Chapter #5

WATER PROOFING
INTRODUCTION
Structural dampness is the presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of a building, either
the result of intrusion from outside or condensation from within the structure. A high proportion
of damp problems in buildings are caused by ambient climate dependent factors of condensation
and rain penetration. Capillary penetration of fluid from the ground up through concrete or
masonry is known as Rising Damp and is governed by the shape and porosity of the construction
materials through which this evaporation limited capillary penetration takes place. Structural
damp, regardless of the mechanisms through which it takes place, is exacerbated by higher levels
of humidity.

Symptoms
Dampness tends to cause secondary damage to a building. The unwanted moisture enables the
growth of various fungi in wood, causing rot or mould health issues and may eventually lead
to sick building syndrome. Plaster and paint deteriorate and wallpaper loosens. Stains, from the
water, salts and from mould, mar surfaces. The highest airborne mould concentrations are found
in buildings where significant mould infestation has occurred, usually as a result of severe water
intrusion or flood damage. Moulds can grow on almost any surface and occur where there is a lot
of moisture from structural problems such as leaky roofs or high humidity levels. Airborne mold
concentrations have the potential to be inhaled and can have health effects.
Externally, mortar may crumble and salt stains may appear on the walls. Steel and iron
fasteners rust. It may also cause a poor indoor air quality and respiratory illness in occupants. In
extreme cases, mortar or plaster may fall away from the affected wall.
Building regulation
"Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture"requires that buildings should be constructed to
resist rising damp, penetrating damp, and condensation.
Walls should:
a) resist the passage of moisture from the ground to the inside of the building; and
b) not be damaged by moisture from the ground and not carry moisture from the ground to any part which
would be damaged by it, and, if the wall is an external wall:
c) resist the penetration of precipitation to components of the structure that might be damaged by moisture; and
d) resist the penetration of precipitation to the inside of the building; and
e) be designed and constructed so that their structural and thermal performance is not adversely affected by
interstitial condensation; and
f) not promote surface condensation or mould growth, given reasonable occupancy conditions.

WATER PROOFING
Waterproofing is the process of making an object or structure waterproof or water-resistant so
that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified
conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments or underwater to specified depths.

SOURCES OF DAMPNESS
There are 2 types which cause the dampness of building is:
a) Structural cause
b) Climatic cause

a) Structural cause
Structural dampness is the presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of a building, either
the result of intrusion from outside or condensation from within the structure.
A high proportion of damp problems in buildings are caused by condensation, rain penetration or
rising damp
Dampness tends to cause secondary damage to a building. The unwanted moisture enables the
growth of various fungi in wood, causing rot or mold health issues and may eventually lead
to sick building syndrome. Plaster and paint deteriorate and wallpaper loosens. Stains, from the
water, salts and from mold, mar surfaces. The highest airborne mold concentrations are found in
buildings where significant mold infestation has occurred, usually as a result of severe water
intrusion or flood damage. Molds can grow on almost any surface and occurs where there is a lot
of moisture from structural problems such as leaky roofs or high humidity levels. Airborne mold
concentrations have the potential to be inhaled and cause serious health effects in humans.
Externally, mortar may crumble and salt stains may appear on the walls. Steel and iron
fasteners rust. It may also cause a poor indoor air quality and respiratory illness in occupants. In
extreme cases, mortar or plaster may fall away from the affected wall

b) Climatic cause
 Dampness rising through the foundation walling moisture from wet ground rise well
above the ground level on account of capillary action.
 Splashing rain water which rebounds after hitting the wall surface may also cause
dampness
 Penetration of rain water through unprotected tops of wall, parapet, compound wall etc.
may cause dampness
 In case of slopped roof rain water may percolate through defective roof covering in
addition faulty eaves course and eave or valley gutters may allow the rain water to
descend through the top supporting walls and may cause dampness
 In case of flat roof inadequate roof slopes improper rainwater pipe connection and
defective junction between roof slab and parapet wall may prove to be the source of
dampness

EFFECTS OF DAMPNESS
Dampness is the presence of hygroscopic or gravitational moisture. Dampness gives rise to
unhygienic conditions apart from reduction in strength of structural components of the building.
Dampness causes the following harmful effects.

1. Dampness is responsible for breeding of mosquitoes and creates unhealthy living

conditions.
2. Due to dampness, moisture travel through walls and ceilings and creates unsightly
patches and affect the aesthetics of the building.
3. In case of lime plaster, moisture travel causes softening and crumbling of plaster.
4. Dampness in the wall cause efflorescence and sometime dampness is responsible for
disintegration of bricks, stones, tiles etc.
5. The wall decoration (like painting) gets damaged due to dampness.
6. The flooring get loosened because of reduction in the adhesion when moisture enters
through the floor.
7. Timber fittings (such as doors, windows, almirahs) when come in contact with damp
walls or floors, gets deteriorated because of warping, buckling, dry rutting etc of timber.
8. Dampness in building can be very dangerous if any form of electrical fittings come in
contact with it.
9. Floor coverings are damaged. Therefore no floor coverings should be used on damp
floors.
10. Dampness promotes and accelerates growth of termites.
11. Dampness breeds germs of dangerous diseases such as tuberculosis, neuralgia,
rheumatism etc.
12. Metal fitting get corroded and rusted due to dampness.

PREVENTION OF DAMPNESS
Dampness may be prevented by following method
1) DPC
2) Surface treatment
3) Integral damp-proofing treatment
4) Cavity wall
5) Gunting
6) Cementation
7) Special treatments

1) DPC
A damp-proof course (DPC) is a horizontal barrier in a wall designed to resist moisture rising
through the structure by capillary action - a phenomenon known as rising damp. DPC is used to
stop dampness in buildings. In theory, due to capillary movement of water, water rises from the
earth to the building. Passing through the foundation it rises higher to reach the walls. If water
reaches the walls it may damage them by creating cracks, breaking cement-paint bonds and
creating dark-spots on the wall etc. So, to avoid water from reaching to the walls DPC is laid at
plinth level (the joint level of the walls and the foundations).

Major Causes of Dampness

1. Moisture from Ground Soil- Moisture raises above by capillary action causing
dampness on walls and grade floor.
2. Splashing of Rain- Rain splashes on the external walls causes dampness on the
walls.
3. Condensation- Condensation of atmospheric
Today there are wide of DPC and Waterproofing compounds are available in the market. The
appropriate DPC can be used based on the of the function of the structure.

2) Surface treatment
The surface treatment consists in filing up the pores of the material exposed to moisture by
providing a thin film of water repellent material over the surface (internal / external). External
treatment is effective in preventing dampness.
Many surface treatments, like pointing, plastering, painting, distempering etc. are given to the
exposed surfaces and also to the internal surface. The most commonly used treatment to protect
the walls against dampness is lime cement plaster (1:6) (1-cement, 6-lime) mix proportion.
Generally employed as water proofing agent in surface treatments are sodium or potassium
silicate. Aluminium or zinc sulphate, Barium Hydroxide and magnesium sulphate in alternate
applications. Soft soap and alum also in alternate applications, unie and unseed oil; coal tar,
bitumen, waxes and fats; resins and gums Waxes and fats are not suitable in tropics as they melt
with rise in temperature.

3) Integral damp-proofing treatment

The integral treatment consists of adding certain compounds to the concrete or mortar during
the process of mixing, which when used in construction acts as barriers to moisture penetration
under different principles
i) Compounds like chalk, talc, fallers earth etc. have mechanical action principle (i.e.,) they fill
the pores present in the concrete or mortar and make them dense and water proof
ii) Compounds like denser and water proof sulphates, calcium chlorides etc. work on chemical
action principle (i.e.) they react chemically and fill the pores to act as water-resistant
iii) The compounds like soaps, petroleum, oils fatty acids compounds such as sodium
ammonium etc. work on the repulsion principle i.e., they are used as admixture in concrete to
react with it and become water repellent.

4) Cavity wall
A cavity wall consists of two parallel walls or leaves or skins of masonry separated by a
continuous air space or cavity. The provision of continuous cavity in the wall per effectively
prevent the transmission or percolation of dampness from outer walls or leaf to inner wall or
leaf. The following are the advantages of cavity wall.
(i) As there is no contact between outer and inner walls of cavity wall, possibility of
moisture penetration is reduced to a minimum.
(ii) A cavity wall prevents the transmission of heat through wall.
(iii) A cavity wall offer good insulation against sound.
(iv) The cavity wall tends to reduce the nuisance of efflorescence.
(v) The cavity wall also provides benefits such as economy, better comfort and hygienic
conditions in buildings
5) Gunting/ shotcrete
The technique of guniting consists in forming an imperious layer of rich cement mortar (1:3) or
fine aggregate mix for water proofing over the exposed concrete surface or over the pipes,
cisterns etc. for resisting the water pressure. By this technique, an impervious layer of high
compressive strength (600 to 700 kg/cm2) is obtained and hence this is also very useful for
reconditioning or repairing old concrete works

6) Cementation
The mixture of cement, sand and water under pressure into the cracks, voids or fissures present
in the structural component or the ground. In general, the foundations are given this treatment to
avoid the moisture penetration. This technique also used for repairing structures, consolidating
ground to improve bearing capacity, forming water cut-offs to prevent seepage etc.

7) Special treatment
i) Increase thickness of outer wall of the building
ii) Use solid & water resistant material
iii) Use first category material for emission of rain water and other from building
iv) Use cement excessively in outer wall if the building
DAMP PROOFING MATERIALS
There are various types of materials for damp proof course used in construction
works based on type of damp proofing required and type of structural element
of building.
Damp proof course (DPC) is a barrier of impervious material built into a wall or
pier to prevent moisture from moving to any part of the building.

Materials for damp proof course

Following are the materials generally used for damp proofing of structures:
a) Bitumen Mastic (Mastic Asphalt)
 It consists of asphalt or bitumen mixed with fine sand in hot state to form an impervious
mass.
 Due to this consistency it can be spread (when hot) to a depth of 2.5cm to 5cm, which
sets on cooling.
 It provides good impervious layer but special care is needed in its laying.
b) Bitumen Felts (Sheets)
 It consists of 6mm thick sheet of bitumen prepared in rolls having width equal to that of
brick wall.
c) Hot laid Bitumen
This material is used on a bedding of cement concrete or mortar.
This should be applied in two layers at the rate of 1.75kg/m2 of the area.
d) Metal Sheets
 Metal sheets of Copper, Aluminium, or Lead are used to prevent dampness, but they are
costly.
 Sheets of these materials are used throughout the thickness of the wall.
 The sheets of Lead are laid over Lime Mortar and not with Cement.
 Mortar due to the chemical reaction of Cement over the Lead.
 The sheets of metal should be coated with asphalt.
 The thickness of the sheets should not be less than 3mm.
2) Rigid Materials for Damp Proof Course
 The materials, which do not resist transverse stresses and cracks when subjected to sever
loading, are known as Rigid Materials.
a) Rich Concrete
 1.2cm to 4cm thick layer of Rich Concrete (1:2:4) painted with two coats of hot bitumen
is used as horizontal D.P.C.
 It also prevents the moisture penetration by capillary action.
 These layers are laid where the damp is not excessive.
b) Mortar:
 2cm thick layer of Rich Cement and Sand Mortar (1:3) is applied on the inner face of
external wall.
 This is a vertical D.P.C.
 The surface is than painted with two coats of hot bitumen.
c) Bricks:
 Over burnt or dense bricks in one or two layers can be used as cheap and effective DPC.
 They are laid in Rich Cement and Sand Mortar (1:3).
 Bricks are rarely used as DPC except in cheap houses.
d) Stones or Slates:
 Two layers of stone slabs or slates laid in Lime, Cement and Sand Mortar (1:1:6) make a
best DPC.
 They can also be laid in Cement Sand Mortar.
 It is used where a good quality of stone is easily and cheaply available.

REQUIREMETS FOR DAMP PROOFING MATERIALS

A best water- resilient material must have following characteristics
i) It should be impervious.
ii) It should be flexible.
iii) It should be easy to carry out leak proofing joints.
iv) It should be stable.
v) It should be durable. ...
vi) It should resist the load safely.
vii) It should not contain sulphates, chloride and nitrates.
viii) It should be cheap.

PRINCIPLES OF USED OF DAMP-PROOF MATERIALS

1. The DPC should cover full thickness of walls excluding rendering.

2. The mortar bed upon which the DPC is to be laid should be made level, even and free from
projections. Uneven base is likely to cause damage to DPC.
3. When a horizontal DPC is to be continued up a vertical face a cement concrete fillet 75mm in
radius should be provided at the junction prior to the treatment.
4. Each DPC should be placed in correct relation to other DPC so as to ensure complete and
continuous barrier to the passage of water from floors, walls or roof.
METHODS OF PROTECTING AGAINST DAMPNESS
Different methods are adopted to protect the building against dampness. Some of them are
explained here:

1. Water proofing of basement

Basement waterproofing involves techniques and materials used to prevent water from
penetrating the basement of a house or a building. Waterproofing a basement that is below
ground level can require the application of sealant materials, the installation of drains and sump
pumps, and more.

2. Water proofing of floor

Floor of the building is usually made over the ground soil that often contain moisture. This
moisture penetrate the wall of the building of floor. To prevents this dampness 10cm thick layer
of sand is laid below floor areas with excessive moisture concrete layer is laid first instead and
then mastic asphalt and bitumen felt is laid.
Finally flooring is done.
3. Water proofing of roof
Water may penetrate building through roof wall and roof joints are made water tight in order to
avoid it. Entire roof may be covered with bitumen layer then polythine paper is laid over it. Area
with frequent rains and snows may be added with extra layer of mastic asphalt over roof.

4) Water proofing at window sill

Water may penetrate building through sill of window while raining. Water resistant stone or
concrete may be used over sill of window in order to avoid dampness and surface slope is kept
outer. So water may not enter the building. Throat is also made below sill so that rain water may
not cross throat and walls may remain safe from water.

TERMITE PROOFING
Termite proofing is the treatment given to a building, to control or prevent the termite growth in
the building. The termites enter into buildings through cracks, walls, pipes and floor joints etc.
Following method are adopted to ensure termite treatment.
1. Pre-treatment
 2. Post-treatment

1) Pre-treatment
In pre-treatment construction area is sprayed with termite killing pesticides before
construction. This spraying is done over soil before raft. If building is made over column
then spraying is done below foundation of column and around it. The spraying is to be done
all across the boundaries of the building. Termite target the wood so use wood that may not
be attack termite to achieve it part of wood interacting the ground may be covered with
bitumen layer or may be sprayed with termite killing pesticide.

2) Post-treatment
It is hard to control termite after construction if it would be impractical to penetrate termite
killing pesticides in post that are usually done in pre-treatment but the following steps can be
taken for termite control in construction buildings.
i. Holes of 12mm diameter and 15cm deep are made in floor and walls joints. These holes
are made with drilling machine at distance of 45-60cm. if floor is suspended floor then
relevant depth of holes will be kept 10cm. then termite killing pesticide are sprayed in
these holes.
ii. Holes of 12 mm diameter are made in wooden stuff of the building i,e window and doors
and then sprayed with pressure into holes.
iii. Mud tubes must be sprayed first if sighted anywhere in the building.
iv. Holes of 12mm diameter and 30cm deep are made in outer wall of the building. These
holes are made with drilling machine at distance of 30cm and then sprayed with termite
killing pesticide

PESTICIDES
Pesticides are chemical substances that are meant to kill pests. In general, a pesticide is a
chemical or a biological agent such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant that
deters, incapacitates, kills, pests.
This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with
plant protection product. It is commonly used to eliminate or control a variety of agricultural
pests that can damage crops and livestock and reduce farm productivity. The most commonly
applied pesticides are insecticides to kill insects, herbicides to kill weeds, rodenticides to kill
rodents, and fungicides to control fungi, mold, and mildew.
Types
a) Premise
b) Termidar
c) Bora care
d) Termiticide
e) Master line
f) Doniontion
EXERCISE
MCQS

1) Entrance of water in various part of building is called

a) Watering
b) Damping
c) Dampness
d) Dewatering
2) Dampness in building is due to
a) Ground moisture
b) Rain water
c) Defective construction
d) All of these
3) Mostly used material for damp proofing is
a) Bitumen
b) Paraffin wax
c) Cement solution
d) Cement concrete
4) Cavity wall is mostly used for
a) Prevention dampness
b) Heat insulation
c) Sound insulation
d) All of these
5) Flexible material used as DPC
a) Bitumen sheeting
b) Plastic sheeting
c) Mastic asphalt
d) Cement concrete
6) Protection of building against dampness is called
a) Water proofing
b) Anti-damping
c) D.P.C
d) Dewatering
7) Method of damp proofing is
a) DPC
b) Surface treatment
c) Special devices
d) All of these
8) Ratio of concrete used in PDC
a) 1:2:4
b) 1;3:6
c) 1:4:8
d) 1:1:2
9) Thickness of horizontal DPC in cm
a) 1-2
b) 2-3
 c) 3-5
d) 5-10
10) Thickness of vertical DPC in inches
a) 0.5-1
b) 1-0.5
c) 1.5-2
d) 2-4
11) On the external wall of building this DPC is provided in case of low level of NSL
a) Horizontal DPC
b) Vertical DPC
c) Double DPC
d) Strip DPC
12) Termites enter in the building
a) Openings
b) Cracks in floor
c) Services
d) All of these
13) Dampness has _______ effects on the building
a) Ill
b) Best
c) Dangerous
d) None
14) Dampness________ age of any building
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) No effect
d) None of these
15) Proposed thickness of vertical DPC
a) 2
b) 4
c) 10
d) 12
16) Quantity of bitumen used in DPC
a) 1.15
b) 1.20
c) 1.60
d) 1.175
17) Ratio of mortar used for vertical DPC is
a) 1:1
b) 1:2
c) 1:3
d) 1:4
18) Weight of chemical in respect of weight of cement used for water proofing in %
a) 0.5
b) 1
c) 1.5
 d) 2
19) Membrance in damp proofing is done in case of
a) External walls
b) Floors
c) Internal walls
d) Parapet
20) Damp proofing material should be
a) Flexible
b) Pervious
c) Containing salts
d) All of these
21) Termite proofing material is
a) Termidor
b) Premise
c) Bora care
d) All of these
22) Thickness of DPC is
a) 1.5in
b) 4cm
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
SHORT QUESTIONS + ANSWERS

Q1) define damp roofing?

ANS)
Structural dampness is the presence of unwanted moisture in the structure of a building, either
the result of intrusion from outside or condensation from within the structure. A high proportion
of damp problems in buildings are caused by ambient climate dependent factors of condensation
and rain penetration. Capillary penetration of fluid from the ground up through concrete or
masonry is known as Rising Damp and is governed by the shape and porosity of the construction
materials through which this evaporation limited capillary penetration takes place. Structural
damp, regardless of the mechanisms through which it takes place, is exacerbated by higher levels
of humidity.

Q2) enlist the sources of dampness?

ANS)
There are 2 types which cause the dampness of building is:
a) Structural cause
b) Climatic cause

Q3) enlist ill effect of dampness?

ANS)
Dampness is the presence of hygroscopic or gravitational moisture. Dampness gives rise to
unhygienic conditions apart from reduction in strength of structural components of the building.
Dampness causes the following harmful effects.

1. Dampness is responsible for breeding of mosquitoes and creates unhealthy living

conditions.
2. Due to dampness, moisture travel through walls and ceilings and creates unsightly
patches and affect the aesthetics of the building.
3. In case of lime plaster, moisture travel causes softening and crumbling of plaster.
4. Dampness in the wall cause efflorescence and sometime dampness is responsible for
disintegration of bricks, stones, tiles etc.
5. The wall decoration (like painting) gets damaged due to dampness.
6. The flooring get loosened because of reduction in the adhesion when moisture enters
through the floor.
7. Timber fittings (such as doors, windows, almirahs) when come in contact with damp
walls or floors, gets deteriorated because of warping, buckling, dry rutting etc of timber.
8. Dampness in building can be very dangerous if any form of electrical fittings come in
contact with it.
9. Floor coverings are damaged. Therefore no floor coverings should be used on damp
floors.
10. Dampness promotes and accelerates growth of termites.
11. Dampness breeds germs of dangerous diseases such as tuberculosis, neuralgia,
rheumatism etc.
12. Metal fitting get corroded and rusted due to dampness.
Q4) enlist water proofing method?
ANS)
1. Water proofing of basement
2. Water proofing of floor
3. Water proofing of roof
4. Water proofing at window sill

Q5) write down characteristics of damp proofing material

ANS)
i) It should be impervious.
ii) It should be flexible.
iii) It should be easy to carry out leak proofing joints.
iv) It should be stable.
v) It should be durable. ...
vi) It should resist the load safely.
vii) It should not contain sulphates, chloride and nitrates.
viii) It should be cheap.

Q6) what is vertical DPC?

ANS)
A vertical DPC is similar to a horizontal DPC (or Damp Proof Course) in that it stops damp
travelling through your masonry. ... Vertical damp proof courses are usually installed around
windows or doors when they are being installed in a cavity wall.

Q7) differentiate b/w horizontal and vertical DPC?

ANS)
HORIZENTAL DPC
A damp-proof course (DPC) is a horizontal barrier in a wall designed to resist moisture rising
through the structure by capillary action - a phenomenon known as rising damp. DPC is used to
stop dampness in buildings. In theory, due to capillary movement of water, water rises from the
earth to the building.
VERTICAL DPC
A vertical DPC is similar to a horizontal DPC (or Damp Proof Course) in that it stops damp
travelling through your masonry. ... Vertical damp proof courses are usually installed around
windows or doors when they are being installed in a cavity wall.

Q8) Define termite proofing?

ANS)
Termite proofing is the treatment given to a building, to control or prevent the termite growth in
the building. The termites enter into buildings through cracks, walls, pipes and floor joints etc.
Following method are adopted to ensure termite treatment.

Q9) enlist ill effect of termite?

ANS)
Termites can actually cause damage to structural integrity!
These little creatures feed on the cellulose in the wood so they will seek any structure made out
of this material. This is considered a serious safety issue as once a solid wood structure turns
weak and brittle.

Q10) what is pre-treatment of termite?

ANS)
In pre-treatment construction area is sprayed with termite killing pesticides before
construction. This spraying is done over soil before raft. If building is made over column
then spraying is done below foundation of column and around it. The spraying is to be done
all across the boundaries of the building. Termite target the wood so use wood that may not
be attack termite to achieve it part of wood interacting the ground may be covered with
bitumen layer or may be sprayed with termite killing pesticide.

Q11) what is post-treatment of termite?

ANS)
It is hard to control termite after construction if it would be impractical to penetrate termite
killing pesticides in post that are usually done in pre-treatment but the following steps can be
taken for termite control in construction buildings.
v. Holes of 12mm diameter and 15cm deep are made in floor and walls joints. These holes
are made with drilling machine at distance of 45-60cm. if floor is suspended floor then
relevant depth of holes will be kept 10cm. then termite killing pesticide are sprayed in
these holes.
vi. Holes of 12 mm diameter are made in wooden stuff of the building i,e window and doors
and then sprayed with pressure into holes.
vii. Mud tubes must be sprayed first if sighted anywhere in the building.
viii. Holes of 12mm diameter and 30cm deep are made in outer wall of the building. These
holes are made with drilling machine at distance of 30cm and then sprayed with termite
killing pesticide

Q12) define water proofing of floor?

ANS)
Floor of the building is usually made over the ground soil that often contain moisture. This
moisture penetrate the wall of the building of floor. To prevents this dampness 10cm thick layer
of sand is laid below floor areas with excessive moisture concrete layer is laid first instead and
then mastic asphalt and bitumen felt is laid.
Finally flooring is done.

Q13) define water proofing of roof?

ANS)
Water may penetrate building through roof wall and roof joints are made water tight in order to
avoid it. Entire roof may be covered with bitumen layer then polythine paper is laid over it. Area
with frequent rains and snows may be added with extra layer of mastic asphalt over roof.

Q14) define water proofing at window sill?

ANS)
Water may penetrate building through sill of window while raining. Water resistant stone or
concrete may be used over sill of window in order to avoid dampness and surface slope is kept
outer. So water may not enter the building. Throat is also made below sill so that rain water may
not cross throat and walls may remain safe from water.

Q15) define pesticides?

ANS)
Pesticides are chemical substances that are meant to kill pests. In general, a pesticide is a
chemical or a biological agent such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant that
deters, incapacitates, kills, pests.
This use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as synonymous with
plant protection product. It is commonly used to eliminate or control a variety of agricultural
pests that can damage crops and livestock and reduce farm productivity. The most commonly
applied pesticides are insecticides to kill insects, herbicides to kill weeds, rodenticides to kill
rodents, and fungicides to control fungi, mold, and mildew.

Q16) enlist types of pesticides?

ANS)
a) Premise
b) Termidar
c) Bora care
d) Termiticide
e) Master line
f) Doniontion

Q17) define principles used for damp proofing materials?

ANS)

5. The DPC should cover full thickness of walls excluding rendering.

6. The mortar bed upon which the DPC is to be laid should be made level, even and free from
projections. Uneven base is likely to cause damage to DPC.
7. When a horizontal DPC is to be continued up a vertical face a cement concrete fillet 75mm in
radius should be provided at the junction prior to the treatment.
8. Each DPC should be placed in correct relation to other DPC so as to ensure complete and
continuous barrier to the passage of water from floors, walls or roof.

Q18) what is cavity wall?

ANS)
A cavity wall consists of two parallel walls or leaves or skins of masonry separated by a
continuous air space or cavity. The provision of continuous cavity in the wall per effectively
prevent the transmission or percolation of dampness from outer walls or leaf to inner wall or
leaf. The following are the advantages of cavity wall.
(vi) As there is no contact between outer and inner walls of cavity wall, possibility of
moisture penetration is reduced to a minimum.
(vii) A cavity wall prevents the transmission of heat through wall.
(viii) A cavity wall offer good insulation against sound.
(ix) The cavity wall tends to reduce the nuisance of efflorescence.
(x) The cavity wall also provides benefits such as economy, better comfort and hygienic
conditions in buildings

Q19) what is special treatment?

ANS)
i) Increase thickness of outer wall of the building
ii) Use solid & water resistant material
iii) Use first category material for emission of rain water and other from building
iv) Use cement excessively in outer wall if the building

Q20) what is cementation?

ANS)
The mixture of cement, sand and water under pressure into the cracks, voids or fissures present
in the structural component or the ground. In general, the foundations are given this treatment to
avoid the moisture penetration. This technique also used for repairing structures, consolidating
ground to improve bearing capacity, forming water cut-offs to prevent seepage etc.

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