Oral Communication

UNDERSTANDING THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS

 What is Communication?
>process of expressing ideas or exchanging information.
(negotiation)

Example of communication situation:

> Professor – delivering a lecture
> Coach – talking to his players
> Parent – giving advice to his/her child

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Source - “the sender” the one who conceive the idea, prepares the
message, set the channel of distribution and decide who
the receiver will be.
Message – content that the sender passes on to the receiver. core of
communication.
Encoding – transformation of idea into a message by the sender.
Decoding – converting this message into some meaning by the receiver.
Channel – “tool” the medium through which the message travels from
sender to receiver. Ex. Internet
Receiver – person whom the message is intended.
Effect – the change in behavior of the receiver on receiving the
message from the sender.
Feedback - the response the receiver gives to the sender. It can be
negative or positive.
 Oral Communication

COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN AND NOISE

Breakdown – in communication occurs when the message or feedback is
not sent or received properly.

 Noise - the technical term used to refer to all possible barriers

to effective communication maybe physical, psychological or
semantic.
>Physical Noise – environment (unbearable weather, hissing sounds)
>Psychological Noise – originates from the emotional state,
mental and the psychological make up of a person.
>Physiological Noise – Pertains to bodily conditions a person
to receive the message.
>Sematic Noise – Related to the meaning of words that
distort the message and confuses the listener. (use of foreign
language)

 Cultural sensitivity in communication

- Awareness that people have varying cultures and that their
similarities and differences of these culture affect the
values, behavior and learning of people.
 Lack of cultural sensitivity leads to:
- Misunderstanding or conflict.

VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL CUES

 Verbal Cues – refer to spoken words that are used to share
messages between person.
 Non-Verbal Cues – behavior and elements of speech that
transmit meaning aside from the words
themselves.
 Oral Communication

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

 Regulations – According to Oxford dictionaries a rule or

directive made and maintained by an authority.
 Control – the power to influence or direct people’s behavior in
the course of event or means of limiting something.
 Communication strategy – It is a well-planned series of action
aimed at achieving certain objectives through the use
of communication methods, techniques and approach.
 Social Interaction – is the spontaneous verbal exchanges
occurring in natural settings that are typically familiar
to interactants. (shared emotion)
 Emotional Expression – a manifestation of one’s internal
emotional social signal that conveys a variety of
information regarding conveys a variety of information
regarding person’s state of mind in his or her
intentions.
 Motivation – it is a desire to do things “setting goals”.
 Motivational Speakers – a person who specializes in making
speeches intended to inspire or motivate an audence.

TIPS TO HELP YOU FORMULATE EFFECTIVE

COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

1. Set clear and attainable goals in a given time frame.

2. Focus on the issue, if any, not the people.
3. Be flexible and open minded
4. Listen to all stake holders all the time
5. Demonstrate sensitivity all the time
6. Be genuine, honest and open to all parties.
7. Present facts and verifiable data
8. Take control of the situation but be compassionate
9. Be considerate and learn when to compromise
 Oral communication
10. Use affirmative responses and give due credit

MODEL COMMUNICATION
Communication Apprehension
1. Dyadic – communication situation that involves two participants.
I. Conversation – face-to-face interaction between individuals. It is
inform with no agenda or set purpose, It is done for therapeutic
purpose.
II. Dialogue – similar to conversation although the former is much
more intimate and purposive than latter.
III. Interview – a formal and purposive consultation. In this situation
the interviewer’s objective is to obtain piece of information from
the interviewee.
2. Small Group Discussion – gathering of three or more people who aim
to explore a subject or issue and at a decision.
3. Public Speaking – a communication situation where a speaker speaks in
front of an audience. The speaker’s aim maybe to convey information,
persuade, or entertain, among others.

Stage Fright – fear of speaking before an audience because the speakers

generally speak on stage during public speaking situation. It is the idea of
being the center of the situation on stage as an open target od undivided
attention.
Criticism – increases the anxiety about engaging in such activity.
Glossophobia – affects all kinds of people regardless of their education, race,
orientation and profession.

Sometimes a fear of speaking before an audience is also associated

with shyness which is define by communication experts James C. McCroskey
and Virginia P. Richmond as predisposition to withdraw from or avoid
communication with other people.

This behavioral tendency according to McCroskey and Richmond could

be the result of “subjective, affective, experience known as Communication
Apprehension, which is an individual’s level of fear or anticipated
communication with another person or persons”
 Oral communication

The concept of communication apprehension

Began with when studies found out that certain people can be anxious not
only in public speaking situation but also in other communication situation. Now
communication apprehension is the correct term for anxiousness perhaps even
fear, that a person feels when he or she is in any communication situation.

Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA)

It was not clear whether communication apprehension is an individual’s

response to a situation.

However, the Personal Report of communication Apprehension (PRCA)

McCroskey clarified that communication apprehension can be either trait or an
individual’s response.

The PRCA or PRCA-24 is a survey that consist of 24 items – 6 for each

communication.

According to McCroskey and Michael J Beatty a high level of communication

apprehension has both internal and external impact to a person. A common
internal impact is the feeling of discomfort. External impacts, including
disrupting Communication, withdrawing from it and or/avoiding it altogether.

Anxiety toward communication is manifested in many ways-for instance, a

student like you might be apprehensive or fearful of reporting in front of an
audience because you are not comfortable being the center of attention for
responding to the people’s questions resulting that you might forget what you
are supposed to say.

Also you might feel “small” and alone in front of a huge crowd; thus such
feelings can make you uneasy and hesitant. The level of apprehension differs in
every individual and in every communication situation.
 Oral communication

Communication Appreciation
Models of Communication
The process of communication can be explained through the various
models of communication
1. Linear Model – it present a straight path of relying information. It is only
one-directional which means that information from source or sender is
conveyed directly to the receiver. The speaker delivering a speech in front
of an audience.
The concept of a straight path of relying information was first proposed by
Aristotle and expounded by various scientist and communication experts.

Claude Shannon (Mathematician & an electronic) & Warren Weaver (scientist &
Both introduced an important concept in the linear model of
mathematician),
communication.

Shannon and Weaver explained that noise make the sending of the
message difficult thus, it becomes a barrier to effective communication.
It was primarily used in technical communication or the process of
communication that conveys scientific, engineering or other technical
information. This is one of the earliest models of communication that
shows the linear movement of message from a source

Linear Model – mass media, especially TV and radio. That is the message that comes
from a broadcast travels through airwaves in a straight path going to the receiver who
are watching and listening.
- Shannon and weaver emphasized the Role of noise as a barrier in
communication.
- Then the receiver gives feedback, he or she becomes the source.
- Meanwhile, the original source becomes the receiver of the feedback
- Your everyday conversation with friends are good examples of the interactive
model i.e – one gives a message the other receives it then they gives
feedback accordingly.
 Oral communication

2. SMCR – this model was developed by David Berlo that indicates that a
source encodes a message before sending it and the receiver encodes it.
This model identifies four key elements of the communication process:
Source, message, channel, and receiver…

a. Source – or sender is the origin of the message. Source is influenced

by knowledge, attitudes, communication skills, and the socio cultural
system.
b. Message – an idea, thought, or piece of information that the source
aims to express, or make known.
 It comprises the ff.:
Content – what the message contain
Elements – the language, gesture, facial expressions and body movements
that source uses to send his or her message.
Treatment – how the source deliver the message (e.g entertaining, funny,
authoritative, firm, among others)
Structure – the arrangement of the message effect depending in the
goals of the source.
Code – the form in which the message is sent (e.g language, facial
expression or body language, dance, song, among others.

c. Channel – it is the means by which the message is sent.

d. Receiver – is the one who receives the message. The receivers
interpretation and reception of the message are influence by the
same factors that influence the source of the message.
 Oral communication

3. Interactive Model – introduced by Wilbur Schramm in 1954. This was

groundbreaking at that time, because it introduced the concept of the
communicators “field of experience”

Field of Experience – refers to the cultural background and other

frames of reference that an individual may bring into interaction.

Wilburn Schramm also took context into account.

Context – refers to the setting in which communication situation

takes place.

4. Transactional Model - this was developed by communication experts

such as Dean Barnlund who considered the concept of noise and the
characteristics of the source and the receiver. This model give emphasis
on feedback, it also presents which communicators are constantly sending
and receiving messages. This model of communication is commonly know as
interpersonal communication where one person communicates with another
person.

According to Barnlund people do not simply send and receive

messages and send them back again. Instead, they send and receive
messages simultaneously and build shared meanings during the interaction.
Furthermore, the channel, the environment, the communicators themselves
and their shared meanings and even noise are not just elements involved in
communication process, they are part of the message.

In transaction model – noise refer to more than just something that

takes place in the channel. Instead, it occurs at any part of or any point in
the process.

Noise could be found in the source, the encoding process, the

channel, the decoding process, the receiver and the feedback among
others.
 Oral communication

Intrapersonal/Interpersonal
Context – is the set of circumstances or facts that surround a particular
events situations among others.

In speech – it is refers to three things

- The person speaking
- The situation/ event/ occasion
- The person(s) being addressed or spoken to

A person I exposed to several communication context in his everyday life this can
be either intrapersonal or interpersonal communication

Intrapersonal Communication – defined as a person’s communication with oneself.

Talking to oneself in front of a mirror and thinking out loud are examples of
intrapersonal communication. This exist within the mind, making plans or decisions is
considered.

-It is normal and beneficial, because it gives you the chance to pause and planned
carefully before doing or saying anything.

-It can help you avoid doing or saying something detrimental to yourself or to others.

-It also helps motivate you toward achieving your goal.

Benefits from intrapersonal Communication

-artist are known to have intrapersonal skills for instance, writers and imagine various
scenarios as their inspiration for composing novels or poems for making artwork.

-actors internalize their roles so that they can naturally believably.

-Scientist do lots of self talks, especially when they are in deep thought while
conducting experiments or solving problem.

Interpersonal Communication – a communication with one or more person. It could be

face-to-face via a gadget such as cellphone. Example of this are conversation on casual
talks and interviews..

-In 1624, according to English poet John Donne wrote “No man is an island”. This means
that a person needs other people to live life fully; that is why this type of communication
is very important as well.
-Talking to or interacting with others, whether face-to-face or via gadget is an essential
part of life.
-It also means something involving or occurring among several people.
-Same also with politicians, celebrities, sales people, and supervisor, have good
interpersonal skills which help them accomplish their duties/ or objectives.
 Oral communication

Public Speaking
Public Speaking - Speaking before an audience which is possibly one of the most feared
communication situations.
In this context, the speaker, usually stands in front or on stage, speak to many
people compared to the intrapersonal context in which one talks to himself or herself or
to the interpersonal context in which one speaks to a limited number of people.
Speaking before the audience maybe daunting and often nerve-raking task, some
people are actually very good in such situation.
These people can articulate their thoughts effectively and in some thoughts
effectively and in some instances, their audience with their wit and charm.
It is an important part of life thus it should not be feared.
It is carried out to accomplish specific goals such as to inform, to entertain or to
persuade. More over, almost everyone not just world leaders, diplomats, teachers and
celebrities will need to address his audience at some point in his or her life. Whether for
personal or for professional reasons.
Example - you as a student have already engaged in some form of public speaking when you
presented reports in front of the class.
Personal – a family member addresses his or her family events/ celebrations
- A family members/ friend delivers a eulogy to a grieving group.
Professional – leaders of an organization address members during a general
assembly or foundation anniversary.
- A company owner addresses employee during a company event.

TIPS THAT WILL MAKE YOU BECOME A BETTER PUBLIC SPEAKER

1. Focus on your goal – do not focus on the public part of public speaking instead:
Focus on the speaking part because your goal – to speak. Bear in mind that your
objective, to convey message.
2. Relax – this maybe hard to do, especially when you know that the prying eyes on you,
but you should do so nonetheless. Breathing deeply and thinking of positive thoughts
will helps you relax.
3. Prepare well – if you are given time, make the most of the time to prepare well.
Research credible and relevant pieces of information of your speech. Make an
outline to organize your speech and choose carefully the information you will
include. When you are sure of what you want to impart, write your speech, edit it,
revise it and revise it some more. Afterward, memorize your speech or make a cue
cards so you can remember what you want to say.
4. Practice – deliver your speech in front of a mirror to see the appropriate nonverbal
cues you can use. Better, take a video of yourself, delivering your speech so that
you watch and study it after watch,
5. Interact with the audience – ask them questions, when necessary, and engage them
in appropriate banter. If you can do so, you will able to build rapport with them.
 Oral communication

THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE BEHAVIORS IN PUBLIC SPEAKING

AUDIENCE

-among the positive behaviors that an audience may exhibit are clapping of
hands, smiling, and laughing.
-Some of the negative behaviors that an audience may show are shaking of
one’s head, yawning, dozing off and frowning. These nonverbal cues may reveal
the thought and the feedback or reaction of the audience to a speaker that
speech.

SPEAKER

-similarly a speaker must also show or avoid certain nonverbal cues.

-Public speakers being open to general observation, must be conscious of how
they conduct themselves on the stage or before their audience.
-Everything from choice of words to posture and to the manner dressing, is
subject to the scrutiny and judgement of the audience.
-he or she should avoid derisive, vulgar, indecent or offensive language. More
over he or she must be careful of his or her gesture, facial expressions and
body language so as not to offend anyone.
 Oral communication

SPEECH STYLE
Speech Style – the way in which something is said, done and expressed
or performed and it correspond to a specific speech contexts.
Speech style like intimate, causal, and consultative – generally
occur in interpersonal contexts.
Intimate conversation – takes place between persons of close
alliance or relationship. (ex. Married couples, lovers and family
members)
Casual Conversation – typically take place between classmates,
friends or co-workers
Consultative conversation – take place between professionals such
as between doctors and their patients or lawyers with their
clients.
INTIMATE AND CASUAL SPEECH STYLE

As the term intimate indicates, the intimate speech style is usually

used by persons who are closed or very familiar with each other. In this tyle
the language used maybe formal and informing depending on the situation and
the matter being talked about. Term of endearment (e.g mahal or babe for
husband and wife) in terms that show respect (e.g. mom, dad, kuya, and ate)
are often used in speech style.

Therefore, private or sensitive matters are usually talked about. (e.g

family finances, purchase of a property, among others) using this style.

You use the casual speech when you talk to your classmates, peers,
and other people who are not as close to you as your family members or not in
your innermost or circle of family and best friends.

In addition the casual speech style allows a more divers range of

topics. Terms of endearment are rarely used in this style.
 Oral communication

CONSULTATIVE SPEECH STYLE

To consult is to ask or to seek advice from a person, usually a

professional who has an expertise on a specific subject or field. You use the
consultative style of speech when talking to a doctor, lawyer, engineer, and
other professional who you think can help you with your need for information
advice or opinion.

You may also be consulted by future clients if you become the person
knowledgeable enough to give expert advice, opinion and information.

This speech style requires more formality in terms of language,

manner of speaking and gesture. This style is observed when a doctor is talking
to his/her patient, or when a lawyer is advising his/her client.

Aside from the degree of closeness between the persons involved,

The use of a specific speech style depends on the topic being discussed and on
the purpose of communication. For instance, the mother and daughter may use
the intimate speech when they are talking about school matters.

Meanwhile, they may use the casual speech style when they are talking
about hobbies or vacation. On the other hand, a doctor speaking to a patient
who is also family friend may use the casual speech style rather than the more
formal consultative style.

There are times when people with certain levels of relationship take
part in communication situation where a different speech style is expected. On
the other occasion – people in a certain formal situation develop friendship
which enables them to use a more casual speech style despite the setting.
While relationship determine the speech style used, the setting communication
context and other factors may also affect the style that becomes useful in
interaction. Thus it is important to note that these styles may overlap or may
change depending on certain factor.
 Oral communication

SPEECH STYLE: FORMAL & FROZEN

 Are related to each other in terms of the context in which

they are used and the degree of formality in language.
Frozen or Static Style – as the term connotes is rather fixed unlike
speeches that can still be altered.
Formal Speeches – as President’s SONA are prepared in advance and
follow strict rules in word choice and content. It is a leader’s report
to his or constituents delivered in Congress and in front of an
audience dressed in formal attire.

Frozen Speech Style – follows much stricter rules in wording, content

and format. The word used for this speech style cannot be changed as
they are permanently inscribed in a document such as preamble of the
Philippine Constitution. Therefor, speakers of frozen speech merely
read from a source. They can employ an oratorical style of delivery to
lend more formality to the speech.
ALWAYS REMEMBER: formal and frozen speech style require the
use of sophisticated yet comprehensible language for the audience.

REGISTER (IN SPEECH)

refers to “a variety” of a language or a level of usage, as determined

by degree of formality and choice of vocabulary, pronunciation, and
syntax, according to the communicative purpose, social content and
standing of the user.”

The various speech styles discussed in the past, have corresponding

registers because each of them requires a certain variety of language,
such as the choice of words, delivery, and even the nonverbal cues that
aid in the exchange of messages. At the same time, registers are
usually classified based on the group of people sharing
 Some references would tell you that speech style and register are the
same. This is because both terms refer to the formality or informality
of language. Oral communication

In sociolinguistics – register is a more technical term for the level of

formality used in a communication situation, while the speech style is
more about the manner of expression.

IDENTIFYING THE APPROPRIATE REGISTER

Depends on the audience or recipients of, the message, the speaker’s

relationships, the message with them, the message, the purpose of
communication process and the environment where communication
process takes place.

Controlling the language register used for a certain speech style helps
achieve a successful communication situation. Furthermore, shifting
from one register to another requires that you, as the communicator,
established a rapport with your listener and communicate effectively
so that they will not take offense in your shift of register.
 Communication Strategies Turn – Taking Control and Topic
Shifting

Good host have the ability to handle different people and

different situation. How do they d it? Consider a panel
discussion that requires moderator and two discussants who may
have different views in issue. What characteristics must the
moderator possesses in order to successfully moderate the
discussion especially when topic is controversial?

Turn taking – this pertains to the order by which people who

engage in a conversation speak by listening to the person you are
conversing with and waiting for him or her to finish talking.
However, there are times when both parties in a conversation
speak simultaneously.

These instances usually happen when both parties are excited or

eager to share their thoughts and opinion or when both are
emotional. Notice how two angry people talk to each other.
When a person Fails to wait for his or her turn to speak,
misunderstanding and arguments are likely to occur as result,
especially in situations where both parties are emotionally
charged.

You may have been reminded many times to wait for your turn to
speak, especially when you were younger or prone to interrupting
others’ conversations. This reminder holds true in most speaking
situations because it is considered impolite to talk while another
person is still talking. When interrupted, a person might object
and say, “Let me finish” or “I’m not yet finished!” Hence, it is
important to wait for your turn to speak so as not to offend or
irritate the person speaking. Thus, turn-taking as a
communication strategy is highly encouraged.

However, in some instances, some people, regardless of age,

forget to observe turn-taking. This occurs even in formal
parliamentary setups such as congressional hearings where
lawmakers often interrupt other lawmakers, a resource speaker,
or a witness, These interruption sometimes lead to arguments,
forcing the presiding officer to raise a call to order.

Topi Control – is the strategy that limits the coverage of the

discussion or conversation to things that are acceptable to the
people involved in the communication process. If you are close to
the people you are talking to and Would not want to unduly
irritate him or her, you avoid topics that he or she might not
interested in or on hearing about.
Example – a guest in a talk show who is asked by the host
of a questions that are not about the agreed about the topic.

In such case, the guest might feel uncomfortable that would

lead him or her to give winding, even incoherent answers. At
worst the guest might even walk out. Sometimes, teachers and
preachers get sidetracked by the stories they incorporate into
their lectures and sermons. Before they realize it they have
already veered away from the topic and if they do not get back
to what they should be talking about, they may waste time or
bore their audience.
Hence, knowing what to talk about and sticking to that subject
matter or topic is an important communication strategy. It
ensures that the only topic relevant to both (or all) parties is
talked about and that only information related to that topic is
shared by everyone involved in the communication situation.
Topic control also ensures that the time and effort of those
involved are not wasted.

Topic Shifting:
-Is the strategy that requires listening intently to the person
or people you are convers with. If a topic is unpleasant to or
uncomfortable for any one of you, one of you should bring up
another topic instead of risking a communication breakdown
-It is also applies when you want a more interesting or more
pleasant to talk about instead
In a panel discussion, the moderator must be quick to
shift topics once a topic or becoming too sensitive or
uncomfortable for any of the panelist. By shifting topics, the
moderator ensures a congenial discussion, rather than a hostile
one.
To ensure smooth topic shifting during informal
communications situations, one may try the following prompts
that steer conversation or discussion to a new topic.
-Well, in other news…
-By the way…
-Since you mentioned that…
-I know this is off-topic, but I have to ask/say…
-Before I forget…
Repair:
“No offense, but…”
 Have you said this line before to anyone? Or has someone
said this to you.
This utterances points to a communication strategy that
prepares the listener for what he or she will hear and somehow
lessens the negative impact of the message
Other Phrases that people commonly use to lessen the negative
impact of a particular message include “with all due respect…”
and the “Don’t get me wrong but…”
But if the message has been relayed already and you have
offended the other party? How then will you repair the damage
caused by the message?
Repair – is the communication strategy for recouping lost
rapport between or among communication in a conversation.
Saying “Sorry: is the most common repair strategy.
There are phrases are commonly used:
-“That came out wrong… let me rephrase that…”
-“I’m sorry, I take that back…”
-“Let me clarify that…”
Repair is also done when a mistake is committed, such as
mispronouncing a word or using the wrong term. In such
instances you will most likely try to correct yourself to avoid
being misunderstood or laughed. You might say “Actually It’s” or
“My bad, I meant to say.”. However, if you are not aware of
making such mistake, then the person you are speaking with
might try to correct you. Such instances can sometimes be
embarrassing, especially if the other person is not particularly
close to you. Also, remember that you should not laugh at other
people’s mistakes. Instead, find a respectful way to correct
them.
Termination – As a communication strategy, terminating or
ending an interaction is useful in avoiding conflicts or in
diffusing arguments. However it must be done as politely as
possible. The following tips may prove useful in instances where
you need to terminated a conversation.
1. Express your desire to end the conversation politely.
2. Apologize for having to cut the conversation.
3. You may use any of the following statements:
a. “Never mind, it doesn’t matter. Let’s not talk
about it anymore”
b. “I’m sorry I’m not comfortable talking about this”
c. “I wish I could stay and talk more, but have to go.”
d. “It’s been great talking to you, but I’m afraid I
have to go.”
e. “Excuse me, but I really need to get going. Let’s
talk again soon.
Remember that termination is a good strategy only if all efforts
to communicate effectively have been exhausted
- Giving up easily especially during intercultural exchanges,
deprives the participants of valuable learning opportunities.
Unfortunately, language barriers cause some people to
terminate a conversation immediately instead of trying to
figure out ways to facilitate effective communication. The
result is that many things are left unsaid or unexplained.
Discussions that would otherwise be fruitful do not occur.
However, if a communication situation turns bad – when an
arguments id brewing for instance – termination done politely to
the best possible recourse.
 Peer Evaluation

Peer Evaluation
-You will also evaluate your classmates speeches.
-Listening to evaluating the content and delivery of their
speeches will benefit your classmates because your feedback
will help them identify the aspects of speech writing and
delivery that they need to improve on.

Questions to consider in evaluating the speeches of your

classmates:
1. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each
speaker?
2. Is the topic interesting and relevant?
3. Is the speaker able to articulate his or her ideas clearly
and coherently?
4. Does the speaker sound knowledgeable about the topic?
5. Does he or she cite credible sources?
6. What can you say about the speaker’s delivery?
7. What principles of speech delivery does he or she apply?
8. Which principles does he or she need to work on?
9. Which principles does he or she need to work on?
10. Are the persuasive speeches persuasive enough and the
informative ones and sufficiently informative?
11. Are the ideas of the speech logical and organized?
12. Does the speaker use the rules of three?
13. Are you able to distinguish the beginning, middle, and
conclusion of the speech?
 Actual Speech Delivery

You have the principles behind effective speech writing, as well

as the types, functions and purposes of speeches.

You have also learned the types of speech delivery, why and how
speeches are delivered, and what aspects are considered when
preparing to deliver a speech.

It is time to put these principles into practice into five-minute

speech that you will write and deliver in front of your class.

You will also need to learn to evaluate not just your own speech
but also those of your classmates.

Things to consider in a five minutes speech

1. Choose your topic based on your knowledge and interest

- It should be relevant or useful to your audience.
- Make sure you have access to sufficient and credible
of information on the subject.
- Decide on your main purpose for speaking
- Is it to inform or to persuade.
Here is the pattern for your speech presentation.
Topic:___________________________________________
Purpose:__________________________________________
Types of delivery: Read speech
Audience: Teacher and Classmates
Duration: 5 minutes
Basic outline:
I. Intoduction
II. Body
- Main Idea 1 ________________
- Main Idea 2________________
- Main Idea 3________________
III. Conclusion __________________________
 Hot to make an Effective Presentation

What is a presentation?
A structured, prepared and speech based means of
communicating information, or ideas to a group of interested
people in order to inform or persuade them.

Common cause of ineffective Presentation

- Failure to motivate the audience
- Confusing structure
- Excessive details
- Poorly designed slides

Steps needed to make an effective presentation

- Planning
- Preparation
- Delivery

Planning – there are question to be answer when it comes to

planning:
- What is the purpose of your presentation?
- Who will be your audience?
- What are you trying to achieve through your presentation?
- Design your message
- Organize your material
- Design the look of your presentation
- Create slides.

Steps to make an effective presentation

Step 1 – List your objective
- Why are you making this presentation?
- What do you expect to accomplish?
Step 2 – Focus on the audience
- Who are they?
- Focus on what your audience needs to know and NOT- what
you know.
- Consider audience’s level & interest
- Decide what you want the audience to do, as a result of your
presentation.
Step 3 – determine the message
- Tailor the points to the audience’s technical level:
information needs and interest
- Modify the presentation for each new audience.

Preparation
Fundamental rules for presentation are:
1. Subject of presentation
a. Decide your message in advance
b. Have a strong conviction on what you want to talk.
2. Organize your points logically:
a. Wat do you say at the beginning?
b. What do you deal in the middle?
c. How to close?
(maybe summarizing entire presentation)
3. Rehearse in private:
You need to practice delivery of presentation, because:
practice makes a person perfect.
4. Keep notes to a minimum:
- If necessary, use index cards.
- Jot down the main points.
Conquer Nervousness
9 P’s of how to overcome fear of Public Speaking
 Prior & proper
 Preparation
 Prevents
 Poor
 Performance of the
 Person
 Putting on the
 Presentation
Don’t be afraid
-sometimes an audience may seem intimidating but always
remember they are also people like you.

Imagine that you are addressing your friends

Try conquer nervousness:

 Try to minimize your stage-fear
 Take a deep breath and try to relax.
 If required, drink little water
 Concentrate on topic and not the audience.
 Remember – winners continue, losers stop

Organizing your delivery – general tips

 Announce your topic clearly
 Give an outline of your presentation on your introduction
 State your objective upfront
 How to Present a Topic/Presentation

Tips for Presentation

Becoming a competent, rather than just confident,
speaker requires a lot of practice. But here are dew things you
can consider to start sharpening your presentation skills.

10-20-30 Rules
According to Guy Kawasaki, there are rules or topic or
presentation.
-Contains no more than 10 slides.
-Last no more than 10 slides
-Use a font size of no less than 30 points

Another Rule:
Keep it simple –
-be focused
-concentrate on your core messages
-must not be unessential lengthy
Slow Down
-Don’t talk too fast
-Talk slowly and pause for emphasis
-Relax, breathe and enjoy
Eye Contact
-Have eye contact with everyone
-Talk with the people not to the people

Come Early, Really early

- Do not hooking up a projector when people are waiting for
you to speak
- Come early, scope out the room, run through your slideshow
and make sure there won’t be and any glitches.
- Preparation can do a lot to remove you speaking anxiety.

Do not Apologize
- Don’t apologize and say that sorry I was unprepared for the
presentation.
- Do make preparation for the presentation
- Do not read directly from your notes

That’s a good question

- Use statement like, “that really good question” or “I’m glad
you asked me that”, to buy yourself a few moments to
organize your response.
- The audience will not know you are using theses filter
sentence to reorder your thoughts? And even if they do, it
still makes the presentation more smooth than um’s and ah’s
littering your answer.

Put yourself in the audience

- When writing a speech, see it from the audience
perspective. What might they not understand? What might
seem boring?

15 Words Summary
- Summarize your idea in fifteen words.
- If not, rewrite it and try again.

In Summary:
- 10-20-30 Rule
- Slow Down
- Eye Contact
- 15 words summary
- That’s a good questions
- Come early really early
- Get practices
- Don’t Apologize
- Put yourself in the audience.
 From Topic to Presentation Making Choices to Develop you
Writing

Writing Topic – Getting to Work

 Choosing a topic
- When you find about topic that is interesting and
challenging, you probably got a good subject that will
sustain your attention during the harder part of the
writing

The Motive behind Research

- Need or desire to answer a question for which you want to
know more

Brainstorming
- Great way to begin; less detailed
- Useless in a peer response session
- Preliminary draft is based on it
- Brainstorming + zero draft = start writing with fewer
difficulties

Preliminary Draft
- More detailed, it uses various source citations for authority
- Deep knowledge of the topic through more research; an
attempt to express inform opinion through a coherent
assertion.
- Entire argumentative essay = support an opinion that
convinces the reader it is reasonable.
- Revision: content, organization and sentence-level issues.
Preliminary draft and Tracked Changes
Contextualizing – small details such as dates can contextualize
an entire argument. Choose strong sources to support your
Arguments.
- Not having one, use the best one available. Consider
different assertion, use counter arguments and
return to your arguments.

Try to be formal
Avoid colloquial sentences.

Connect your ideas

Content = what holds things together.
“We can’t convince everyone to take our position in an
argument although we can present reasonable evidence (Hewett)

Methods of Arguing
- A counter argument: to consider the valid point of view;
- Acknowledging ( and sometimes refuting) counterarguments
can increase ethos or believability as a writer.

Arguments from anecdote ( story )

- A continuation of arguments from past ( to present )
- A very convincing technique as people to believe that what
was possible in the past can be in the present or future.

Present “authorities” on the subject

- A person that has believable scholarly authority can make
his/her points stronger.
Conclusion
Even the best advice cannot be put into effect in an
essay revision
- Being able to explain your choices about your revision
- Accepting revision changes, spellchecking and proofreading =
editing steps to create a presentation draft ( for
publication )
- Revisions could make the arguments stronger.
- As you begin your next essay, apply whatever version of this
brainstorming, zero draft, research preliminary draft,
feedback, revision and presentation draft approach that
fits your writing process.