Task 3

TRAUMATIC COUNSELING

“Trauma and Stress”

Lecturer :

Ifdil, S.HI, S.Pd, M.Pd, Ph.D, Kons

Arranged By

Name : Lara Amanda Dwidjo

NIM : 18006081

Department of Guidance and Counseling

Faculty of Education

Universitas Negeri Padang

2021
 Trauma And Stress

A. TRAUMA
1. Definition of Trauma

Trauma is a physical and psychological reaction that is bad stress due to an event,
incident or experience of spontaneity / suddenly (suddenly), which makes an individual shock,
shocked, frightening, shock, unconscious, etc. - which do not just disappear. in human memory.
James Drever (1987) states that trauma is any injury, pain or shock that occurs physically and
mentally to an individual - which results in serious disturbances. Sarwono (1996) sees trauma as
a sudden, shocking and leaving a deep mark (impression) on the soul of someone who
experiences it. From these two opinions, it can be analyzed that trauma is an unpleasant or bad
condition that comes spontaneously and damaging the entire joints / mental defense function of
the individual, thus making the individual helpless in controlling himself.

Trauma is emotional and psychological distress generally due to unpleasant events or

experiences related to violence. The word trauma can also be used to refer to events that cause
excessive stress.

2. Types of Trauma

In psychology studies, there are several types of trauma according to the causes and
characteristics of the trauma, namely psychological trauma, neurosis trauma, psychotic trauma,
and trauma diseases.

a. Psychological Trauma
This trauma is the result of an extraordinary event or experience that occurs
spontaneously (suddenly) in the individual without the ability to control it and damages
the mental endurance function of the individual in general, this trauma can attack the
individual as a whole.
b. Trauma Neurosis
This trauma is a disorder that occurs in the central nerve (brain) of an individual due to
collisions of hard objects or a beating on the head. The implication is that the individual's
 brain is bleeding, irritated, and so on. Patients with this trauma usually become
unconscious, lose consciousness, and so on which is temporary.
c. Trauma Psychosis
This trauma is a disorder that originates from an individual's physical condition or
problem, such as disability, amputation of a limb, and so on. Which causes shock and
emotional disturbance. At certain times this mental disorder usually occurs due to
shadows of thoughts about experiences / events that have been experienced which trigger
hysterics or phobias.
d. Trauma Diseases
Psychiatric disorders of this type are considered by mental and medical experts as a
disease that originates from external stimuli that the individual experiences spontaneously
or repeatedly, such as poisoning, beatings, terror, threats, and so on.

Meanwhile, the traumatic conditions experienced by people (children, ramaja, and adults)
also have their respective characteristics according to experiences, events or incidents that cause
trauma, namely mild, moderate / medium trauma and severe trauma. Traumatic conditions are
mild, usually progress is not prolonged.

3. Psychological Trauma

Psychological trauma is damage to a person's mind as a result of one or more stressful

events that cause stress that exceeds the person's ability to cope with or integrate the emotions
involved, ultimately leading to serious long-term negative consequences.

Since trauma differs between individuals, according to their subjective experiences,

people will react to similar traumatic events differently. In other words, not everyone who
experiences a potentially traumatic event will experience psychological trauma. However, some
people may experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after exposure to a major traumatic
event. This difference in risk level can be attributed to the protective factors some individuals
may have that allow them to cope with trauma; they are related to temperamental and
environmental factors from among others. Some examples are resilience characteristics and
active search for help. Psychological trauma is different from fear. Traumatic feelings go deeper
than that and can interfere or even paralyze daily activities. Therefore, immediately take steps to
reduce it, before things get worse.

Psychological trauma can make it difficult for you to carry out your daily activities.
These feelings will leave you grappling with feelings of sadness, bad memories and lingering
anxiety. In addition, having a trauma can also make you feel like you have lost trust in other
people, including your closest relatives.

4. Causes of Psychological Trauma

The causes of psychological trauma can be grouped into three, namely:

a. One kind of event

Even if it only happens once, an event can already traumatize us about one thing.
Examples of events that can trigger trauma are accidents, natural disasters, serious illness
or injury, or violence, especially those that occurred when they were young. These
traumatic events can remain in the memory until adulthood and make someone
experience prolonged psychological trauma. When this happens, the condition
experienced can lead to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
b. Prolonged stress
There are several things that can trigger long-term stress, such as living in a war zone or
having a high crime rate, bullying, or being abandoned as a child. In addition, being
diagnosed with a severe disease can also cause a person to experience psychological
trauma.
c. Unconscious things The death of a loved one, a breakup, and undergoing surgery as a
child, especially the first three years of life, can trigger psychological trauma. These
things are often thought to pass after some time. But for some people, it's not that easy in
reality.

Signs and symptoms that you are experiencing psychological trauma

In order to find out about a traumatic condition, there are several things that can be used
as a reference. One way is to look at the signs and symptoms. Not only emotionally, the signs
and symptoms of a person experiencing trauma, can also be felt physically as follows:
 1) Signs and symptoms of emotional trauma

Emotional symptoms that often appear in people who have experienced trauma include:

a. Denial or cannot accept reality

b. Angry
c. Sad
d. Overflowing emotions
e. Feeling embarrassed
f. Consider himself guilty of what happened
g. Withdrawing from the association
h. Usually, these hot emotions will be vented on those around them, such as relatives
and friends. This is the reason, the difficulties that arise as a result of psychological
trauma are not only felt by one person, but also by those around them. Because when
they want to help, that person actually pushes them outside and further away from the
circle of problems.
2) Signs and symptoms of physical trauma

Physically, psychological trauma can also cause several symptoms, such as:

a. Pale
b. Limp
c. The body feels tired
d. Difficult to concentrate
e. The heart beats fast
f. Pain and aches in the body for no apparent reason
g. Tense muscles
h. Difficulty sleeping or having frequent nightmares

The physical symptoms that occur in traumatized people should not be underestimated.
Because, even though the cause is not clear and is related to a psychological condition, they are
really in pain and need medical treatment.

3) How to heal psychological trauma

 Here are some things you can do to cope with life after a traumatic experience:

a. Understand that the symptoms of trauma experienced are normal, especially shortly
after the event occurs.
b. Try to keep up with your daily activities.
c. However, if you face a problem, solve it slowly so as not to add stress to your mind.
d. Don't avoid situations, people, or places that remind you of the trauma.
e. Share your problem with the people closest to you and ask them for help to deal with
the problem that is currently being lived.
f. Make time for vacation.
g. Realize that it is impossible to control everything that happens in your personal life.
h. If you feel you need professional help, do not hesitate to start contacting.
i. You are also advised to seek professional help such as a psychologist or psychiatrist
immediately if the psychological trauma you experience has started to interfere with
your daily activities. In addition, you should also contact a psychologist or
psychiatrist if:
j. Do not have anyone to talk to
k. Feelings will not improve, even 6 weeks after the event occurred
l. The person closest to you feels that you have changed and asks you for treatment
m. Daily activities, including work and study activities, for example, have been affected
by the trauma you have felt
n. You turn to alcohol and drugs as an outlet for trauma

B. STRESS
1. Definition of Stress

Stress is a disorder of the body and mind caused by changes and demands of life (Vincent
Cornelli, in Jenita DT Donsu, 2017). According to Charles D. Speilberger, mentioning stress is
external demands on a person, for example an object in the environment or something
objectively dangerous. Stress can also be interpreted as pressure, tension, unpleasant
disturbances that come from outside a person (Jenita DT Donsu, 2017).
 Cofer & Appley (1964) stated that stress is the organic condition of a person when he
realizes that his existence or integrity is in danger, and he must increase all energy to protect
himself (Jenita DT Donsu, 2017).

Cranwell-Ward (1987) mentions stress as physiological and psychological reactions that

occur when people perceive an imbalance between the level of demands placed on them and
their ability to meet those demands (Jenita DT Donsu, 2017). Members of IKAPI (2007) stated
that stress is a non-specific human reaction to stimuli or pressure (stressor stimuli). Stress is an
adaptive reaction, it is very individual, so that a stress for one person does not necessarily have
the same response for others (Jenita DT Donsu, 2017).

Stress is anything in which non-specific demands require an individual to respond or take

action (Potter and Perry, in Jenita DT Donsu, 2017). Stress is defined as the inability to
overcome threats faced by mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual people, which at one time
can affect the physical condition of the human being. Stress can be viewed in two ways, as good
stress and bad stress (distress). Good stress is called positive stress while bad stress is called
negative stress. Bad stress is divided into two, namely acute stress and chronic stress
(Widyastuti, Palupi, 2004). According to WHO (2003) stress is the body's reaction / response to
psychosocial stressors (mental stress / life burdens (Priyoto, 2014).

2. Factors That Cause Stress

While the stress factors according to the individual's interpretation of the weight and
lightness of stress according to Prokop (in Raudatussalamah and Fitri, 2012) are:

a. Factors from within the individual

1) Individual behavior to predict stressors so that it affects the duration of coping
with stressors, and the level of tolerance for frustration experienced. This
accompanies the emergence of individual potential and self-actualization in the
lack of effective stress management.
2) Personal resources in the form of optimizing the potential for intellectual,
artificial, emotional, religiosity, adversity which affect self-efficacy or belief in
one's ability to control stressful situations and despair and resilient personal
character.
 3) Physical and psychological pain that results in psycho-physiological changes that
occur due to illness or health problems experienced.
4) Individual personality types. Individuals with personality type A and personality
type B, often have different levels of stress. It all depends on the way the problem
is solved and the physical response when the individual overcomes psychological
and physiological conflicts.
b. Factors from outside the individual
1) Life events Stressful events in the form of micro stress, namely stressful events
experienced by individuals on a daily basis, so that individuals experience
frustration, hurt or distress Lazarus and Folkman (Raudatussalamh and Fitri,
2012) argue that this life event can be caused by changes in the natural
environment , changes in the social environment and the physical environment.
2) Social support Social support is the support that comes from the ability to develop
and maintain social relationships in the form of existence and emotions. Social
support relates to real events to help solve a person's problems related to stress
and illness.
3) Social relations The process of social relations affecting health is divided into two
groups:
a) Processes that involve changing emotional, informational, or
instrumental sources in response to perceptions of help provided by
others.
b) Processes that focus on increasing benefits for individuals from one or
more different social groups.
4) Family The existence of the family as support that is real and supportive, but
besides that, every member of the family has different behaviors, needs and
personalities, not infrequently with these differences will cause stress to some
individuals.
5) Work Work will affect the occurrence of stress specifically, namely job stress.
Work problems are the second source of stress after marriage, such as too much
work, layoffs, transfers and so on
 6) Culture Culture affects the form and response to stress and distress experienced
by individuals. Individuals with different cultures can respond to stress in
different ways even though the stressors experienced are the same (Helman, in
Raudatussalamah and Fitri, 2012).

3. Symptoms of Stress

In life, humans are required to always adapt and familiarize themselves with
technological changes and social changes that occur. If humans cannot balance these changes,
pressure will arise that threatens humans and refers to stress. Stress arises due to a response that
comes from the environment. This results in a person experiencing changes in his life, stress
symptoms can be seen from the biological, psychological, cognitive and behavioral symptoms
put forward by Davison, Neale, & Kring (2006) as explained below:

a. Biological Symptoms Biological symptoms are part of the response that affects
psychophysiological disorders in certain organs. One of the factors that influence
biology is the presence of genetic factors, previous illnesses, diet can disrupt
certain organ systems, effects on various body systems such as the autonomic
nervous system, hormone levels and unbalanced brain activity resulting in stress.
It also affects physical symptoms. According to Hardjana (1994) these physical
symptoms include headaches, dizziness, irregular sleep, insomnia, back pain, skin
itching, indigestion, high blood pressure, changes in appetite, excessive sweating,
tiredness, increased internal errors. work or life.
b. Psychological Symptoms Psychological symptoms include emotional instability
such as anger, disappointment and personality characteristics that make a person
experience stress. Davison, Nelson, and Agus (in Amin & Al-Fandi, 2007)
describe psychological symptoms including worry, anxiety, anxiety, fear,
irritability, moodiness, and being unable to cope.
c. Cognitive and Behavioral Symptoms Cognitive and behavioral symptoms such as
the presence of physical threats, negative thoughts about physical conditions, and
life experiences that make a person anxious about the future and that last for a
 long time. If this happens, changes also occur in individual behavior such as
anger, disappointment and regret. According to Hardjana (1994) cognitive
symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, difficulty making decisions,
forgetfulness, chaotic thoughts, decreased memory, excessive daydreaming, loss
of a healthy sense of humor, decreased productivity / work performance, many
mistakes in work. If you pay attention to the symptoms described above, they are
dominated by physical complaints that are caused by functional disorders of the
body's organs as a result of excessive stress so that people have difficulty
overcoming them. Based on the above opinion, the researchers concluded that
stress symptoms can result in bodily functions not running smoothly and in a
structured manner. This is because what you want is not in accordance with
reality, so you experience tension in thinking.

4. Types of Stressors

Stressors are stressors that you need to deal with immediately. Based on data from the
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, stressors in human life are divided into several
types. There are various causes that make a person experience stress. Various events that trigger
stress, both externally and internally, are known as stressors.

Keep in mind, stress and stressor are two different conditions but can intersect. Stressors
are external events or situations that can make sufferers feel threatened or dangerous. Generally,
stressors are often a cause of stress for some circles. The body can respond to stressors
differently depending on the cause of stress, the length of stress, and the type of stress they
suffer.

 Types of Stressors

Based on data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, stressors in
human life are divided into:

1) Physical stressor Physical stressors or physical stressors are physical conditions

that make a person experience stress. These stressors can be in the form of pain,
 physical exhaustion, or other types of illness that cause you to feel depressed and
experience stress.
2) Psychological stressor Psychological stressors are psychological or psychological
conditions that make you experience stress. The causes of this stress can be in the
form of heartbreak, conflict, resentment, jealousy, or various other types of inner
conflicts.
3) Socio-cultural stressors Socio-cultural stressors generally come from social and
environmental conditions that trigger stress on a person. Several categories of
socio-cultural stressors, including retirement, layoffs, unemployment, divorce,
and a number of external conditions that can cause a person to experience stress.

5. Post-disaster Stress

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a syndrome of anxiety, autonomic lability, and
experiencing flashbacks from painful experiences after physical or emotional stress that exceeds
the endurance limits of ordinary people. In addition, PTSD can also be defined as an extremely
physically and mentally debilitating condition that occurs after a person has seen, heard, or
experienced a severe traumatic event and / or life-threatening event (Sadock, B.J. & Sadock,
V.A., 2007).

PTSD is a syndrome experienced by someone who has experienced a traumatic event.

This condition will cause a psychological impact in the form of behavioral disorders ranging
from excessive anxiety, irritability, sleeplessness, tension, and various other reactions. Post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may last for months, years or decades and may appear months
or years after exposure to a traumatic event (Zlotnick in Durand & Barlow, 2006).

According to Michael Scott and Stephen Palmer in their book Trauma and PostTraumatic
Stress Disorder (2000) Post traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychological effect of long-
term and extreme traumatic events that a person experiences.

Factors that cause Post Trauma Stress Disorder (PTSD) stressors or traumatic events are
a major cause of the development of PTSD. When in a state of fear and threat, the body will
activate the Fight or flight response. In this reaction the body releases the hormone adrenaline
which causes an increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and glycogenolysis. After the threat of
danger begins to disappear, the meaning of the body will begin the process of inactivating the
stress response and this process causes the release of the hormone cortisol. If the body doesn't
release enough cortisol to inactivate a stress reaction, it's likely that the body will still feel the
effects of stress and adrenaline. Trauma victims who develop PTSD often have higher
stimulation hormone (Ketocolamine) even during normal conditions. This results in the body
continuing to respond as if the danger was still there. After a month in this condition, stress
hormones increase and will eventually cause physical changes (Paige, 2005).

Stressors can come from natural disasters, the Jordan disaster, or the result of accidents.
Stressors due to natural disasters include: being a survivor of tsunamis, earthquakes, landslides,
storms. Human-caused trauma incidents include: being victims of floods, kidnapping, rape,
physical violence, seeing murder, war, and other criminal crimes. Traumatic events can also
occur due to accidents, whether they cause physical injury or not. However, not everyone will
experience PTSD after a traumatic event, because although a stressor is necessary, the stressor
alone is not enough to cause a disorder.

According to Kaplan & Sadock (2007), there are several other factors that must be
considered, including:

a. Biological factors
The biological theory of PTSD has been developed from preclinical studies of animal
stress models obtained from measuring biological variables of clinical populations
with PTSD. Many neurotransmitter systems have been involved in this data set. The
preclinical animal models of disempowerment, generation, and sensitization studied
have led to theories about norepinephrine, dopamine, endogenous opiates, and
benzodiazepine receptors and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In the clinical
population, data have supported the hypothesis that noradrenergic and endogenous
opiates, as well as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, are hyperactive in some
patients with post-traumatic stress disorder.
b. Psychological factors
Classical and operant conditioning can be implicated in the development of PTSD.
Extreme stressors typically generate negative emotions (sadness, anger, fear) as part
 of hyperarousal symptoms due to activation of the sympathetic nervous system (fight
or flight respone). Classical conditioning occurs when a person who has experienced
a traumatic event returns to the scene of the trauma, an unconscious psychological
reaction will occur and is a specific reflex response. For example, a child who has a
serious car accident will respond in the form of fear, sweating, tachycardia every
time they pass the scene.
c. Social factors
Inadequate social support from family and the environment increases the risk of
developing PTSD after experiencing a traumatic event. The causes of the disorder
vary, but the stressor must be so severe that it tends to cause psychological trauma in
most normal people, although that doesn't mean that everyone should experience this
traumainduced disorder. kinds of tarumatic stressors:
1) Witnessing events that resulted in physical injury or frightening death such as
victims being rolled by the waves, hit by landslides, run over by vehicles,
torture, hit by grenades or bombs, severed heads, shot, mass killings or brutal
acts beyond the limits of humanity.
2) Experience of being in a situation where death or personal safety is threatened,
for example, riots, disasters, tsunamis, floods or volcanic eruptions, wars,
various acts of violence, attempted murder, physical and mental-emotional
abuse, torture, abduction of violent acts or accident.
3) Experiencing violence in the family.
4) Experiencing and / or being threatened with rape, sexual harassment, which
threatens physical integrity and self-respect.
5) Forced or forced to commit acts of violence.
6) Sudden death / separation from family members / loved ones.
7) Successfully survived violence, natural disasters / major accidents.
8) Forced to move or be expelled from their hometown.
9) Suddenly in a state of isolation, removed from the physical environment, culture,
relatives, peers that are known.
10) Disconnection from the outside world, it is prohibited to carry out various
customs or habits.
11) Loss of property, source of livelihood, privacy (personal rights).
12) Being in a state of lack of food, shelter, health.
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