers showing cause and effect:
because since as now that as long as so
Since some planets are too far away to send people, computer operated space probes are sent.
Now that the boy was five, they had to think about which school to send him to.
4. Clause markers showing opposition:
although while
though whereas
even though
Most stars are white while some are colored.
Although helium is rare on Earth, it is common in the universe.
5. Clause markers showing condition:
if in the event that provided that unless
even if in case that only if
You win see hundreds of stars if you look at the sky.
You can study distant stars provided that you have a radio telescope.
6. Clause markers showing purpose:
so that in order that so (that)
(That is often omitted in spoken English.)
Astronomers improved telescopes so that they would discover more about the stars.
Astronomers developed bigger and bigger telescopes in order to see the stars more dearly.
31

7. Clause markers showing result:

so . . . that such . . . that
The stars are so far away that they cannot be seen without a telescope.
The meteor hit the Earth with such force that it made a crater
8. Clause markers showing place:
where wherever everywhere
There were stars wherever she looked
A crater was formed where the meteor hit the earth.

EXERCISE 1
Underline the adverb clause in the following sentences and identify the type of the clause used.

1. Although monitoring earthquakes is a complex problem, seismologists are making considerable advances.
2. More than 100 pandas starved to death when one of the species of bamboo on which they feed died out
3. Since oceans cover so much of Earth’s surface, it is natural to explore them for future resources.
4. Even though the Chinese sage Confucius lived in the sixth century RC., his teachings still profoundly
influence daily life.
5. The airplanes were so close together it looked as if they were going to crash!
6. The people rely on their fishing industry because less than four percent of the land is tillable.
7. While the world population continues to grow, natural resources remain finite.
8. Although some Eskimos still migrate using dogsleds, many now make the trek with snowmobiles.
9. As the father repaired the tractor, the children played in the field.
10. I've washed my hands so that I can help you with the cooking.

EXERCISE 2
Choose the right subordinator.

1. Everyone should know what to do ……….. an earthquake strikes. (when – while)

2. Try to stay calm ………. the earthquake is happening. ( while – until)
3. People prefer to shop ………. credit cards are accepted there. ( so that – where)
4. The bus's engine sounds ………. it is going to stall at any moment. ( since – as though)
5. ………. coal pollutes the air and gives off a lot of carbon dioxide. Most European nations have switched to
natural gas or nuclear power to produce electricity. ( since – even though)
6. The Ancient Peru exhibit was so popular ………. it was held over for two weeks. ( as – that)
7. Farmers use chemical pesticides ………. they would be able to get higher crop yields. ( because – so that)
8. San Francisco is cool during the summer, ………. Los Angeles is generally hot.( although – whereas)
9. A cold develops gradually, and any fever that develops will be low-grade (101 °F or less), ………. the flu
often comes on abruptly, with a sudden high fever. ( whereas – even though)
10. ………. Ludwig van Beethoven became totally deaf in midlife, he wrote some of the Western world's
greatest music. (While – Although)
32

EXERCISE 3
Use the subordinators below to fill in the blank in the following sentence. Use each subordinator just
ONCE.
As though Even though If In order that Since
So Unless Whenever whereas Wherever
1. At first, making a speech made me ……….. nervous that I got a stomachache before every class.
2. At social events, I like to talk quietly with one or two people, ……….. my friend enjoys being in the center
of a crowd.
3. ……….. I am a successful business executive, I still do not enjoy speaking in public.
4. ……….. I hadn't taken that speech class in college, I wouldn't be able to do my job well.
5. In that strange island I saw unfriendly, critical faces ……….. I looked.
6. ……….. I need to make speeches for career advancement, I enrolled in a speech class.
7. The little girl look ……….. me as if she had seen a ghost.
8. ……….. I have to give an impromptu speech on a topic I know nothing about, I feel quite confident in
front of any audience.
9. ……….. I had to speak in front of people, I was paralyzed by fear.
10.You must build up her confidence ……….. she won't be afraid to speak in public.
EXERCISE 4
Edit the following essay for errors in adverb clauses. There are 13 errors. Look for the following kinds of
mistakes.
Incorrect Subordination I made an appointment with my history professor, so I could ask his
S S

advice about graduate schools. SO THAT

Too many connectors Even though I am studying five hours a night, but I am still getting low
S S

grades.
Coma error He does not eat meat, because he is a vegetarian. COMA DELETED
Wrong Subordination Unless his father were not the owner of the store, he would not be
S S

working here. IF
Net Addiction

1 A lot of people enjoy surfing the Net. 2 They look for interesting Web sites and chat with people all over the
world. 3 However, some people spend such many hours online that they are Internet addicts. 4 Although an
average person spends about eight to twelve hours per week, but an addict spends eight to twelve hours per day
online. 5 Because addicts spend so much time interacting with the computer so their lives are negatively
affected. 6 They become social recluses, because they stop going out and talking to people face-to-face. 7 They
avoid real-life social situations, preferring instead to be in a dimly lit room with only the glowing screen to light
up their lives.
8 Internet addiction affects not only the addicts themselves but also the people around them. 9 For example,
John's marriage to Marta broke up until he insisted on spending so many hours on the Net. 10 As soon as he
arrived home from work he was at his computer. 11 While he finished dinner, he would disappear into his
computer room again. 12 He paid so little attention to her, that she finally divorced him.
13 Since college students are especially technologically skilled they can easily become nonstop Net-surfers. 14
Most colleges provide computers at several locations around campus, so that students can use them at any time
day or night. 15As a result, students can spend too much time surfing the Net instead of "surfing" their
textbooks. 16 Last semester, nine freshmen at Berkshire College flunked out4 although they became Internet
addicts. 17 In short, even though the Internet is an excellent source of information and entertainment, but we
must not let it take over our lives.
33

Note: The following words and phrase are all flowed by NOUNS only.
 Many families break up because of/ on account of/ due to/ owing to a lack of money.
 The morning air was still clear and fresh, despite/ in spite of all the traffic and the crowd.

EXERCISE 2
PART ONE
Circle the letter of the correct answer to complete each sentence.

1. Small sailboats can easily capsize ------------------ they are not handled carefully.
(A) but (C) if
(B) which (D) so
2. ------------------ they are tropical birds, parrots can live in temperate or even cold climates.
(A) Despite (C) Nevertheless
(B) Even though (D) But
3. ------------------ together in one place, they form a community.
(A) When people who live (C) Whenever people live
(B) When people living (D) Whenever living people
4. ------------------ advertising is so widespread in the United States, It has had an enormous effect on American
life.
(A) Why (C) On account of
(B) The reason (D) Since
5. ------------------ toward shore, its shape is changed by its collision with the shallow sea bottom.
(A) During a wave rolls (C) A Wave rolls
(B) As a wave rolls (D) A wave’s rolling

PART TWO
Each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are
marked A, B, C, and D. Circle the letter of the one underlined word or phrase that is NOT U U

CORRECT.

6. Despite cats cannot see in complete darkness, their eyes are much more sensitive to light
U U U U U U U U

A B C D
than humans’ eyes.
7. Because of cheese is essentially a concentrated form of milk, it contains the same nutrients
U U U U U U U U

A B C D
as milk.
8. Since its acute sense of smell, the blood hound is often used in tracking.
U U U U U U U U

A B C D
9. Snakebirds were not given their name because they eat snakes, but because of their long,
U U U U U U U U

A B C D
slender necks resemble snakes.

10. The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24 kilometers per hour
U U U U U U

A B C
to catch lizards and small rodents.
U U

D
34

1. Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Environmental Protection Agency is required either to approve
individual state plans for controlling the discharge of wastes into underground water or that they enforce
U

their own plan for states without adequate regulations.

U

(A) that they enforce their

(B) for enforcing their
(C) they should enforce their
(D) it should enforce its
(E) to enforce its

2. If Dr. Wade was right, any apparent connection of the eating of highly processed foods and excelling at
U U

sports is purely coincidental.

(A) If Dr. Wade was right, any apparent connection of the eating of
(B) Should Dr. Wade be right, any apparent connection of eating
(C) If Dr. Wade is right, any connection that is apparent between eating of
(D) If Dr. Wade is right, any apparent connection between eating
(E) Should Dr. Wade have been right, any connection apparent between eating

3. A recording system was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office that even Theodore C.
U U

Sorensen, the White House counsel, did not know it existed.

(A) A recording system was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office that
(B) So secret was a recording system installation and operation in the Kennedy Oval Office
(C) It was so secret that a recording system was installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office
(D) A recording system that was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office
(E) Installed and operated so secretly in the Kennedy Oval Office was a recording system that

4. In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his family, friends, and
neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered
U U

his property.
(A) setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered
(B) setting free more than the 500 slaves legally considered as
(C) and set free more than 500 slaves, who were legally considered as
(D) and set free more than 500 slaves who were legally considered
(E) and he set free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered as

5. Federal authorities involved in the investigation have found the local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent,
U

and are suspicious of strangers.

U

(A) the local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and are
(B) local witnesses to be difficult to locate, reticent, and are
(C) that local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and
(D) local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are
(E) that local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are
35

LESSON SIX
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES

Some adverb clauses can be reduced to phrases without changing the meaning. Ask yourself the following
questions concerning adverb phrases. Remember: A clause contains a subject and a verb, but a phrase does not
contain both a subject and a verb.

1. Is the phrase a reduced adverb clause?

An adverb clause can be reduced to an adverb phrase only when the subject of the independent clause is the
same as the subject of the adverb clause. Notice how the following adverb clauses change to phrases.
(A) Time sequences: "after," "before," "once," "since," "until," "when," and "while."
SAME SUBJECT

Clause After they sang two songs, they did a dance.

Phrase After singing two songs, they did a dance.
Clause Before he answered the phone, he grabbed a pencil and notepad.
Phrase Before answering the phone, he grabbed a pencil and notepad.
Clause Once he had been challenged to play tennis, Tim wouldn’t stop practicing.
Phrase Once challenged to play tennis, Tim wouldn’t stop practicing.
Clause Since she finished studying at the university, Ellen has gone on to become a successful
designer.
Phrase Since studying at the university, Ellen has gone on to become a successful designer.
Clause We worked on the project until we finished it.
Phrase We worked on the project until finishing it.
Clause When he is working on a car, Jan always works overtime.
Phrase When working on a car, Jan always works overtime.
Clause While George was in London, he wrote daily.
Phrase While in London, George wrote daily.

(B) Reason: "because." When a clause introduced by "because" is reduced, "because" is omitted and the verb
changes form.
Clause Because she had always been interested in sports, Linda became an avid supporter of the team.
Phrase Having always been interested in sports, Linda became an avid supporter of the team.

(C) Clauses of concession: "although," "despite, "in spite of," "though," and "while."
Clause Although he was hurt, Jack managed to smile.
Phrase Although hurt, Jack managed to smile.
Clause Despite the fact that she was ill, Lisa went on stage.
Phrase Despite being ill, Lisa went on stage.
Clause In spite of the fact that she works long hours, Joan spends a lot of time with her family.
Phrase In spite of working long hours, Joan spends a lot of time with her family.
36

Clause Though I am capable of making cakes, I prefer to bake cookies.

Phrase Though capable of making cakes, I prefer to bake cookies.
Clause While I am fond of Jeff, I do not want to marry him.
Phrase While fond of Jeff, I do not want to marry him.

2. Is the verb form In. the clause correct?

(A) Active voice:
Present tense When I work, I forget to eat.
When working, I forget to eat.
Past tense While he was studying, he heard the explosion.
While studying, he heard the explosion.
Perfect tenses After he had finished the book, he put it on the table.
After finishing the book, he put it on the table.
or
After having finished the book, he put it on the table.
(B) Passive voice:
Present tense The building will be used as a convention center when it is completed.
When completed, the building will be used as a convention center.
Past tense When the boy was told to go to bed, he began to cry.
When told to go to bed, the boy began to cry.
Perfect tenses Because the car has been built by hand, it is in superb condition.
Having been built by hand, the car is in superb condition.

3. Is the phrase correct?

(A) When the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the independent clause are not the same, the
clause cannot be reduced.
Same subject:
Clause Since she graduated, she has become an engineer.
Phrase Since graduating, she has become an engineer.
Different subjects:
Clause After she graduated, her parents retired. (= The daughter graduated, then her parents retired.)
Phrase After graduating, her parents retired. (= Her parents graduated, then her parents retired.)
(Reducing the adverb clause changes the meaning.)

(B) Some adverb clauses, such as those beginning with "as" or "as soon as," cannot be reduced.
Correct As he was walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.
Incorrect As walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.
37

EXERCISE 1
If the sentence contains an adverb clause that can be reduced, write the changes necessary to reduce it.
Examples:
a cowboy
When a cowboy is working on the range, he goes for, a long period of time without seeing his
S S S S

family.
The most recent glaciation on Mount Kilimanjaro occurred between 1400 and 1700, when the
Northern Hemisphere was in the grip of the Little Ice Age. ( No reduction is possible.)
1. When the sculpture was unveiled, everyone cheered.
2. In winter, the Magdalen Islands are almost as isolated as when they were first discovered by Cartier.
3. While the crew was waiting for the tide to come in, they checked all their equipment.
4. After they end their larval period, the worms suddenly grow sluggish and enter the stage of metamorphosing
into adults.
5. By the time the permit was ready, it was too late to leave for the trip.
6. While knowledge about the brain is growing, many riddles of the thought process remain unsolved.
7. Doris didn't leave with the others because she hoped to complete the experiment.
8. When they built the wall, the Romans also erected forts every mile.
9. The Hutterites had fled persecution in central Europe and Russia before they came to settle in the United
States.
10. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree, but he decided ,when he reviewed career opportunities, to
return for an advanced degree.
11. Since the zoning laws for new construction have been changed, many high-rise buildings will soon be built.
12. Because the students had been injured already not to , they decided to cancel their upcoming camping trip.

EXERCISE 2
If the verb of the reduced adverb clause is incorrect, cross it out and make the correction.
Example
coming
.......................... Before came to the country, Mary had never seen a camel.
S S

1. While chipped away with a long-handled ax, the woodsman tore his coat.
2. Before going on a long-distance hike, you should soak your feet in cold salty water to toughen the skin.
3. Having bitten by the snake, the farmer quickly tied a tourniquet above the wound.
4. After reconstructed the newly found skull, the anthropologist found it to be similar to human skulls.
5. Since came to the area, the company has brought many new jobs to the community.
6. Having been exiled from her country, the woman made France her new home.
7. After bumped our way over dirt tracks, we were relieved to reach a paved road.
8. While entering the canal, the boat enthusiasts made ready to go through the locks.
9. If trapped in a difficult situation in life, you are advised to consult with an experience person.
10. Although still a kid, his teachers came to realize that Ted was highly talented.
38

EXERCISE 3
Rewrite the following sentences, changing the adverb clause in each to a participial phrase. If possible,
write the sentence in more than one way. The first one has been done for you as an example.
1. After I had received my B.A., I went to graduate school for two years.
After receiving my B.A., I went to graduate school for two years.
Having received my B.A., I went to graduate school for two years.

2. I enjoyed living in a big city while I was studying at the University of Chicago.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

3. Before I left home, I promised my parents that I would return.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
4. Because I am the eldest son, I am responsible for taking care of my parents.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

5. Since they have spent most of their savings to send me and my sisters to college, my parents may not have
enough money for their retirement.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

EXERCISE 4
Complete the following sentences by adding a participial phrase in the blanks. Use the words in
parentheses to make the phrase, and add commas if necessary.

1. …………………………………………… automobile manufacturers want to replace assembly line workers

with robots. (hope/to save labor costs)

2. …………………………………………… Carlos was shocked at the U.S. system of coed dormitories.

(come from a conservative family).

3. ……………………………………………, Mary never ever again went mounting climbing. ( survive the
avalanche)
 39

Important Note: You can form a participial phrase by reducing an adjective clause.
U U

 The audience, which was listening intently to the music, failed to notice the fire.
 The audience, listening intently to the music, failed to notice the fire.

I. A nonrestrictive participial phrase may precede or follow the noun it modifies and is set off by commas.
 The audience, listening intently to the music, failed to notice the fire.
 Listening intently to the music, the audience failed to notice the fire.

II. A restrictive participial phrase must follow the noun it modifies and is not set off by commas.
 The audience failed to notice the fire starting to smolder in the back of the auditorium.

III. A nonrestrictive participial phrase may also modify an entire sentence, in which case it comes at the end of
the sentence and is set off by a comma.
 The building collapsed, killing three firefighters.

EXERCISE 5
Improve the following short essay by changing the underlined adjective and adverb clauses to
participial phrases. Rewrite the essay on a separate sheet of paper.

One of the biggest problems that faces humankind in the next few decades is the problem of global
U U

warming. In the past 150 years, global temperatures have risen approximately 1°C (1.8°F). The year 1998 was
the warmest year that has ever been recorded. If temperatures continue to rise, the consequences could be
U U

catastrophic. As Earth's temperature rises, polar ice will melt, which will cause the water level of the oceans to
U

rise. Rising ocean levels, in turn, will cause flooding along the coasts. Global warming will also cause major
U

changes in climate that will affect agriculture. For example, crops that were previously grown in Guatemala may
U U

not do so well because it will become too hot.

Because they believe that the increase in carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is the primary cause of global
U U

warming, scientists have urged immediate action to decrease CO2 levels. They are asking the world's
governments to write an agreement that will control the amount of CO2 that is released into the atmosphere.
U U

After each government signs such an agreement, each government will have to enforce it. Brazilians, for
U U

example, will have to stop burning their rain forests, and Americans will have to stop driving their gas-guzzling
SUVs.
40

1. Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Environmental Protection Agency is required either to approve
individual state plans for controlling the discharge of wastes into underground water or that they enforce
U

their own plan for states without adequate regulations.

U

(A) that they enforce their

(B) for enforcing their
(C) they should enforce their
(D) it should enforce its
(E) to enforce its
2. If Dr. Wade was right, any apparent connection of the eating of highly processed foods and excelling at
U U

sports is purely coincidental.

(A) If Dr. Wade was right, any apparent connection of the eating of
(B) Should Dr. Wade be right, any apparent connection of eating
(C) If Dr. Wade is right, any connection that is apparent between eating of
(D) If Dr. Wade is right, any apparent connection between eating
(E) Should Dr. Wade have been right, any connection apparent between eating
3. A recording system was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office that even Theodore C.
U U

Sorensen, the White House counsel, did not know it existed.

(A) A recording system was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office that
(B) So secret was a recording system installation and operation in the Kennedy Oval Office
(C) It was so secret that a recording system was installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office
(D) A recording system that was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office
(E) Installed and operated so secretly in the Kennedy Oval Office was a recording system that
4. In 1791 Robert Carter III, one of the wealthiest plantation owners in Virginia, stunned his family, friends, and
neighbors by filing a deed of emancipation, setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered
U

his property.
U

(A) setting free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered
(B) setting free more than the 500 slaves legally considered as
(C) and set free more than 500 slaves, who were legally considered as
(D) and set free more than 500 slaves who were legally considered
(E) and he set free the more than 500 slaves who were legally considered as

5. Federal authorities involved in the investigation have found the local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent,
U

and are suspicious of strangers.

U

(A) the local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and are
(B) local witnesses to be difficult to locate, reticent, and are
(C) that local witnesses are difficult to locate, reticent, and
(D) local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are
(E) that local witnesses are difficult to locate and reticent, and they are

6. The commission proposed that funding for the park’s development, which could be open to the
U

public early next year, is obtained through a local bond issue.

U

(A) that funding for the park’s development, which could be open to the public early next year, is
(B) that funding for development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be
(C) funding for the development of the park, perhaps open to the public early next year, to be
(D) funds for the park’s development, perhaps open to the public early next year, be
(E) development funding for the park, which could be open to the public early next year, is to be
41

LESSON SEVEN
Subject-verb Agreement
 The verb must agree with the subject in number and person. Use a singular verb with a singular noun or
pronoun, and a plural verb with a plural noun or pronoun.

EXAMPLE:
Ryan has two brothers.
They work for the telephone company

 We use a singular verb with the phrase the number of.

 We use a plural verb with the phrase a number of.

EXAMPLE:
• A number of students were absent today.
• The number of club members has increased this year.

 We use singular verbs with the words a lot of, all, all of, most of, some and some of when they go
with uncountable nouns. We use plural verbs with these words when they go with plural countable
nouns.

EXAMPLE:
• Most of the stuff at the back of the store room is useless.
• Most of our friends are coming to watch us perform tonight.
• A lot of sympathy needs to be extended towards earthquake victims.
• A lot of drivers need extra practice before their driving test.

 We use singular verbs with indefinite pronouns

EXAMPLE:
• Everybody is invited to the wedding celebrations next week.
• Nothing has been done to improve the drainage in our housing estate.

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in the brackets.
1. Everyone ________ (be) surprised when they heard the sounds of fireworks.
2. Nobody ________ (like) to be reminded of the mistakes he or she has made before.
3. We are pleased because the number of participants at the conference ________ (have) doubled.
4. All the company's property ________ (be) sold last week to pay off its debts.
5. A number of members ________ (participate) in the club's new activities every day.
6. Something ________ (need) to be done about the litter in the shopping centre.
7. Most of the pollution in this city ________ (be) caused by cars and factories.
8. Anything that disturbs me while I'm reading ________ (annoy) me.
9. You don't have to call the police. Someone ________ (have) already reported the accident.
l0. For hundreds of years, nothing ________ (have) changed the way of life of this unique community.
 42

 We use plural verbs with some adjectives that behave as nouns.

EXAMPLE:
• The young are vulnerable to certain illnesses.

Note: These adjectives come with the in front of them and are used to refer to groups of people.
U U

EXAMPLE: The old, the poor, the rich, the unemployed

 We use singular verbs with 'ing' verb forms that behave as nouns. Such verb forms are also known as
gerunds.

EXAMPLE:
• Cycling up this slope needs a lot of stamina.

 We use singular verbs with expressions of distance, money, time, weight, etc, if they refer to a single
sum or quantity.

EXAMPLE:
• Three million dollars has been spent on the new train terminal.
• Eight hours of good sleep enables us to be alert all day.

EXERCISE 2
Underline the correct words in the brackets.

1. The handicapped (don't often receive / doesn't often receive) enough consideration from the community.
2. (Ski / Skiing) down the mountain gives a sense o f total freedom.
3. More than a million dollars (was donated / were donated) to help the earthquake victims in South America.
4. Forty minutes (was / were) the time suggested for baking the muffins.
5. (Worked / Working) during the school holidays has provided me with extra money.
6. During the French Revolution, the (oppressed / oppression) rose up against the government.
7. Ten miles (are / is) a long way to go to buy milk and eggs.
8. The (educated / education) have an important role to play in a nation's development.
9. Cooking (occupies / occupy) a great deal of my mother's time.
10. (Tailor / Tailoring) has earned Teresa sufficient money to support her family.

 The following prepositional expressions do not change a singular subject to a plural subject: with, along
with, together with, as well as, in addition to, besides.
• Mary, along with her sisters, attends the sessions regularly.

 When an infinitive construction is the subject, use a singular verb.

• To produce fine paintings requires skill and creativity.

 When a noun clause is the subject, use a singular verb.

• What his sons did when they finished their jobs was of no concern to him.
 43

MORE TO LEARN:

Study the following examples of subject-verb agreement. Note that verbs after quantity pronouns (some, most,
none, half, a lot, all, a third, two percent, the rest) are determined by the object following the preposition of. Every, each,
and many a, remain single even when there is more than one subject.

 Every man, woman, and child is an important being.

 All of the food was prepared the day before the event.
 All of the meals were prepared the day before the event.
 A number of books were missing from the shelf.
 The number of books missing was indeed large.
 A third of his composition has been corrected.
 A third of their compositions have been corrected.
 Whoever finishes the race first will be this year's champion.
 Either (one) of them is competent to do the job.
 Neither of the two pieces was familiar to him.

NOTE: In sentences with either ... or and neither ... nor, the verb is determined by the subject closer to it.
U U

 Neither Mary nor her brothers are going to come tonight.

 Neither Mary's brothers nor Mary is going to come tonight.
 Either the sofa or the chairs have been sold.
 Many have wished that they had a better education.
 Many a man and woman has wished that he or she had had a better education.
 Ninety percent of the students in our school are pleased with the instruction.
 A large percentage of the students is pleased with the instruction.
 Three chapters were discussed in class today.

EXERCISE 3
In the following sentences: (1) circle the subject or subjects of each clause; (2) underline any verbs that
do not agree with the subject; (3) make corrections.

1. Jack, along with the other students, think that the campus is getting overcrowded,
2. Every year a percentage of the profits from the college plays are given to the scholarship fund for drama
students.
3. Neither the boys nor Mary is going to march in the parade on Saturday.
4. One of the state senators, to whom people often expresses their discontent, have decided to try to combat the
new zoning law.
5. Rice, with vegetables and pineapple, were served with the poultry dish.
6. Most of the jewelry has been returned but some pieces of jewelry, apparently, has already been sold by the
thieves.
7. To visit zoos that simulate the natural habitats of animals are of great interest to zoologists.
8. Whoever are finished with the test may leave.
9. Neither of our daughters was interested in opera until recently.
10. Many a father have regretted not spending more time with his children when they were young.
44

 When names and titles ending in -s refer to a single unit we use a singular verb. Examples
include countries; newspapers; titles of books, films, etc.; and quoted plural words or phrases:
• At this time of the year the Netherlands is one hour ahead of the UK. o The Machine Gunners was one of
Robert Westall's most successful books.
• 'Daps' is the word used in the south-west of the country for sports shoes.
 Some nouns are usually plural and take a plural verb: belongings, clothes, congratulations, goods,
savings, premises.
NOTE: Plural nouns used with singular verbs
Although the words data and media (= newspaper, television, etc.) are plural (Singular datum and medium), they
are commonly used with a singular verb. However, in formal contexts such as academic writing a plural verb is
preferred. Note that other similar plurals such as criteria and phenomena (Singular criterion and phenomenon)
are always used with plural verbs. Compare:
• All the data is available for public inspection. (or ... are available ... )
• I agree that the criteria are not of equal importance. (not ... the criteria is not .. . )
 Uncountable nouns ending in -s
 Some uncountable nouns always end in –s and look as if they are plural, but when we use them as the
subject they have a singular verb:
• The news from the Middle East seems very encouraging.
 Names of sciences, diseases and sports ending in S come with singular verb forms.Also the word
"means" (= 'method' or 'money') takes a singular verb form.
EXAMPLE:; economics, linguistics, mathematics, phonetics, physics; politics, statistics;
athletics, gymnastics; diabetes, measles, rabies

However, compare:
• Politics is popular at this university.
• Her politics are bordering on the fascist. (= political belief)
• Statistics was always my worst subject.
• Statistics are able to prove anything you want them to. (= numerical information)
• Economics has only recently been recognized as a scientific study.
• The economics behind their policies are unreasonable. (= the financial system)S

EXERCISE 4
Put a check mark beside the sentence if it is correct; and the sentence is incorrect, make the necessary
correction(s).

1. The United States come top of the list of countries ranked by economic performance.
2. The New Straits Times report that tourism is booming in Malaysia.
3. Northern Lights are one of Suzanne's favorite books.
4. The phrase 'men in white coats' are used to talk about psychiatrists.
5. Dr Darsee's present whereabouts is unknown.
6. Phenomena such as sun spots have puzzled scientists for centuries.
7. Over t he last decade the company's overheads has increased dramatically.
8. The research data was collected during the period 12th-29th July 2012.
9. Congratulations goes to Ricky Branch for his excellent exam results.
10. The coastal surroundings of the village is particularly attractive.
11. He feels that the media have criticised him unfairly.
12. Modern linguistics are often said to have begun at the start of the 20th century.
13. I think the Senator's politics is extremely right-wing.
14. Measles have killed a large number of children in the Nagola region.
45

1. One of four babies are now born to mothers aged thirty years or more, compared with just one of six
U U

born in 1975.
(A) of four babies are now born to mothers aged thirty years or more, compared with just one of six
born
(B) of four babies is now born to a mother whose age is thirty of older, compared to just one of six
babies who were born
(C) baby in four are now born to mothers aged thirty or older, compared to just one in six
(D) baby in four is now born to a mother aged thirty or older, compared with just one in six
(E) baby in four is now born to mothers aged thirty years or more, compared to just one in six
2. The activities of our current leader have led to a significant increase in the number of issues
U

relating to the role of the military in non-military, nation-building exercises.

U U

A) have led to a significant increase in the number of issues relating to the role of the military in non-
military, nation-building exercises.
B) have been significant in the increase in the amount of issues relating to the role of the military in non-
military, nation-building exercises.
C) has led to a significant increase in the number of issues relating to the role of the military in non-
military, nation-building exercises.
D) has been significant in the increase in the number of issues relating to the role of the military in non-
military, nation-building exercises.
E) has significantly increased the amount of issues relating to the role of the military in non-military,
nation-building exercises.
3. According to scientists at the University of California, the pattern of changes that have occurred in
placental DNA over the millennia indicate the possibility that every marsupial alive today might be
U

descended from a single female ancestor that lived in Africa sometime between 125 and 150 million
U

years ago.
A) indicate the possibility that every marsupial alive today might be descended from a single female
ancestor that
B) indicate that every marsupial alive today might possibly be a descendant of a single female ancestor
that had
C) may indicate that every marsupial alive today has descended from a single female ancestor that had
D) indicates that every marsupial alive today might be a descendant of a single female ancestor that
E) indicates that every marsupial alive today may be a descendant from a single female ancestor that

4. In this critically acclaimed film, there are a well-developed plot and an excellent cast of characters.
U

A) In this critically acclaimed film, there are a well-developed plot and an excellent cast of characters.
B) In this critically acclaimed film, there is a well-developed plot and an excellent cast of characters.
C) In this film, which is critically acclaimed, there is a well-developed plot and an excellent cast of
characters.
D) In this film, which has been critically acclaimed, there are a well-developed plot and an excellent cast
of characters.
E) There is a well-developed plot and an excellent cast of characters in this critically acclaimed film.

5. The Inland Taipan or Fierce Snake of central Australia is widely regarded to be the world’s most
U

venomous snake; the poison from its bite can kill human victims unless treated within thirty minutes of
U

an incident.
A) regarded to be the world’s most venomous snake; the poison from its bite can kill human victims
unless treated
B) regarded as the world’s most venomous snake; the poison from its bite can kill human victims unless
treated
C) regarded to be the world’s most venomous snake; the poison from its bite can kill human victims
unless it is treated
D) regarded as the world’s most venomous snake; the poison from its bite can kill human victims unless
they are treated
E) regarded to be the world’s most venomous snake; the poison from its bite can kill human victims
unless they are treated
46

LESSON EIGHT
Emphatic Structures
I. Focusing through it-Clauses and wh-Clauses
A. Focusing with it-clauses:
We can use an it-clause with be to focus attention on the information that immediately follows it + (be). A
sentence like this is sometimes called a cleft sentence. The clause after the it-clause (usually a that-clause)
contains information that is already known or considered to be less important:
• 'Lea bought the car from Olav.' 'No, it was Olav that bought the car from Lea.'
• I don't mind her criticizing me, but it's how she does it that I object to.
• It was to show how much I cared for her that I bought her the necklace.

We sometimes use which or who instead of that; when and where can also be used, but usually only in
U U U U

informal English; and note that how or why can't replace that:
• Karl was always there to help her, and it was to him that/who she now turned for support.
• 'Ida's seriously ill in hospital.' 'But it was only last Sunday when/that I was playing tennis with her.'
• It was in Warsaw where/that the film was made.
• 'Was it by cutting staff that he managed to save the firm?' 'No, it was by improving distribution that he
made it profitable.' (not ... how he made it profitable.)

B. Focusing with What-clauses

We can also use a what-clause followed by be to focus attention on certain information in a sentence (=
another form of cleft sentence). This pattern is particularly common in conversation. The information we want to
focus attention on is outside the what-clause. Compare:
• We gave them some home-made cake. and
• What we gave them was some home-made cake.

We often do this if we want to introduce a new topic; to give a reason, instruction or explanation; or to correct
something that has been said or done. In the following examples, the information in focus is in italics:
• What I'd like you to work on is the revision exercise on the website.
• Isa arrived two hours late: what had happened was that his bicycle chain had broken.
• 'We've only got this small bookcase―will that do?' 'No, what I was looking for was something much bigger
and stronger.'
We can often put the what-clause either at the beginning or the end of the sentence:
• What upset me most was his rudeness. or
• His rudeness was what upset me most.

To focus attention on an action performed by someone, we use a sentence with what + subject + do + be + to-
infinitive clause. We can't use an it-clause to do this (see A):
47

• Luis lost his job and was short of money, so what he did was (to) sell his apartment and move in with his
brother. (not ... so it was (to) sell his apartment that he did.)

NOTE: The pattern in B is only usually used with what-clauses. Instead of placing other wh-clauses (beginning
how, when, where, who, why) at the beginning of the sentence we prefer to use a noun which has a meaning
related to the wh-word (e.g. reason rather than why; place rather than where) followed by a that- or wh-clause.
Here are some examples:
• The only reason (why/that) I left the party early was that I was feeling unwell. (rather than Why I left the
party early was ... )
• The place (where/that) you should play football is the playground, not the classroom.
• Somebody (who/that) I enjoy reading is Peter Carey.
• The time (when/that) I work best is early morning.

EXERCISE 1

Complete the rewritten sentences to focus attention on the underlined information. Start with
it + be and use an appropriate wh-word or that.

1. Mark's known for ages that his parents are coming to stay with us this weekend, but he only told me
yesterday.
Example: Mark's known for ages that his parents are coming to stay with us this weekend, but it was only
yesterday that/when he told me.
2. Helena has been feeling a bit depressed for some time, so I booked a holiday in Amsterdam to cheer
her up.
• Helena has been feeling a bit depressed for some time, so …
3. It's not that I don't want to have dinner with you tonight; I can't come because I've got so much work
to do.
• It's not that I don 't want to have dinner with you tonight; …
4. I had my wallet when I went into the sports hall, so I lost it somewhere in there.
• I had my wallet when I went into the sports hall, so ...
5. She doesn't find learning languages very easy, and she improved her Spanish only by studying very
hard.
• She doesn't find learning languages very easy, and ...
6. I have had a great deal of help from my parents and two brothers in my research, and I dedicate this
thesis to my family.
• I have had a great deal of help from my parents and two brothers in doing my research. and ...
48

EXERCISE 2

A. Write B's responses beginning "No, what ", correcting what was said in A's question. Use
the notes in brackets.
1. A: Did you say that Rudi was going to live in Austria? (holiday/Austria)
B: No, what I said was that he was going on holiday to Austria.
2. A: Do you hope to sell your Picasso paintings? (be put into/public art gallery)
B:
3. A: Did it annoy you that Carla came so late? (not apologize)
B:
4. A: Did you mean to give Ella your bike? (could borrow it/until needed again)
B:

B. Now give similar responses which focus on the action.

1. A: Did you watch the football on TV last night? (get brother / record it/watch tonight)
B: No, what I did was (to) get my brother to record and I'll watch it last night.
6. A: This steak tastes delicious. Did you fry it? (put oil and soy sauce on/grill)
B:
7. A: Did you buy Megan the coat she wanted? (give/money towards it)
B:
8. A: Did you fly from Sydney to Brisbane. (hire a car/drive all the way)
B:

Subject-Verb Inversion
In statements it is usual for the verb to follow the subject, but sometimes this word order is reversed. We can
refer to this as inversion. There are two main types of inversion: when the verb comes before the subject
(inversion is then optional), and when the auxiliary comes before the subject and the rest of the verb phrase
follows the subject (inversion is usually necessary):
• Alex stood in the doorway. > In the doorway stood Alex. (or ... Alex stood.)
• I had rarely seen such a view. > Rarely had I seen such a view. (not Rarely I had seen ... )

Inversion brings about fronting , the re-ordering of information in a sentence to give emphasis in a particular
place. Often this causes an element to be postponed until later in the sentence, focusing attention on it.

In conversation we use Here comes + noun and There goes + noun, with inversion of verb and subject, to talk
about things and people moving towards or away from the speaker:
• Here comes the bus.
• There goes Per Alvin, the conductor.
49

Here comes ... is also used to say that something is going to happen soon, and There goes ... is used to talk
about things (particularly money) being lost and to say that something (such as a phone or door bell) is ringing:
• Here comes lunch.
• My bike's been stolen! There goes $100!
• There goes t he phone. Can you answer it?
We also put the verb before the subject when we use adverbs expressing direction of movement, such as along,
away, back, down, in, off, out, up with verbs such as come, fly, go. This pattern is found particularly in narrative,
to mark a change in events:
• The door opened and in came the doctor. (less formally ... and the doctor came in.)
• As soon as I let go of the string, up went the balloon, high into the sky. (less formally ... the balloon went
up ... )

We can use clauses with inversion instead of certain kinds of if-clause. Compare:

A. It would be a serious setback, if the talks were to fail. A. It would be a serious setback, were the talks to fail.
B. If you should need more information, please B. Should you need more information, please
telephone our main office. telephone our main office.
C. If Andy had asked, I would have been able to help. C. Had Andy asked, I would have been able to help.

The sentences with inversion are rather more formal than those with 'if'. Note that in negative clauses with
inversion, we don't use contracted forms:
• Had the plane not been diverted, they would have arrived early. (not Hadn't the plane ... )

In formal written language we commonly use inversion after as and than in comparisons:

• Paper was invented in China, as was the process of printing.

• Most young people did not vote in the election, as was the case in 2010.
• I believed, as did my colleagues, that the plan would work.
• Research shows that parents watch more television than do their children.

Note that we don't invert subject and verb after as or than when the subject is a pronoun:
• We now know a lot more about the universe than we did ten years ago. (not ... than did we ten years ago.)
50

EXERCISE 3
Match the sentence halves and write new sentences beginning Were ... , Should .", or Had ....

1. If Kahn had not resigned as party leader, ... a. it would cut the journey time from New York
2. If you do not wish to receive further to Tokyo by b. there are less expensive models in the range.
four hours. information about our products,… c. he would have been sacked
3. If the plane were ever to be built, ... d. I would have no hesitation in accepting.
4. If the ice hockey team wins again today, … e. he would be writing novels about the homeless in
5. If I were offered the job, ... London.
6. If a car had been coming the other way, ... f. it is unlikely that the electorate would have
7. If there had been a referendum on the issue, ... supported the government.
8. If you are not able to afford the SXL3, … g. it will be their tenth consecutive victory.
9. If Charles Dickens were alive today,… h. click on the box below.
I. might have been seriously injured.

EXERCISE 4
Rewrite these sentences with a similar meaning using as or than + be or do.

1. I was opposed to the new road. Everyone else in the Village was opposed to it, too .
I was opposed to the new road as was everyone else in the Village.
2. Kamal went to Oxford University. His sister went there, too.
Kamal went ....................................................................................................................................................................... .
3. Compared with people in developed nations, people in poorer countries consume a far smaller proportion of
the earth's resources.
People in poorer countries ……..................................................................................................................................... .
4. Compared to five years ago, he is a much better teacher.
He is .................................................................................................................................................................................... .
5. Dan is a keen golfer. His wife is a keen golfer, too.
Dan is ....................................................................................................................................................................... .

Inversion after negative Adverbials

In formal and literary language in particular, we use negative adverbials at the beginning of a clause. The subject
and first auxiliary are inverted, and do is used with a simple tense verb after -
 the time adverbials never (before), rarely, seldom; barely I hardly I scarcely ... when / before; no
sooner ... than:
• Seldom do we have goods returned to us because they are faulty.
• Hardly had everybody taken their seats when Dr Lee began her lecture.

 only + a time expression, as in only after, only later, only if, only once, only then, only when:
• She bought a newspaper and some milk at the shop on the corner. Only later did she realize that
she'd been given the wrong change.
• Only when she apologizes will I speak to her again.
51

 only + other prepositional phrases beginning only by ... , only in ... , only with ... , etc.:
• Only by chance had Cart discovered where the birds were nesting.
• Maria had to work in the evenings. Only in this way was she able to complete the report.

 expressions such as at no time, in no way, on no account, under / in no circumstances:

• At no time did they actually break the rules of the game.
• Under no circumstances are passengers permitted to open the doors themselves.

 expressions with not … such as not only, not until, not since, not for one moment and also not a
+ noun:
• Not until August did the government order an inquiry into the accident.
• Not a word had she written since the exam had started.

 little with a negative meaning:

• Little do they know how lucky they are to live in such a wonderful house. (= 'they don't know' or
'they don't know sufficiently')

Note that inversion can occur after a clause beginning only after/ if / when or not until:
• Only when the famine gets worse will world governments begin to act.
• Not until the train pulled into the station did Niguel find that his coat had gone.

Inversion after so + adjective ... that; such + be .. . that; neither ... I nor ...

• We can use so + adjective at the beginning of a clause to emphasize the adjective. When we do this,
the subject and first auxiliary are inverted, and do is used with a simple tense verb:
• So successful was her business that Lana was able to retire at the age of 50.
• So dangerous did weather conditions become that all mountain roads were closed.
• We can use such + be at the beginning of a clause to emphasize the extent or degree of something:
Such is the popularity of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night.

We use inversion after neither and nor when these words begin a clause to introduce a negative addition to a
previous negative clause or sentence:
• For some time after the explosion Jack couldn't hear, and neither could he see.
• The council never wanted the new supermarket to be built, nor did local residents.

 Note that we also use inversion in Neither / Nor do I, Neither / Nor does Diane (etc.) and in So do
I, So does Maya (etc.).

EXERCISE 5
A. Rewrite the sentences with a similar meaning beginning with a word/phrase from the box.
only if barely only with rarely at no time little
1. A new film has not often before produced such positive reviews.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
2. The public was never in any danger.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
3. He only felt entirely relaxed with close friends and family.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
52

4. The match won't be cancelled unless the pitch is frozen.

………………………………………………………………………………………. .
5. I didn't know then that Carmen and I would be married one day.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
6. He had only just entered the water when it became clear he couldn't swim.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .

B. Now do the same using these words and phrases.

only once only in on no account hardly not only not for one moment

7. You must not light the fire if you are alone in t he house.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
8. There was never any rivalry between the three brothers.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
9. I wasn't only wet through, I was freezing cold.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
10. I had only ever climbed this high once before.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
11. The audience had only just taken their seats when the conductor stepped onto the stage.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .
12. He has only been acknowledged to be a great author in the last few years.
………………………………………………………………………………………. .

EXERCISE 6

Complete these sentences in any appropriate way using the words from the box.
alike boring complicated dominance interest strength
1. Such is the interest in Dr. Lowe's talk that it will be held in a bigger lecture theatre.
2. Such ……………………………………………. that few buildings were left standing.
3. Such …………………………………………… that she hasn't lost a match for over three years.
4. So …………………………………………… that even their parents couldn't tell them apart.
5. So …………………………………………… that it even took a computer three days to solve it.
6. So …………………………………………… that most of the students went to sleep.

1. Comparing the Quechans with other Native Americans of the Southwest, the Quechans were singularly
U U

uninterested in the accumulation of material wealth or in the crafting of elaborate pottery and basketry.
(A) Comparing the Quechans with other Native Americans of the Southwest, the Quechans
(B) When you compare the Quechans to other Native Americans of the Southwest, they
(C) When other Native Americans of the Southwest are compared to the Quechans, they
(D) Comparison to other Native Americans of the Southwest shows that the Quechans
(E) Compared with other Native Americans of the Southwest, the Quechans
53

2. The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic
script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets.
(A) the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and
(B) the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the
(C) with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the
(D) with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and
(E) with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and

3. The report on the gross national product---the nation's total production of goods and services---showed that
second-quarter inflation was somewhat lower than a previous estimation and the savings rate slightly higher.
U U U

(A) a previous estimation and the savings rate slightly higher.

(B) a previous estimation and with a slightly higher savings rate
(C) a previous estimate and that the savings rate is slightly higher
(D) previously estimated and a slightly higher savings rate
(E) previously estimated and that the savings rate was slightly higher

4. The lack of complete historical records from the mid-to-late 1800's have made some Black inventions difficult
U

to trace to their originators.

(A) have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators.
(B) have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(C) have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(D) has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators
(E) has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators

5. Not until the years of fast industrialization and construction were these defects to be remedied.
U U

(A) that were these defects remedied

(B) when these were defects remedied
(C) were these defects to be remedied
(D) were remedied these defects
(E) were these defects remedied

6. Similar to rising interest rates, consumer and producer prices have been rising.
U

(A) Similar to rising interest rates, consumer and producer prices have been rising.
(B) Consumer and producer prices have been rising, as have interest rates.
(C) As interest rates are rising, so have consumer and producer prices.
(D) Consumer and producer prices have been rising, like interest rates do.
(E) Consumer and producer prices, as interest rates, have been rising.

7. Out of a growing pride in the region’s pre-automotive achievements have developed a committee for the
U

preservation of Detroit’s landmarks and artifacts that are creating monuments and museums across the city.
U

(A) have developed a committee for the preservation of Detroit’s landmarks and artifacts that are creating
(B) has developed a committee for the preservation of Detroit’s landmarks and artifacts that is creating
(C) has developed a committee for the preservation of Detroit’s landmarks and artifacts that create
(D) have developed a committee for the preservation of Detroit’s landmarks and artifacts that is creating
(E) have developed a committee for the preservation of Detroit’s landmarks and artifacts that create
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8. Citing evidence that the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere has increased more than seven percent in
the last 30 years, many scientists have expressed a fear of destroying forests and continued use of fossil fuels
U U

will cause an irreversible shift in Earth's climatic pattern.

(A) many scientists have expressed a fear of destroying forests and continued use of
(B) many scientists have expressed a fear that destruction of forests and continued use of
(C) many scientists have expressed a fear that destruction of forests and continually using
(D) a fear that many scientists have expressed is that destroying forests and continually using
(E) a fear that many scientists have expressed is that destruction of forests and continual using of

9. Ranked as one of the most important of Europe’s young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz has written 40
plays; his works—translated into more than 30 languages—are produced more often than any contemporary
German dramatist.
(A) than any
(B) than any other
(C) than are any
(D) than those of any other
(E) as are those of any

10.Designed to encourage debate, the long-standing "equal time" rule for broadcaster has, some contend,
U

actually stifled it. U

(A) the long-standing "equal time" rule for broadcasters has, some contend, actually stifled it
(B) some contend that the long-standing "equal time" rule for broadcaster has actually stifled it
(C) it has actually been stifled, some contend, by the long-standing "equal time" rule for broadcasters
(D) some contend that it has actually been stifled by the long-standing "equal time" rule for broadcaster
(E) actually, the long-standing "equal time" rule for broadcasters has stifled it, some contend

EDITING PRACTICE

Reading and lecture are both about migration of Edmontosaurus. They were a kind of dinosaurs which the
author of the reading explains some ideas about their migrations, but all of the ideas challenge by professor.
First and Foremost, the author of the reading mentions their diet as an effective parameter and speak about
cold weather in north and possible warm weather, because in cold weather plants can't grow it's possible for
them to migrate to south part for plentiful vegetation. But the professor speaks about the warmness of weather
and sunshine in summers and coldness of weather in winter in South too, which is same as their place in north
part
First of all, the writer contends because, Monarch books have been in business at the same location for more
than twenty years and has a large customer base, thus opening a café would increase its customers. However, the
question is what percentage of its customers are pleasant to go bookstore that has a café. Maybe the bookstore
become be too crowded and the previous customers would prefer to go to a less crowded bookstore. Even if it
is assumed that the bookstore would not be too crowded, we need to know whether its customers are eager to
drink coffee in the store? It is possible that it is more favorable for them to drink coffee in the other place.
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