DEBRE BERHAN UNIVERSITY

College OF Engineering
Department OF Mechanical Engineering
Corse title - turbo machinery
Group assignment one
Group three member ( id/ no )
hayliyesus wondemu ………………………………. 997/10
mogess beyene ………………………………………. 1003/10
Fekerab ayalew …………………………………….. 987/10
Dawo shiferawe ………………………………………978/10
Shewoandagne terunhe ………………………………1068/10
Haylimichael shimlse …………………………………996/10

Instructor :- ashenafi a

Summited date Nov 06/06/2013

 Page Content

1. Introduction of pump …………………………………………………………….

2. Working Principle of Pump………………………………………………

3. Classification of Pumps………………………………………………………..
4. Dynamic (Centrifugal) Pump…………………………………………………..
5. Positive Displacement Pump………………………………………………….

6. Types of pump ……………………………………………………………

7. Positive-displacement types……………………………………………………
8. Material Selection on Pump Component …………………………………....
9. Pump performance curves…………………………………………………….
10. Variation of differential head Vs flow………………………………………….
11. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….
12. References…………………………………………………………………
mp Maintenance
 Introduction of pump

Pump is a machine or mechanical equipment which is required to lift liquid from

low level to high level or to flow liquid from low pressure area to high pressure
area or as a booster in a piping network system.

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into Hydraulic
energy. Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and
consume energy to perform mechanical work moving the fluid. Pumps operate via
many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind
power, and come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications,
to large industrial pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of applications such as pumping water
from wells, aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in the car
industry for water-cooling and fuel injection, in the energy industry for pumping
oil and natural gas or for operating cooling towers and other components
of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. In the medical industry,
pumps are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing
medicine, and as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial
heart and penile prosthesis.
When a casing contains only one revolving impeller, it is called a single-stage
pump. When a casing contains two or more revolving impellers, it is called a
double- or multi-stage pump.
In biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps
have evolved; biomimicry is sometimes used in developing new types of
mechanical pumps.
Principally, pump converts mechanical energy of motor into fluid flow energy.
Pump also can be used in process operations that requires a high hydraulic
pressure. This can be seen in heavy duty equipment’s. Often heavy duty
equipment’s requires a high discharge pressure and a low suction pressure. Due to
low pressure at suction side of pump, fluid will lift from certain depth, whereas due
to high pressure at discharge side of pump, it will push fluid to lift until reach
desired height.

Working Principle of Pump

The pump definition is, it is a typical mechanical apparatus, and the main function
of this device is to force a gas otherwise liquid to move ahead in a pipeline. These
are also used for compressing gases otherwise fill air into tires. Pumps use
mechanical energy to draw the liquid inside and to discharge them throughout the
exit by pressurizing them. The energy sources of pumps mainly include wind
power, manual operation, electricity & engines. A pump is a mechanical device,
that is used to pick up water from low-pressure level to high-pressure level. Basically,
the pump changes the energy flow from mechanical to the fluid. This can be used in
process operations which needs a high hydraulic force. This process can be observed
within heavy duty equipment. This equipment needs low suction and high discharge
pressure. Because of low force at suction part of the pump, the liquid will pick up
from certain deepness, while at expulsion side of the pump with high force, it will
drive liquid to pick up until reach preferred height. The pump has since developed
into a continuous range of forms, sizes, & applications. This article discusses an
overview of what is a pump, working principle, types, specifications and difference
between pump & motor.

The working principle of a pump is, it enhances the fluid’s pressure to provide the
driving strength which is necessary for flow. Usually, the pressure filter supply pump
is a centrifugal type pump, and the working principle is that slurry penetrates the
pump during the rotating impeller’s eye which informs a circular motion.

Classification of Pumps
Pumps may be classified on the basis of the applications they serve, the materials
fromwhich they are constructed, the liquids they handle, and even their orientation
in space.All such classifications, however, are limited in scope and tend to
substantially overlapeach other. A more basic system of pump classification is
based on the principle by which energy is added to the fluid. Under this system, all
pump types generally fall into two main categories –

1. Dynamic (Centrifugal) Pumps – Energy is continuously added to increase

the fluid velocities within the machine.
2. Positive Displacement Pumps – Energy is periodically added by
application of force to one or more movable boundaries of enclosed, fluid-
containing volumes.
These are further divided into many forms. For simplification of article we will
discuss these many forms separately in separate articles.
Dynamic (Centrifugal) Pump
Dynamic pumps uses centrifugal force to develop velocity in the liquid being
handled. The velocity is then converted to pressure. As kinetic energy is decreased,
pressure is increased. This pressure difference drives the fluid through the system
or plant.
Dynamic (Centrifugal) pumps use a rotating impeller to create a vacuum in order
to move fluid. The pump’s impeller rotates within the housing and reduces
pressure at the inlet. This motion then drives fluid to the outside of the pump’s
housing, which increases the pressure enough to send it out the discharge.

Dynamic (Centrifugal) pumps are the most common pump type for the transfer of
low viscosity fluids in high flow rate, low pressure installations, which makes them
ideal for applications that require the pump to deal with large volumes. The
centrifugal pump design is often associated with the transfer of water, but is also a
popular solution for handling thin fuels and chemicals.

Dynamic (Centrifugal) pumps benefit from a simple design with few moving parts,
resulting in lower maintenance requirements and costs. This makes them suited to
applications where the pump is used often or is even continuously run.

Positive Displacement Pump

Positive displacement pumps use the reciprocating motion of pistons, plungers, or
diaphragms to move the liquid through the pump. The discharge from
reciprocating pumps is in pulses rather than a smooth flow of liquid.
Positive displacement pumps are characterized by an operation that moves fluid by
trapping a fixed volume, usually in a cavity, and then forces that trapped fluid into
the discharge pipe.

Positive displacement pumps are usually selected for their ability to handle high
viscosity fluids at high pressures and relatively low flows as their efficiency isn’t
affected by pressure. Whilst centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump
installed due to their simplicity, positive displacement pumps are a solution that
can handle more difficult conditions where centrifugal pumps may fail, thanks to
their ability to be run at any point on their curve.

Positive displacement pumps are able to handle variations in pressure, flow and
viscosity and remain efficient, unlike centrifugal pumps which do not operate well
off the center of their curve. As their flow rate remains constant (proportional to
the speed of operation), smooth and low pulsating despite changes in the pressure,
positive displacement pumps such as peristaltic, piston and diaphragm pumps are
ideal solutions for dosing applications as it allows accurate metering to be carried
out.

Types of pump
Mechanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are pumping or be
placed external to the fluid.
Pumps can be classified by their method of displacement into positive-
displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam
pumps and valveless pumps.
There are three basic types of pumps: positive-
displacement, centrifugal and axial-flow pumps. In centrifugal pumps the direction
of flow of the fluid changes by ninety degrees as it flows over impeller, while in
axial flow pumps the direction of flow is unchanged.
Positive-displacement pumps.

Lobe pump internals
A positive-displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and
forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
Some positive-displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side
and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the
cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the
cavity collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.
Positive-displacement pump behavior and safety.
Positive-displacement pumps, unlike centrifugal theoretically can produce the
same flow at a given speed (rpm) no matter what the discharge pressure. Thus,
positive-displacement pumps are constant flow machines. However, a slight
increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases prevents a truly constant flow
rate.
A positive-displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on the
discharge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps.
A positive-displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve
continues to produce flow and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the
line bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.
A relief or safety valve on the discharge side of the positive-displacement pump is
therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump
manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The
internal valve is usually used only as a safety precaution. An external relief valve
in the discharge line, with a return line back to the suction line or supply tank
provides increased safety of human and equipment both.
Positive-displacement types
A positive-displacement pump can be further classified according to the
mechanism used to move the fluid:

 Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle

block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller,
helical twisted roots.
 Reciprocating-type positive displacement: piston pumps, plunger
pumps or diaphragm pumps
 Linear-type positive displacement: rope pumps and chain pumps.

Rotary positive-displacement pumps main types:

Various positive-displacement pumps
The positive-displacement principle applies in these pumps:

 Rotary lobe pump

 Progressive cavity pump
 Rotary gear pump
 Piston pump
 Diaphragm pump
 Screw pump
 Gear pump
 Hydraulic pump
 Rotary vane pump
 Peristaltic pump
 Rope pump
 Flexible impeller pump

Gear pumps – a simple type of rotary pump where the liquid is pushed between
two gears
This is the simplest form of rotary positive-displacement pumps. It consists of two
meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and
force it around the outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed
part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center. Gear pumps see wide use in car
engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power packs.

Screw pumps – the shape of the internals of this pump is usually two screws
turning against each other to pump the liquid.

A screw pump is a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses two or three
screws with opposing thread — e.g., one screw turns clockwise and the other
counterclockwise. The screws are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears
that mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place. The screws
turn on the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As with other forms of
rotary pumps, the clearance between moving parts and the pump's casing is
minimal.

Rotary vane pump

These pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum
that captures and draws in the liquid.
 Advantages: Rotary pumps are very efficient because they can handle highly
viscous fluids with higher flow rates as viscosity increases.
Drawbacks: The nature of the pump requires very close clearances between
the rotating pump and the outer edge, making it rotate at a slow, steady
speed. If rotary pumps are operated at high speeds, the fluids cause erosion,
which eventually causes enlarged clearances that liquid can pass through,
which reduces efficiency.

lobe pump 
Named after the Roots brothers who invented it, this lobe pump displaces the
liquid trapped between two long helical rotors, each fitted into the other when
perpendicular at 90°, rotating inside a triangular shaped sealing line configuration,
both at the point of suction and at the point of discharge. This design produces a
continuous flow with equal volume and no vortex. It can work at
low pulsation rates, and offers gentle performance that some applications require.
Applications include:

 High capacity industrial air compressors.

 Roots superchargers on internal combustion engines.
 A brand of civil defense siren, the Federal Signal Corporation's Thunderbolt.
Reciprocating positive-displacement pumps

Simple hand pump

Antique "pitcher" pump (c. 1924) at the Colored School in Alapaha, Georgia, US
See also: Reciprocating pump
Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more oscillating pistons,
plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while valves restrict fluid motion to the
desired direction. In order for suction to take place, the pump must first pull the
plunger in an outward motion to decrease pressure in the chamber. Once the
plunger pushes back, it will increase the pressure chamber and the inward pressure
of the plunger will then open the discharge valve and release the fluid into the
delivery pipe at a high velocity.
Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder, to in some
cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many reciprocating-type pumps
are duplex (two) or triplex (three) cylinder. They can be either single-acting with
suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other,
or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be
powered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type of
pump was used extensively in the 19th century—in the early days of steam
propulsion—as boiler feed water pumps. Now reciprocating pumps typically pump
highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications
that demand low flow rates against high resistance. Reciprocating hand
pumps were widely used to pump water from wells. Common bicycle pumps and
foot pumps for inflation use reciprocating action.
These positive-displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side
and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pumps as the
cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the
cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation and the
pump's volumetric efficiency can be achieved through routine maintenance and
inspection of its valves.
Typical reciprocating pumps are:

 Plunger pumps – a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or

two open valves, closed by suction on the way back.
 Diaphragm pumps – similar to plunger pumps, where the plunger
pressurizes hydraulic oil which is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping
cylinder. Diaphragm valves are used to pump hazardous and toxic fluids.
 Piston pumps displacement pumps – usually simple devices for pumping
small amounts of liquid or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is
such a pump.
 Radial piston pumps - a form of hydraulic pump where pistons extend in a
radial direction.

Material Selection on Pump Component

Selecting construction materials is an important component to the success of any
pump application, and their initial cost is normally the first consideration. Other
factors to be considered in selecting these materials for wetted pump parts are
users’ experience, expected pump life, intermittent or continuous duty, the
pumping of hazardous or toxic liquids, condition of the liquid, pump suction
energy level, and conditions of service.

Selecting the right pump type and sizing it correctly are critical components
to the success of any pump application. Equally important is selecting
construction materials. The initial cost of these materials is normally the
first consideration. Operational costs, replacement costs and longevity of
service and repair costs will, however, determine the actual cost of the
pump during its lifetime.

Standard pump part materials (such as cast irons, bronzes and low-carbon
steels) are typically the least expensive first cost -- and the most readily
available for replacement. However, these materials can become more
expensive if they cause premature failure and unexpected service and
replacement.Throughout the years, I have consulted on several wastewater
lift station
applications where the choice of low-cost cast iron for the pump impeller,
even when coated, could not withstand the abrasives in the pumpage
and/or cavitation, which were often exacerbated by low-flow suction
recirculation.

Factors that must be considered in selecting materials for wetted pump

parts are, for example, user's experience, expected pump life, intermittent
or continuous duty, pumping of hazardous or toxic liquids, condition of the
liquid, pump suction energy level, and conditions of service (especially
suction conditions).

Corrosion
Corrosion is the destructive attack of a metal by chemical or
electrochemical reaction with its environment. Corrosion by itself is usually
not a difficult problem; in fact, many materials are available to handle most
fluids. It is, however, important to understand the various types of
corrosion and factors affecting the corrosion rate in order to select the
appropriate materials. It can be quite difficult to choose a material to
withstand multiple factors, such as corrosion in addition to erosion and/or
cavitation.

A general rule of thumb is to first select materials that will withstand

corrosion and then select the one with the most appropriate abrasion
and/or cavitation resistance. Further, the corrosive properties of the liquid
may vary with one or more of the following liquid conditions: temperature,
concentration, purity, velocity, suction pressure, entrained air, and
entrained solids.

AbrasiveWear
Abrasive wear is the mechanical removal of metal from the cutting or
abrading action of solids carried in suspension in the pumped liquid. The
rate of wear for any material is dependent upon the following
characteristics of the suspended solids:

1. Solid concentration
2. Solids size and mass
3. Solids shape (spherical, angular or sharp fractured surfaces)
4. Solids hardness
 5. Relative velocity between solids and metal surface

The rate of wear is also dependent upon the materials selected for the
rotation and stationary components of a centrifugal pump. Although metal
hardness is not the sole criterion of resistance to abrasive wear, hardness
does provide a convenient index in selecting ductile materials usually
available for centrifugal pumps. Such an index is shown in Figure 1, where
the abrasive wear-resistance ratio is shown as a function of Brinell hardness
for various materials. It should be noted that a brittle material, such as cast
iron, exhibits a much lower ratio than either the steels or bronzes of the
same hardness. The following tabulation can also be used as a guide in
material selection, listed in order of increasing abrasive-wear resistance:

1. Cast iron
2. Bronze
3. Manganese bronze
4. Nickel-aluminum bronze
5. Cast steel
6. 300-series stainless steel
7. 400-series stainless steel

Abrasion-Corrosion
The corrosion rate of most metals and alloys in any liquid environment
under static conditions depends upon the resistance of the film that forms
on the surface and protects the base metal from further attack. Damage to
or removal of this film by abrasion exposes the unprotected base metal to
the corrosive environment, and metal removal continues unabated.

When the liquid pumped is corrosive and also contains abrasive solids,
higher alloyed materials (such as stainless steel) are often required to
achieve acceptable pump life. The use of such alloys is more important
when a pump is operated only intermittently and not flushed after each
pumping cycle.

In centrifugal pumps, the impeller is particularly susceptible to abrasion-

corrosion. Although the casing can be damaged by this, the problem is
usually secondary to that of the impeller. The diffuser-type casing with its
many vanes is more susceptible to abrasion-corrosion than is the volute-
type casing with only one vane -- the casing tongue -- as an obstruction to
the line of flow.

Wearing rings are also susceptible to abrasion-corrosion and should receive

special consideration in material selection. The higher fluid velocities
through the small clearance annulus can result in a high rate of wear,
unless the proper material is selected.

Cavitation-Abrasion-Corrosion
Cavitation erosion (which can normally occur with high-suction energy
pumps) is the removal of metal as a result of high, localized stresses
produced in the metal surface from the collapse (implosion) of cavitation
vapor bubbles in higher pressure regions of the impeller inlet. In an
abrasive-cavitation and corrosive environment, the rate of damage is
further accelerated and can occur even in low-suction energy pumps. The
base material is eroded away as the abrasive particles are accelerated
towards the impeller surface (by the implosive force of the cavitation
bubbles), which continuously removes the corrosion products so metal
removal proceeds unabated.

While every effort should be made in the design and application of centrifugal
pumps to prevent or minimize cavitation, especially with high-suction energy
pumps, it is not always possible to do so. It should be noted that the published net
positive suction head requirement (NPSHR) curve is not sufficient to suppress all
cavitation damage. It can take four times this NPSHR value, on average, to fully
eliminate all cavitation in a pump.In previous columns, I've discussed
recommended NPSH margin ratios. If the desired margins cannot be provided, an
impeller material with good cavitation resistance should then be selected. The
impact of the impeller material on the life of a high-suction energy pump under
cavitation conditions is shown in Table 1. As an example, changing from mild steel
(reliability factor of 1.0) to stainless steel (reliability factor of 4.0) would increase
the impeller life from cavitation damage by a factor of four. Hard coatings, such as
certain ceramics, can also increase the impeller life under cavitating conditions.

Pump performance curves

Pump performance curves are important drawings produced by the
pump manufacturer. Pump performance curves are primarily used to
predict the variation of the differential head across the pump, as the
flow is changed. But in addition variation of efficiency, power, NPSH
required etc, as the flow is changed, can also be represented on the
pump performance curves by the manufacturer.

It is important to be able to read and understand the pump curves for

selection, testing, operation and maintenance of pumps.

Typically a pump performance curve will carry information about the

following points.
Variation of differential head Vs flow
This is the primary information reported in the pump performance curves and very
important information regarding most of the pump calculations related to
differential pressure across the pump. As shown in the sample performance curves,
usually 3 curves of differential head Vs. volumetric flow are reported.

Differential head Δh is related to differential pressure ΔP by the equation, ΔP =

ρgΔh.

1. Curve of differential head for Rated Impeller Diameter represents the

variation of differential head with volumetric flow for the impeller with
rated diameter which will actually be provided with the pump.
2. Variation of differential head with volumetric flow for Maximum Impeller
Diameter is plotted for the impeller with the maximum diameter that can be
accommodated within the pump. This impeller can be used in case flow
through the pump is increased or if more differential head is required in the
future, with the same pump.
3. Variation of differential head with volumetric flow for Minimum Impeller
Diameter is plotted for the impeller with minimum possible diameter. If the
flow or differential head requirement is reduced in future, this impeller can
be used with lower power consumption.

Although the 3 curves are plotted for a wide range of volumetric flow rates, the
actual operation is to be limited within the Maximum and Minimum allowable
flow rates as indicated in the sample pump performance curve. Values of the
maximum and minimum flow limits are given by the pump manufacturer.

The point on differential head axis (Y-axis) where each of these 3 curves
terminates, represents the shut-off differential head for that particular impeller
diameter. For normal intended operation, the shut-off differential head for rated
impeller diameter is important.

It should be note that the pump curves for differential head Vs. volumetric flow
rate are plotted for a particular liquid density. If in the future the process liquid or
even just liquid density is changed, that effect has to be considered to finally
determine the differential pressure. In such as case, revised volumetric flow should
be calculated and located on the pump curve and corresponding differential head
should be then determined from the curve for the appropriate impeller diameter.
This differential head should then be used along with the changed liquid density to
determine the differential pressure across the pump.

Pump Efficiency

As indicated in the sample pump performance curve above, the plot of pump
efficiency against volumetric flow rate is also commonly reported on the pump
performance curves. When the theoretical pumping power requirement is divided
by this efficiency for the corresponding flow, the result is pump shaft power
requirement. For more information on pump power calculations using efficiency,
refer to EnggCyclopedia's solved sample problem. The calculated pump shaft
power has to be provided by an electric motor.

The efficiency curve typically has a maximum within the allowable operating
range. This maximum is also known as the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) as
indicated in the sample curves. The normal operation should be preferably done
close this best efficiency point for minimum power requirements.

Sometimes a plot of Pump Shaft Power requirement is also done against the
volumetric flow rate on the performance curves. This curve readily gives the value
of power requirement for a particular flow rate.

NPSHR (Net Positive Suction Head Required)

Every pump requires certain Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH), for safe and
smooth operation and to avoid cavitation in the pumps. The pump manufacturer
provides these values by plotting them against the volumetric flow. As seen from
the sample performance curves, NPSH requirement increases for increase in
volumetric flow. When designing a pump system and positioning the pump, it must
always be ensured that NPSH Available is higher than the NPSH requirement as
per pump curves. For details about calculation NPSH Available, refer to Engg
Cyclopedia's solved sample problem.
 Centrifugal Pump Maintenance Procedures for Industrial Pump

What is pump failure?

Pump failure can be caused by several issues, including but not limited to:

 Pressure: restrictions in the pump’s suction can result in cavitation of the

pump. Root causes of this are generally undersized suction lines, plugged suction
strainer or valve issues.

 Cavitation: when liquid pressure falls below vapour pressure, bubbles form
and implode on impellers and interior surfaces, damaging pump internals,
disrupting flow and leading to seal failure.

 Temperature: blocked discharge can result in fluid stagnation, resulting in a

spike in temperature.

 Leakage: leaks caused by mechanical failures can be catastrophic.

Centrifugal Pump Maintenance Procedures for Industrial Pumps
Producing oil and gas calls for working with sound equipment that can handle big
jobs, and the centrifugal pump is one of the most integral components in the oil
and gas industry. Maintenance plays a considerable part in the durability of these
pumps. Exercising pump preventive maintenance and following established
centrifugal pump repair procedure is essential to extend the life of your centrifugal
pumps.

From interior pump corrosion to leakage problems, centrifugal pumps can

experience several issues over time if not properly maintained. Maintenance issues
can have adverse impacts over time and can even halt the function of the pumps,
slowing down or even stopping production. That’s why it’s vital to ensure you’re
not missing important steps.

Pump maintenance is challenging without a plan in place to guide you through

mandatory centrifugal pump maintenance procedures. Thus, it’s vital to have a
centrifugal pump maintenance checklist for guidance during the process. Read on
to learn more about the preventative measures and maintenance to implement for
your centrifugal pump.

Put Together a Pump Preventive Maintenance Schedule

Centrifugal pump preventive maintenance is an essential step in ensuring pumps
last for as long as they possibly can. You achieve this by establishing a
presentation plan for your pump. Make sure to include centrifugal pump
troubleshooting maintenance steps to ensure everyone who uses the procedure not
only identifies issues, but also knows what to do to solve the problem.

Include preventative measures that outline checkpoints based on frequency and

date. For example, annual checkups can be performed for the pump’s pressure
while verifying bolt tightness is essential to conduct every quarter.

Practice Consistent Observance

Regular maintenance of pumps also calls for frequent monitoring. Thus, your
pump maintenance procedures should cover essential process parameters.
Some typical parameters include:
  Liquid levels
 Fluid properties
 Flow rate
 Process pressures
 Pump power
 Pressure of the pump’s suction
 Pump performance

Put the Pump Maintenance Schedule Into Action

Monitoring and designing a preventative centrifugal pump maintenance plan is
important, but it’s not enough to solve the issue. You must put your plan into
motion and implement the centrifugal pump maintenance schedule.

Monitoring for the performance of your centrifugal pump should be a reoccurring

event that happens promptly with a centrifugal pump alignment procedure. It helps
you to verify that each component of the pump is functioning correctly.

Here are a few aspects to include in your pump maintenance schedule, which is

best to perform at least every six months:

 Inspect the pump’s seal.

 Assess performance and durability of the oil drain plug, pump casing,
discharge flanges and suction, and the bolts for motor alignment for leakage
and damage, including air leaks.
 Remove oil from bearing bracket.
 Check pump motor and engine.
 Check impeller vanes.
 Examine the wear plates.
 Remove debris from the suction strainer during cleaning to avoid clogging.
 Test the pump to inspect for efficiency.

Final Thoughts
Ensuring your centrifugal pump works is essential to its durability. With a
centrifugal pump preventive maintenance checklist, you can optimize your
industrial pump maintenance to extend the life of your pumps, keep every part
functioning correctly, and enhance the reliability and performance of the machine
over time.
 
Conclusion
In summary, the following criteria should be considered in the selection
of the material for a centrifugal pump impeller and/or casing:

1. Corrosion resistance
2. Abrasive-wear resistance
3. Cavitation resistance
4. Strength (primarily for the casings)
5. Casting and machining properties
6. Cost

For most water and other noncorrosive services, bronze satisfies these
criteria for the impeller and thus is the most widely used impeller
material for these services. Cast iron impellers should generally be used
to a limited extent in small, low-cost pumps. As cast iron is inferior to
bronze in corrosion, erosion and cavitation resistance, low initial cost
would be the only justification for a cast iron impeller. Further, stainless
steel impellers are widely used where bronze would not satisfy the
requirements for corrosion, erosion and/or cavitation resistance. For the
pump casing, cast iron is the generally preferred material in most water
and wastewater pumping applications.

References[edit]
1. ^ Pump classifications. Fao.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-25.
2. ^ Engineering Sciences Data Unit (2007).  "Radial, mixed and axial flow pumps.
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Pumps".  www.pumpsandsystems.com. 2015-05-21. Retrieved  2019-03-27.
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speed pumps". www.mpompe.com.
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