Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581)

January 2020, Volume 6, No. 1, pp.

Doi: 10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/01.06.2020/001
Academic Star Publishing Company, 2020
www.academicstar.us

1Paper title
Salim1, Suryanti2, Husna Livi3, Wijoyo Halim4, Isra Wahid5
1
Medical Student, Medical Faculty, Alkhairaat University, Palu City, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
2
Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical Faculty, Alkhairaat University, Palu City, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
3
Medical Education Unit, Alkhairaat University, Palu City, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
4
Department of Neurology, Department of Research, Medical Faculty, Alkhairaat University, Palu City, Central Sulawesi,
Indonesia.
5
Department of Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract:
Background: Warung Tenda (Indonesian Traditional Food Stalls) is a typical street food widely spread in Indonesia and globally
distributed with many forms of diversity. Warung Tenda serving raw vegetables with minimal food processing. Personal, handling
and Warung Tenda's hygiene also determine the viability of parasites contamination.
Objectives: To evaluate parasite contamination in raw vegetables and hygiene aspects in Warung Tenda among Palu City,
Indonesia.
Methods: Cross-sectional study was carried out among 86 participants in Palu City, Indonesia in March and April 2019. Warung
Tenda's sampling was done by purposive sampling. 4 different vegetable species of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitate L), Holy
basil (Ocimum sanctum L), Cowpea (Vigna sinensis L), and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) was tested for parasites.
Result: The study found that T.gondii was the most prevalent parasite 15 (17.4%), followed A.lumbricoides 8 (9.3%), Hookworm 3
(3.5%), T.trichiura and E.histolytica 1 (1.2%). Parasite prevalence was higher in Holy Basil, Cabbage Cowpea, and Cucumber
(17.4%; 9.5%; 3.36%; 3.36% respectively). Personal hygiene mostly with medium quality compared with good and lack (55.8% vs
20.9%). Handling hygiene was higher in medium quality, good, and lack (55.8%; 29.1%; 15.1%). Warung tenda’s hygiene most
prevalent with good quality, moderate and lack (69.8%; 27.9%; 2.3%).
Conclusion: Non-GI parasites were more prevalent than GI parasites. Even though mostly Warung Tenda in Palu had a good quality
for place setting; Sold raw vegetables still need improvement in handling processing and handler hygiene to eliminate parasite
existence.

Key words:
Warung Tenda (Indonesian Traditional Food Stalls), Raw Vegetables, Parasites, Hygiene.

1. Introduction optimum technical and architectural solutions as well

The power demand in agriculture is characterized
by varied production processes and their influence on
consumption. The structural development, the
mechanization and automation, the condition and the
age of the husbandry- and process-technology are
factors which have an effect on the power demand of
the agricultural operation. The cost factor “energy” is
not to be underestimated in the management.
Continuously rising energy prices and the increasing
power demand in the production show a considerable
monetary charge for agricultural farms.
Efforts for an efficient use and the integration of
regenerative energy are by planning and
redevelopment of livestock housing systems in
 photovoltaic-plants are installed on many agricultural
Corresponding author:,.
as in a coordinated operational management [1].
With new- or reinvestment in power-saving
equipment all dimensions of specific operating factors
should be considered like already available
engineering technology, the operational development
and the present or planned energy supply [2]. Rational
energy consumption with the application of the most
efficient technologies and the use of regenerative
energy sources contributes to a sustained protection of
the worldwide raw material resources and to the
decrease of the carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas
emission.
For these reasons the possible use of own generated
solar electricity is analysed in this contribution beside
the energy conservation also for the farm. In Bavaria
used buildings with roof surfaces straightened to the
2 Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy
south. The plant capacities are mainly between 10
kWp and 100 kWp. With falling investment prices for
photovoltaic-modules solar plants were installed
increasingly during the last 3 years in particular on
dairy farms with two milking times also with east west
adjustment.
2. Material and Methods
The basis for the development toward energy
saving under economic points of view are the
classification and the comparison of the energy
demand of the agricultural operation and the single
aggregates with the certain specific operating
reference values of the plant. To establish an exact
and differentiated database to the analysis of the single
production processes energy consumption values
dependent on procedure of single consumers (devices
and machines which are fused in the electric
distribution separately, e.g., vacuum pump and
cooling aggregate in dairy farms)and consumer
groups(summary of several single consumption
components to a consumption group, e.g., airing
control, engines for regulating flaps, fans in the
consumption range ventilation or all luminous units of
the stable in the consumption area lighting) are
evaluated and measured.
In a several years construction- and development-
work in the Institute for Agricultural Engineering and
Animal Husbandry a pilot’s farm net was built up by
26 agricultural farms in 7 governmental districts in
Bavaria, Germany and was equipped with measuring
technology to the long-term energy consumption- and
partly also regenerative energy production-
measurement. To represent a wide spectrum of the
agricultural production situation experimental farms
with the main focuses piglet production, pig fattening
and dairy farming were selected for the
implementation of the measurements.
On 11 piglet production farms the measuring
technology is installed since 2011 and on 8 dairy
farms since 2013. Data of at least one year are
available therefore for the evaluation. All together 6
pig fattening farms are also equipped with measuring
technology. The installation was started in 2014 and
will be finished till the end of 2015.
Beside the assessment of the production systems,
the aim is to derive energy saving concepts for
individual farms. Therefore, it is necessary in addition
to consider the electric energy consumption also to
include the thermal energy consumption and the
operational performance data.
The energy input is measured with permanently
installed sensor head adjustments, this are optical
devices for scanning of electric consumption meters,
and directly measuring three- and single-phase
alternating current counter, by the measurement of the
active energy on the basis of between the input and
output ofelectrical current flow.
The thermal energy consumption is determined
with impeller heat meter or by ultrasonic heat meter
about the regulation of the heat flow volume which
supplied a heating device about the heating
circulation. The heat quantity is calculated from the
measured volume flow rate of the heating water and
the temperature difference between preliminary heat
and return of the heating circulation.
A data logger (COMBILOG LT 1021) with 16
digital inputs for the current measurement and 6
analogous inputs for temperature and quantity
measurements stores the measuring-technical
recordings and supports automatic transmission of
messages with a GSM modem (Global System for
Mobile Communications) to a central processing unit
at ourInstitute.The transmitted data sets are stored
there in a data bank (COMGRAPH32) and afterwards
they are evaluated with spreadsheet programmes
(EXCEL). For the building of comparative
identification numbers the power consumption values
of the farms about a year are reported depending on
agricultural production process in kWh per breeding
sow, per produced piglet, per dairy cow, per 100 kg of
milk and per fattening place as an arithmetic average
and as a median (Fig. 1).
The exact and temporally defined measurement (¼-
h – measuring intervals) allow beside the evaluation
of absolute consumption values also the detection of
load profiles of the single agricultural production
processes, the identification of performance peaks and
the derivation of the possible use of own generated
energy from, e.g., photovoltaic solar power plant.
3 Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy
Fig. 1 Energy Data Determination and Evaluation of Agricultural Farms
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Energy Consumption Values and Possibilities for
the Energy Saving in the Piglet Production
The energy consumption in the piglet’s production
is determined on average approx. 200 kWh per sow
and year (min. 96, max. 260 kWh per sow and year).
Former calculations put 400 kWh per sow and year
[3]. The analysis of the measuring values shows that
considerable energy consumption differences at
company level as well as in the single consumption
sectors are. In the field of ventilation this is
explainable by the fact that on the farms different
installation systems (central or decentralized
ventilation and under-floor or upper-floor suction) are
Fig. 2 Variance and Percentage Distribution of the Electric Power Demand in the Piglet’s Production
By the installation of heat meters it is possible to
value the heating power demand of the production
system independent of the efficiency of the boiler and
independent of the used energy source [4]. In the
experimental farms with heat exchangers the heating
power demand are by the input of fossil energy
sources between 210 kWh and 280 kWh thermal per
sow and year and by the input of regenerative energy
sources between 320 kWh and 340 kWh thermal per
sow and year. The farm without heat exchanger has a
clearly higher thermal power demand. It is approx.
630 kWh thermal per sow and year (Fig. 3).However,
the electric energy consumption for the ventilation is
clearly lower, due to lower pressure losses and less
installed fans than in farms with heat exchange
systems.
Therefore, the main point for energy saving in pig
farms is in ventilation and climate control [5].
Promising architectural-technical measures are on the
one hand in improvement of the air flow and the
dimensioning of the ventilation system, on the other
hand in the insulation and sealing of the stables [6].
installed. Also by the feeding equipment the energy
consumption is strongly depending on the feeding
system (dry feeding/liquid feeding). At the heating
lamps in the farrowing zone the power consumption
varies between 16 kWh per sow and year and 66 kWh
per sow and year. This is founded by differently long
switch-on times. Among “Others” are the energy
consumers who could not be integrated into the
preceding consumption sectors, e.g., the power
consumption for office devices, deep freezers,
refrigerators, heating fans and more are specified.
From the percentage distribution of the electric power
demand in the piglet’s production results that the
ventilation with a share of 43% requires most energy,
followed by the infrared emitters with 20%. The
otherconsumersarebetween 5% and 9% (Fig. 2).
With the ventilation system huge savings can be
achieved by the decrease of pressure losses in the fresh
air supply duct, the avoidance of current resistance in
the formation of the exhaust air duct and by modern
control engineering. With central ventilating, fans with
bigger diameters and according to higher efficiency can
be installed. These enable relatively high volume
streams with lower pressure differences than smaller
axial ventilating fans [7]. The efficiencies are very
different according to size and construction. The power
demand can be optimized by group control of fans.
However, in particular cases the advantages of central
ventilation are to be weighed against the structurally
conditioned possible increases of the current resistance.
The type of the control engineering has a direct
influence on the power demand. Especially in the
regulated power range frequency-steered and
ventilating fans with electronic commutated direct
current motor in comparison to conventional fans with
phase control have clearly lower specific power
consumption [8].
4 Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy
Fig. 3 Heating Energy Demand in Piglet’s Production Farms
The regular cleaning, servicing and inspection of the
ventilation system should take place at least semi-
annual. To this the temperature sensors must be
calibrated if necessary and all regulating systems
should be optimally adjusted. By regular cleaning all
supply and exhaust air ducts, ventilating fans and airing
flaps the unnecessary pressure losses to be
compensated by the ventilation system which lead to an
increase of the power consumption can be avoided. The
examination and if necessary the adaptation of the
climate rated values to seasonal aerial change variations
and the growth curve of the animals also belongs to a
regular servicing. Thus an efficient operation of the
ventilation system can be ensured.
Decisive criteria for the thermal energy
consumption are the used energy sources, the
efficiency of the heating system, the heat transmission
and the structural fabric of the stables. Besides the
regular servicing is the right setting of the heating
technology as well as the optimum arrangement of the
heating elements an essential role by the saving of
energy. With investments regenerative energy sources
and alternative heat supply technologies (e.g., solar
heat) should be included as far as possible in the
considerations. But also to the growth stage adapted
room temperatures can reduce the energy already
clearly.
80-85% of thewhole thermal losses are caused by
the stable ventilation. With the use of heat exchange
recovery systems a reduction of these losses is
possible by the support of the space heating. A
primary energy saving related with it and more
efficient use of fossil energy sources also leads to a
reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The
return on investment is dependent on the height of the
originating pressure decrease and the capital cost. On
account of high energy prices and technical
developments with efficiency increases an investment
in heat exchange systems can be considered
economically as well as ecologically.
The power demand of feeding installations is strong
depending on the technical feeding system. Pneumatic
feeding systems have a significant higher specific
power demand like mechanical feeding devices. For
the lighting primarily fluorescent lamps are used.
With energy-efficient lamps in connection with
electronic ballast energy saving are achievable up to
60%.
3.2 Energy Consumption Values and Possibilities for
the Energy Saving in the Dairy Farming
The whole power consumption at the
experimentaldairy farms is on average with 500 kWh
percow and year.As at the pig-holding farms large
consumption differences on operation as well as on
single consumer level are also to be ascertained here.
In Fig. 4 the energy input is represented for the milk
production in 6 farms with automatic milking system
(AMS) and 4 farms with conventional milking
installations (parlor milking). The average power
consumption at farms with AMS are with 354 kWh
per cow and year or with 4.1 kWh per 100 kg of milk,
at the farms with conventional milking installations
with 364 kWh per cow and year or 4.3 kWh per 100
kg of milk and therefore roughly equally high. While
with the milking in Parallel- or Herringbone stalls the
main consumption fields vacuum system with a share
of 36%, cooling with 44% and the power consumption
for the cleaning of tank and milking installations with
20% which were measured, the power consumption of
automatic milking systems on the consumption
sectors, compressor for air pressure systems and the
power demand for the robot unit is extended.
5 Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy
Fig. 4 Variance and Percentage Distribution of the Electric Power Demand in Milk Production with Different Milking
Systems
On average the power consumption is in the stable
sector with 164 kWh per cow and year. Main
consumers are the lighting with 29%, the frost
protection of the water supply with 19% and the
facilities for the dung removal with 18%. In Fig. 5 is
visible that just in these consumption sectors the
variance within the farms is very high. For the height
of the power consumption with the lighting the used
technics, the illumination level and period are
important [9]. The high consumption differences by
Fig. 5 Variance and Percentage Distribution of the Electric Power Demand in Dairy Barns
The large part of the electric energy which must be
used in dairy farming is for the milk production
(milking systems, milk cooling and cleaning of the
milking installation). Basically is valid that an
oversizing with too big engineering components like
pumps, equipment for milk cooling and storage
influence the energy efficiency of the whole process
negatively. The adaptation of the speed of a vacuum
pump by frequency control can enable, e.g., up to 40%
of energy conservation compared with conventional
vacuum pumps [10]. The economic efficiency of an
exchange is to be calculated for the isolated case.
Attempts for the efficient use of energy with the milk
cooling also are in the range of the matched
construction of the plant. Unused space volume
should be avoided. The location of the cooling unit
has a considerable effect on the power demand. The
placement of the cooling aggregate on a chill place
with sufficient aerial circulation and the physical
separation of milk storage and compressor position
affect positively. The regular servicing in particular
the observance of the optimum refrigeration medium
level and the cleaning of the aerial heat exchanger
increases the efficiency of the equipment.
A precooling with pipe cooler or plate cooler causes
that the milk temperature before entry into the milk
tank is lowered and therefore the chill process is
shortened. The electric energy consumption for the
cooling can be reduced around up to 50% thereby.
Nevertheless, it is to be considered that itself the costs
raise for water and sewage. Therefore, the application
the frost protection are in the fact that at some farms
the water pipes were moved not certainly about frost.
Therefore the pipes must be also equipped with
heating tapes beside the frost protection of the
drinking troughs. The divergences with the energy
consumption in the dung removal can be explained
largely by the fact that on account of the topographic
location, liquid manure must pumped up in the slurry
dumps.
of a pre-cooler makes sense above all by in-plant wide
use of from the pre-cooler heated water for cleaning or
to water. In addition, rejected heat can be used with
heat recovery systems originates while cooling the
milk for the warming up of the service water.
Nevertheless, specifically for operation the
consumption fields in the barn should not be
neglected. Just with the stable lighting big savings are
possible by suitable choice of luminous source.To
generate practical luminance intensity of 80 lux in
dairy barns LED emitters are used beside fluorescent
lamps and metal steam lamps of different design also
increasingly. LED emitters have advantages compared
with customary lamps concerning working life, light
yield and distinguish themselves with clearly lower
power consumption.
3.3 Energy Management and Use of Own Generated
Regenerative Energy from Photovoltaic Plants in the
Agriculture
In 2012 a total of 426.522 photovoltaic plants with
a performance of 9.324 MWp were installed in
Bavaria [11]. These PV plants generated a total of
8.212 million kWh of electricity. The use of own
generated regenerative energy makes sense from
economic view, the reference price of the electricity is
higher than the price for inducted electric power into
the grid, but also from ecological motives for the
discharge of the grid.By the increasing automation in
animal husbandryfarms (automatic milking systems,
6 Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy

automatic feedingsystems,robot scraper) the electric
energy consumption becomes more and more
important, accordingly also the own electric current
use. Integrating in-plant generated energy assumes by
new installations as well as by existing installations an
exact planning with suitable analysis of the load
profiles of single consumption sectors.
Determining factors on the operational load profile
are beside the weather changes during the year also
the work routine as well as the technical equipment. A
possibility for the optimization of the own power
consumption is in the displacement of operation
procedures. In this connection, performance peaks can
be shifted to reach a concerted load management one
between energy production and energy demand. In
Fig. 6 are shown the load profile of the single
consumption sectors and the possible transfer of the
feed processing from after 22:00 o’clock to during the
midday hours with high solar irradiation of a pig-
breeding company with 300 breeding sows. The
consumption of own generated energy can be
increased by this procedure.

Fig. 6 Load Profile of A Piglet Production Farm with 300 Breeding Sows in Connection with the Load Profile of a 70 kWp
Photovoltaic Plant and the Possible Shifting of the Feed Processing in the Midday

In dairy farms with ice water cooling system for the
milk the ice water production can be a practicable
solution for the intermediate storage of solar
electricity. In a separate ice depot a cold stock is built
up regardless of the milking times. Then this cold
stock is available when required after the milking for
cooling the milk. In Fig. 7 the load profile of a dairy
farm with two milking times and the solar energy
production of a photovoltaic plant in February and
May are diagramed. The cooling of the milk begins
during the milking process and needs between 6 and 7
hours. The energy demand for the milk cooling in the
morning can be covered almost by photovoltaics
electricity, the energy demand in the evening must be
covered from the national grid. With an ice water
depot this energy demand could be shifted in times in
those the photovoltaic plant electricity supplies.

Fig. 7 Load Profile of A Dairy Farm with 55 Dairy Cows in Connection with the Load Profile of a 30 kWp Photovoltaic Plant
and the Possible Shifting of Ice Water Production in Periods with Solar Irradiation

Considered all in all a shifting of power
performance peaks in farms with animal production is
mostly only restrictedly possibly. The energy
consumption is especially depending on the work
routine and climatic fluctuations [12]. Therefore
performance peaks originate, for example, in dairy
farms at the milking times (vacuum supply during the
milking) and afterwards for cooling the milk.
In pig breeding farms the main consumer is the
ventilation system and this is steered automatically
through achievement of the control range of barn
temperatures and other stable climate parameters (e.g.,
relative air humidity). This means, only a low share of
the power consumption of single work processes can
be shifted. Mostly are this consumer with high
installed loads and low current time. As for example
hammer mills for the feed processing, liquid manure
pumps and high-pressure cleaners. These can be
switched on and switched off with adapted automatic
control technology, clock timer or by hand.
Consequently it is important for the planning and
dimensioning already previously to pay attention, to
lay out photovoltaic plants demand-oriented and to
adapt at the operational consumption.
In Table 1 the power consumption of Bavarian
agricultural farms with average sizes of the production
processes dairy farming, piglet's production and pig
fattening, to solar electricity production of a 30
kWpand a 70 kWp photovoltaic plant is opposed. The
absolute internal consumption values increase by
rising size of the solar plant. By a solar plant with 30
kWp a dairy farm with 32 dairy cows can use itself
approx. 6.480 kWh, by a solar generator with 70 kWp
there are 7.103 kWh. Contrary to it the percentage of
the solar power which can be used itself, lies with a 30
7 Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy

kWp plant by 22.3% and with a 70 kWp plant only by the stable climate control. The power production of
10.5%. the solar plant and the electric energy consumption of
In dairy farming has beside the plant capacity the the farm show the same trend. This means that
geographic direction of the photovoltaic modules also especially in pig breeding farms photovoltaic facilities
can be big dimensioned and even though a large share
an effect on the internal consumption share. The
of the produced solar power can be used directly.
power generation of photovoltaic plants oriented to By the application of power storage systems the
the south are absolutely higher than the output of internal power use can be optimized and performance
plants oriented in east-west direction. Higher self- peaks be straightened. Battery storage systems on the
basis of lead-acid technology or lithium-ion
consumption shares can be achieved especially at technology are due to the quick release of the backup
dairy farms because of the milking times in the power to provide controlling power range technically
morning and evening, however, with east-west very well suitably. A temporary storage of the
regenerative generated energy will become more
oriented installations.
important in future. However, assumes still further
In constrained ventilation systems the power developments concerning technology and costs.
consumption is high in summer, because at rising
temperatures higher air change rates are necessary for
Table 1 Internal Power Consumption and Internal Power Consumption Shares of Farms with Average Sizes in Bavaria
Photovoltaic plant with 30 kWp (south orientation) and an annual power generation of 29.080 kWh
Power construction
Internal consumption Internal consumption
Production process Size of farm per year
kWh kWh %
Dairy farm 32 dairy cows 16.800 6.480 22.3
Piglet production farm 80 breeding sows 36.000 13.152 45.2
Pig fattening farms 280 fattening places 26.400 10.510 36.1
Photovoltaic plant with 70 kWp (south orientation) and an annual power generation of 67.854 kWh
Power construction
Internal consumption Internal consumption
Production process Size of farm per year
kWh kWh %
Dairy farm 32 dairy cows 16.800 7.103 10.5
Piglet production farm 80 breeding sows 36.000 15.600 23.0
Pig fattening farms 280 fattening places 26.400 11.752 17.3

4. Conclusion efficiency in the agriculture” will concentrate upon the

Specifically for company clear energy saving
potentials come up. An intensive analysis of the single
company is necessary for the implementation of these
potentials to optimize the cost situation as well as the
environmental effect. In particular with new- and
reinvestment the specific energy consumption of the
single components should be included. An increasing
importance comes up in view of high energy prices to
the consideration of the operational development as
well as the present or planned energy supply of the
company. Therefore, become beside the energy
conservation also a reduction of the maximum power
consumption and an operational load management for
the adaptation to the profiles of regenerative energy
production in future more important.
The future tasks and topics within the scope of the
research project “improvement of the energy
following main focuses: The consumption
measurements on the experimental farms are
continued and more agricultural production processes
should be examined in the sector poultry and cattle
farming. In addition, the data determination of plants
for regenerative energy production and energy storage
on agricultural farms is extended for the generation of
performance profiles. Logging systems and evaluation
systems of the single consumers and benchmark
programs for the whole farm can be developed from
it. The results of the investigations are given to an
energy-advisor-network and serve the consultation of
farmers.
References
8 Using Solid Wastes of Tikrit City to Produce Electric Energy
[1] J. Neiber, Energieeinsparung und Lastmanagement,
C.A.R.M.E.N.-Forum, 2013, pp. 59-67.
[2] S. Neser, J. Neiber, K. Bonkoß, Stromverbrauch und
Energieeffizienz, Schule und Beratung 11, 2012, pp. 7-12.
[3] AEL e.V., EffizienterStromeinsatz,available online at:
http://www.ael-online.de/inhalt/fachinfo/download/tipps.
[4] J. Neiber andS. Neser, Energysaving potentials,
Landtechnik 65(2010) 421-425.
[5] DIN 18910, Wärmeschutz geschlossener Ställe,
Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V., 2004.
[6] H. Eckel, W. Büscher, B. Feller, S. Fritzsche, Ch. Gaio,
H. Kämperand J. Neiber,Energiebedarf, KTBL-Heft 105,
2014.
[7] C. Seifert, D. Wietzkeand S. Fritzsche, Heizung und
Lüftung, Landtechnik 64 (2009) 423-425.
[8] H. J. Kruczek, H. Kämper, G. Scheibe, B. Feller, N.
Lohmann, W. Büscher, G. Schmitt-Pauksztat, T.
Schneiderand S. Schierhold, Planungsdaten, KTBL-Schrift
445 (2005) 19-52.
[9] P. Pommer, H. Eckel, W. Hartmannand H. Kämper,
Energie in der Milchviehhaltung, KTBL-Heft 104 (2014).
[10] A. Fübbecker, Stromeinsparung, LWK Niedersachsen,
available online at: http://www.lwk-niedersachsen.de/
index.cfm/portal/6/nav/1082/article/17834.html, 2011.
[11] Bay. StMWi, Energie-Atlas, available online at:
http://www.energieatlas.bayern.de/index.html.
[12] J. Neiber and W. Schmid, Saving potential, PV-Magazine
3 (2013) 79-83.