MENDOZA, JOSEPH ANJELO N.

1:00-4:00 W

Experiment No. 1

HYDROGEN

S E A
 A. DISCOVERY
In the early 1500s the alchemist Paracelsus noted that the bubbles given off when
iron filings were added to sulfuric acid were flammable. In 1671 Robert Boyle made
the same observation. Neither followed up their discovery of hydrogen, and so
Henry Cavendish gets the credit. In 1766 he collected the bubbles and showed
that they were different from other gases. He later showed that when hydrogen
burns it forms water, thereby ending the belief that water was an element. The
gas was given its name hydro-gen, meaning water-former, by Antoine Lavoisier.
However it was only much later that it was recognized as an element by Henry
Cavendish (1731-1810; an English chemist and physicist who also independently
discovered nitrogen) in 1766 when he collected it over mercury and described it as
"inflammable air from metals". Cavendish described accurately hydrogen's
properties but thought erroneously that the gas originated from the metal rather
than from the acid. Hydrogen was named by Lavoisier. Sometime prior to the
autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of
some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all
samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms.
Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the
second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be
reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further
evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in
the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium
oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas
himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. In 1839 a
British scientist Sir William Robert Grove carried out experiments on electrolysis.
He used electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. He then argued one
should be able to reverse the electrolysis and so generate electricity from the
reaction of oxygen with hydrogen. He enclosed platinum strips in separate sealed
bottles, one containing hydrogen and one oxygen. When the containers were
immersed in dilute sulphuric acid a current indeed flowed between the two
electrodes and water was formed in the gas bottles. He linked several of these
devices in series to increase the voltage produced in a gas battery. Later the term
fuel cell was used by the chemists Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer. In 1932 Dr
Francis Thomas Bacon, an engineer at Cambridge University in the UK, worked
further on designs of Mond and Langer. He replaced the platinum electrodes with
less expensive nickel gauze and substituted the sulphuric acid electrolyte for
alkaline potassium hydroxide (less corrosive to the electrodes). This was in essence
the first alkaline fuel cell (AFC) and was called the Bacon Cell. It took Bacon
another 27 years to demonstrate a machine capable of producing 5 kW of power,
enough to power a welding machine. At about the same time the first fuel cell
powered vehicle was demonstrated. Much later fuel cells were by NASA in the
1960s for the Apollo space missions. Fuel cells have been used for more than 100
missions in NASA spacecraft. Fuel cells are also used in submarines. The lifting
agent for the ill fated Hindenberg balloon was hydrogen rather than the safer
helium. The image below is the scene probably in a way you have not seen it before.
This is a "ray-traced" image reproduced with the permission of Johannes Ewers,
the artist, who won first place with this image in the March/April 1999 Internet
Raytracing Competition. For details of ray-tracing you can't beat the POV-Ray site.

B. PROPERTIES
A colourless, odourless gas. It has the lowest density of all gases. On Earth,
hydrogen is found in the greatest quantities as water. It is present as a gas in the
atmosphere only in tiny amounts – less than 1 part per million by volume. Any
hydrogen that does enter the atmosphere quickly escapes the Earth’s gravity into
outer space.
Common oxidation states 1, -1
Natural
Atomic Mode of
Isotopes
Atomic Isotope abundance Half life
mass decay
radius, Covalent radius (%)
1.10 0.32
  non-bonded 1 (Å)
H 1.008 99.9885 -  - 
(Å)
  2
H 2.014 0.0115 -  - 
Electron
  3
HElectronegativity 
3.016 - 12.31 y  β- 
affinity 72.769 2.20
(Pauling scale)
(kJ mol−1)
1st
1312.05
2nd
-
3rd
-
4th
Ionization
-
energies 
5th
(kJ mol−1) 
-
6th
-
7th
-
8th
-
Physical Properties of Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the smallest chemical element because it consists of only one proton in
its nucleus. Its symbol is H, and its atomic number is 1. It has an average atomic
weight of 1.0079 amu, making it the lightest element. Hydrogen is the most
abundant chemical substance in the universe, especially in stars and gas giant
planets. However, monoatomic hydrogen is rare on Earth is rare due to its
propensity to form covalent bonds with most elements. At
standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a nontoxic, nonmetallic, odorless,
tasteless, colorless, and highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular
formula H2. Hydrogen is also prevalent on Earth in the form of chemical compounds
such as hydrocarbons and water.
Hydrogen has one one proton and one electron; the most common isotope, protium
(1H), has no neutrons. Hydrogen has a melting point of -259.14 °C and
a boiling point of -252.87 °C. Hydrogen has a density of 0.08988 g/L, making it less
dense than air. It has two distinct oxidation states, (+1, -1), which make it able to
act as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent. Its covalent radius is 31.5 pm.
Hydrogen exists in two different spin isomers of hydrogen diatomic molecules that
differ by the relative spin of their nuclei. The orthohydrogen form has parallel
spins; the parahydrogen form has antiparallel spins. At standard temperature and
pressure, hydrogen gas consists of 75 percent orthohydrogen and 25 percent
parahydrogen. Hydrogen is available in different forms, such as compressed
gaseous hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, and slush hydrogen (composed of liquid
and solid), as well as solid and metallic forms.
Chemical properties
Hydrogen burns in air or oxygen to produce water:
Stars use hydrogen as a fuel with which to produce energy. Antares—the brightest
star in the constellation Scorpius—is shown here.
Stars use hydrogen as a fuel with which to produce energy. Antares—the brightest
star in the constellation Scorpius—is shown here.
It also combines readily with other non-metals, such as sulfur, phosphorus, and the
halogens. The halogens are the elements that make up Group 17 (VIIA) of the
periodic table. They include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. As an
example:

C. USES AND IMPORTANT REACTIONS

The most important single use of hydrogen is in the manufacture of ammonia
(NH 3 ). Ammonia is made by combining hydrogen and nitrogen at high pressure and
temperature in the presence of a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance used to speed
up or slow down a chemical reaction. The catalyst does not undergo any change
during the reaction: Ammonia is a very important compound. It is used in making
many products, the most important of which is fertilizer.Hydrogen is also used for
a number of similar reactions. For example, it can be combined with carbon
monoxide to make methanol—methyl alcohol, or wood alcohol (CH 3 OH):
Tritium (hydrogen-3, the third isotope of hydrogen), is used in the manufacture of
fusion bombs. Like ammonia, methanol has a great many practical uses in a variety
of industries. The most important use of methanol is in the manufacture of other
chemicals, such as those from which plastics are made. Small amounts are used as
additives to gasoline to reduce the amount of pollution released to the
environment. Methanol is also used widely as a solvent (to dissolve other materials)
in industry.
Another important use of hydrogen is in the production of pure metals. Hydrogen
gas is passed over a hot metal oxide to produce the pure metal. For example,
molybdenum can be prepared by passing hydrogen over hot molybdenum oxide:
Production
H2 is produced in chemistry and biology laboratories, often as a by-product of
other reactions; in industry for the hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates; and
in nature as a means of expelling reducing equivalents in biochemical reactions.
Metal-acid
In the laboratory, H
2 is usually prepared by the reaction of dilute non-oxidizing acids on some reactive
metals such as zinc with Kipp's apparatus.
Zn + 2 H+ → Zn2+ + H2
Aluminium can also produce H2 upon treatment with bases:
2 Al + 6 H2O + 2 OH−→ 2 Al(OH)−4 + 3 H2
The electrolysis of water is a simple method of producing hydrogen. A low voltage
current is run through the water, and gaseous oxygen forms at the anode while
gaseous hydrogen forms at the cathode. Typically the cathode is made from
platinum or another inert metal when producing hydrogen for storage. If, however,
the gas is to be burnt on site, oxygen is desirable to assist the combustion, and so
both electrodes would be made from inert metals. (Iron, for instance, would
oxidize, and thus decrease the amount of oxygen given off.) The theoretical
maximum efficiency (electricity used vs. energetic value of hydrogen produced) is
in the range 80–94%.
2H
2O(l) → 2 H
2(g) + O
2(g)
In 2007, it was discovered that an alloy of aluminium and gallium in pellet form
added to water could be used to generate hydrogen. The process also creates
alumina, but the expensive gallium, which prevents the formation of an oxide skin
on the pellets, can be re-used. This has important potential implications for a
hydrogen economy, as hydrogen can be produced on-site and does not need to be
transported.
Steam reforming
Hydrogen can be prepared in several different ways, but economically the most
important processes involve removal of hydrogen from hydrocarbons. Commercial
bulk hydrogen is usually produced by the steam reforming of natural gas.[83] At
high temperatures (1000–1400 K, 700–1100 °C or 1300–2000 °F), steam (water
vapor) reacts with methane to yield carbon monoxide and H2.
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2
This reaction is favored at low pressures but is nonetheless conducted at high
pressures (2.0 MPa, 20 atm or 600 inHg). This is because high-pressure H
2 is the most marketable product and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
purification systems work better at higher pressures. The product mixture is
known as "synthesis gas" because it is often used directly for the production of
methanol and related compounds. Hydrocarbons other than methane can be used to
produce synthesis gas with varying product ratios. One of the many complications
to this highly optimized technology is the formation of coke or carbon:
CH
4 → C + 2 H2
Consequently, steam reforming typically employs an excess of H2O. Additional
hydrogen can be recovered from the steam by use of carbon monoxide through the
water gas shift reaction, especially with an iron oxide catalyst. This reaction is also
a common industrial source of carbon dioxide:[83]
CO + H
2O → CO
2+H
2
Other important methods for H2 production include partial oxidation of
hydrocarbons:
2 CH4 + O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2
and the coal reaction, which can serve as a prelude to the shift reaction above:[83]
C + H2O → CO + H2
Hydrogen is sometimes produced and consumed in the same industrial process,
without being separated. In the Haber process for the production of ammonia,
hydrogen is generated from natural gas. Electrolysis of brine to yield chlorine also
produces hydrogen as a co-product.
Thermochemical
There are more than 200 thermochemical cycles which can be used for water
splitting, around a dozen of these cycles such as the iron oxide cycle, cerium(IV)
oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle, zinc zinc-oxide cycle, sulfur-iodine cycle, copper-
chlorine cycle and hybrid sulfur cycle are under research and in testing phase to
produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and heat without using electricity. A
number of laboratories (including in France, Germany, Greece, Japan, and the USA)
are developing thermochemical methods to produce hydrogen from solar energy
and water.
Anaerobic corrosion
Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons
of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H2). The anaerobic
corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust)
and can be described by the following reaction:
Fe + 2 H2O → Fe(OH)2 + H2
In its turn, under anaerobic conditions, the ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)
2 ) can be oxidized by the protons of water to form magnetite and molecular
hydrogen. This process is described by the Schikorr reaction:
3 Fe(OH)2 → Fe3O4 + 2 H2O + H2
ferrous hydroxide → magnetite + water + hydrogen
The well crystallized magnetite (Fe3O4) is thermodynamically more stable than the
ferrous hydroxide (Fe(OH)2 ).
This process occurs during the anaerobic corrosion of iron and steel in oxygen-free
groundwater and in reducing soils below the water table.
Reaction of hydrogen with air
Hydrogen is a colourless gas, H2, that is lighter than air. Mixtures of hydrogen gas
and air do not react unless ignited with a flame or spark, in which case the result is
a fire or explosion with a characteristic reddish flame whose only products are
water, H2O.
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
Reaction of hydrogen with water
Hydrogen does not react with water. It does, however, dissolve to the extent of
about 0.00160 g kg-1 at 20°C (297 K) and 1 atmosphere pressure.
Reaction of hydrogen with the halogens
Hydrogen gas, H2, reacts with fluorine, F2, in the dark to form hydrogen(I)
fluoride.
H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g)
Reaction of hydrogen with acids
Hydrogen does not react with dilute acids.
Reaction of hydrogen with bases
Hydrogen does not react with dilute bases.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chemistry Explained(n.d.). Hydrogen, Retrieved November 22 2015, from

http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/C-
K/Hydrogen.html#ixzz3rVnwheOt\

Royal Society of Chemistry(n.d.). Hydrogen, Retrieved November 22 2015, from

http://www.rsc.org/periodictable/element/1/hydrogen

Web Elements(n.d.). Hydrogen: Historical information, Retrieved November 22

2015, from http://www.webelements.com/hydrogen/history.html
Web Elements(n.d.). Hydrogen: Reaction with elements, Retrieved November 22
2015 from http://www.webelements.com/hydrogen/chemistry.html

School for Champions(n.d.). Uses of Hydrogen, Retrieved November 22 2015 from

http://www.school-for-
champions.com/chemistry/hydrogen_uses.htm#.VlEJhtIrLIV

Uses of(n.d.). Uses of Hydrogen, Retrieved November 22 2015 from

http://www.usesof.net/uses-of-hydrogen.html

MENDOZA, JOSEPH ANJELO N.

1:00-4:00 W
 Experiment No. 2

OXYGEN

A. DISCOVERY
S E A
Oxygen had been produced by several chemists prior to its discovery in 1774, but
they failed to recognize it as a distinct element. Joseph Priestley and Carl Wilhelm
Scheele both independently discovered oxygen, but Priestly is usually given credit
for the discovery. They were both able to produce oxygen by heating mercuric
oxide (HgO). Priestley called the gas produced in his experiments 'dephlogisticated
air' and Scheele called his 'fire air'. The name oxygen was created by Antoine
Lavoisier who incorrectly believed that oxygen was necessary to form all acids.
Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe and makes up nearly
21% of the earth's atmosphere. Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of
the earth's crust, two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of
the mass of water. Large amounts of oxygen can be extracted from liquefied air
through a process known as fractional distillation. Oxygen can also be produced
through the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate (KClO 3).
Oxygen is a highly reactive element and is capable of combining with most other
elements. It is required by most living organisms and for most forms of
combustion. Impurities in molten pig iron are burned away with streams of high
pressure oxygen to produce steel. Oxygen can also be combined with acetylene
(C2H2) to produce an extremely hot flame used for welding. Liquid oxygen, when
combined with liquid hydrogen, makes an excellent rocket fuel. Ozone (O 3) forms a
thin, protective layer around the earth that shields the surface from the sun's
ultraviolet radiation. Oxygen is also a component of hundreds of thousands of
organic compounds. Oxygen first appeared in the Earth’s atmosphere around 2
billion years ago, accumulating from the photosynthesis of blue-green algae.
Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to split water into oxygen and hydrogen.
The oxygen passes into the atmosphere and the hydrogen joins with carbon dioxide
to produce biomass. When living things need energy they take in oxygen for
respiration. The oxygen returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide.
Oxygen gas is fairly soluble in water, which makes aerobic life in rivers, lakes and
oceans possible. Oxygen was discovered in 1774 by Joseph Priestley in England and
two years earlier, but unpublished, by Carl W. Scheele in Sweden. Priestley later
noted the new gas’s biological role. He placed a mouse in a jar of oxygen, expecting
it would survive for 15 minutes maximum before it suffocated. Instead, the mouse
survived for a whole hour and was none the worse for it. In 1668 John Mayow
wrote that air contains the gas oxygen [he called it nitroarial spirit], which is
consumed in respiration and burning. Mayow observed that: substances do not burn
in air from which oxygen is absent; animals absorb oxygen into their blood when
they breathe; air breathed out by animals has less oxygen in it than fresh air.

B. PROPERTIES
Gaseous chemical element, symbol: O, atomic number: 8 and atomic weight 15,9994.
It’s of great interest because it’s the essential element in the respiratory
processes of most of the living cells and in combustion processes. It’s the most
abundant element in The Earth’s crust. Nearly one fifth (in volume) of the air is
oxygen. Non-combined gaseous oxygen normally exists in form of diatomic
molecules, O2, but it also exists in triatomic form, O3, named ozone.In normal
conditions oxygen is a colourless, odourless and insipid gas; it condensates in a light
blue liquid. Oxygen is part of a small group of gasses literally paramagnetic, and it’s
the most paramagnetic of all. Liquid oxygen is also slightly paramagnetic. Oxygen is
reactive and will form oxides with all other elements except helium, neon, argon
and krypton. It is moderately soluble in water (30 cm 3 per 1 liter of water dissolve)
at 20 Celsius. Oxygen is a tasteless gas. It has no smell or color. It comprises 22%
of the air. The gas is part of the air people use to breathe. This element is found in
the human body, the Sun, oceans and the atmosphere. Without oxygen, humans will
not be able to survive. It is also part of the stellar life cycle.
Chemical Properties
Oxygen comprises a fifth of air volume, two-thirds of the human body and 87%
water. In its natural form it is all over the atmosphere. Commercial preparation
involves fractional distillation of air and liquefaction and water electrolysis. Of the
group 16 of the periodic table, it is the primary member. Oxygen can be used to
make compounds with all elements minus inert gasses. Oxygen may be dissolved.
This gas supports combustion. However, it does not conduct electricity or heat
well. Oxygen in the air is known as diatomic gas. Ozone O 3 is an allotrope. It is
composed of ultraviolet light or electrical discharge.Oxygen is paramagnetic
whether it is gaseous, liquid or solid. Oxides are generated when oxygen joins with
other elements. It is part of hydroxides and various acids. Oxygen can be cooled
under boiling point. It will turn light blue. This color is retained even when in a solid
state.
Physical Properties
Oxygen exists in all three forms - liquid, solid, and gas. The liquid and solid forms
are a pale blue colour. However, oxygen gas is colourless, odourless, and tasteless.
The elemental structure is a cubic crystal shape. Oxygen changes from a gas to a
liquid at a temperature of 182.96°C, and then can be solidified or frozen at
a temperature of -218.4°C. Oxygen exists in all three allotropic forms. The three
allotropic forms include normal oxygen, diatomic oxygen, or dioxygen; nascent,
atomic, or monatomic oxygen; and ozone or triatomic oxygen. The three allotropes
differ in several ways; such as, atoms and molecules. For example, the oxygen
we're most familiar with in the atmosphere has two atoms in every molecule.
Nascent oxygen only has one atom in every molecule, and the third allotrope
(ozone) has three atoms in every molecule. 
Atomic number 8
Atomic mass 15.999 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling 3.5
Density 1.429 kg/m3 at 20°C
Melting point -219 °C
Boiling point -183 °C
Vanderwaals radius 0.074 nm
Ionic radius 0.14 nm (-2)
Isotopes 4
Electronic shell [ He ] 2s 2 2p 4

Energy of first ionization 1314 kJ.mol -1

Energy of second ionization 3388 kJ.mol -1
Energy of third ionization 5300mol -1

C. Uses and Important Reactions

This gas is used in various industrial chemical applications. It is used to make acids,
sulfuric acid, nitric acid and other compounds. Its most reactive variant is ozone
O3. It is applied in assorted chemical reactions. The goal is to boost reaction rate
and oxidation of unwanted compounds. Hot oxygen air is required to make steel and
iron in blast furnaces. Some mining companies use it to destroy rocks.
I. Usage in the Industry
Industries use the gas for cutting, welding and melting metals. The gas is capable
of generating temperatures of 3000 C and 2800 C. This is required for oxy-
hydrogen and oxy-acetylene blow torches. A typical welding process goes like this:
metal parts are brought together.
A high temperature flame is used to melt them by heating the junction. The ends
are melted and solidify. To slice metal, one end is heated until it turns red. The
oxygen level is augmented until the red hot component has oxidized. This softens
the metal so it can be hammered apart.
II. Atmospheric Oxygen
This gas is required to produce energy in industrial processes, generators and
ships. It is also used in airplanes and cars. As liquid oxygen, it burns spacecraft
fuel. This produces the thrust needed in space. Astronauts’ spacesuits have close
to pure oxygen.
III. Use in Medicine and Health
In healthcare institutions like hospitals, oxygen supplies are kept in stock. These
are provided to patients who have difficulty breathing. This breathing apparatus is
also used by astronauts walking in space, scuba divers and mountaineers. Oxygen
gas is used to destroy bacteria. The same oxygen gas is used to treat victims of
carbon monoxide poisoning.
IV. Respiration
Of all the uses of oxygen, sustaining life is the most important. Oxygen is needed
by all living organisms. Through a process known as aerobic respiration, energy
from food is generated. This allows humans and animals to perform their daily
activities.
V. Other Applications
This gas is used in water treatment and chemical combustion. Scientific
researchers use the oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 isotopes in fossils to determine
Earth’s climate millennia ago. This gas is also used in polyester polymers and
antifreeze production. These polymers are used to create fabrics and plastics. You
will also find oxygen tanks in aircraft and submerge vessels.
VI. Oxygen Toxicity
This condition takes place when someone breathes excessive pure oxygen. The gas
is essential for living, but only up to a point. Humans can only breathe 21 percent
oxygen. The other elements are composed of nitrogen and other elements. When
too much oxygen is inhaled, humans will experience difficulty breathing. Other
symptoms will manifest. These include inflammation of the airways, nausea and
tunnel vision. Toxicity can be due to elevated oxygen levels or other causes. High
pressure, short duration exposure can lead to central nervous system damage. Long
term exposure may cause ocular or pulmonary problems. Central nervous system
oxygen toxicity is usually experienced by divers. Those who spend time at high
altitudes are also susceptible. Toxicity can occur when a diver goes in deep enough.
This is because the diver takes in more oxygen than usual. Symptoms include
twitching, dizziness and nausea. In extreme cases, seizures or death occur.
However, toxicity can take place in normal atmospheric pressure. This can occur
when air oxygen is higher than 21%. At 50%, toxicity will occur.The uses of oxygen
are varied. Aside from those mentioned here, it is used in pulp and paper
manufacturing, ceramic creation, glass making and petroleum processing. It is also
part of pharmaceuticals, metal refining and other elements.

Reaction of oxygen with air

Oxygen gas does not react with itself or nitrogen under normal conditions.
However the effect of ultraviolet light upon oxygen gas is to form the blue gas
ozone, O3, the second allotrope of oxygen. Another way to make ozone is by passing
a silent electric discharge through oxygen gas. This can result in a solution
containing up to 10% ozone.
Reaction of oxygen with water
Oxygen gas does not react with water. It does, however, dissolve to the extent of
about x g kg-1 at 20°C (297 K) and 1 atmosphere pressure.
Reaction of oxygen with the halogens
Irradiation of a low pressure (10-20 mm Hg) mixture of oxygen, O 2, and fluorine,
F2, gases at low temperature (77 - 90 K) affords the gas dioxygen difluoride, O 2F2.
O2(g) + F2(g) → F2O2(g)
Reaction of oxygen with acids
Oxygen gas does not react with most acids under normal conditions.
Reaction of oxygen with bases
Oxygen gas does not react with most bases under normal conditions.
NOTE: The variable X represents any metal that is able to bond to oxygen to form
an oxide.
Reaction with water: 
The oxides react with water in order to form a metal hydroxide.
X2O+H2O→2XOH
Reaction with dilute acids: 
The oxides react with dilute acids to form a salt and water.
X2O+2HCl→2XCl+H2O
Reaction with water: If the temperature of the reaction is kept constant despite
the fact that the reaction is exothermic then the reaction proceeds as follows.
X2O2+2H2O→2XOH+H2O2
If the reaction is not done at a constant temperature, then the reaction of the
peroxide and water will result in the hydrogen peroxide that is produced to
decompose into water and oxygen.
Reaction with dilute acid: This reaction is more exothermic than that with water.
The heat produced causes the hydrogen peroxide to decompose to water and
oxygen.
X2O2+2HCl→2XCl+H2O2

BIBILIOGRAPHY

Chemicool Periodic Table(08 Oct. 2012),Oxygen, Retrieved November 22 2015

from
<http://www.chemicool.com/elements/oxygen.html>.

Jefferson Lab(n.d.), It’s Elemental, Retrieved November 22 2015 from

http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele008.html

UCDavis Chem Wiki(2000), Chemistry of Oxygen, Retrieved November 22 2015

from
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Element
s_Organized_by_Block/2_p
Block_Elements/Group_16%3A_The_Oxygen_Family/Chemistry_of_Oxygen

Uses of(n.d.). Uses of Oxygen, Retrieved November 22 2015 from

http://www.usesof.net/uses-of-oxygen.html

Web Elements(n.d.). Oxygen: Reaction with elements, Retrieved November 22 2015

from http://www.webelements.com/oxygen/chemistry.html

Olivia Robitaille(n.d).Oxygen, Retrieved November 22 2015 from

http://theairwebreathe.weebly.com/physical-properties.html