\_n PohnXw :hmbn¨pXocm¯ ]mT§Ä

Ggmw \qämv hsc tdma³, t]Àjy³ km{amPyiànIÄ X½nepÅ aÕc¯n\mWv temIw

km£yw hln¨Xv. F¶m Bdmw \qämnsâ D¯cmÀ[t¯mSp IqSn cm{ãob
ss[jWnIm[n]Xy¯nsâ Nn{Xw amänhc¡s¸«p. Xncp\_n(kz)bpsS BKa\amWv
CXn\p tlXphmbXv. ]pdw cm{ã§fnse kmaqlnI \mKcnIhyhØIfpsS KÔw t]mepw
]cnNbanÃm¯ Hcp kaql¯n P\n¡pIbpw Ahsc kap²cn¡m³ am{Xw hyàn{]`mhw
t\SnsbSp¡pIbpw sNbvXXneqsSbmWv \_n (kz) CXp km[yambXv.

A\mYcmbn P\ns¨¦nepw Atd_y³ tKm{X§fn t{ijvTcmbncp¶p {]hmNIÀ.

{]tXyIn¨pw, Zcn{ZÀ¡pw hn[hIÄ¡pw A\mYÀ¡pw ASnaIÄ¡pw
Xmtg¡nSbnepÅhÀ¡pambn AhnSp¶v Ft¸mgpw {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p. Ccp]¯©v
hbÊn\Iw Xs¶ AhnSp¶v hnizØcmb _nkn\Êv ta[mhnbmbn XoÀ¶p. Xmakn¡msX
hn[hbpw F¶m [\nIbpambncp¶ JZoP _n³Xp JpsshenZn(d)sâ _nkn\Êv
bm{XmkwL¯nsâ UbdÎdmbn. \_nbpsS ss\]pWyhpw {]m]vXnbpw
Xncn¨dnªt¸mÄ AXv AhÀ X½nepÅ hnhml _Ô¯n\v hgnXpd¶p. AhÀ
Pohn¨ncp¶nSt¯mfw Imew \_n (kz) FÃmw kzbw Xncn¨dnªp {]hÀ¯n¡p¶
`À¯mhmbn XpSÀ¶p. ho«pImtcmsS¶p am{Xaà kl{]hÀ¯ItcmSpw
kvt\lt¯msSbmWv AhnSp¶v CS]gInbncp¶Xv. sslµh ]ÞnX\mb Znhm³ NµviÀa ]
dbp¶p : "apl½Zv(kz) ZbbpsS Bßmhmbncp¶p. AhnSps¯ kzm[o\w A\p`hn¨dnª
NpäpapÅ HcmÄ¡pw AXv ad¡m\mInÃ’. PÀ½³ HmdnbâenÌmb tUm.
KpkvXmhvshbnensâ km£yw C§s\bmWv : "apl½Zv \_n(kz) a\pjyI¯n\p Hcp
Xnf¡amÀ¶ amXrIbmbncp¶p. AhnSps¯ kz`mhw ip²hpw IeÀ¸nÃm¯Xpambncp¶p.
hoSv, hkv{X[mcWw, `£Ww þ FÃmw A]qÀhamb emfnXy¯nsâ
khntijXbmbncp¶p. Xsâ IqsSbpÅhcn \n¶v {]tXyI `ànbpsS ASbmfw
kzoIcn¡pambncp¶nÃ, X\n¡p kzbw sN¿m³ Ignbp¶XmsW¦n Hcp ASnabnÂ
\n¶pw Hcp tkh\hpw kzoIcn¡pIbpanÃ. kÀÆià\mb AÃmlp ]dbp¶p : XoÀ¨bmbpw
Xm¦Ä D¶Xamb kz`mhapÅhcmWv.

Adp]¯naq¶mw hbÊn AhnSp¶v hntbmKw {]m]n¡pt¼mÄ Atd_y³ D]Zzo]p

apgph³ hn{Klmcm[\bn \n¶pw GIssZhmcm[\bnte¡v amdnbncp¶p; tKm{X
Iel§Ä¡pw bp²§Ä¡pw ]Icw sFIyZmÀVyhpw tbmPn¸pw kp]cnNnXambn.
A[mÀ½nIXbpw AcmPIXzhpw amdn A¨S¡apÅ PohnXhpw [mÀ½nI anIhpw ]
Tn¸n¡pI hgn apl½Zv \_n (kz) am\hnIXbpsS amXrIbpw F¡mes¯bpw
A`nam\hpambn amdn.

Ignª ]Xn\mep \qämpIfmbn, At\Iw Nn´Icpw X¯zNn´Icpw imkv{XÚcpw ]

ÞnXcpw \_nsb ]n´pScpIbpw AhnSps¯ kapZmb¯n AwKamIp¶XnÂ
A`nam\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ImcWw Hcp P\XbpsStbm Øe¯nsâtbm ]qÀ®amb ]
cnhÀ¯\w a\pjyNcn{Xw aps¼mcn¡epw Adnªn«nÃ. A¯csamcp hn¹h¯n\mWv
Xncpt{ijvTÀ ImÀanIXzwhln¨Xv F¶Xn\m {]apJaX§fnsebpw {]Øm\§fnsebpw
{][m\nIÄ {]hmNsc AXymZcthmsSbpw AXntesd IuXpIt¯msSbpamWv
ImWp¶Xv. C§s\sbms¡bmsW¦nepw ]pWyPohnXs¯ A]cm[§Ä sImv If¦s¸Sp¯m³
{ian¨hcpw hncfaÃ. tXmakvImÀsse ]dbp¶p : "Cu a\pjys\ Npän¸änbpÅ
Xo£vWamb \pWIÄ \s½ A]am\n¡p¶XmWv’.

Hcp temIt\Xmhv F¶ \nebnembncp¶p apl½Zv \_n(kz) bpsS Bibhn\nab coXn.

FÃm Imcy§fnepw AhnSp¶v AXy[nIw -- {]mtbmKnIcmbncp¶p. AhnSps¯
{]nbs¸« aI³ C{_mlnw(d) hntbmKw {]m]n¨t¸mÄ Hcp {KlWw kw`hn¨p.
{kãmhnsâ `mK¯p \n¶pÅ A\ptimN\w F¶ \nebnebnepÅ A`yql§Ä AXns\ Ipdn¨p
DbÀ¶ph¶p. At¸mÄ AhnSp¶v {]Jym]n¨p : {KlWw \mYsâ {Zã´§fnsem¶mWv.
Hcp a\pjysâ acWs¯tbm P\\s¯tbm XpSÀ¶pmIp¶XÃ.

Xt¶mSv kmayaps¶v AhnSp¶v ]dª C{_mlnw \_nsb t]mse apl½Zv \_n(kz)bpw

kuayioecmbncn¶p. BfpIÄ F{XXs¶ D]{Zhn¨mepw C{_mlnw \_n Hcn¡epw
tZjys¸«ncp¶nÃ. AhnSp¶v Xsâ i{Xp¡Ä¡p t]mepw \ÃXv am{Xw hcm³
AÃmlphnt\mSv At]£n¡pIbpw Ahsâ k¶n[nbn I®p\oÀ Hgp¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
{]hmNIcnepw kam\amb coXnbn hn\b`mhw {]ISambncp¶p. Atacn¡³
Fgp¯pImc\mb hmjnwKvS¬ CÀhnwKv (1783------------------------ 1859).
apl½Zpw ]n³KmanIfpw (1850) F¶ ]pkvXI¯n {]Xn]mZn¡p¶p: kzImcy
CS]mSpIfn t]mepw apl½Zv(kz) \oXnam\mbncp¶p; AhnSp¶v Zcn{ZtcmSpw
k¼¶tcmSpw iàtcmSpw ZpÀ_etcmSpw Hcpt]msebmWv klhkn¨ncp¶Xv.
kmZmcW¡mcpsS ]cmXnIÄ {ihn¡m³ AhnSp¶v kabw Is¯n. Hcn¡Â a¡bnse
t\Xm¡Ä Xncpkhn[¯n h¶v ]dªp: aäpÅhÀ, {]tXyIn¨v Zcn{ZÀ CÃm¯ Hcp
Znhkw \n§Ä R§fpambn Ipap«nbmÂ, \n§fpsS aXw kzoIcn¡p¶Xns\¡pdn¨v R§Ä¡p
\n§tfmSv kwkmcn¡mw. _nemÂ, A½mÀ(d) XpS§nb ZpÀ_ecmb apÉnwIsf
AhÀ ]pÑn¨p XÅpIbpw hnthN\]cambn AhtcmSp s]cpamdWsa¶v B{Kln¡pIbpw
sNbvXp. F¶m {]hmNIÀ AhcpsS A¯cw \nÀtZi§Ä \nckn¨p. sNdp¸Imew apXÂ
F¶p am{Xaà P\\¯n\p ap¼p Xs¶, {]IrXymXoXamb khntijXIÄ sImv
ASbmfs¸Sp¯nb a\pjy\mbncp¶p apl½Zv\_n-- (kz).