Bdwbu 5: Wek VQB, MVGVWRK Mvs WZK Cöÿvc U Wkÿv I Dbœqb: F WGKV

BDwbU 5: wek¦vqb, mvgvwRK mvs¯‹w… ZK †cÖÿvc‡U wkÿv I Dbœqb
f~wgKv
wek¦vqb GKwU AvaywbK aviYv| GKzk kZ‡Ki Av‡jvPbvq GwU GKwU g~L¨ welq| we‡kl K‡i ivR‰bwZK,
mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, A_©‰bwZK I wkÿv‡Z wek¦vq‡bi Kì A‡bK| G aviYvwU AZx‡ZI wQj| AZxZ
A‡cÿv eZ©gv‡b GwUi cÖK…wZ I aviYv wfbœZi| eZ©gvb hyM n‡jv Z_¨ cÖev‡ni hyM| G hy‡M wek¦vq‡bi Kì
I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv A‡bK| wek¦vq‡bi aviYv DËg m~Pbv jÿ Kiv hvq MZ kZ‡Ki †kl `k‡K| eZ©gv‡b G
`ªæZ we¯Ívi N‡U‡Q| †`‡k †`‡k mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I A_©bxwZ‡Z Avg~j cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| Gi †cÖwÿ‡Z
wkÿv †ÿ‡ÎI Dbœq‡bi MwZ µgk e„w× cv‡”Q| ZvQvov mgMÖ †`k GK wek¦ iv‡óªi bvMwi‡Z cwiYZ nIqvi
Kvi‡Y wkÿv Dbœq‡b avivevwnKZv eRvq ivL‡e AvšÍRv©wZK wewfbœ ms¯’v mnvqZv w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|
wek¦vq‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿv Dbœq‡b wb‡gœwjwLZ cvV¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
cvV 5.1 : wek¦vq‡bi cÖK…wZ; Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK

cvV 5.2 : wewfbœ ai‡bi wk¶vq wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve I cÖwZeÜKZv
cvV 5.3 : wek¦vq‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z Dbœqb I wkÿv
cvV 5.4 : Ávb, `ÿZv I Av‡e‡Mi Dci wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve
cvV 5.5 : RbmsL¨v e„w×, AwfcÖqvY Ges bMivqb
cvV 5.6 : MÖvg Ges knivÂ‡ji wkL‡bi Pvwn`v I Ae¯’vmg~n
cvV 5.7 : gvb wb‡`©kK: cwi‡ek, ¯^v¯’¨, Lv`¨ I Rxeb hvÎvi gvb
cvV 5.8 : mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm Ges `„wófw½
cvV 5.9 : wkÿv Dbœq‡b mnvqZv: kZ©hy³ I eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ Kiv
cvV 5.10 : wkÿv Ges Dbœq‡b BDwb‡md, BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDGbwWwc, wek¦
e¨vsK, †mf w` wPj‡Wªb I eª¨vK ms¯’vi f~wgKv
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb GgGW †cÖvMÖvg
cvV- 5.1: wek¦vq‡bi cÖK…wZ: Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK

Nature of Globalization; Socio Economic, Cultural,
Political
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 wek¦vqb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wek¦vq‡bi cÖK…wZ, Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wek¦vqb (Globalization)
wek¦e¨vcx A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vmg~n‡K GKwU wbq‡gi AšÍ©fz³ Kiv‡K wek¦vqb e‡j| wek¦vqb welqwU mv¤cÖwZK
mg‡q RMr †Rvov DÏxcbv I Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i P‡j‡Q| wek¦gq wKQz †jvK GwU‡K LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges
fwel¨r wek¦ A_©bxwZi PvweKvwV e‡j g‡b K‡ib hv wek¦ A_©bxwZi DbœwZi Rb¨ Acwinvh© Ges Gi MwZ
G‡Kev‡i AcÖwZ‡iva¨ e‡j wek¦vm K‡ib| Zv‡ì g‡Z wek¦vqb n‡”Q AevwiZ my‡hv‡Mi nvZQvwb| Gi mydj
†fvM Ki‡eb Zvuiv hviv Gi ¶wZKi w`KwU‡K mh‡Zœ cwinvi Ki‡eb I Kv‡R jvMv‡eb Gi wekvj my‡hvM
myweav¸‡jv|
wek¦vqb n‡jv cvi¯úwiK wµqv Ges AvšÍtms‡hvM m„wóKvix Ggb GKwU c×wZ RvwZi miKvi, cÖwZôvb Ges
RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ mgš^q I wg_w¯Œqvi m~Pbv K‡i| GB c×wZi PvwjKvkw³ n‡”Q AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ Ges
wewb‡qvM, Avi Gi cÖavb mnvqK kw³ n‡”Q Z_¨ cÖhyw³| mKj wKQzi DciB Gi my¯có cÖfve we`¨gvb|
wek¦vq‡bi cÖK…wZ Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v
weMZ cÖvq 500 (cvuPkZ) eQi a‡i wek¦ wbqš¿‡Yi wZbwU cÖavb kw³| H mKj kw³ †K‡›`ªi Drm †_‡K
DwÌZ kw³ cÖevn mgMÖ gvbe RvwZi Rxeb-ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ Ges ms¯‹…wZ‡K Ki‡Q cÖfvweZ| wZbwUi
cÖ_gwU wQj cvðvZ¨ RvwZmg~‡ni DÌvb, hv ïiæ n‡qwQj 1500 kZvãxi ïiæ †_‡K Ges Zv ¯^gwngvq wek¦
cwiµg KiwQj weMZ Aóv`k kZvãxi G‡Kev‡i †kl jMœ ch©šÍ| GB mgqKv‡j †m Af‚Zc~e©fv‡e Ávb-
weÁv‡bi DrKl© mvab K‡i Drcv`b Ki‡jv AvaywbKvq‡bi (Modernity), eëmv-evwY‡R¨ AMÖMwZ Ges
abZš¿ev‡ì| wecøe mvab Ki‡jv K…wl Ges wkí †¶‡Î| Gi gva¨‡g †m `xN© w`b a‡i wek¦gq cvðvZ¨
RM‡Zi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK cÖfve a‡i ivL‡jv Ges kvmb Ki‡jv we‡k¦i cÖvq `yB-Z…Zxqvsk‡K|
Ebwesk kZvwãi †kl fv‡M wØZxq kw³wU GKK ¶gZv ai iƒ‡c Avwef©‚Z n‡jv gvwK©b hy³ivóª| weMZ
kZvãx †_‡K wek¦ ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ, weÁvb I cÖhyw³, wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZmn cÖwZwU A½‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| weMZ kZvãxi †kl fv‡M †mvwf‡qZ mgvRZvwš¿K cÖRvZ‡š¿i (USSR) cZ‡bi ci
we‡k¦ †m n‡q DV‡jv AcÖwZØw›Ø I AcÖwZ‡iva¨ Ges GKK wek¦ kw³i AwaKvix|
weMZ kZvãxi †kl fv‡M VvÐv hy‡×i (Cold war) Aemv‡bi ci gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †bZ…‡Z¡ wek¦vq‡bi †h
m~Pbv n‡jv Zvwi avivevwnKZvq †QvU-eo RvwZmg~n‡K wb‡q mw¤§wjZ A_©‰bwZK kw³i D‡b¥l ïiæ nj| ïiæ
nj wek¦ e¨vcx gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi Amxg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv| GB cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wRZ‡e †Kej †hvM¨ZgivB
c„ôv 166 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Zzjbvg~jK wkÿv BDwbU- 6
(Survival of the fittest)| wek¦e¨vcx G wekvj cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wb‡R‡ì‡K eëmv-evwYR¨, Ávb-weÁvb,

ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvM¨ AvaywbK cÖhyw³ mg„× K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z bv cvi‡j Amxg mg„w× I wecyj
m¤¢vebvi nvZQvwb m‡Ë¡I evsjv‡`k‡K wek¦vq‡bi GB P¨v‡jÄ †_‡K wQU‡K co‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
Avgv‡ì‡K wek¦qv‡bi MwZ cÖK…wZ ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g GLbB KZ¸‡jv welq we‡kølY K‡i mwVK Kg©m~wP
MÖnY K‡i AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Avkvi w`K n‡jv Avgv‡ì D`xqgvb ZiæY wkw¶Z mgvR `ªæZ GwM‡q
P‡j‡Q, †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i †hgb D‡`¨vM wb‡”Q †QvU-eo KjKviLvbv I wk¶v cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡b| D‡`¨vM wb‡”Q
K…wl, K…wl wfwËK wk‡í I wewb‡qv‡M| eëmv-evwYR¨ Ges Avg`vwb-ißvwb‡Z †Zgwb 1 †KvwU evsjv‡`wk
we‡k¦i Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| wek¦vq‡bi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq `xß c‡` `„pZvi mv‡_ GwM‡q P‡j‡Q|
wek¦ ìev‡i wb‡R‡ì‡K m¶gfv‡e †g‡j ai‡Q Ges Zv‡ì †cÖwiZ wecyj ê‡`wkK gy`ªv Avgv‡ì weKvkgvb
A_©bxwZi Ab¨Zg cÖavb PvwjKv kw³iƒ‡c KvR Ki‡Q| weKwkZ n‡”Q Avgv‡ì MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ Ges †`‡k
Avm‡Q bZzb cÖhyw³|
ga¨cÖv‡Pï wekvj Ajm cyuwR Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi D‡Ï‡k¨ H AÂ‡ji K…wó KvjPv‡ii mv‡_ msMwZ m¤cbœ
†jvKej m„wó Kiv QvovI Avgv‡ì †`‡k Zv‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl A_©‰bwZK AÂj (Exclusive Economic
Zone) m„wó Kiv Ges ga¨cÖv‡P¨ I Ab¨Î Avgv‡ì m¤c‡K© cÖPviYvi eë¯’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †h‡nZz
Avgv‡ì cÖvq Aa©‡KvwUiI †ewk †jvK ga¨ cÖv‡P¨ KvR K‡ib Ges ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡ib, A_P H mKj
†`‡ki AvaywbK Rxeb c×wZ, fvlv A_©bxwZ I eëmv evwYR¨ m¤c‡K© Avgv‡ì wk¶v eë¯’v Lye mvgvb¨B
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv nq| Avgiv wb‡R‡ì ¯^v‡_© AšÍZ GKUv wek¦we`¨vjq M‡o Zzj‡Z cvwi, †hLv‡b DwjøwLZ
welqmg~n mn hy‡Mi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx D”P wWwMÖ cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Zv m¤¢e n‡j GKw`b †`Lv hv‡e
AvR‡K Avgv‡ì wkw¶Z †eKviivB †KvwU †KvwU Wjvi wewb‡qvM wb‡q G‡m RvwZ‡K ab¨ Ki‡e| ax‡i ax‡i
†`k Gwkqvb UvBMv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e| gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi G hy‡M we‡k¦ RvwZ‡K GKUv gh©v`vc~Y© ¯’v‡b
wb‡q †h‡Z Avgv‡ì hye mgvR‡K eëmv evwYR¨ I wkígywL K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e, PvKwigyLx bq|
wek¦ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ, eëmv evwYR¨, wk¶v ms¯‹…wZ I mvgvwRK cwieZ©bmn me wKQzi Dci AvR Z_¨
cÖhyw³ AmvaviY cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i P‡j‡Q| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g AvR ïay Kw¤cDUvi bq eis j¨vcUc
†gvevBj †dvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wek¦‡K nv‡Zi gy‡VvB G‡b w`‡q‡Q| Avgiv evm KiwQ GKUv êwk¦K MÖv‡g| GwU
wek¦gq AevwiZ my‡hvM myweavi Øvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q| G Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wek¦ mgv‡Ri RxebwPÎ Z_v A_©bxwZ,
ivRbxwZ, mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z Avg~j cwieZ©b Ki‡Q| Gi †Qvuqv †j‡M‡Q evsjv‡`‡kI|
†cvkvK wk‡íi Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`k we‡k¦ Ab¨Zg cÖavb ißvwbKviK †`k wn‡m‡e GKUv m¤§v‡bi Avm‡b
cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ `yf©vM¨ GB †cvkvwK wk‡í AvR Akwb ms‡KZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| kªxjsKvi gZ
ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZvi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`kI evRvi nviv‡Z e‡m‡Q| M„n hy‡×i Kvi‡Y, ivR‰bwZK
Aw¯’wZkxjZvq kªxjsKvi gZ evsjv‡`kI cÖvqkB niZvj, nZ¨v, ¸g, AwMœms‡hvM BZ¨vw` aŸsmvZ¥K KvR
†j‡MB Av‡Q| eëmvqxiv nZvk, weeªZ, mgMÖ RvwZ w`‡knviv, we‡`wkiv gyL wdwi‡q wb‡”Q| wewb‡qvMKvixiv
cyuwR cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i K‡¤^vwWqv, wf‡qZbvg I cvk¦©eZ©x fvi‡Z wb‡q hv‡”Q| we‡`wk †µZviv AW©vi w`‡Z G‡m
nZvk n‡q Ab¨ †`‡k P‡j hv‡”Q| GUv hw` Av‡iv wKQz Kvj Pj‡Z _v‡K Z‡e eëmv evwYR¨ I wkí KviLvbv
eÜ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| †eKvi n‡Z cv‡i j¶ j¶ kÖwgK Ges gyL _ye‡o co‡Z cv‡i Avgv‡ì A_©bxwZ|
wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv
wek¦vq‡b wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©‡ì †hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv`v‡b wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv wbgœiƒc:
Comparative Education c„ôv- 167

 wkÿv wel‡qi cÖwZ wkÿv_x©i g‡bvms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e;

 wkÿvi mv‡_ wkÿv_x©i GKvMÖwPËZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e;
 wek¦vq‡b bZzb bZzb wel‡qi cÖwZ wkÿv_x©i AvMÖn, cÖeYZv m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z wkÿv_x©iv †KŠZznjx I
gbbkxjZv m„wó n‡e;
 †kÖwY cvV`v‡b KvR cÖ`vb I Avb›``vqK K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv_x©‡ì wek¦vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Ges Gi cÖfv‡e wkÿvi cwi‡ek DbœZ n‡”Q †m m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Ki‡Z
n‡e;
 wkÿv_x©‡K we`¨vj‡qi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 bZzb Áv‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq NUv‡bv Ges †kLvi KvR hv‡Z `ªæZZg nq Zv Dcjwä Ki‡Z †`qv;
 wkÿv_x©i Kv‡h© ¯^xK…wZ I wPšÍvi ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb Kiv;
 k„•Ljv Avbqb I fxwZ `~ixKi‡Yi Dcvq Ly‡R †ei Kiv;
 wkÿv_x©‡ì gv‡S gy³ wPšÍv, gy³ g‡bi cÖKvk fw½ m„wó Kiv;
 †gav I gbbkxjZvi êwPÎZv Avbqb Kiv;
 wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e wkÿvi AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© Aaëmvqx g‡bvfve RvMÖZKi‡Yi Dcvq Ly‡R †ei Ki‡Z
n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.1
K. eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1. weMZ cÖvq cvuP kZ eQi wek¦ wbqš¿YKvix kw³i g‡a¨ cÖ_‡g †KvbwUi DÌvb N‡UwQj?
K. gvwK©b hy³ivóª
L. Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n
M. cÖvP¨ RvwZi †RvU
N. cvðvZ¨ RvwZ
2. wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Kviv wU‡K _vK‡e?
K. kw³kvjxiv
L. Dchy³iv
M. cwðgviv
N. âh©kxjiv
DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. L
L. msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. wek¦vqb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. wek¦ wbqš¿‡Yi kw³¸‡jv wK wK?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M wk¶v_©x‡ì †hvM¨ K‡i M‡o †Zvjvq GKRb wk¶‡Ki f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|

cvV- 5.2: wewfbœ ai‡bi wk¶vq wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve I cÖwZeÜKZv

Impact of Globalization on Different Types of
Education
D‡Ïk¨
 wewfbœ ai‡bi wkÿv aviv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿvq wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e wkÿvi cÖwZeÜKZv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mv¤úªwZKv‡j wgwWqv RM‡Z wek¦vqb GK eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq| ïiæ‡Z †KejgvÎ A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK,
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK welqmg~n QvovI wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Gi cÖfve w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| wewfbœ cÖKvi wkÿvq
wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡ei d‡j Zv AR©‡b cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó n‡”Q| Z‡e GLv‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi wkÿv Kx? Zv Av‡jvPbv
Kiv ìKvi| wkÿvi cÖKvi †f` wbgœiƒcÑ
1. AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv;
2. AvbyôvwbK wkÿv;
3. DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv;
4. we‡kl wkÿv|
1. AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv: †h wkÿv wbqg-Kvbyb ev wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi evaëvaKZvi wbM‡o Ave× bq Ggb
wkÿv‡K AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv ejv nq| gvby‡li Rxe‡b wkÿvi m~ÎcvZ nq AbvbyôvwbK avivi Ges GB
cÖwµqv Avg„Zz¨ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Aa¨vcK Avey nvwg` jwZd e‡j‡Qb, ÒRb¥jMœ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i
Rxebe¨vcx ˆ`bw›`b Rxebhvc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q gvbyl ï‡b, †`‡L AbyKiY K‡i Ges †V‡K hv wk‡L ZvB
AbvbyôvwbK wkÿvÓ| G wkÿvi cvVkvjv n‡”Q cwievi, mgvR, cÖK…wZ, †jvKvPvi, ms¯‹w… Z, g~j¨‡eva,
agx©q I mvgvwRK wek¦vm BZ¨vw`| wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e AbvbyôvwbK wkÿvi evnb n‡jvÑ cÎ-cwÎKv,
MYgva¨g I m¨v‡UjvBU BZ¨vw`| G‡Z Acms¯‹…wZi Kvi‡Y mwVK wkÿv AR©‡b cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó Ki‡Q|
2. AvbyôvwbK wkÿv: wkÿv cÖwZôvb‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h wkÿvi aviv cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK wkÿv
ejv nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq Ò¯‹zj, K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjq BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g avivevwnK Ges µg
D”P¯Í‡i web¨¯Í wkÿveë¯’v‡K AvbyôvwbK wkÿv e‡jÓ| AvbyôvwbK wkÿveë¯’vi GKwU mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gv
_v‡K| wkÿv_x© GKwU wbw`©ó eq‡m AvbyôvwbK Dcv‡q wkÿv AR©b ïiæ K‡i Ges avivevwnKfv‡e av‡c
av‡c AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K|
AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi êwkó¨Ñ
 AvbyôvwbK wkÿv †kÖwYwfwËK;
 AvbyôvwbK wkÿv¯Íi wfwËK;
 G wkÿv c~Y©Kvjxb;
 GwU msMwUZ I mywbqwš¿Z wkÿveë¯’v;

 GwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K wek¦we`¨vjq ch©šÍ KvVv‡gvwfwËK wkÿveë¯’v;

 mywbw`©ó wkÿvµg I c~e© wbav©wiZ cvV¨ welqwfwËK;
 G wkÿv mvwU©wd‡KUgyLx;
 AvBb, Kvbyb, ixwZbxwZ I wewa wb‡la Øviv G wkÿveë¯’v k„•LwjZ;
 G wkÿveë¯’v cÖavb Dcv`vb nj wkÿK;
 G wkÿv 2q Dcv`vb nj wkÿv_x©;
 †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿK KZ…©K mycÖwZwôZ, wkÿv_x©i ¯^vaxbZv mxwgZ Ges
 AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î G wkÿv mvavib agx©|
wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e AvbyôvwbK wkÿvq Avg~j cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| Dbœqb I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v
cÖwZwbqZ wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~Px‡Z GKB ai‡bi cwieZ©b I cwigvR©b n‡”Q| G cwieZ©b I cwigvR©‡bi
†ÿ‡Î cÖweÜKZv m„wó Ki‡Q| GK GK †`‡ki GKÕGK P¨v‡jÄ i‡q‡Q|
3. DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv: DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv n‡”Q †mB bgbxq wkÿveë¯’v hv †Kv‡bv we‡kl wkÿv_x©‡ì
cÖ‡qvRb I Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ M‡o D‡V| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi Abgbxq evaëvaKZv
I wbqgbxwZi evB‡i wbw`©ó GK`j wkÿv_x©i DcvbyôvwbZ wkÿv| G wkÿvi êwkó¨mg~n n‡”QÑ
 G wkÿveë¯’vi D‡Ïk¨, mgq, wkÿvµg I eë¯’vcbvi w`K †_‡K bgbxq;
 G wkÿvi cÖavbZ: eënvwiK, Kg©wfwËK, Pvwn`vwfwËK I cÖv‡qvwMK;
 G wkÿv AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi gZ `xN©‡gqvw` bq, ¯^í †gqvw` Ges
 G wkÿv AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi gZ c~Y©Kvjxb bq, LÐKvjxb|
4. we‡kl wkÿv: we‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkï‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl eë¯’vq wkÿvi Av‡qvRb KivB n‡jv we‡kl
wkÿv| G‡ì Rb¨ mvaviY wkÿvi mv‡_ GKxf~Z wkÿvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q _v‡K| Gme wkÿv_x©‡K
g~javiv wkÿveë¯’vq G‡b GK mv‡_ wkÿv †`qvi eë¯’v KivB n‡jv GKxf~Z wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨| G Rb¨
mKj wkÿv_x©i kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgvwRK, Abyf~wZ, wek¦vm, ag©, fvlv ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wewfbœZv _vKv
m‡Ë¡ GKB we`¨vj‡q Avm‡Z evav †`qv hv‡e bv| GKB we`¨vj‡q hv‡Z we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkï,
kÖgRxwe wkï, c_wkï, DcRvZxq ev ÿz`ª RvwZmË¡vi wkï Ges myweav ewÂZ wewfbœ cwiev‡ii wkïiv
hv‡Z wkÿv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi eë¯’v Kiv| ZvQvov Gme wkÿv_x©‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl we`¨vj‡qi
eë¯’vI Av‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î G wkÿv wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e GKB wkÿv avivi m‡½ Gme cÖwZeÜx I myweavewÂZ
wkïiv wkÿveë¯’v Dbœqb MV‡Q|
wewfbœ wkÿvq wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡ei d‡j m„ó cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n n‡”QÑ
 wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi myôz eë¯’vcbvi Afve Ges eë¯’vcbv KwgwU¸‡jvi wbw®ŒqZv I †Kv_vI †Kv_vI
ØÜ msNvZ;
 AvšÍ:AvÂwjK I AvšÍ:gnv‡`kxq ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û mgš^‡qi Afve;
 wfbœ wfbœ ivóª I mgvR eë¯’vi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© Gi fvimvg¨nxbZv;
 wek¦vq‡bi abx ivóª I Dbœqbkxj iv‡óªi eëavb evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q;
 wkÿv cÖwZôvb cwi`k©b I gwbUwis eë¯’v `ye©jZv I `ybxwZ;
 wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve;

 AeKvVv‡gv mgm¨v;
 †hvM¨ wkÿ‡Ki Afve;
 wkÿ‡Ki AcÖZzjZv;
 cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡Î ¯^”QZv Ges Revew`wnZvi Afve;
 wkÿv_x©‡ì wkÿvMZ I gvbwmK cÖ¯‘wZi Afve;
 wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP AvaybxKi‡Yi Afve;
 QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì fvlv-Áv‡bi Afve;
 M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiYmn `ÿ Rbe‡ji Afve;
 GKwesk kZvãx weÁvb I cÖhyw³i hyM, bZzbZ¡, g¨v‡bv cÖhyw³, Z_¨ cÖhyw³, gnvKvk cÖhyw³, †R‡bwUK
cÖ‡KŠkj, b¨v‡bv wPwKrmv BZ¨vw` wel‡q M‡elYv I Dchy³ cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve;
 we‡kl wkÿv Lv‡Z A_© eivÏ AcÖZzjbv;
 BwZevPK `„wófw½i Afve Ges
 wek¦vq‡bi d‡j Acms¯‹…wZi cÖ‡ek|

K. eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. wkÿvi aviv KqwU?
K. 2wU
L. 3wU
M. 4wU
N. 5wU
2. AvbyôvwbK wkÿvi Dcv`vb njÑ
i. wkÿK wkÿv_x©
ii. cÖwZôvb I wkÿvµg
iii. wkÿK wkÿvµg
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i ii I iii
DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. K
1. AvbyôvwbK wkÿv ej‡Z Kx eySvq?
2. wek¦vq‡b wkÿvi aibmg~n wjLyb|
3. we‡kl wkÿvi KvR Kx?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wek¦vq‡b wkÿvi aib e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e wkÿvi cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n wjLyb|

cvV 5.3: wek¦vq‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z Dbœqb I wkÿv
D‡Ïk¨
 AvšÍR©vwZK wkÿv Kwgk‡b wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi AMÖMwZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Dbœq‡b RvwZms‡Ni f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ ms¯’vi f~wgKv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv Dbœq‡b wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wek¦vq‡bi Dbœqb I wkÿv

wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M mgvR cÖMwZ Ges Av_© mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿvi wek¦‡cÖÿvcU cÖwZwbqZB `ªæZZvi
m‡½ e`‡j hv‡”Q, mshy³ n‡”Q G‡K A‡bï m‡½| G hy‡M D”Pwkÿv, Ávb `ÿZv I D™¢vebx kw³i weKvkB
w`‡Z cv‡i †`k I RvwZ‡K mdjZv Ges mf¨Zv‡K Ki‡Z cv‡i me©vs‡k cwic~Y© Ges mKj mgm¨v †_‡K gy³
†nvK †m êwk¦K DòZv, cwi‡ek `~lY, R¡vjvbx msKU I A_©bxwZi Aw¯’iZv, †ivM †kvK, Riv g„Zz¨, RvwZMZ
ev DMÖ agx©q ØÜ msNvZ I mwnsmZv| ZvB AvR‡Ki hy‡M D”Pwkÿv Ges `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †hgb K‡i
Abyf~Z n‡”Q gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m †Zgb K‡i c~‡e© KL‡bv Abyf~Z nqwb| Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK
cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î wek¦vqb cÖwμqv MwZgq nIqvi μgavivq wkÿviI wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z iƒc m„wó K‡i‡Q| wewfbœ
†`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v G avivi mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L c~Y©MwVZ n‡”Q| RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯’v Ges wewfbœ
AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi f~wgKv †Rvi`v‡ii Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i P‡j‡Q| mv‡_ mv‡_
bvbvwea Kg©m~Px MÖnY Ki‡Q| Gme ms¯’vi `„wófw½i wfwË‡Z wkÿvi Dbœqb cÖwZwbqZ MwZgq K‡i P‡j‡Q|
wek¦vq‡b RvwZmsN/AvšÍR©vwZK mb` I Kwgk‡bi f~wgKv
wek¦vq‡b wkÿv Dbœq‡b Gme wkÿv Kwgkb I ms¯’vi cÖavb cÖavb w`K¸‡jv n‡”QÑ
1. gvbe AwaKv‡i me©Rbxb †NvlYv: 1948 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤î AbywôZ RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY Awa‡ek‡bi
217 K (111) wewa‡Z we‡k¦i gvby‡li AwaKvi cÖwZôv I iÿvi GK me©Rbxb †NvlYv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G
†NvlYvq cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB wkÿv jv‡fi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| cÖv_wgK cÖviw¤¢K I †gŠwjK ¯Íimg~‡n wkÿv
A‰eZwbK n‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK wkÿv eva¨Zvg~jK n‡Z n‡e| KviMwi I †ckvMZ wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM
mvaviYfv‡e mnRjf¨ n‡e Ges †gav Abyhvqx D”P wkÿvq AskMÖn‡Y mK‡ji mgvb my‡hvM _vK‡e |
2. AvšÍR©vwZK wkÿv Kwgkb (1971-1972): RvwZmsN wkÿv weÁvb I mvs¯‹…wZK ms¯’v (BD‡b‡¯‹v) wek¦
wkÿv †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q| gvbyl I mgv‡Ri Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkÿvi MwZ I cÖK…wZ
wel‡q w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡b ms¯’vwU Rb¥jMœ †_‡K m~Pviæiƒ‡c `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| G Kwgk‡bi
cÖavb `ywU `vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ cÖ gwU n‡jv `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj Ávb iv‡R¨ I mgvR eë¯’vq AvšÍR©vwZK
mg‡SvZv I kvwšÍi Pvwn`vi wbwi‡L wkÿvi bZzb bZzb jÿ¨ wba©viY Kiv| wØZxqwU n‡jv wba©vwiZ
D‡Ïk¨vewj AR©‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq eyw×e„wËK gvbexq I A_© wel‡q mycvwikgvjv cÖYqb Kiv| GB Kwgkb
1972 mv‡j “Learning to Be” (weKwkZ nIqvi Rb¨ †kLv) kxl©K cÖwZ‡e`b †ck K‡i| eZ©gv‡b Zv
AbymiY K‡i P‡j‡Q|

3. wm‡Wv mb`: bvixi cÖwZ mKj êlg¨ `~i Kiv Ges mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK me
†ÿ‡Î bvix-cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ 1979 mv‡ji 18 wW‡m¤î RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY
cwil‡` Convention on The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW) mb` M„nxZ nq| G mb‡` wkÿvi mg AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡kl K‡i
cyiæl I bvixi mgZvi wfwË‡Z †mme welq wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ ivóªmg~n bvixi cÖwZ êlg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi
Rb¨ h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
4. wkï AwaKvi Kb‡fbkb 1989: 1989 mv‡ji 20 b‡f¤î RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY Awa‡ek‡b wek¦ wkï
AwaKvi mb` †NvlYv Kiv nq| G †NvlYv c‡Îi 28 I 29 Aby‡”Q‡ì wkï‡ì wkÿvi AwaKvi D‡jøL
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GK K_vq mKj ivóª mgvb my‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z wkïi wkÿv jv‡fi AwaKvi‡K ¯^xKvi Ges
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡e|
5. mevi Rb¨ wkÿv wek¦ †NvlYv 1990: 1990 mv‡j 5 †_‡K 9 gvP© _vBj¨v‡Ûi RgwZ‡qb G mevi Rb¨
wkÿv welqK wek¦ †NvlYv Kiv nq| GB †NvlYvq mvi mvigg© n‡jvÑ
K. †gŠwjK wkÿvi Pvwn`v c~iY;
L. `„wófw½ MVb;
M. me©Rbxb my‡hvM m„wó I mgZv we¯Í…Z;
N. wkÿv AR©‡bi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb;
O. †gŠwjK wkÿvi c×wZ I cwiwa we¯Í…ZKiY;
P. wkÿvi cwi‡ek DbœZKiY;
Q. Askx`vixZ¡ kw³kvjxKiY;
R. cÖvmw½K mg_©b-bxwZgvjv MVb;
S. m¤ú` msMÖn Ges
T. AvšÍR©vwZK msnwZ `„pKiY|
6. w`jøx †NvlYv 1993: 1993 mv‡j 16 wW‡m¤î w`jøx‡Z D”P RbmsL¨vi bqwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki
(evsjv‡`k, eªvwRj, Pxb, wgki, fviZ, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, †gw·‡Kv, bvB‡Rwiqv I cvwK¯Ívb) cÖwZwbwaiv
GKwU m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ n‡q cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡K me©Rbxb I mKj bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi
A½xKvi e¨³ K‡i w`jøx †NvlYv cÖ`vb K‡i| G †NvlYv 1990 mv‡j mevi Rb¨ wkÿvÕ welqK wek¦
m‡¤§jb Ges wek¦ wkï m‡¤§j‡b wba©vwiZ jÿ¨mg~n h_vmva¨ Drmvn DÏxcbv I mKí wb‡q ev¯Íevq‡b
A½xKvi e¨³ K‡ib|
7. GKzk kZ‡K wkÿvi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK Kwgkb (1993Ñ1996): BD‡b‡¯‹v 1993 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi wewkó
eyw×Rxwe I BD‡ivcxq Kwgk‡bi cÖv³b mfvcwZ R¨vK †`ji †K †Pqvig¨vb K‡i GKzk kZ‡K wkÿvi
Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK Kwgkb wb‡qvM K‡i| GwU †`ji Kwgkb bv‡g cwiwPZ| G Kwgk‡b wewfbœ †`‡ki †gvU
c‡bi Rb wkÿv we‡klÁ m`m¨ wQ‡jb| 1996 mv‡j G Kwgkb BD‡b‡¯‹vi wbKU “Learning: The
Treasure Within” (wkLb: AšÍwb©wnZ m¤ú`) kxl©K wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK G wkÿv Kwgkb
GKzk kZ‡K wkÿvi wek¦ Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z KZK¸‡jv †ÿÎ wbiƒcb K‡i| G ¸‡jv n‡”QÑ (K) wkÿv I
Dbœqb (L) wkÿv I weÁvb (M) wkÿv I bvMwiKZv (N) wkÿv I ms¯‹…wZ (O) wkÿv I mvgvwRK mymsMwZ
(P) wkÿv I KvR|
8. wek¦ wkÿv †dvivg 2000: †m‡bMv‡i ivRavbx WvKv‡i 2000 mv‡j wek¦ ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›` Ges wewfbœ
AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v Òmevi Rb¨ wkÿvÓ bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b GKwU †NvlYvcÎ cÖYqb K‡ib| GwU The Dakar
Framework for Action (DFA) †NvlYv bv‡g cwiwPZ| me©vwaK SuywKc~Y© wkï, myweavewÂZ wkï,
†g‡q wkï, msL¨vjNy wkïmn mKj wkïi Rb¨ 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ webvg~‡j¨ eva¨Zvg~jK I gvb m¤úbœ
wkÿvi wbðqZv weavb| G j‡ÿ¨ QqwU jÿ¨ wba©viY Ges jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ eviwU †KŠkj wba©viY
K‡i|
9. mnmªvã †NvlYv 2000: bZzb mnmªvä ïiæi cÖ¯‘wZ wn‡m‡e 1990 `k‡K RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK
ms¯’v wek¦ gvbe mgv‡Ri wewfbœ w`K we‡klZ †UKmB mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi welqvw` wb‡q
msjvc †mwgbvi, m‡¤§jb BZ¨vw` cwiPvjbv K‡i| wek¦wfwËK gvbe Dbœqb mva‡b GKwU wek¦ Askx`viZ¡
eë¯’v msMV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| G cÖwμqvq we‡k¦i †`‡k †`‡k 8wU Dbœqb jÿ¨
wba©viY Kiv nq| GB jÿ¨mg~n (The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) bv‡g L¨vwZ|
Gme j‡ÿï wfwË‡Z Dbœqb cÖwμqv cwiPvjbvq Rb¨ 2000 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m RvwZmsNfz³
†`k¸‡jv me©m¤§wZμ‡g Òmnmªvã †NvlYvÓ (The Millennium Declaration) MÖnY K‡i| Gme
j‡ÿï g‡a¨ 2 I 3 b¤^‡ii jÿ¨gvÎv mivmwi wkÿvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³|
2 bs jÿ¨gvÎvÑ 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡k¦i me©Î evjK evwjKv, mK‡ji cÖv_wgK wkÿvPμ mgvß Kivi
wbðqZvweavb| 3bs jÿ¨gvÎv wkÿvi mKj ¯Í‡i wj½ êlg¨`~ixKiY|
AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vmn Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi wkÿv Kg©m~Px
RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯’v we‡klZ BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDwb‡md, BDGbwWwc wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi wewfbœ w`‡Ki
Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Avm‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î Gme ms¯’v Bmy¨wfwËK wkÿv Ges wkÿv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ Kg©m~Px
MÖnY K‡i P‡j‡Q| Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n w`b w`b wkÿv Dbœq‡b AMÖMwZ e„w× cv‡”Q|
Rvcvb AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v (RvBK) Overseas Development Assistance (ODA)-Gi
wfwË‡Z wewfbœ †`‡ki wkÿvmn Dbœqb Kg©m~Px‡Z KvwiMwi mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i P‡j‡Q|
†mf w` wPj‡Wªb (BDGmG) ms¯’vwU wkï I cwiev‡ii Dbœq‡b ¯^v¯’¨ wkÿv I A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î Kg©m~Px
cwiPvjbv K‡i P‡j‡Q| wkÿv Kg©m~wP‡Z cÖv_wgK ˆkkeKvjxb weKvk Kg©m~Pxi AvIZvq ms¯’vwU ÔevwowfwËK
cÖviw¤¢K wkÿv my‡hvM †K›`ªÕ (Home Based Early Learning Opportunity Centres –HBELOC)
Ges ÔevwowfwËK cÖvK& we`¨vjqÕ (Home Based Pre-Schools-HBPS) cwiPvjbv K‡i| Gme eë¯’vq
wkï‡ì Rb¨ N‡i I evB‡i †Ljv, Qov, Mvb Ges Mí ejvi A‡qvRb Kiv nq| wkï‡ì wcZv-gvZv Ges wkï
hZœKvix‡ì cÖwkÿY I †`qv nq|
cÖv_wgK wkÿv Kg©m~Px‡Z 6-15 eQi eqmx we`¨vjq ewnf~©Z I we`¨vjq AšÍf³z© wkï‡ì (In and out of
school children) Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM m„wói Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| we`¨vjq
ewnf~©Z wkï‡ì Rb¨ AMÖeZx© wkï‡ì mnvqZvq wkï †_‡K wkï (Child to Child) †KŠkj Aej¤^‡b wkÿv
jv‡fi my‡hvM m„wó Ki nq| wkï‡ì mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w×i my‡hvM m„wói Rb¨ Ô†jvK‡K›`ªÕ cÖwZôv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G‡K‡›`ª wkï‡ì Rb¨ eB I cÎcwÎKv covi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv I Dbœqb
evsjv‡`kmn c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k Av‡iv A‡bK AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v wkÿvi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
P‡j‡Q| Gme ms¯’v †`k¸‡jvi miKvi Ges wewfbœ †¯^”Qv‡mex I †emiKvix ms¯’vi mv‡_ Askx`viZ¡g~jK
mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z wkÿvi wewfbœ Kg©m~Px cwiPvjbv I mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q|

D”P wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb, Kvw•LZ DrKl© mvab, wkÿvμ‡gi AvaywbKvqb, wel‡q êwPÎ Avbqb, wkÿK‡ì
D”PZi cÖwkÿY, weÁvb I cÖhyw³i †ÿ‡Î beZi Áv‡bi w`MšÍ D‡b¥vPb, wek¦vq‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wU‡K
_vKvi msMÖv‡g Ges wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Y D”P wkÿv cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni f~wgKv
Ab¯^xKvh©| GKwesk kZvãxi G j‡Mœ eZ©gvb miKv‡ii ÒiƒcKí 2021 (Vision 2021)” AR©‡b Ges
evsjv‡`‡ki myeY© RqšÍxKv‡ji g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k‡K ga¨g Av‡qi cÖMwZkxj, Amv¤cÖ`vwqK, `vwi`ª I ¶zavgy³
RvwZ wn‡m‡e Movi †h ¯^cœ i‡q‡Q Zv ev¯Íevq‡b D”P wkÿvi f~wgKv AMÖMY¨| ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ moevZKivB
cv‡i miKv‡ii G jÿ¨ AR©b‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z| ÒiƒcKí 2021 (Vision 2021)” ev¯Íevq‡b `ÿ
Rbkw³, weÁvb I cÖhyw³ Ges D™¢vebx ÿgZvm¤úbœ gy³ g‡bi Av‡jvwKZ Ges wb‡ew`Z cÖvY gvbem¤ú‡ì
†Kvb weKí †bB| Avi ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ wek¦we`¨vjqB cv‡i †mB gv‡bi gvbem¤ú` m„wó Ki‡Z Ges
evsjv‡`‡ki Kvw•LZ †mvbvi evsjvq †cŠ‡Q w`‡Z|
gvby‡li D™¢vebx wPšÍvi cÖmvi Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi avivq Ávb weÁvb I cÖhyw³ RM‡Z `ªæZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ
n‡”Q| mgv‡Ri wewfbœ avivi mv‡_ Gme wKQzi Kvh©KviY I djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z gvbe mgvR `ªæZ cwiewZ©Z
n‡”Q| mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvRb bZzb bZzb gvÎv jvf Ki‡Q| Gme gvÎv c~i‡Y wkÿvi cÖK…wZ
I êwkó¨ μ‡gB eûgvwÎK iƒc jvf Ki‡Q| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi cÖwZwU †`‡ki wkÿvbxwZ I cwiKíbv Ges Zv
ev¯Íevqb †Kej †`kxq `„wó‡Kv‡Yi g‡a¨ MwÛe× ivLv m¤¢e bq| wkÿvi wek¦cwi‡cÖwÿZ G‡ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
we‡eP¨ wel‡q cwiYZ n‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi mKj †ÿ‡ÎB G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z we‡ePbvq †i‡L Ab¨vb¨
Kvh©μg I cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ges ev¯Íevqb Kiv Acwinvh©|
Dcmsnvi
AvšÍR©vwZK wkÿ Kwgkb I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v wewfbœ Kg©m~Pxi d‡j Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n wkÿvi Dbœqb w`b
w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| wek¦vq‡bi d‡j GK †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v Ab¨ †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vi Zzjbvg~jK ch©v‡jvPbv I
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi MwZgq K‡i Zzj‡Q|

K. eû wbev©Pbx cÖkœ
1. mevi Rb¨ wkÿv KZ mv‡j †NvlYv K‡i?
K. 1988
L. 1989
M. 1990
N. 1991
2. GKzk kZ‡K wkÿvi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK Kwgk‡bi mfvcwZ †Kvb †`‡ki?
K. Pxb
L. d«vÝ
M fviZ
N hy³ivóª
DËigvjv: 1| M, 2| L
L. mswÿß cÖkœ
1. AvšÍR©vwZK wkÿv Kwgk‡b g~j e³e¨ Kx?
2. wek¦ wkÿv †dvivgÑ 2003-Gi êwkó D‡jøL Kiæb|
3. mevi Rb¨ wkÿv welqK †NvlYvi Dc`vbmg~n wjLyb|
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wkÿv Dbœq‡b AvšÍR©vwZK wkÿv Kwkkbmg~‡ni f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. wek¦vq‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiæb|

cvV 5.4: Ávb, `ÿZv I Av‡e‡Mi Dci wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve
D‡Ïk¨
 Áv‡bi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `ÿZvi †kÖwYwefvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Av‡e‡Mi †kÖwYKiY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ wkÿvμg cÖ‡YZvMY eø‡y gi Taxonomy AbymiY K‡i wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ †kÖwYKiY K‡i _v‡Kb|
wZwb D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv‡K wZbfv‡M fvM K‡i‡QbÑ Ávb m¤^Üxq D‡Ïk¨, Abyf~wZg~jK D‡Ïk¨ Ges g‡bv‡ckxR
D‡Ïk¨| Ávb, gvbwmK `ÿZv I Zvi cÖ‡qvM, g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw`‡K Ávb welqK D‡Ïk¨ ejv nq| GB Ávb
welqK D‡Ïk¨‡K Qq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Abyf~wZg~jK D‡Ïk¨ nj †Kvb welq MÖnY, eR©b, cQ›`,
AcQ›`, Abyf~wZ Ges Av‡e‡Mi gvÎv BZ¨vw` wb‡`©k Kiv| †h Kvh© gb I †ckxq mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g
m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K g‡bv‡cwkR D‡Ïk¨ ejv nq| †Kv‡bv GKwU cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x© Kx Ávb, `ÿZv I
`„wófw½ AR©b Ki‡e ‡m m¤ú‡K© c~e© wba©vwiZ my¯úó I mywbw`©ó evK¨ nj wkLYdj| wkLbd‡ji IciwfwË
K‡i †jLv nq cÖwZwU cv‡Vi welqe¯‘, wkLbdj mywbw`©ó, ¯úó I cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡e Ges ejv, eY©bv Kiv,
†jLv, cv_©K¨ Kiv, cÖ`k©b Ki G ai‡bi mKg©K wμqvc` (Action verb) eënvi K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e|
wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e wkÿv eë¯’vq wkÿv_x©i Ávb, `ÿZv I g‡bvfv‡ei cwieZ©b Avbq‡b wkLb-†kLv‡bvi
†KŠkj AvaywbKiY K‡i P‡j‡Q| G‡Z wkÿv_x©iv Ab¨‡`‡k wkÿveë¯’v Abykxjb Ki‡Z wek¦vqb mnvqK
f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
Ávb m¤^Üxq D‡Ïk¨ (Cognative Objective)
Ávb, gvbwmK `ÿZv I Zvi cÖ‡qvM, g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw`‡K Ávb welqK D‡Ïk¨ ejv nq| GB Ávb welqK
D‡Ïk¨‡K Qq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P †m¸‡jv ms‡ÿ‡c avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
K. Ávb (Knowledge): c~‡e© MwVZ †Kvb welq ¯§iY Kiv, †Kvb Z_¨ g‡b ivLv, †Kvb cÖwμqv Rvbv
BZ¨vw` GB †kÖwYi AšÍfz©³| †hgbÑ RbwgwZi mvaviY c`¸‡jv Rvbv|
L. Dcjwä (Comprehension): †Kvb wKQz fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z cviv, e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cviv Ges wb‡Ri
fvlvq ms‡ÿ‡c cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv, web¨¯Í Ki‡Z cviv BZ¨vw` Gi AšÍf~©³| †hgbÑ RbmsL¨v e„w×i
MwZ cÖK…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cviv|
M. cÖ‡qvM (Application): ey‡S ï‡b †Kvb AwR©Z Ávb, `ÿZv, †KŠkj mywbw`©ó/ev¯Íe Ae¯’vq Zv cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z cviv| †hgbÑ ¯’~j Rb¥nvi wbiƒc‡Yi m~Î Rvbv Ges Zv Rb¥nvi wbY©‡q Zv eënvi Ki‡Z cviv|
N. we‡kølY (Anylysis): †Kvb wel‡qi wewfbœ Ask Rvbv Ges Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cviv| †hgbÑ wbf©ikxj
RbmsL¨v ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cviv|
O. ms‡kølY (Synthesis): †Kvb wel‡qi wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv‡K ms‡hvRb/mgš^q Ki‡Z cviv| †hgbÑ
wew”Qbœfv‡e cÖ`Ë wewfbœ Av`gïgvwii Z_¨ avivevwnKfv‡e mvRv‡Z cviv|
P. g~j¨vqb (Evaluation): †Kvb welq, aviYv ev Z‡Ë¡i ¸Yv¸Y mwVKfv‡e wePvi Ki‡Z cviv| †hgbÑ
XvKv kn‡i MZ `k eQ‡ii RbmsL¨v e„w×i cÖavb wbqvgKmg~n hvPvB Kiv|
Abyf~wZg~jK D‡Ïk¨ (Affective Objective)

GB D‡Ïk¨ nj †Kvb welq MÖnY, eR©b, cQ›`, AcQ›`, Abyf~wZ Ges Av‡e‡Mi gvÎv BZ¨vw` wb‡`©k Kiv|
GB D‡Ïk¨‡K cuvPwU fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU ms‡ÿ‡c D`vniYmn avivevwnKZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv
Kiv nj:
K. MÖnY Kiv (Receiving): †Kvb welq, e³e¨, evYx, NUbv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i Abyaveb Kiv| †hgbÑ
RbmsL¨v wkÿv welqK cÖeÜwU g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i cov|
L. cÖwZwμqv e¨³ Kiv (Responding): †Kvb welq, e¯‘, NUbv m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK/†bwZevPK cÖwZwμqv
cÖKvk Kiv| †hgbÑ †¯^”Qvq RbmsL¨v wkÿv Kvh©μ‡g AskMÖnY Kiv|
M. ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb (Valuing): †Kvb NUbv, welq, Kvh©μ‡gi ¸Y wePvi we‡kølY Kivi ci MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡j Gi
cÖwZ AbyK~j AvPiY Kiv| †hgbÑ Rxeb hvÎvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡b RbmsL¨v wkÿv GKwU Kvh©Ki
cÖKí| Gi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b mKj‡K DØyKi‡Y mwμq AskMÖnY Kiv|
N. msMwVZ Kiv (Organizing): msMVb nj wewfbœ g~j¨‡ev‡ai êwiZv `~i K‡i mKj‡K GKwÎZ Kiv|
†hgbÑ evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w× †`‡ki GK b¤î mgm¨v Zvi ¯^xK…wZ †Ìqv Ges mgvav‡bi Kvh©Ki
cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv|
O g~j¨‡eva wfwËK êwkó¨ (Characterizing): cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbR¯^ g~j¨‡eva i‡q‡Q hv Zvi AvPiY Øviv
wbqwš¿Z ev cÖKvwkZ nq Ges cieZx© mg‡q Zv Af¨v‡m cwiYZ nq| †hgbÑ Sv‡gjv Gwo‡q P‡jÑ ZvB
fx‡o PjvPj K‡i bv|
g‡bv‡ckxR D‡Ïk¨ (Psychomotor Objective)
†h Kvh© gb I †ckxi mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K g‡bv‡cwkR D‡Ïk¨ ejv hvq| G
D‡Ïk¨wU wkÿv_x©i `ÿZv AR©‡b wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgbÑ
(1) weÁv‡bi eënvwiK KvR, (2) K…wl wkÿvq nvjPvl w`‡q Rwg ˆZwi, (3) e„wËg~jK wkÿvqÑ †mjvB
†gwkb †givgZ Kiv BZ¨vw`| g‡bv‡cwkR `ÿZv‡K cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
K. AbyKiY (Imitation): †h mKj KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q †ckxi mgš^‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †Kej gb wKsev
†ckxi Øviv Kiv m¤¢e nq|
L. nv‡Zi KvR (Manipulation): Av‡`k Abymv‡i A_ev wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK KvR m¤úbœ Kiv|
M. LywUbvwU KvR wbLyuZfv‡e Kiv (Precision): `ªæZ I wbLyZfv‡e KvR m¤úbœ Kiv|
N. MÖš’bv (Articulation): wewfbœ Kvh©vwì g‡a¨ avivevwnKfv‡e mgš^q mvab Kiv|
O. ¯^fveRvKiY (Naturalization): cÖwZwbqZ Abykxjb Ki‡Z Ki‡Z ¯^fv‡e cwiYZ nIqvi d‡j
cieZx© mg‡q Zv ¯^qswμq Ges ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e N‡U _v‡K| †KRvwgb eøyg Zuvi mnKgxMY GK cixÿv
KwgwU‡Z wkÿv_x©i AwR©Z wkLb `ÿZvi ¸YMZgvb Dbœqb Gi Dci KvR Kivi mgq wkLb D‡Ïk¨
wba©viY K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z W. †gwM, W. †WwfW Kv_©Iqvj Av‡ewMK †ÿ‡Îi `ÿZv Ges W. wmgmb I W.
†Wf g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿ‡Îi `ÿZv wba©viY K‡ib| AvR mviv we‡k¦ wkÿv_x©i g~j¨vqb eë¯’vq Bloom’s
Taxonomy eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| evsjv‡`k I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I GmweG Bloom’s Taxonomy †_‡K
D™¢vweZ| ZvQvov wkÿveë¯’v m¤cÖmvi‡Y wek¦vq‡bi BwZevPK f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| wkÿveë¯’vi Dbœqb w`b
w`b e„w× n‡”Q| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkÿv we¯Ív‡i GwM‡q G‡m‡Q| wek¦vq‡bi
d‡j GK‡`k †_‡K Ab¨‡`‡k †gavexiv cov-†jLvi my‡hvM cv‡”Q| DbœZ cÖhyw³i mv‡_ w`b w`b cwiwPZ

n‡”Q| G‡Z evsjv‡`kmn Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e wkÿv_x©i Ávb, `ÿZv I Av‡e‡Mi
cwieZ©b n‡”Q Ges wkÿvi nvi I ¸YMZgvb evo‡Q|
Dcmsnvi
wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e wkÿv_x©i Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ wkÿvμg, cvV¨m~Px I g~j¨vqb eë¯’vi
bZzb bZzb w`K wb‡`©kbv ms‡hvRb K‡i P‡j‡Q| G‡Z we‡k¦i GK †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v cwi‡ek Ab¨ †`‡ki
wkÿvi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mgš^q mvab K‡i P‡j‡Q| G‡Z DbœZ wkÿveë¯’v e„w× cv‡”Q|

1. Ávb welqK D‡Ïk¨‡K KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K. 4
L. 5
M. 6
N. 7
2. †h Kvm© gb I †ckxi mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ K‡i Zv n‡jvÑ
K. Ávb
L. `ÿZv
M. Av‡eM
N. g‡bvfve
DËigvjv: 1| M, 2| L
L. mswÿß cÖkœ
1. Áv‡bi †kÖwYwefvM D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. Av‡eM‡K KÕfv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq I wK wK?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. D`vniYmn Áv‡bi DcwefvM e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. `ÿZvi †kÖwYwefvM D‡jøLc~e©K wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Gi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e Ávb, `ÿZv I Av‡e‡M KZUzKz cwieZ©b n‡”Q e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib? Gi ¯^c‡ÿ
hyw³ w`b|

cvV- 5.5: RbmsL¨v e„w×, AwfcÖqvY Ges bMivqb

D‡Ïk¨

 RbmsL¨vi ¸iæZ¡ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RbmsL¨v e„w×i cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AwfcÖqv‡Yi aib m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 bMivqb m¤ú‡K© mg¨Kfv‡e aviYv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
RbmsL¨v (Population)
RbmsL¨v †h †Kvb †`‡ki eo m¤ú`| RbmsL¨vi Dci wbf©i K‡i †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Z_v mvwe©K Dbœqb|
ZvB ejv hvq RbmsL¨v I Dbœqb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³| 1650 mv‡j c„w_exi RbmsL¨v wQj cÖvq 50 †KvwU|
1804 mv‡j G RbmsL¨vi cwigvY cÖvq 100 †KvwU, 1927 mv‡j cÖvq 200 †KvwU Ges 1974 mv‡j nq cÖvq
400 †KvwU| 1999 mv‡j RbmsL¨v e„w× †c‡q †cuŠQvq cÖvq 600 †KvwU‡Z| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i RbmsL¨v 730
†KvwUi AwaK (2015) RbmsL¨vi G ai‡bi e„w×‡K e‡j ‘RbmsL¨v we‡ùviYÕ| we‡k¦i G RbmsL¨vi
†ewkifvM i‡q‡Q Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z| mvaviYZ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z RbmsL¨v e„w×i nviI †ewk|
RvwZms‡Ni wek¦ RbmsL¨v mgxÿvÑ 2015 Abymv‡i MZ 10 eQ‡i we‡k¦i RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi wQj 1.24|
eZ©gv‡b G e„w×i nvi n‡q‡Q 1.18|
wb‡P we‡k¦i K‡qKwU †`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi †`qv nj
we‡k¦i RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi (%)
†`k 1961 mvj 2015mvj †`k 1961 mvj 2015 mvj
A‡÷ªwjqv 2.0 1.3 d«vÝ 1.3 0.5
Aw÷ªqv 0.5 0.8 eªvwRj 3.0 0.9
Av‡gwiKv hy³ivóª 1.7 0.8 evsjv‡`k 2.8 1.2
B‡›`v‡bwkqv 2.6 1.2 fviZ 2.0 1.2
Bivb 2.6 1.2 gvjØxccyÄ 2.7 2.0
BivK 2.5 3.2 gvj‡qwkqv 3.2 1.4
KvbvWv 2.0 0.9 wgki 2.7 2.1
Kz‡qZ 11.8 3.6 †gw·‡Kv 3.1 1.3
Pxb 1.0 0.5 gvqvbgvi 2.2 0.9
Rvcvb 2.6 0.1 hy³ivR¨ 0.8 0.8
Rvg©vwb 0.8 0.5 ivwkqv 1.1 0.2
`wÿY Avwd«Kv 3.1 1.6 kÖxjsKv 2.7 0.9
†bcvj 1.6 1.2 wmsMvcyi 3.3 1.2
cvwK¯Ívb 2.4 2.1 †mŠw` Avie 3.2 2.1
Drm: Iqvì© e¨vsK MÖæc, 2016

†`Lv hvq, Dbœqbkxj †`k A‡cÿv †ewkifvM DbœZ †`k mg~‡n RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi Kg| G Kvi‡Y DbœZ
we‡k¦i RbMY me ai‡bi my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i| wkÿvi cÖmvi, gv_vwcQz Avq, DbœZ wPwKrmv c×wZ,
cywóKi Lv`¨, ¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek, msµvgK †ivM I gnvgvix cÖwZ‡iva, cÖwZ‡laK Avwe®‹vi, wbivc` Lvevi
cvwb, beRvZK I wkï g„Zz¨nvi n«vm cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î myeë¯’v _vKvq DbœZ †`‡ki RbMY gvbm¤úbœ RxebhvÎv
wbe©vn K‡i wKš‘ Dbœqbkxj †ewkifvM †`k¸‡jvi Ae¯’v Gi wecixZ|
wb‡P we‡k¦i D”P RbmsL¨v wewkó †`k¸‡jvi cwigvY †`qv njÑ
we‡k¦i RbmsL¨v (Ryb, 2016)
†`k RbmsL¨v (wgwjqb)
Pxb 1,378
fviZ 1,266
hy³ivóª 324
B‡›`v‡bwkqv 259
eªvwRj 206
cvwK¯Ívb 192
bvB‡Rwiqv 187
evsjv‡`k 163
ivwkqv 147
Rvcvb 127
Drmt www.internetworldstats.com#stats8.htm
Gfv‡e RbmsL¨v e„w× n‡j 2050mv‡j n‡e cÖvq 9.9 wewjqb| RvwZmsN mgxÿv Abymv‡i RbmsL¨vi
wfwË‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vb Aóg| mgxÿvq AviI ejv nq, AvMvgx `kK¸‡jv‡Z eZ©gv‡bi RbmsL¨v eûj
†`k¸‡jvi cwieZ©b †`Lv hv‡e Ges e„w×i nvi cÖavbZ bqwU †`‡ki g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡e, h_v fviZ,
bvB‡Rwiqv, cvwK¯Ívb, K‡½v, Bw_Iwcqv, ZvÄvwbqv, hy³ivóª, B‡›`v‡bwkqv I DMvÛv|
RbmsL¨v †ewki Kvi‡Y RbMY cÖwZwbqZ bvbv mgm¨vq cwZZ nq| eZ©gv‡b Gme mgm¨v jvNe Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨ mgMÖ we‡k¦ RbmsL¨v‡K †K›`ª K‡i“Rb weÁvb” ev “Demography” welqwUi cÖwmw× jvf
K‡i‡Q| Rb¥, g„Zz¨, ¯’vbvšÍi, eqm KvVv‡gv, mÂq, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, Kg©¯’vb I wewb‡qvM cÖf…wZi mv‡_
RbmsL¨vi m¤úK©, RbmsL¨v e„w×i mgm¨v I mgvavb BZ¨vw` RbweÁv‡bi Av‡jvP¨ welq| †`‡ki Kj¨v‡Yi
Rb¨ RbmsL¨v‡K Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb RbweÁvb Abykxjb| g~jZt RbweÁvb Abykxjb
e¨wZ‡i‡K †Kvb †`‡ki c‡ÿ RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢eci bq|
Aciw`‡K wkÿv we‡klÁMY RbmsL¨vRwbZ AbvKvw•LZ mgm¨v mgvavb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ gvbe Áv‡bi GKwU
b~Zb kvLvi cÖmvi NwU‡q‡Qb hv ‘RbmsL¨v wkÿv’ ev “Population Education” bv‡g cwiwPZ| welqwU
cÖPj‡bi ci mdjZv jvf Kivq ïiæ n‡q‡Q wewfbœ ai‡bi RbmsL¨v wkÿv Kvh©µg|
†`‡ki RbmsL¨vi wewfbœ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wó, mgvav‡bi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi gv‡S g~j¨‡eva m„wó cÖf…wZ
RbmsL¨v wkÿv wel‡qi AšÍf©y³| A_©vr gvby‡li cÖwZwbqZ Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ †h me Dcv`vb †hgbÑ
cÖvK„wZK, mvgvwRK. mvs¯‹w… ZK, A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK cÖf…wZi cÖfv‡e mgm¨v I mgvavb m¤ú‡K© Ávb

AR©‡bi welq‡K RbmsL¨v wkÿv ejv nq| BD‡b‡¯‹v IqvK©kcÑ Avwd«Kvq AbywôZ RbmsL¨v wkÿv m¤ú‡K©
ejv nq, ÒDbœqbkxj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK bxwZgvjv Z_v mvgwMÖK Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ
iƒcvq‡b mnvqK wkÿvi aviYvB nj RbmsL¨v wkÿvÓ| ¸iæ‡Z¡i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z welqwU Avgv‡ì †`‡ki
gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii cvV¨m~wP‡Z mwbœ‡ek Kiv n‡q‡Q|
RbmsL¨v e„w× (Population Growth)
†Kvb †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi g„Zz¨ nv‡ii †P‡q Rb¥ nvi AwaK n‡j A_ev ewnM©gb A‡cÿv ewnivMg‡bi
cwigvY †ewk n‡j RbmsL¨v e„w× ev †evSvq| RbmsL¨v e„w× †h †Kvb †`‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi w`K| Z‡e
RbmsL¨v‡K hw` Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ Kiv hvq Ges m¤ú‡ì mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© nq Z‡e RbmsL¨v e„w× mgm¨v
AvKv‡i cwiYZ nq bv| RbmsL¨v e„w× kZKiv wn‡m‡e wbY©q Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×
evsjv‡`k RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q we‡k¦ Aóg ¯’v‡bi AwaKvix| AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq RbmsL¨vi cwigvY A‡bK
†ewk| ejv hvq G‡`‡k RbmsL¨vi we‡ùviY N‡U‡Q| eZ©gv‡bi GLv‡b cÖvq 1015 Rb gvbyl evm K‡i| G
Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k we‡k¦ NbemwZc~Y© †`k¸‡jvi GKwU| djkÖæwZ‡Z G‡`k wewfbœ mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q
c‡o‡Q| evsjv‡`k miKvi RbmsL¨v RwbZ mgm¨v‡K GK b¤î RvZxq mgm¨v wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q|
wb‡P evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi cwigvY I e„w×i nvi †`qv nj|
eQi †gvU RbmsL¨v (†KvwU) RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi (%)
1974 7.64 2.48
1981 8.99 2.35
1991 11.14 2.17
2001 12.93 1.48
2004 13.52 1.5
2011 15.2 1.37
2015 15.79 1.36
Drm: evsjv‡`k Av`gïgvix wi‡cvU© 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv
cÖZxqgvb †h, eZ©gv‡b RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi c~‡e©i b¨vq e„w× bv n‡q gš’i MwZm¤úbœ n‡q‡Q| wkÿvi Afve,
eûweevn, evj¨ weevn, Lv`¨vf¨vm, cyÎ mšÍv‡bi Pvwn`v, Rb¥nvi I g„Zz¨nv‡ii eëavb, g„Zz¨nvi n«vm, e„×
eq‡mi wbivcËv, emwZ ¯’vbvšÍi cÖf…wZ RbmsL¨v e„w×i Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq|
RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y c`‡ÿcmg~n
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨ve„w× I AmgvÄm¨ nIqvq RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ miKvwi I †emiKvwifv‡e c`‡ÿc
MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
miKvwi c`‡ÿc
1. wkÿvi nvi e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Ges mevi Rb¨ wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi
cwiKíbv MÖnY|

2. bvix wkÿvi cÖm‡i cÖv_wgK †_‡K gva¨wgK wkÿv ch©šÍ webvg~‡j¨ cvVëB mieivn Ges lô †_‡K Øv`k
†kÖwY ch©šÍ †g‡q‡ì Dce„wË cÖ`vb|
3. cwievi †QvU (`ywU mšÍvb) ivLvi j‡ÿ¨ ¯^v¯’¨ I cwievi Kj¨vY Kvh©µ‡gi cÖPjb|
4. KvRx Awd‡m †iwR‡÷ªk‡bi Dci c`‡ÿc MÖnY|
5. PvKzwii †ÿ‡Î bvix‡ì wb‡qvM `v‡bi Rb¨ †KvUv cÖ_v cÖeZ©b|
6. †g‡q‡ì we‡qi eqm 18 eQi wba©viY|
†emiKvwi c`‡ÿc
RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I AvšÍvR©vwZK ch©v‡qi †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’v KZ©„K wb‡gœv³
c`‡ÿc †bqv n‡q‡Q,
1. evj¨weevn †iv‡a f~wgKv MÖnY|
2. cwiKwíZ cwievi Movi RvZxq jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡b cwievi cwiKíbv c×wZMÖn‡Y D‡`¨vM MÖnY|
3. KwgDwbwUwfwËK cwievi cwiKíbv cÖK‡íi AvIZvq cwievi †QvU ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkÿv I civgk© †`qv
Ges wUKv, Bb‡RKkb I cywó wel‡q †mev cÖ`vb|
4. RbmsL¨v mxwgZ ivLvi Rb¨ m‡PZbZv I cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvKiY|
5. ag©xq †bZv‡ì RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ f~wgKv MÖn‡Y DØy×KiY|
AwfcÖqvY (Migration)
AwfcÖqvY kãwUi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Migration. j¨vwUb kã Migrate ‡_‡K Bs‡iwR Migration k‡ãi
DrcwË hvi AvwfavwbK A_© To Travel ev ågY| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b AwfcÖqvY kãwU ïaygvÎ ågY ev ¯’vb
cwieZ©b Kivi g‡a¨ mxgve× †bB| †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯’vqx ev A¯’vqxfv‡e emev‡mi Rb¨ GK ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i
Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Mgb Kiv‡K AwfcÖqvY †evSv‡bv nq|
eû hyM a‡i AwfcÖqv‡Yi cÖ_v cÖPwjZ| wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b gvbyl ¯’vb Z¨vM K‡i Ab¨ ¯’v‡b emwZ ¯’vcb K‡i|
AwfcÖqv‡Yi KviY
AwfcÖqv‡bi eûwea KviY eZ©gvb| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KviYmg~n n‡jvÑ
 A_©‰bwZK MwZkxjZv
 †ckvMZ Pvwn`v
 DbœZ wkÿvi AvKl©Y
 cvwievwiK Pvwn`v
 RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb
 DbœZ cwi‡ek
 bvMwiK my‡hvM myweav
 mšÍv‡bi wbivcËv
 D”PvKv•Lv
 mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv
 wbivc` fwel¨Z

AwfcÖqv‡Yi aib
AwfcÖqv‡Yi KwZcq aib wb‡P eY©bv Kiv nj
1. Af¨šÍixY AwfcÖqvY ev Internal Migration: †Kvb ‡`k, ivR¨ ev gnv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ emev‡mi D‡Ï‡k¨
GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Mgb Kiv‡K Af¨šÍixY AwfcÖqvY e‡j|
2. ewnt¯’ AwfcÖqvY ev External Migration: †Kvb e¨w³ hw` wbR †`k †_‡K wfbœ ivR¨, †`k ev
gnv‡`‡k emev‡mi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvqZ‡e Zv‡K ewnt¯’ AwfcÖqvY e‡j|
3. cÖZ¨veZ©b AwfcÖqvY ev Return Migration: hLb gvbyl †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ Ab¨ †`k ev AÂ‡j †h‡q
emevm K‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z wb‡Ri myweav Abyhvqx Avevi c~‡e©i ¯’v‡b wd‡i Av‡m ZLb cÖZ¨veZ©b
AwfcÖqvY ejv nq|
4. †gŠmywg AwfcÖqvY ev Seasonal Migration: hw` wbw`©ó †Kvb mg‡q wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨ ¯’v‡b emevm
K‡i I cieZ©x‡Z wbw`©ó mg‡q c~‡e©v³ ¯’v‡b wd‡i Av‡m Ges G hvIqv-Avmv hw` Pjgvb iv‡L Z‡e Zv
†gŠmywg AwfcÖqvY wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| mvaviYZ kÖgRxwe‡ì †ÿ‡Î G ai‡bi AwfcÖqvY
cÖ‡hvR¨|
5. †`kvšÍi ev Emigration: ¯’vqxfv‡e emev‡mi Rb¨ wbR †`k Z¨vM K‡i we‡k¦i †h †Kvb †`‡k hvq
ZLb †`kvšÍi eySvq| hviv †`k Z¨vM K‡i Ab¨ †`‡k †h‡q emev‡mi AwaKvix nq, Zv‡ì‡K Emigrant
e‡j| †hgb Bsj¨vÛ †_‡K Zx_© hvÎxiv 1620 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb|
6. Awfevmb ev Immigration: wbR †`k‡_‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e emev‡mi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ab¨ †Kvb †`‡k cÖ‡ek Ki‡j
Awfevmb eySv‡bv nq| †h e¨w³ b~Zb †`‡k Awfevm‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ hvq Zv‡K Immigrant e‡j|
b~Zb cwi‡e‡k gvby‡li Rxe‡b mvwe©K w`K A_©vr †gŠwjK I †MŠY cÖ‡qvR‡bi BwZevPK cwieZ©b nq|
†hgbÑ
 DbœZ Rxebhvc‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
 e¨w³ Rxe‡bi cvkvcvwk cwiev‡ii eûgyLx Kj¨vY mvab nq|
 A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb nq|
 wkÿvi Dbœqb I cÖmvi N‡U|
 ms¯‹…wZi weKvk nq|
 bvix wkÿv I ÿgZvq‡bi cÖmvi N‡U|
 e¨w³ AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× cvq|
 wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î wewb‡qvM e„w× cvq|
 wk‡íi weKvk mvab nq|
 gvbe Kj¨vYg~jK Kg©m~wPi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
D‡jøL¨ †h AwfcÖqv‡Yi cÖfv‡e wKQz †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o, h_vÑ
 AwfcÖqv‡Yi cwigvY e„w× n‡j †`k †gavk~Y¨ nIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K|
 Acms¯‹…wZi my‡hvM _v‡K|
 KLbI e¨w³ ¯^v_©civqY n‡h hvq|
 cvwievwiK eÜb wQbœ nIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K|

bMivqb (Urbanization)
bMi
bMi (Urban) n‡jv eûmsL¨K †jvK I wewfbœ RvwZi emevm Ges wkí-evwYR¨ I cÖkvmwbK ¯’vb| Ab¨w`‡K
ejv hvq MÖvgxY k‡ãi wecixZ kã| cÖK…Z A‡_© bMi GKwU Rbc`| G Rbc‡ì cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡”Q
Rb‡Mvôxi i‡q‡Q †ckvMZ wewPÎZv| bM‡ii Awaevmx MÖv‡gi Awaevmx A‡cÿv mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK
`„wó‡KvY †_‡KI wfbœ| g~jZt bMi n‡”Q cÖkvmb, wkÿv, eëmv-evwYR¨, mfv-mwgwZ I Drcv`‡bi
cÖvY‡K›`ª| GQvov Ávb-weÁvb, wkí, mvwnZ¨, ivRbxwZ, ¯’vcZ¨, µxov, we‡bv`b cÖf…wZ myôzfv‡ePP©vi
Dc‡hvMx ¯’vb| d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e bM‡i Nb RbemwZ n‡o I‡V| A_©vr bMi n‡”Q e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi
Avevm¯’j, Ges Awaevmxiv wewfbœ my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i| †bBj GÛvim‡bi fvlvq, ÒbMi GKwU wbweo
emwZÓ| †hgbÑ wbD BqK©, jÛb, †UvwKI Ges XvKv| bM‡ii mxgvbv cÖkvmwbKfv‡e wba©viY Kiv nq|
cÖ‡qvR‡bi wfwË‡Z bM‡ii mxgvbv cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †hgb XvKv gnvbM‡ii mxgvbv GKvwaKevi cybtwba©viY
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K bMi‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv n‡jvÑ
 f~‡Mvjwe` †Rgm& GBP Rbmb e‡jb, ÒbMi Ggb GKwU Rbc` †hLv‡b evwm›`v‡ìkZKiv cÂvk
fv‡Mi AwaK K…wl e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †ckv Aej¤^b K‡i RxweKv AR©b K‡iÓ|
 wewkó mgvRweÁvbx g¨v· I‡qevi Gi g‡Z, ÒGKwU bMi cwi‡ekb K‡iÑ GKwU evRvi Kg©KvÛ Ges
Kgc‡ÿ AvswkK wbqš¿Y ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i| GKwU bMi A_©‰bwZK, AvBbMZ I wbivc`g~jK Kg©KvÛ
m¤úv`b K‡iÓ|
g¨v· I‡qevi
 gvwK©b cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv g‡Z, GKwU bMi n‡jv H GjvKvi AvqZb, I †jvK msL¨vi Nb‡Z¡i cwigvY|
A_©vr RbmsL¨vi Nbxfe‡bi gvÎvi Dc‡i wfwË K‡i GKwU GjvKv‡K bMi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq|
 The concentration of people in cities and towns.
cÖK…Z A‡_© bMi `ywU Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ, h_vÑ

1. GKwU wbw`©ó mxgvbv wPwýZ f~LÛ
2. f~L‡Û emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôx|
Rxeb‡K mnR, my›ì I Dc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ bM‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Amxg|

bMivqb
bMi n‡Z bMivqb ev knivqb (Urbanization) k‡ãi DrcwË| bMivqb GKwU cÖwµqv we‡kl| K…wlwfwËK
A_©bxwZ n‡Z µgkt cÖkvmb, wkí I evwYwR¨KwfwËKev AK…wl cwi‡e‡k Rbc` M‡o IVvi cÖwµqv‡K
bMivqb ejv nq|
 wewkó gvwK©b bMi f~‡Mvjwe` gwim B‡qUm& I †ewi MvW©bvi e‡jb, ÒbMivqb n‡jv mvgvwRK
IA_©‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi Ggb GKwU RwUj cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g GKwU Rbc` MÖvgxY Ae¯’v †_‡K µgkt
GKwU cÖfvekvjx I cÖvavb¨ we¯ÍviKvix bMi Rbc‡` cwiewZ©Z nq|Ó
 mgvR weÁvbx DMevb© e‡jb, ÒbMivqb n‡jv MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôxi ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g bvMwiK my‡hvM
myweavi cÖwZdjbÓ|
 Economic Commission for Asia and Far East (ECAFE)-Gi gZvbymv‡i, ÒLye mvaviY
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K bMivqb ej‡Z Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv‡K eySvq †hLv‡b RbMY ¯^vfvwe‡Ki †P‡q eo AvKv‡i
¯Í~cxK…Z Ae¯’vq evm Ki‡Z m‡Pó nqÓ|
 RvwZms‡Ni AwfgZ, ÒbMivqb ej‡Z Ggb GKwU cÖwµqv‡K eySvq hvi gva¨‡g †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi
µgea©gvb Ask bMivÂ‡j evm K‡iÓ|
 Encyclopedia Britannica, “Urbanization, the process by which large numbers of
people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.”
A_©vr, bMivqb n‡jv GKwU cÖwµqv hvi d‡j D³ ¯’v‡bi RbMY wbqwgZ I wbqwš¿Z Dcv‡q †Kw›`ªf~Z nq|
†m mv‡_ gvby‡li wPšÍv, eënvi I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq Ges K…wli cwie‡Z© AK…wlwfwËK †ckv
MÖnY K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i|
†Kvb Rbc‡` kZKiv KZfvM gvbyl MÖvg †Q‡o bM‡i G‡m emevm K‡i Zvi cwigvc †K bMivq‡bi nvi
(Rate) e‡j| bMivq‡bi nvi kZKiv wn‡m‡e Ges m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ cÖKvk Kiv nq
bMi RbmsL¨v
bMivq‡bi nvi = X 100
‡gvU RbmsL¨v
bMivq‡bi wbqvgK
bMivq‡bi wbqvgK wn‡m‡e 2wU we‡eP¨ welq i‡q‡Q, h_vÑ
K. AvKl©Y wbqvgK (Pull Factor)
L. weKl©Y wbqvgK (Push Factor)
K. AvKl©Y wbqvgKÑ †h wbqvgK RbMY‡K bM‡i Avm‡Z AvK…ó K‡i Zv‡K AvKl©Y wbqvgK e‡j| bM‡ii
hveZxq my‡hvM myweaAvK…ó K‡i weavq gvbyl MÖvg †Q‡o bM‡ii evwm›`v n‡q I‡V| G cÖm‡½ cÖL¨vZ
A_©bxwZwe` G¨vWvg w¯§_ e‡j‡Qb, ÒbMi hZ eo n‡e `ÿZv I we‡klvqb ZZ †ewk n‡eÓ|

G¨vWvg w¯§_
L) weKl©Y wbqvgKÑ gvbyl‡K MÖvg †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i ev †V‡j w`‡q †h wbhvgK bM‡i emev‡mi Rb¨ eva¨
K‡i Zv‡K weKl©Y wbqvgK e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î Rwg I kÖg `ywU Dcv`vb †ewk KvR K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ wbqvgK QvovI bMivq‡bi AviI wbqvgK i‡q‡Q hv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvÑ
 bvMwiK wbivcËv
 wkÿvi my‡hvM
 MÖvgxb Rxe‡bi cÖwZ Abxnv
 wPwKrmvi myweav
 `wi`ªZv
 Rxeb hvÎvi gvb
 cÖhyw³i cÖfve
 A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
 ivR‰bwZK D”Pvwfjvl
 bvMwiK wbivcËv I myweav
 gvby‡li AwfiæwP|
evsjv‡`‡ki bMivqb
1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| 1974 mv‡ji Av‡M RbmsL¨vi mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gv Abymv‡i G
†`‡k †Kvb bMi wQj bv| 1974 I 1981 mv‡j h_vµ‡g XvKvI PÆMÖvg‡K bMi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvq Avbv
nq| cieZ©x‡Z 1991 mv‡j Lyjbv bM‡i cwiYZ nq| Gici evsjv‡`‡k bMivqb e„w× cvq| Z‡e G †`‡k
bMivq‡bi weKvk wfbœ wfbœ gvÎvi| Zvi KviY wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq RbmsL¨vi Zzjbvq g„Zz¨nvi Kg, wkÿvi
Dbœqb, †eKviZ¡, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, cÖhyw³i Dbœqb, eëmv-evwY‡Rï cÖmvi, wk‡ívbœqb, cÖf…wZ| G‡`‡k
RbmsL¨vi cwigvY wewfbœ Kvi‡Y e„w× n‡”Q| d‡j bMievmxi msL¨vI µgkt †e‡o P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k
bMivq‡bi we‡klZ¡ n‡”Q bM‡ii RbmsL¨v e„w×i cÖeYZv †K›`ªgyLx I fvimg¨nxb| bMivq‡bi d‡j wkÿv,
KvwiMwi wkÿv, ms¯‹…wZ, wkí, cÖhyw³, wPwKrmv, DbœZ cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, eëmv evwYR¨, wPË
we‡bv`b, RxebgvÎvi gvb cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î Dbœqb I cÖmvi N‡U‡Q|

K. eûwbev©Pwb cÖkœ
1. RbweÁvb Abykxjb †Kb cÖ‡qvRb?
K. RbmsL¨vi cwigvY Rvbv
L. RbmsL¨v‡K Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Kiv
M. RbMY‡K we‡`‡k †cÖiY Kivi c×wZ Rvbv
N. RbM‡Yi my‡hvM myweav Rvbv
2. †KvbwU AwfcÖqv‡Yi KviY bq?
K. †ckvMZ Pvwn`v
L. wkÿvi Dbœqb
M. D”PvKv•Lv
N. †`kågY
3. gvbyl‡K MÖvg †_‡K weZvwoZ Kiv †Kvb welqe¯‘i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³?
K. bMivq‡bi weKl©Y wbqvgK
L. bMivq‡bi AvKl©Y wbqvgK
M. †gŠmywg AwfcÖqvY
N. ewnt¯’ AwfcÖqvY
DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. N, 3. K
L. mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. RbmsL¨v e„w× KLb ÿwZKi bq?
2. †gŠmywg AwfcÖqvY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. AwfcÖqv‡Yi KviY¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. bMivq‡bi wbqvgK¸‡jvi weeiY w`b|

cvV- 5.6: MÖvg Ges knivÂ‡ji wkL‡bi Pvwn`v I Ae¯’vmg~n

D‡Ïk¨

 MÖvg I bM‡ii cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MÖvg I bM‡ii wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Pvwn`v¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MÖvg I bM‡i wkL‡bi Ae¯’vmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
MÖvgxY I bM‡ii Rxeb aviv

gvbyl G we‡k¦ `yB ai‡bi emwZ ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡g Rxebhvcb K‡i| MÖvg I kni Z_v bM‡i KwZcq
Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i G emwZØq ¯’vcb Kiv nq| gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci wbf©i K‡i D³ emwZ|
†Kvb †`‡k MÖv‡gi cÖavb¨ †`Lv hvq, Avevi †Kvb †`k kniwfwËK| Avevi †Kv_vI †`Lv hvq kn‡ii AvwaK¨
†ewk n‡jI kn‡ii cÖK…Z êwkó¨ `„k¨gvb bq| mvaviYZ MÖvgxY Rxe‡b wfwË M‡o I‡V cÖv_wgK DcRxweKvi
Dci wfwË K‡i|A_©vr K…wlKvR, cïcvjb, grm¨ Pvl, grm¨ wkKvi I ebR m¤ú` AvniY cÖf…wZ MÖvgxY
RbM‡Yi DcRxe¨ welq| Avi G‡ì evm¯’vbI nq AbybœZ| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ G‡ì Rxeb‡eva wbgœgv‡bi|
Ab¨w`‡K kni-bM‡i _v‡K wekvj RbmsL¨v Ges DcRxweKv AK…wlwfwËK|A_©vr RbMY PvKwi, eëmv-
evwYR¨, wkí-KviLvbvq wb‡qvwRZ| GLv‡b gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v¸‡jv c~iYKivi my‡hvM _v‡K| d‡j
Rxebgvb Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e A‡bK DbœZ I êwPÎ¨c~Y© †`Lv hvq| my›ì cwi‡ek, DbœZ cwienb eë¯’v,
¯’vcZ¨, DbœZ wbg©vY ˆkjx, wkÿvi myeë¯’v, AvaywbK wPwKrmv I wewfbœ †ckv gvbyl‡K bMigyLx K‡i †Zv‡j|
wkL‡bi Pvwn`v I cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v
gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`w¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wkÿvi Pvwn`v AšÍf©y³| we‡k¦imKj MÖvgxY Rxe‡bB KgÑ†ewk i‡q‡Q
Zv‡ì †ckvi Dci wbf©ikxj| GQvov wkÿv‡ÿ‡Îi eë¯’cbvI Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvaywbK bq| Ab¨w`‡K
mKj ¯Í‡i wkÿv MÖnY Kivi gZ wkÿv cÖwZôvbI Kg| D”Pwkÿv MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM MÖv‡g †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq Rbc` I wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi `~iZ¡ A‡bK †ewk| MÖv‡gi RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q g~jabI Kg
_v‡K| †ewkifvM c~e© cyiælMY wkÿv MÖnY †_‡K weiZ wQ‡jb| d‡j M„n cwi‡ek wkÿv AR©‡bi cÖwZ wKQzUv
Abxnv M‡o I‡V| MÖv‡gi RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v ZvB mxwgZ| Zviv A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L Pvwn`vi
MwZ wba©viY K‡ib|
mvaiYZ: MÖvgxY Rxe‡b wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î my‡hvM myweav Kg _v‡K, †hgbÑ
 cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM myweav Kg
 `ÿ wkÿ‡Ki ¯^íZv
 wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ wkÿvi Afve
 Av`k© †kÖwYK‡ÿi Afve
 myôz †kÖwY eë¯’vcbvi A`ÿZv
 AvaywbK my‡hvM myweav ewÂZ

 wkÿv DcKi‡Yi Aeënvi

 bvix wkÿvi Afve
 AbybœZ Rxebgvb
kni Z_v bM‡ii Rxebaviv MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi wecixZ| AvaywbK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L bM‡ii RbM‡Yi
Pvwn`viI wbqZ cwieZ©b nq| bM‡ii gvby‡li Kv‡Ri wewfbœZv _vKvq Rxebhvcb cÖYvjxI ¯ÍiwfwËK| Z‡e
bM‡ii me©¯Í‡ii RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î wkÿvi Pvwn`v jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Kg© PvÂj¨ Rxeb hvc‡bi
mv‡_ mv‡_ Pvwn`viI cÖmvi N‡U| ZvB wkÿvi bvbvwea A½‡b m¤úK©hy³ nIqvi Rb¨ GK bMi †_‡K Ab¨
bM‡i mÂvjb K‡i| bM‡i †h‡nZz wewfbœ wkÿvi my‡hvM myweav _v‡K ZvB wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`vi g‡aÏ _v‡K
wewPÎZv| weÁv‡bi AMÖhvÎvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkÿv ‡ÿ‡Îi cwieZ©b ¯úó n‡q I‡V| DbœZ Rxebhvc‡bi mnvqK
nq hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkÿv AR©b| ZvB bM‡ii wkÿv_©xiv hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wkÿv AR©‡b AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i| bM‡i
wewfbœ my‡hvM myweav eZ©gvb _vKvq ¯^vfvweKfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡ì Pvwn`v _v‡K DbœZ Rxe‡bi cÖwZ| Avi Zv
†gUv‡bvi A‡bKvsk cvq wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b| wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡ì DbœZ wkÿvi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z GK bMi †_‡K Ab¨
bMi, GK †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k hvq| Gfv‡e Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi wkÿv MÖnY K‡i wb‡R, cwievi Z_v
†`k‡K DbœZ Kivi myß B”Qv ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| bM‡ii wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b wbgœwjwLZ myweav i‡q‡Q,
†hgbÑ
 DbœZ wkÿv eë¯’vcbv
 my`ÿ wkÿK
 wkÿ‡Ki ‡ckvMZ Revew`wnZv
 wkÿ‡Y wkÿ‡Ki BwZevPK gvbwmKZv
 DcKi‡Yi myôz eënvi
 DbœZ cvV`vb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM
 †kÖwY cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv
 wkÿv_©x g~j¨vq‡bi `ÿZv
 cÖvwZôvwbK myweavwì DbœZ eë¯’v
 weÁvb I cÖhyw³i DbœZ eë¯’v
 wkÿv_©x-wkÿK AbyK~j m¤úK©
 mncvVµwgK Kvh©vewji myôz ev¯Íevqb
 myôz cÖkvmb eë¯’v
 bvix wkÿvi cÖmvi
 mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv|
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY I bM‡ii wkÿv
we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ MÖvg I bM‡ii wkÿv‡ÿ‡Îi gZ evsjv‡`‡ki cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e DbœZ †`k A‡cÿv G‡`‡k
cv_©K¨ cÖKU| MÖvgxY Rxeb AbybœZ nIqvq Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e wkÿvi nvi Kg| wkÿv cÖwZôvbI MÖv‡g Kg_v‡K
Ges D”P wkÿvi †Kvb eë¯’v †bB| cÖwZôvbMZ my‡hvM myweavi †ÿ‡Î bM‡ii cÖwZôvb¸‡jv GwM‡q Av‡Q|
d‡j cÖkvmwbK eë¯’vi ‡ÿ‡ÎI cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| bM‡i miKvwi ¯‹z‡j cvkvcvwk e¨w³MZ eë¯’vcbvq
evsjv I Bs‡iwR gva¨‡g wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii wkÿv cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q| d‡j wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkÿv AR©‡bi

my‡hvM cvq| bM‡i AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv QvovI miKvwi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q i‡q‡Q DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv,
MYwkÿv, eq¯‹ wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi cÖPziZv| GQvov bM‡i wewfbœ KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wkÿv i‡q‡Q| bvix
wkÿvi cÖmvi I †mLv‡b †`Lv hvq| GQvov bM‡i wewfbœ wel‡q cÖwkÿ‡Yi myeë¯’v i‡q‡Q weavq †ÿÎ
we‡k‡l wb‡R‡K DbœZ Kivi Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
 evsjv‡`‡k bMi I MÖvgxY wkÿv eë¯’vi cv_©K¨
MÖvgxY bMi wkÿv
we`¨vj‡q †fŠZ my‡hvM-myweav Kg _v‡K| we`¨vj‡q †fŠZ my‡hvM-myweav Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk
_v‡K|
MÖvgx‡Y wkÿvi nvi bM‡ii Zzjbvq Kg _v‡K| wkÿvi nvi e„w× cvq|
D”Pwkÿv cÖwZôvb Kg _vKvq G wkÿv D”P wkÿv cÖwZôvb †ekx _vKvq D”Pwkÿvq wkwÿZ
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg my‡hvM †c‡q _v‡K| msL¨v MÖvgxY Zzjbvq †ewk|
MÖvgxY G †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ wkÿ‡Ki Afve| †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wkÿK Afve nq bv|
wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb n«vm cvq| wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb e„w× cvq|
wkÿv_x© S‡o cov msL¨v †ewk| wkÿv_x© S‡o cov msL¨v bvB ej‡jB P‡j|

1. MÖvgxY Rxeb Kx‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj?
K. mgv‡Ri Dci
L. gvby‡li ¯^fv‡ei Dci
M. DcRxweKvi Dci
N. a‡g©i Avwa‡Kï Dci
2. wkÿv AR©‡bi me©v‡cÿv Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek †KvbwU?
K. MÖvgxY cwi‡ek
L. mvgvwRK cwi‡ek
M. bMi cwi‡ek
N. M„n cwi‡ek
DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. N|
1. MÖvg I bM‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Kiæb|
2. MÖv‡gi wkÿv_©x‡ì Pvwn`v D‡jøL Kiæb|
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. MÖv‡g wkÿvi my‡hvM myweav Kg-gZvgZ cÖ`vb Kiæb|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY I bM‡ii wkÿvi cv_©K¨ Kiæb|

cvV- 5.7: gvb wb‡`©kK: cwi‡ek, ¯^v¯’¨, Lv`¨ I Rxeb hvÎvi gvb
D‡Ïk¨

 cwi‡e‡ki Dci wkÿvi wbf©ikxjZv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^v‡¯’ï ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© aviYv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gvbe Rxe‡b Lv‡`ï f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gvb m¤§Z Rxeb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKv
wkÿv GKwU MwZkxj cÖwµqv ZvB Zvi cÖfve c‡o e¨w³, mgvR I ivóªxq Rxe‡b| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, Pjgvb
mgv‡Ri mv‡_ mv‡_ wkÿvi MwZcÖvß nq mgv‡Ri Pvwn`vi cÖwZdjb N‡U wkÿv eë¯’vq| AvR wek¦vq‡bi
cÖfv‡e wewfbœ cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L wkÿvi cwieZ©b I Dbœqb N‡U‡Q| mvgvwRK-ms¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡ÎI
n‡q‡Q abvZ¥K cwieZ©b| eZ©gv‡b Dbœqb I abvZ¥K cwieZ©b‡K G‡K Ac‡ii mgv_©K wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv
nq| Avi Gi gvb wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e f~wgKv iv‡Lcwi‡ek, ¯^v¯’¨, Lv`¨ I RxebhvÎvi gvb|
cwi‡ek
gvbyl †h Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ Rxeb K‡i Zv‡K cwi‡ek ejv nq| A_©vr Avgv‡ì Pviw`‡K hv wKQz Av‡Q meB
cwi‡e‡ki AšÍf©y³| cÖK…Z A‡_© G c„w_exi Rxe, ARxe meB cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb| DBwKwcwWqv Abymv‡i,
cwi‡ek ej‡Z †Kvb eë¯’vi evwn¨K cÖfveKmg~‡ni mgwó‡K †evSvq|‡hgb Pvicv‡ki †fŠZ Ae¯’v, Rjevqy
I cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Ab¨vb¨ Rxe I ˆRe Dcv`vb| cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mgMÖ cÖvwYRM‡Zi m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨|
cwi‡e‡ki cÖKvi‡f`
cwi‡ek
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek AcÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek
f~cÖK…wZ Rjevqy RjfvM g„wËKv Dw™¢` LwbR cÖvwYRMr

RMr m¤ú`
RvwZ ag© RbmsL¨v wkÿv miKvi

G cÖKvi‡f` †_‡K ¯úó †h, Avgv‡ì Pvicv‡k cwi‡e‡ki me Dcv`vbB eZ©gvb| g~jZt cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZwU
Dcv`v‡bi Øviv gvbyl, cÖvYx I Dw™¢` cÖfvweZ nq| AwZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB gvbyl aviYv K‡i Avm‡Q †h,
gvby‡li mKj KvR cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Øviv wbqwš¿Z| f~‡Mvj wel‡q G wPšÍvaviv cwi‡ekev` bv‡g mycwiwPZ|
cwi‡ekev` ev Environmentalism m¤^‡Ü cÖ_g Dc¯’vcb K‡ib wnc‡µwUm (420 wLª÷c~e©)| wZwb
cÖgvY¯îƒcD`vniY †`b BD‡iv‡ci Rjevqy êwPÎc~Y© weavq †mLvbKvi gvby‡li kvixwiK MV‡bI êwPÎ
i‡q‡Q|ïaygvÎ cwi‡ek wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Rxe weÁv‡bi AšÍM©Z †h kvLvZv cwi‡ek we`¨v ev
Ecology bv‡g AwfwnZ| Phillipson (1970) e‡jb,“RxeweÁv‡bi †h kvLvq Rxe RM‡Zi mv‡_ †fŠZ I
ˆRe cwi‡e‡ki cÖfveRwbZ m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K ev¯‘we`¨v ev Ecology e‡j| Z‡e AvR
gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ we‡kølY Ki‡j cÖgvY cvIqvhvq ‡h, gvbe ms¯‹…wZ Zv‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ûi cÖavb wbqš¿YKvix kw³
Ges †MŠY f~wgKv cvjb K‡i cÖvK„wZK cwi‡ek| A_©vr cÖK…Zfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve ev f~wgKv wbqwš¿Z nq
gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZ Øviv| gvbyl Zvi ms¯‹…wZi gva¨‡g cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K wenvi we‡kølY K‡i wb‡R‡ì
gZvbymv‡i eënvi K‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, mgMÖ we‡k¦ mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi (AcÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek ev
mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek) Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv Rjevqy cwieZ©b (cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek)| Avi Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi
djvdj ¯îƒc A_©bxwZ, ¯^v¯’¨, Lv`¨, K…wl, RjfvM, cÖvwYRMr, ebRm¤ú` cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó
nq| Z‡e my‡Li welq me ai‡bi SuywK †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ gvbyl AvR e„nËi cwi‡ek †_‡K DbœZ I Dc‡hvMx
wkÿv AR©b Ki‡Q, Avi †m mv‡_ mgvavb ev wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ AR©bK„Z Ávb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Q| d‡j
wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î DbœwZ mvab n‡”Q| gvbyl bvbv w`‡K hZ mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡”Q mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ZZ †ewk wkÿvi
AvkÖq wb‡”Q| cÖ‡qvRb †_‡K we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Q bvbvgyLx wkÿv; Gfv‡eB n‡”Q wkÿvi Dbœqb|
¯^v¯’¨
Avgv‡ì Rxeb my›ì I Avb›``vqK Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb my¯^v¯’¨| mvaviYZ A‡_© ˆ`wnK my¯’Zv‡K ¯^v¯’¨ ejv
nq| Z‡e eëcK A‡_© kvixwiK I gvbwmK I my¯’ cwi‡ek‡K ¯^v¯’¨ e‡j| ndwKbm& wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯^v¯’¨
Abyl‡ì gZvbymv‡i, ¯^v¯’¨ nj gvby‡li kvixwiK, gvbwmK Ges mvgvwRK my¯’Zv| World Health
Organization ev WHO-Gi g‡Z, Health is the state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being, not merely the absences of diseases or infirmity. A_©vr ¯^v¯’¨ nj gvby‡li
cwic~Y© kvixwiK, gvbwmK Ges mvgvwRK my¯’Zv, †hLv‡b †Kvb †ivM ev `ye©jZv †bB| ¯^v¯’¨nxb Rxeb DbœZ
Rxe‡bi cwicwš’| Avi my¯^v¯’¨gq Rxeb Dc‡fvM Kivi g~‡j i‡q‡Q `ywU we‡kl Dcv`vbÑ Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek
Z_v `~lYgy³ cwi‡ek I cywóKi Lv`¨| myZivs mn‡RB ejv †h‡Z cv‡i ¯^v‡¯’ï mv‡_ wbg©j cwi‡ek I
cywóKi Lvevi Ir‡cÖvZfv‡e mswkøó| gvby‡li Rxeb my›ì I DbœZ Ki‡Z GKvšÍfv‡e cÖ‡qvRb ¯^v¯’¨ m¤^‡Ü
b~b¨Zg Ávb| G w`K †_‡K MÖvg A‡cÿv bMievmx †ek m‡PZb|
mgMÖ we‡k¦ †`Lv hvq A‡cÿv MÖv‡gi gvbyl fMœ ¯^v‡¯’ï AwaKvix| Zv‡ì Rxeb gvb AbybœZ nIqvq`~lYgy³
cwi‡ek I mylg Lv`¨ m¤^‡Ü Áv‡bi Afve cwijwÿZ nq| my¯^v¯’¨ m¤ú‡K© wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v 10wU m~PK ev
gvb`Û cÖ`vb K‡i‡QÑ
1. Kg©kw³ m¤úbœ ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ KvR †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z mÿg|
2. Avkvev`x-mwµq `„wófw½‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. wbqwgZ wekÖvg †bq I Nyg fvj nq|
4. cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z mÿg|
5. mvaviY mw`© I msµvgK †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaK kw³ Av‡Q|
6. IRb mwVK, kix‡ii msMVwbK w`K mwVK|

7. †PvL D¾¡j, †Kvb cÖ`vn †ivM †bB|
8. ùvZ cwi®‹vi Ges m‡ZR, e¨_v †bB|
9. Pz‡j LykwK †bB, D¾¡jZv Av‡Q|
10. nvo ¯^v¯’ëvb, †cwk I Z¡K bgbxq, nuvU‡Z †Kvb Amyweav †bB|
h_vh_fv‡e ¯^v¯’¨ M‡o Zzj‡Z cÖ‡qvRb ¯^v¯’¨ wkÿv wel‡q Ávb AR©b| kixi m¤^Üxq Ávb AR©b Kiv‡K
¯^v¯’¨ wkÿv ev Health Education ejv nq| wkÿvwe`M‡Yi gZvbymv‡i, Health Edducation includes
many thing. It includes physical health, mental health and social health. Z‡e eZ©gv‡b
my¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ weÁvb m¤§Z c×wZi gva¨‡g kixi m¤^Üxq wkÿv AR©b Kiv nq| AvR we‡k¦i me©Î
¯^v¯’¨wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î Dbœqb my¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q|
¯^v¯’¨wkÿvi jÿ¨
wPwKrmvwe`M‡Yi g‡Z ¯^v¯’¨ wkÿvi jÿ¨ wbgœiƒcÑ
 kvixwiK, gvbwmK I cvwicvwk¦©K w`K my¯’Zv iÿv;
 ch©vqµ‡g ¯^v‡¯’ï DbœwZi †Póv;
 cwi®‹vi cwi”QbœZv Abykxjb I `~lY wbeviY|
¯^v¯’¨wkÿvi gva¨‡g ¯^v¯’¨ m¤^‡Ü e¨w³i m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq Ges fwel¨r Rxe‡b my¯’ _vKvi gvb‡m ¯^v¯’¨
wewa ev Hygiene PP©v Kivi gvbwmKZv R‡b¥| ¯^v¯’¨wewa my¯’ Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ †ivM RxevYy n‡Z
cÖwZKvig~jK wewa weavb‡K eySvq|
UNICEF-Gi fvlvq ¯^v¯’¨wewa n‡”Q, Amy¯’Zv ev †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi cÖwZ‡iva K‡í e¨w³ I Zvi Pvicv‡ki
cwi‡ek cwi”Qbœ ivLvi wb‡`©kbvewj| ¯^v¯’¨wewa‡Z gvby‡li e¨w³ ch©vq †_‡K Zvi wePi‡Yi mgMÖ †ÿÎ
Aš‘f©y³| A_©vr RbRxeb †_‡K Rb¯^v¯’¨ ch©šÍ Gi AvIZvfz³| ¯^v¯’¨wewai gva¨‡g gvbyl AvR my¯’, mdj I
mv_©K Rxeb M‡o Zzj‡Z cÖqvmx hv cÖK…Z wkÿv I Dbœqb‡K my¯úó K‡i|
BDwb‡md-cÖavb mì `ßi

¯^v¯’¨ eë¯’v: †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`‡k AvR ¯^v¯’¨ eë¯’vq AMÖmigvb| my¯^v¯’¨ eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î MÖnY K‡i‡Q wewfbœ Kg©m~wP|
nvmcvZv‡ji †mevi gvb Dbœqb, †ivMx aviY ÿgZv e„w×, †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri msL¨v e„w×, cÖwZwU †Rjv I

Dc‡Rjv‡Z miKvwi ¯^v¯’¨ †mev †K›`ª ¯’vcb, †gvevBj ¯^v¯’¨ †mev †K›`ª I webvg~‡j¨ wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`vb
Ab¨Zg| GQvov DbœZ ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi j‡ÿ¨ gš¿Yvjq PviwU Awa`ß‡ii gva¨‡g †mev cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i‡Q
†hgbÑ
K. ¯^v¯’¨ Awa`ßi;
L. cwievi cwiKíbv Awa`ßi;
M. bvwm©s †mev Awa`ßi;
N. Ilya cÖkvmb Awa`ßi|
GQvov Millennium Development Goals ev MDG m~PK Abymv‡i wkï g„Zzï nvi n«vm, wkï I
gv‡q‡ì wUKv cÖ`vb, wfUvwgb ÔGÕ Gi NvUwZ `~ixKi‡Y †mev `vb cÖf…wZ Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i Avm‡Q|
RbM‡Yi ¯^v¯’¨ †mev mywbwðZ Ki‡Z M„nxZ n‡q‡Q RvZxq ¯^v¯’¨bxwZ|
RvZxq ¯^v¯’¨bxwZ
RvZxq ¯^v¯’¨bxwZi i‡q‡Q mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨, †hgbÑ
1. mevi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ I Riæwi wPwKrmv †mev cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ Kiv|
2. mgZvi wfwË‡Z †mev MÖnxZv‡Kw›`ªK gvbm¤§Z ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi mnRcÖvc¨Zv e„w× I we¯Í…Z Kiv|
3. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva I mxwgZKi‡Yi Rb¨ AwaKvi I gh©v`vi wfwË‡Z †mev MÖn‡Y RbMY‡K DØy× Kiv|
D‡jøL¨ †h, miKvwi eë¯’vi cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi LvZ, GbwRI Ges AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb G‡`‡ki
¯^v¯’¨‡mevi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡Q|
Lv`¨
Lv`¨ gvbyl Z_v mvwe©K Rxe RM‡Zi Rb¨ Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| Lv`¨ e¨wZ‡i‡K †Kvb Rxe (cÖvYx I Dw™¢`)
euvP‡Z cv‡i bv| Lv‡`ï DciB mKj Rx‡ei Rxeb wbf©ikxj| ZvB Rxe‡`‡n mKj kw³i Drm n‡jv Lv`¨|
Z‡e mKj Rx‡ei i‡q‡Q wfbœ wfbœ Lv`¨| Zvn‡j Lv`¨ Kx? †h me Dcv`vb Rxe RM‡ZikixiMZ MVb,
ÿqc~iY, Zvc I kw³ Drcv`‡bi Kv‡R eëüZ nq Zv‡K Lv`¨ e‡j| Lv`¨ g~jZt kix‡ii wfZ‡ii Kvh©vewj
wbqš¿Y K‡i, kixi‡K my¯’ iv‡L, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv e„w× K‡i Ges Kg©ÿgZv m„wó K‡i| myZivs me Lvevi
Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e cwiM„nxZ bq|
Lv‡`ï mv‡_ cywó mswkøó| Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi d‡j Rx‡ei kixie„Ëxq cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq| A_©vr Rxe Lv`¨ MÖnY
K‡I cwicvK, Lv`¨ mvi †kvlY, kix‡ii ÿqc~iY, e„w× mvab I kw³ †hMvq Ges Lv‡`ï †h Ask nRg nq
bv Zv kixi †_‡K wb®‹vwkZ K‡i Zv‡K cywóev Nutrition ejv nq| ¯^vfvweKfv‡e gvbyl cywóKi Lv`¨ MÖnY
Ki‡Z Pvq| ZvB cywó m¤^Üxq Ávb mKj gvby‡li _vKv Avek¨K| DbœZ we‡k¦i gvbyl G wel‡q h‡_ó
m‡PZb| ZvB Zv‡ì ˆ`wnK MVb h‡_ó gReyZ Ges Kg©ÿgZv I Mo Avqy †ewk|
cywói cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
- kixi MVb, eyw×gËv, kixi e„w× I ÿqc~iY nq;
- †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i;
- kix‡ii kw³ I Kg©ÿgZv e„w× K‡i|

ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b mylg Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| mylg Lv`¨ (Balance Diet) ej‡Z †h Lv`¨ †`‡ni
cÖ‡qvRbxq Pvnw`v †gUvq, ÿq c~iY I e„w× mvab K‡i Ges h_vh_fv‡e kvixie„Ëxq KvR¸‡jvi wbqš¿Y
K‡iZv‡K †evSvq|Avevi †h Lv‡`¨ kK©iv, Avwgl, Pwe©, wfUvwgb, LwbR c`v_©, I cvwb Lv‡`ï G
Dcv`vbMy‡jv cwigvYgZ I h_vh_ gvÎvq _v‡K Zv‡K mylg Lv`¨ e‡j| †hgbÑ `ya, wWg BZ¨vw`| myôz
Rxe‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mylg Lv`¨ ZvwjKv AbymiY Kiv| gvby‡li Ae¯’vb, eqm, bvix-cyiæ‡li cv_©K¨, ˆ`wnK
Ae¯’v, kÖ‡gi cv_©K¨ cÖf…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i mylgLv`¨ ZvwjKv cÖYqb Kiv nq|
mylg Lv`¨
Ab¨w`‡K Lv`¨vf¨vm ev Food Habit gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ AwZ ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î MÖvg I
bMi Rxe‡bi cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| Lv‡`ï Dcv`vb I Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv m¤^‡Ü h‡_ó Ávb AR©‡bi gva¨‡g
Lv`¨vf¨vm M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb| wkï, hyev, eq¯‹ mKj †kÖwYi gvby‡li myôz Lv`¨vf¨vm bv _vK‡j kvixwiK
AmvgÄm¨Zv I †iv‡Mi cÖ‡Kvc †`Lv †`q|
Lv‡`ï cÖKvi‡f`
Rxe‡`‡n Lv‡`ï Kvh©KvwiZv Abymv‡i Lv`¨ `yÕfv‡M wef³| h_vÑ
K. †`ncwi‡cvlK Lv`¨;
L. †`nmsiÿK Lv`¨|
K. †`ncwi‡cvlK Lv`¨Ñ †`‡ni MVb, e„w×, Zvc I kw³ Drcv`‡b mnvqK †h Lv`¨ Zv‡K †`ncwi‡cvlK
Lv`¨ e‡j, †hgbÑ kK©iv (Carbohydrate), Avwgl (Protein), Ges †mœnRvZxq c`v_© (Fat)|
L. †`nmsiÿK Lv`¨Ñ †h Lv`¨ †`‡ni †ivM msµgY †_‡K iÿv K‡i Ges kw³ Drcv`‡b mnvqK f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i, †m RvZxq Lv`¨‡K †`nmsiÿK Lv`¨ ejv nq, †hgbÑ Lv`¨cÖvY (Vitamin), LwbR c`v_©
(Minerals)|
Lv‡`ï Dcv`vb
Lv‡`ï †gvU Dcv`vb QqwU| kK©iv, Avwgl, †mœn RvZxq c`v_©, wfUvwgb, LwbR jeY I cvwb| Dcv`v‡bi
KvR wn‡m‡e Lv‡`ï Dcv`vb‡K `yÕfv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq, h_vÑ
i. Lv‡`ï gyL¨ Dcv`vbÑ kK©iv, Avwgl, †mœn RvZxq c`v_©|
ii, Lv‡`ï †MŠY Dcv`vbÑ wfUvwgb, LwbR jeY I cvwb|

DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z Lv‡`ï ¸YMZ gvb I cwigvc hZvh_fv‡e RbMY †g‡b P‡j| mylg Lv`¨‡K we‡ePbvq
†i‡L Zviv Lv`¨vfvm M‡o †Zv‡j| ZvB Gi mydjI Zviv †fvM K‡i| Avi GmeB nq Zv‡ì DbœZ wkÿvi
cÖfv‡e| Zv‡ì wkÿv cÖfvweZ K‡i g~j Lv`¨, mylg Lv`¨, Lv`¨vf¨vm, gv I wkïi Lv`¨ †ivMxi c_¨ me©cwi
Lv`¨ eë¯’vcbv cÖf…wZ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z| Avi G †ÿ‡Î MÖvg I bM‡ii g‡a¨ Lye †ewk cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq bv|
cÿvšÍ‡i, evsjv‡`‡ki †ewkifvM RbM‡Yi Lv`¨ eë¯’vcbv m¤úK©xq Ávb mxwgZ wKsev Avg‡j †`q bv|
GQvov wkÿv eo AšÍivq wn‡m‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| d‡j K¨vjwi, mylg Lv`¨, K…wÎg Lvevi I Lv`¨ m¤úK©xq
wewfbœ aviYv m¤ú‡K© G †`‡ki gvbyl †ek Am‡PZb| Z‡e my‡Li welq evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvi nvi c~‡e©i
Zzjbvq µ‡gB e„w× cv‡”Q| ZvB evo‡Q m‡PZbZv I `vwqZ¡‡eva| †m Rb¨ wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Lv`¨
wel‡qI DbœZ aviYv jvf Ki‡e Avkv Kiv hvq|
RxebhvÎvi gvb
Avw`g hyM †_‡K gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœqb ïiæ n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li wPišÍb Awfjvl b~Zb‡Z¡i cÖwZ| †m
Kvi‡Y gvbyl AvR Avw`g hy‡Mi RxebhvÎv cwiZ¨vM K‡i weÁv‡bi hy‡M wb‡R‡K †nv‡gvm¨vwc‡qÝ iƒ‡c
cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q RxebhvÎv mnR I Avb›`gq Kivi Dc‡hvMx bvbv Dcv`vb| hy‡M
hy‡M wKQz gvbyl Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb Avkxe©v` n‡q| ZvB Zuviv w`‡q †h‡Z †c‡i‡Qb bvbv Z_¨, ZË¡, Dcv`vb
mvgMÖx|
RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w×i m~PK
RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w× cvq wewfbœ wbY©vq‡Ki Dci wfwË K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑ
 gv_vwcQz Avq e„w×;
 wkÿvi nvi e„w×;
 Mo Avqy e„w×;
 Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ nvi n«vm;
 `ªe¨g~‡jï w¯’wZkxjZv;
 †eKvi mgm¨vi mgvavb;
 Drcv`b e„w×;
 RbM‡Yi gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv|
eZ©gvbhyM weÁv‡bi| ejv P‡j eZ©gv‡b weÁvbB g~j PvwjKv kw³| weÁv‡bi wb`k©b AvR me©Î weivRgvb|
ZvB AvR RbM‡Yi gvb Dbœq‡b weÁvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L P‡j‡Q| Z‡e wkÿv e¨ZxZ Rxebgvb DbœZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv| g~jZt weÁvb I wkÿv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ A½vAw½fv‡e mswkøó| Aciw`‡K wkÿvi nvZ
a‡iB N‡U‡Q weÁv‡bi Dbœqb| wkÿviI µgcwieZ©b N‡U‡Q, †m mv‡_ Avgv‡ì Pvwn`viI cwieZ©b n‡”Q
wbišÍi| G Kvi‡YB wkÿv MwZkxj| Pjgvb wkÿv AvR ¸iæM„n †_‡K cÖvwZôvwbK i~c jvf K‡i DbœZ
n‡q‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq wkÿvi Dbœqb A_© e¨w³ mgvR I iv‡óªi Dbœqb|
eZ©gv‡b wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi d‡j we‡k¦i me †`‡kB wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î Dbœqbg~jK cwieZ©b `„k¨gvb| gvbyl AvR
gvZ©„Mf© †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ Dbœq‡bi ¯úk© Abyfe Ki‡Q| gvby‡li Rxe‡b hv wKQz Pvwn`v ev cÖ‡qvRb Zvi meB
cv‡”Q AZxZ †_‡K DbœZ Ae¯’vq| wkÿvi Dbœq‡bi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li iæwP†eva, Rxeb‡eva I Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b
n‡q‡Q| Avi G me cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y gvbyl GLb A‡bK †ewk gvbm¤§Z Rxebhvcb Ki‡Q| N‡i evB‡i

mKj ¯’v‡bi gvbyl G gvb eRvq ivL‡Z `„pwPË| Z‡e gvbyl eZ©gvb gvb eRvq ivLvi g‡a¨B mxgve× †bB|
G gvb‡K AviI DbœxZ Ki‡Z †hb e× cwiKi|
wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M cÖhyw³i Aeva cÖevn, Z_¨ I cÖhyw³MZ cÖmvi, Aeva evwYR¨ I gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ,
mvgvwRK, ms¯‹„wZi MwZkxjZv cÖf…wZ gvbyl‡K K‡i‡Q D`vi, ms¯‹vigy³, hyw³ev`x I ev¯Íecš’x| d‡j DbœZ
†`‡k BwZevPK hv N‡U‡Q Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki gvbyl AbymiY Ki‡Q| Avi Gfv‡e RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ
n‡”Q| DbœZ we‡k¦i bMi I MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi cv_©K¨ cÖKU bv nIqvq me ¯’v‡bi RbM‡Yi gvb DbœZ ch©v‡qi|
Z‡‡e Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z MÖvg I bMi Rxeb †h gvb enb K‡i P‡j‡Q †m gv‡b †cuŠQv‡Z MÖv‡gi
RbM‡Yi h‡_ó mgq jvM‡Q| Gfv‡e wkÿv gvbyl‡K gvb m¤§Z Rxe‡bi cÖwZ AvKl©Y K‡i P‡j‡Q|
bM‡ii gvbyl cÖwZwbhZ wewfbœ Kv‡Ri m¤§yLxb nq †hgb, cÖkvmwbK, cÖwZiÿv, evwYwR¨K, ms¯‹…wZK,
wkíÑmsµvšÍ cÖf…wZ| G †ÿÎ¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri aviv AvR Avi c~‡e©i gZ †bB, Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i cÖmv‡i Avg~j
cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Ab¨w`‡K MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Kv‡RI cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| Gi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z me ai‡bi
K…wlKv‡R c×wZ I †KŠkjMZ cwieZ©b nIqvq djb e„w× n‡”Q, Kó jvNf n‡”Q, A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡KI
n‡”Q jvfevb| d‡j Zv‡ì Rxe‡bI wKQzUv DbœwZi Avfvl cvIqv hvq|
wkÿv, wPwKrmv, cÖ‡KŠkj, AvBb, we‡bv`b cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡ÎI AvR DbœZ †_‡K DbœZi n‡”Q| G Dbœq‡bi †Quvqv
mswkøó †ckvRxwei Rxeb‡eva e`‡j w`‡”Q| Abyfe Ki‡Q Dbœq‡bi RqhvÎv|
evsjv‡`‡ki RxebhvÎvi gvb
evsjv‡`‡kI Dbœq‡bi †Rvqvi G‡m‡Q| c~‡e©i †_‡K †`‡ki RbMY GLb A‡biK †ewk m”Qj I ¯^v”Q›`
Abyfe K‡ib, Avi †m mv‡_ †e‡o‡Q RxebhvÎvi gvb| GLb N‡i N‡i gvbyl weÁvb I cÖhyw³‡K Kv‡R
jvMv‡”Q, Rxe‡bi me †ÿÎ AvR Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AvaywbK n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k `kwU mvgvwRK m~P‡K †ek AMÖmi n‡q‡Q, †hgbÑ
1. Mo Avqy;
2. wkÿvi nvi;
3. gvZ… g„Zzï nvi;
4. wkïg„Zzï nvi;
5. cvwbi eënvi;
6. we`y¨Z eënvi;
7. wbf©ikxjZvi AbycvZ;
8. ¯’’j cÖwZeÜKZv;
9. Rb¥ wbqš¿Y c×wZ eënvi;
10. Uq‡jU myweav|
evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨g Av‡qi †`‡k cÖ‡ek Ki‡j gvbyl AviI DbœZ Rxebhvcb Ki‡e| RvwZmsN evsjv‡`‡ki
ga¨g Av‡qi †`‡k cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ 3wU gvbe Dbœqb m~PK cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q, †hgbÑ
1. gv_vwcQz Avq m~PKÑ me©wbgœ 1190 Wjv‡i DbœxZ n‡Z n‡e|
2. gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb m~PKÑ 66 A‡cÿv †ewk AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. A_©‰bwZK msKU m~PKÑ 32 ev A‡cÿvK…Z Kg Ae¯’v‡b _vK‡Z n‡e| (RvwZmsN m~PK)

evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni kZ© †g‡b Pjvi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q| †Póv mdj n‡j G‡`‡ki RxebhvÎvi gvb
wbtm‡›`‡n DbœxZ n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K MDG ev mnmªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨mg~n AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjv‡`k B‡Zvg‡a¨
†ek mdjZv jvf Ki‡Q| D³ jÿ¨mg~n AR©b Kivi gva¨‡gI evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rxebgvb Dbœqb NU‡e
wbwðZ ejv hvq|
wg‡jwbqvg Dbœqb jÿ¨mg~n
1. Pig `vwi`ª I ÿzav wbg©~j;
2. me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ AR©b;
3. wj½ êlg¨ `~ixKiY I bvixi ÿgZvq‡bi Dbœqb mvab;
4. wkïg„ZzÏ nvi n«vm;
5. gvZ…¯^v¯’¨ DbœwZ;
6. GBWm I g¨v‡jwiqvi g‡Zv †ivM wbg©~j;
7. †UKmB cwi‡ek wbwðZKiY;
8. êwk¦K m¤úK© †Rvi`vi|

1. gvby‡li mKj KvR cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Øviv wbqwš¿ZÑ G evK¨wU wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mgv_©K?
K. cwi‡ekev`
L. cwi‡ekwe`¨v
M. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek
N. AcÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek
2. †`n cwi‡cvlK Lv`¨ †KvbwU?
K. AvwglÑwfUvwgb
L. AvwglÑkK©iv
M. kK©ivÑLwbR
N. AvwglÑLwbR
3. †KvbwU RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w× wbY©vqK bq?
K. Rb¥ I g„Zz¨ nvi n«vm
L. gv_vwcQz Avq e„w×
M. Drcv`b e„w×
N. Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi cwigvY n«vm
DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. L, 3. N
1. cwi‡e‡ki cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. mylg Lv`¨ Kv‡K e‡j?
3. ¯^v¯’¨wkÿv cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Kx?
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡Z ¯^v¯’¨ eë¯’v m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvKcvZ Kiæb|
2. Rxebgvb e„w×i m~PKmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|

cvV 5.8: mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm Ges `„wófw½

Cultural Beliefs and Attitudes
D‡Ïk¨
 ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm I `„wófw½i Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm Ges mgvR MV‡bi cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Dbœq‡b ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm I `„wófw½i cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Dbœq‡b ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vq‡bi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKv
wek¦vq‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg Abyl½ n‡jv mvs¯‹…wZK weKvk| wek¦ eë¯’vq ms¯‹…wZi cwiwa µgk evo‡Q|
gvby‡li g‡a¨ mvs¯‹…wZ †PZbv we¯Ívi N‡U‡Q| GK †`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ mn‡R Ab¨ †`‡k cÖ‡ek Ki‡Q| mvs¯‹…wZi
wek¦vm I wek¦e¨vcx cÖev‡n wek¦vq‡b wkÿv eë¯’vi Dbœqb NU‡Q| ms¯‹…wZ cÖm‡½ mgvR weÁvbx Jones e‡jb,
“Culture is the sum of man’s creations” A_©vr gvbe m„ó me wKQzi mgwóB n‡”Q ms¯‹…wZ| ms¯‹…wZK
wek¦vm I `„wófw½i cÖwZwbqZ cwieZ©‡bi d‡j wkÿvi Dbœqb cÖmvi NU‡Q| Avi mvaviYZ †Kvb mywbw`©ó e¯‘,
e¨w³ I NUbv‡K wb‡q e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i †h aviYv ev Dcjwä R‡b¥ Zv n‡jv wek¦vm| mgvRweÁvbx _gmb
Gi g‡Z, Òwek¦vm nj MwZkxj Ges cÖviw¤¢K ms‡e`bkxj gvbwmK KvVv‡gv hv AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K
cwieZ©bkxjÓ GwU ms¯‹…wZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| wek¦vm †_‡K `„wófw½i Rb¥ nq Avevi `„wófw½
†_‡KI wek¦vm Av‡m| GB wek¦vq‡bi wkÿvi Dbœq‡b mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm I `„wófw½ Ab¨Zg kZ© e‡j we‡ePbv
Kiv hvq|
mvs¯‹w… ZK wek¦vm Ges `„wófw½i Zvrch©
Òms¯‹…wZÓ kãwU Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã nj GB Culture. j¨vwUb kã “Colere †_‡K GB Culture kãwU
G‡m‡Q| Colere ms¯‹…wZK k‡ãi A_© n‡jv Kl©Y Kiv ev Pvl Kiv| A_©vr ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z eySvq Kl©‡Yi
gva¨‡g cÖvß welq| gvbe ms¯‹…wZi AZ¨šÍ kw³kvjx Dcv`vb nj wek¦vm| wek¦vm †Kvb we‡kl GKwU welq
m¤úK© e¨w³i m‡Zï w¯’i cÖZ¨qb| cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡Ri gvby‡li g‡a¨ wewfbœ wRwb‡mi cÖwZ wewfbœ iK‡gi
wek¦vm †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| †hgb Z_¨ cÖhyw³i hy‡M wek¦vq‡bi f~wgKvi cÖwZ Av¯’v| wek¦vq‡bi GK mgvR
Ab¨ mgv‡Ri ms¯‹…wZ‡K jvjb cvjb Ki‡Q| G‡Z ms¯‹…wZi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mgv‡R cÖ_v K…wó, AvPi‡Yi
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq hv gvby‡li Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿv Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| mKj wek¦vmB n‡jv ms¯‹…wZi
A½| ZvQvov GB c„w_ex‡Z hveZxq wek¦v‡mi Dci GK A`„ô kw³ me©`v hv wek¦v‡mi mvs¯‹…wZK ¸iæZ¡ I
Zvrch© Acwimxg|
ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e wek¦v‡mi f~wgKv LyeB Zvrch©c~Y© I Kvh©Kix| G we¤^vm wØg‡Zi AeKvk †bB|
mgv‡R emevmiZ Ag~jK wek¦vm †_‡KI `„pZvi mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i jÿ¨‡K
Ges †mB j‡ÿ¨ DcbxZ nIqvi Dcvq‡K wek¦vm cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| ZvQvov mgv‡R emevmiZ e¨w³e‡M©i

cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©‡K wek¦vm we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| Avevi wek¦vq‡bI GK‡`‡ki mgv‡Ri wek¦vm‡K
Ab¨ †`‡ki mgvR‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| A_©vr mvgwMÖK wePv‡i gvby‡li AvPvi AvPiY I cÖeYZvi Dci
wek¦v‡mi cÖfve-cÖwZwµqv AwZgvÎvq mwµq| myZivs mgv‡R cÖPwjZ wek¦vmmg~n cixwÿZ I AcixwÿZ
DfqB n‡Z cv‡i|
`„wófw½: mgv‡R emevm Ki‡Z wM‡q gvbyl‡K we‡kl KZ¸‡jv ixwZbxwZ, AvPvi-AvPiY, cÖeYZv I Av`k©
BZ¨vw` †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| ZvB †hme wek¦vm, a¨vb-aviYv, Av`k©, jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ msKí, gvby‡li AvPvi
AvPiY Ges Kvh©vewj‡K c‡ivÿfv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i †m¸‡jv mgwóB nj mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva| GwU ms¯‹w… Zi
Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb| Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡”Q wek¦vm  g~j¨‡eva  `„wófw½  AvPiY| GLv‡b †Kvb GKwU
welq‡K gvbyl †h `„wó w`‡q H welqwU‡K †`‡L †mwUB Zvi `„wófw½| e¨w³i `k©b †_‡K Zvi `„wófw½ Rb¥
†bq| gvby‡li g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dci Zvi AvPiY I Af¨vm M‡o I‡V Ges H wel‡qi Dci †mB welqwU eënvi
K‡i ev Abykxjb K‡i| ZLbB `„wófw½ m„w÷ nq| wek¦v‡mi d‡j `„wófw½ cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi
`„wófw½ †_‡K AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr ms¯‹…wZi wek¦vm gvby‡li `k©‡bi fxZ wn‡m‡e hLb KvR
K‡i ZLbB Zvi g‡a¨ `„wófw½ cwieZ©‡bi mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L|
ms¯‹…wZi wek¦vm Ges mgvR msMVb
mgvRZË¡we` I b„-ZË¡weìv msMVb‡K mvgvwRK cÖwZdjb wnmv‡e g‡b K‡ib| mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm n‡”Q
aviYvi wPšÍv fvebv hv A‡bK e¨w³i g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq GwU wewfbœ †jvK‡ì g‡a¨ Áv‡b AšÍwµqvi g‡a¨ †`Lv
hvq| mvaviYZ mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm n‡”Q GKB ai‡Yi mvgvwRK cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ wPwýZ nq| mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Z‡e wewfbœ mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm I mvgvwRK msMV‡bi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i
cixÿb n‡”Q KwVb welq| hw` Avgiv mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm‡K msÁv wbiƒcY Ki‡Z PvB Z‡e G¸‡jv n‡”Q
KZ¸‡jv NUbvi mgš^q| Kxfv‡e mvs¯‹w… ZK wek¦vm‡K mxwgZ Kiv hv‡e Ges G¸‡jvi Drm Kx Avgv‡ì G
wel‡q hyw³ wfwËK n‡Z n‡e|
GB HwZnvwmK we‡køl‡Y KZ¸‡jv ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm Gi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL Kiv †hgbÑ eyw×wfwËK
mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm hv wewfbœ Ae¯’v hv e¨w³i cÖZ¨vkvi g‡a¨ cÖKvk cvq| †h‡nZz mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm n‡”Q GKB
ai‡Yi †m‡nZz Gi aviK evnKMY mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm‡K Aej¤^b K‡i| G¸‡jv n‡”Q KZ¸‡jv mvs¯‹…wZK
wek¦vm aviYv †h¸‡jv wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm Gi wbw`©ó w`K¸‡jv‡K GKwU
m¤¢vebv aviYv wnmv‡e AvbyôvwbK iƒc †`qv nq| mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦v‡mi cÖwZwU m¤¢vebv e¨w³i Kg©Kv‡Ûi ga¨
cÖKvk cvq| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i ms¯‹…wZi wel‡q cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Ab¨‡ì KvQ †_‡K wKQz cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| GB
Kvi‡Y Gi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iÿvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q hvi gva¨‡g mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm Ges †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
Kiv hvq| Ab¨vb¨ †KŠk‡ji g‡Zv bv n‡jI mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm ¸‡jv n‡”Q e¨w³i ¸Yvejx| mvs¯‹w… ZK
wek¦vm¸‡jv‡K KZ¸‡jv mywbw`©ó wel‡q mgwš^Z Kiv hvq, hvi d‡j cieZx©‡Z †KŠk‡ji Dci cÖfve m„wó
K‡i| AZx‡Zi mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm ¸‡jv g~j w`‡Ki eë¯’v K‡i Ges G¸‡jv wewfbœ cÖZ¨vkvi mgš^q mvab
K‡i _v‡K| Avevi mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ûi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iÿv K‡i mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
G mKj cÖwZôv‡bi KZ¸‡jv mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm mgš^‡q MwVZ| cwibv‡g ms¯‹…wZK Kg©KvÛ ¸‡jv msMV‡bi
cÖwZôvwbK Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| D`vniY ¯îƒc G mKj †ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK msMVb ¸‡jvi bZzb
bxwZi cÖeZ©b Kivi d‡j bZzb msMVb Pvjy nq Ges Áv‡bi e„w× cvq I e¨w³ Zvnvi B”Qv Awb”Qv m¤ú‡K©
Rvb‡Z cv‡i|

mvsMVwbK cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© n‡”Q G †_‡K wKQz cÖZ¨vkv Kiv| Zvnv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv ¸‡jv Zvnv‡ì mvs¯‹…wZK
wek¦vm Gi Dci wbf©ikxj| wewfbœ mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm Gi Kvi‡Y msMVwbK Dbœqb N‡U, msMV‡bi e¨vcKZv
e„w× cvq, Ges HwZnvwmK fvimv‡gï m„wó nq| †h gyû‡Z© wbw`©ó msMV‡bi m„wói nq cieZx©‡Z Zv ms¯‹…wZ
wbqg Kvbyb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i mvgvwRK msMV‡bi iƒc †`q| mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm mvgvwRK msMVb‡K cÖfvweZ
K‡i| GwU mvgvwRK I HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvc‡Ui g‡a¨ N‡U _v‡K|
wewfbœ ai‡Yi mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm, wewfbœ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci cÖfv‡ei d‡j DbœZ Rxeb
hvÎv I wkÿv Dbœq‡b cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i| mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î cÖfve †d‡j| hv
mve©Rbxb g‡b n‡jI Zv wewfbœ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi d‡j e¨w³ Zvnv‡ì ˆbwZK hyw³KZv Ly‡R
cv‡e Ges wewfbœ g~j¨‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y ‰bwZK g~j¨‡eva kw³kvjx †Rvi`vi n‡e|
wkÿv Dbœq‡b ms¯‹…wZi wek¦vm I `„wófw½i cÖfve
ms¯‹…wZK wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ g~j¨‡eva RwoZ| GB g~j¨‡eva ‡_‡K e¨w³ `„wófw½ cwieZ©b K‡i bZzb mgvR
MV‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| hv cieZx©‡Z c~‡e©i mv‡_ fvj g›` wePvi Kivi gZ mvg_©¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgvR
eë¯’v cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkÿv Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq hv `„wófw½ cÖfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ nq| ZvQvov mgvR
cwieZ©‡bi ms¯‹…wZi gvÎv mvs¯‹…wZK w`K¸‡jvi cwieZ©b wb‡`©k K‡i| Avwe¯‹vi, D™¢veb, be cÖhyw³,
Abvmvs¯‹…wZi mv‡_ ms‡hvM, mvs¯‹…wZK e¨vwß, Ab¨ ms¯‹…wZ avi Kiv cÖf…wZi ga¨ w`‡q ms¯‹…wZ N‡U _v‡K|
GLv‡b bZzb bZzb mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡b mshyw³ Ges cyiv‡bv Dcv`v‡bi AcmviY msMwVZ nq| hvi djkÖæwZ
ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm †_‡K `„wófw½ MV‡bi Rb¥ †`q| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i- wkÿvq wkÿb-wkL‡b
wek¦vm nj wkÿv`vb Kiv hv cyiv‡bv ms¯‹…wZ we`¨gvb wQj| eZ©gv‡b wkÿb-wkLv‡bv gv‡b AskMÖnYg~jK
wkLb| GLv‡b wkÿK †Kw›`ªK bv n‡q wkÿv_x© †Kw›`ªK A_©vr welqe¯‘, wkÿvi cwi‡ek, cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯Œqv,
`jMZ KvR I wkÿv_x© mwµqKiY BZ¨vw` mewKQz wkÿ‡Ki gvbwmK msMV‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR
Ki‡Q| d‡j wkÿv_x©i Kj¨vYgyLx wkÿ‡Yi cÖwZ wZwb ax‡i ax‡i gvbwmKfv‡e cÖ¯‘Z n‡Z _v‡Kb| KviY Zvi
wek¦vm Gfv‡e M‡o D‡V‡Q| ZvB ejv hvq cÖ_‡g cwieZ©b `„wófw½ BwZevPK _vKvq cieZx©‡Z wkÿv_x©
†Kw›`ªK cvV`v‡bi cÖwZ wek¦vm Rb¥vq| GBfv‡e ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm †_‡K `„wófw½ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv
Dbœqb Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o|
myZivs †`Lv hvq e¨w³i ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm Zvi Rxeb cwiPvjbvmn I `„wófw½ MV‡b Mfxifv‡e we¯Ívi K‡i|
wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ gvby‡li Ava¨vwZK †PZbv, bxwZ‡eva, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, HwZn¨MZ Ges †hŠw³K `„wófw½
RwoZ|
ms¯‹…wZ gvby‡li mvwe©K cÖ‡Póvi dj, hvi gva¨‡g †m cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wb‡R‡K Lvc-LvIqvq Ges Rxeb
cÖYvjx‡K DbœZ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y e¨w³ Ges Rxeb cÖYvjx‡K DbœZ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y e¨w³, †Mvôx ev mgv‡Ri
Z_v †`k I RvwZi wkÿv Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| G †cÖÿvc‡U wkÿv Dbœq‡b wb‡gœ mvs¯‹…wZi wek¦vm I `„wófw½i
cÖfve eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
1. Kvw•LZ AvPi‡Yi Dbœqb: mvgvwRK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿b, AbvKvw•LZ
cwiw¯’wZ m„wó, ewÂZ I Kvw•LZ AvPi‡Y iƒcvšÍi Gme myô I ¯^vfvweK Rxebhvc‡bi ¯^v‡_© †gvKv‡ejv
Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv ms¯‹…wZi GKwU Ask| ms¯‹…wZi wek¦vm I `„wófw½i cÖfv‡e mvgvwRK gvh©v`v
wnmv‡e cÖZ¨vwkZ AvPiY I wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb GKgvÎ wkÿvi gva¨‡g cÖwZdjb N‡U| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î
wkÿv`vb c×wZi cwieZ©b Avbqb I wkLb mvgMÖx, Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i eënvi wbwðZ Kiv|
2. Av`k© Rxeb gv‡bi Dbœqb: mvgvwRK Rxe wnmv‡e gvbyl‡K Aek¨B AwR©Z I ewR©Z wKQz êwk‡óï
AwaKvix n‡Z nq hv ms¯‹…wZi gva¨‡gB †Kej jvf Kiv m¤¢e| GRb¨ e¨w³i KZK¸‡jv ¸Yvewj I
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi AwaKvix n‡Z nq| ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm †m mg¯Í ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi Rb¨ BwZevPK `„wófw½i
cÖ‡qvRb| wkÿvB e¨w³i cwic~Y© Rxe‡bi Av`k© wPÎ Zz‡j ai‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| hvi d‡j wkÿvµ‡g
welqÁvb mgq‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z cwieZ©b Avb‡Z nq|
3. GKvZ¥‡ev‡ai Dbœqb: ms¯‹…wZ mgvR¯’ †Mvôxi AšÍM©Z e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ GKvZ¥‡eva m„wó K‡i †MvôxMZ
†PZbvi Dbœqb NUvq| ms¯‹…wZi ØvivB e¨w³i `„wófw½i cÖmvi N‡U| wkÿvi d‡j e¨w³i mvgvwRK
†PZbvi m„wó nq Ges GB †PZbvi cÖfv‡eB e¨w³, cwievi, ivóª I mgv‡Ri mv‡_ GKvZ¥ n‡q emevm
K‡i| hvi d‡j wkÿvµ‡g AvšÍR©vwZK I AvÂwjK mv‡_ ms‡hvM weavb K‡i AvaybxKiY Ki‡Z nq|
4. mvgvwRK msnwZi Dbœqb: mgvR KvVv‡gvi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvgvwRK kw³ n‡”Q ms¯‹…wZ| mvgvwRK
msnwZ I k„•Ljv iÿvq e¨w³i `„wófw½ cÖmvi N‡U| hvi d‡j ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm mvgvwRK msnwZ I
eÜ‡bi Dbœqb NUvq| †Mvôxi gva¨‡gB mvgvwRK eÜb AUzU _v‡K Ges GB wfwË‡ZB mvgvwRK msnwZ
kw³kvjx nq| G Rb¨ wkÿv Dbœq‡b mvgvwRK †Mvôxi Rxe‡bi Aw¯ÍZ¡ A‡bKvsk ms¯‹…wZi wek¦v‡mi
Dci wbf©ikxj|
5. agx©q †PZbvi Dbœqb: ms¯‹…wZ mgvR¯’ e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ ÁvbvR©‡bi AvMÖn m„wó K‡i| agx©q †PZbvq
†mŠ›`h©‡eva I ˆbwZK ¸Yvewji Rb¥ †`q| hvi d‡j `„wófw½ MV‡bi gva¨‡g ms¯‹…wZi wek¦vm e¨w³
Rxe‡b MwZavivq cwiewZ©Z nq| Gi cÖfv‡e e¨w³, mgvR GgbwK ivóªxq Rxe‡bI cwijwÿZ nq| G
†cÖwÿ‡Z agx©q †PZbv‡eva †hgbÑ mš¿vm, mwnsmZv, Rw½ev` I Av`k©MZ wkÿv wkÿvµ‡g AšÍf~©³
Ki‡Z nq|
6. mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva Dbœqb: wek¦v‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i mvgvwRK Av`k© I g~j¨‡eva cÖwZwôZ nq Ges
G¸‡jv jvjb I Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ms¯‹…wZi wek¦vm ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ms¯‹…wZi wek¦vm e¨w³i
AvPiY‡K †Mvôxi, †`k I RvwZi Dc‡hvMx AvPi‡Y iƒcvšÍi K‡i| Avevi ms¯‹…wZ e¨w³i Abœ, e¯¿,
evm¯’vb, †hŠb Rxeb Ges cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv K‡i| Gme
†ÿ‡Î BwZevPK `„wófw½ MV‡b ms¯‹…wZi f~wgKv Ab¨Zg| hvi d‡j wkÿvbxwZ‡Z wkÿvi jÿ¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ cwieZ©bmn wkÿvµ‡g bZzb bZzb wkÿvi †KŠkj Avb‡Z nq|
7. mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ Dbœqb: ms¯‹…wZi gva¨‡g cÖwZwU gvbyl mgvR cÖZ¨vwkZ AvPiYi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ
nIqvi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| ZvQvov ms¯‹…wZB mgvR¯’ gvby‡li mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY, ixwZbxwZ wewfbœ
NUbv I Dcv`vb Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq cwi‡ek wbw`©ó K‡i gvbyl‡K myôzfv‡e Pjvi c_ myMg K‡i †`q|
d‡j wewfbœ mvs¯‹…wZK NUbvi gva¨‡g gvbyl mgvR cÖZ¨vwkZ ixwZbxwZ I AvPiY AvqZ¡ K‡i _v‡K|
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvq wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_ Zzjbvg~jK we‡køwlZ welqe¯‘ wkÿvµ‡g AšÍf~©w³ Kiv nq|
8. mvgvwRK m¤úK© ev †mŠnv`¨© †ev‡ai Dbœqb: ms¯‹…wZi gva¨‡g mgvR¯’ gvby‡li wewfbœ NUbv, AvPvi-
Abyôvb, mfv I m‡¤§jb cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úªxwZ‡eva m„wó K‡i| Gi d‡j
mvgvwRK wek„sLjv n«vm cvq| gvby‡li cÖwZ AvšÍwiKZv e„w× BwZevPK `„wófw½ M‡o D‡V| mgvR
Rxe‡b kvwšÍ cÖwZôv Ges mgv‡Ri ¯^v‡_© GKB eÜ‡b Ave× I PvwjZ Kivi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK m¤úK© I
†mŠnvh©¨‡ev‡ai Dbœqb NUvq| djkÖæwZ‡Z wkÿvµ‡g wewfbœ wè‡mi Zvrch© Ges D`hvc‡bi wb‡`©kbv
†Ìqv nq|
9. gh©v`vi Dbœqb: ms¯‹…wZ wek¦vm mgv‡R cÖwZwU gvbyl G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ kÖ×v I m¤§vb RvMÖZ K‡i
_v‡K| kÖ×v‡eva, m¤§vb †`Lv‡bv, mnvbyfywZ cÖf…wZ `„wófw½i Dcv`vb| Avi GwU mgv‡Ri gvby‡li
Rxeb ixwZi wfwË‡Z welq †Kw›`ªK cÖwµqvi wba©vwiZ nq| d‡j cÖwZwU gvbylB mgvR¯’ gh©v`vevb Ges

DbœZ e¨w³Z¡, PwiÎ I ¸Yvejxi AwaKvix n‡Z wkÿvB RvMÖZ K‡i _v‡K| hvi d‡j wkÿvµ‡g `„wófw½
cwieZ©‡b w`K wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv Av‡Q|
10. e¨w³‡Z¡i Dbœqb: wkÿvi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ n‡jv e¨w³i e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk †hb mwVKfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ nq|
mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vm mgv‡Ri cÖwZwU gvby‡li AšÍM©Z kw³ weKv‡k cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY Ges DcKiY¸‡jv
mnR cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ Kivi Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ e¨w³Z¡ Dbœq‡b wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î eënv‡i ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vqb I wkÿv
wek¦vqb we‡k¦i wewfbœ AÂ‡ji gvby‡li ga¨ cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM I wbf©ikxjZv e„w×i GK me©vZ¥K cÖ‡Póv|
wek¦vqb cy‡iv wek¦‡K GKB QvZvi bx‡P wb‡q G‡m‡Q hv HK¨ e„w×‡Z f~wgKv iv‡L| wek¦vqb wkí, wkÿv,
ms¯‹…wZK wewbg‡qi bZzb-bZzb my‡hvM Ges bZzb cÖhyw³ I êÁvwbK a¨vb aviYv wewbg‡qi `viæb my‡hvM
ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| Z_¨ wecøe Ges Aí wKQz ivóª Ges cÖwZôv‡bi nv‡Z †h kw³ †Kw›`ªf~Z n‡”Q Zvi d‡j GK
bZzb mvgªvR¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q| GB bZzb mvgªvR¨ Avgv‡ì g~j¨‡eva, fvebv, Rxebaviv, cÖwZôvb, A_©bxwZ,
ms¯‹…wZ me wKQzB e`‡j w`‡”Q| we‡k¦ mvgvwRK m¤úK© Ges wewbg‡qi e¨vwß, MfxiZv, MwZ Ges cÖfve
µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q| bZzb bZzb †bUIqv‡K© Ges †hvMv‡hv‡Mi MÖwš’ m„wó n‡”Q| g¨vby‡qj K¨v‡mj Ges
A¨vš’wb wM‡W‡Ýi g‡Z Ávb Ges we‡kl eë¯’v I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z GK bZzb mgvR M‡o D‡V‡Q| GB
mgvR‡K Ávb wfwËK mgvR ejv nq| hwÌ cwð‡g DrcwË, GwU µgkt †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g
mviv we‡k¦ Qwo‡q co‡Q| e„nËi ¯Í‡i I eû mgv‡Ri wewfbœ mvs¯‹…wZK gvbyl me mg‡qB G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Q Ges Zviv c~‡e©i Zzjbvq AwaK †ekx cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| wek¦vqb I
ms¯‹…wZi †ÿ‡Î G‡K Ac‡ii cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb| A_©vr wek¦vq‡bi AšÍ‡i ms¯‹…wZi Ae¯’vb, Avevi ms¯‹w… Zi
AšÍ‡i wek¦vq‡bi Ae¯’vb| ZvB ms¯‹…wZi wek¦v‡mi Dci mgvR Dbœq‡b cÖ‡Póv Pj‡Q| Avevi wewfbœ †`‡ki
ms¯‹…wZi wfwË‡Z `„wófw½ cwieZ©‡bi cÖmvi NU‡Q| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z wkÿv eë¯’v Dbœq‡b Avg~j cwieZ©b
G‡m‡Q| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq wkÿK‡ì †h †Kvb mfvq wkÿv_x©‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi †P‡q A‡bK ‡ewk Avjvc
nq, c‡ivÿ wb›`v Ges †eZ‡bi e¨vcv‡i AwffveKMY wkÿK‡ì cÖwZ m¤§vb †`Lvq bv, hv †`LvZ c~‡e©|
GKBfv‡e evev I gv‡qi mv‡_ mšÍv‡bi, †ev‡bi mv‡_ fvB‡qi, ¯^vgxi mv‡_ ¯¿xi, cÖfzi mv‡_ f…‡Zï Ges
mgv‡Ri Av‡iv bvbv w`‡Ki m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| GLb A‡b‡KB cÖvPxb fvefw½ ev` w`‡q D`vi
bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e mgq Ges ¯’vb †f‡` ms¯‹…wZi A‡bK Dcv`vb e`‡j †M‡Q Ges
hv‡”Q|
c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi gZ fviZxq ms¯‹…wZi wKQz Dcv`vbI AcwieZ©bxq| ê‡`wkK kvmb
PjvKvjxb mg‡q †`‡k wkÿv c×wZi G kvk¦Z Dcv`vb‡K AeÁv Kiv nZ| gymwjg Ges weªwUk kvmb
PjvKv‡j wkÿveë¯’v m¤ú‡K© †h aviYv cvIqv hvq, Zv Gi GKUv RjšÍ mvÿ¨| A‡bK weªwUk `wj‡j
we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, Zv‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wQj fviZxq ms¯‹…wZ‡K AeÁv Kiv Ges Zv‡ì jÿ¨ wQj
fviZxq‡ì cvðvZ¨ mvs¯‹…wZi DcKvwiZv wkÿv †`q| GRb¨ Zviv †`‡k wKQz wbw`©ó wkÿv c×wZ Pjy K‡i|
G †cÖwÿ‡Z fviZxqZiv Zv‡ì ¯^Kwq ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ wek¦vm A‡bKUv nvwi‡q ‡d‡j|
e¯‘Z GKUv †`‡ki wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZi Rb¨ fvjevmv e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e wkÿv c×wZi g‡a¨ w`‡q| KviY GUv
RvZxq‡eva‡K my`„p K‡i| †`k‡K kw³kvjx Ges mg„w×kvjx Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb ¯^‡`kvbyiv‡Mi
Rxebxkw³‡K jvjb| G mvnm GKRb‡K Zvi wbR †`‡ki AcÖvPzh©Zvi cÖwZ AÜ ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| cÖwZwU
†`‡kiB wewfbœ ai‡Yi mgvR, eY©, †kÖwY Ges †KŠZ~nj _v‡K| ¯^‡`kvby‡iv‡Mi Afv‡e A‡bK †jvK RvZxqZv
†eva‡K AeÁv K‡i| G‡Z fviZxq wKQz weavb wbwðqZv †`q mg¯Í ag© Ges mgvR‡K iÿvi| wKš‘ GUv
†`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡K iÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Ach©vß| †`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ fvjevmv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GUv m¤¢e wkÿv
c×wZ‡Z ¯^‡`kvbyiv‡Mi MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g|
fviZxq ms¯‹…wZ wkÿvm~wP‡Z cÖPwjZ wkÿv c×wZ‡K Ach©vß g‡b nq| G‡Z wn›`yiv we‡ePbv K‡i Zv‡ì‡K
fviZxq cÖ_g Ges Zvici gymwjg Ges wLªóvb| Av‡gwiKv, Bsj¨vÛ, Rvcvb Ges d«v‡Ýi wkÿvi BwZnvm
wb‡`©k K‡i †h, Gme †`‡ki †jvKRb mywbw`©ó wKQz cÖ_v wek¦vm K‡i| myZivs wkÿv c×wZ‡Z Gme cÖ_v‡K
iÿv Kivi Rb¨ h_v_© g‡bv‡hvM †`qv nq| cÖm½Z evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wkÿv c×wZ‡Z ms¯‹…wZ‡ev‡ai
wfwËg~j †`Lv hvq| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wba©vwiZ MÖš’vejx‡Z agx©q wek¦vm, Av`k©, mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva Ges
wewfbœZv m„wói †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †Póvq †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’vq mvs¯‹…wZK wfwË `„p n‡e| G wfwËi Afve
_vK‡j wkÿv c×wZ‡K RvZxq ch©v‡q DbœxZ Kiv KwVb|
m¨v‡UjvBU, †gvevBj, B›Uvi‡bU I Z_¨-cÖhyw³i DbœwZ I AMÖMwZi d‡j Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z DbœZ I
cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi Aeva AbycÖ‡ek NU‡Q| d‡j cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv cÖfv‡e †`kxq ms¯‹…wZi
cwicyó n‡”Q| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z µgvš^‡q wkÿv eë¯’v Dbœqb Ges wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e Ávb wfwËK mgvR MV‡b
mnvqK f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
Dcmsnvi
eZ©gvb we‡k¦ weÁv‡bi Avwe¯‹v‡ii d‡j ms¯‹…wZi Dcwi KvVv‡gvi e¨vcKZi cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB
ms¯‹…wZ wek¦vm gvby‡li Ggb GKwU Abykxjb Kg© hv gvbyl‡K my›ìfv‡e I mywbqwš¿Zfv‡e mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡ì
g‡bvfv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK cwiw¯’wZ m„wó K‡i †`q| hvi d‡j fvj g›` wePvi,
eR©b I MÖn‡Y GKwU BwZevPK g‡bvfve ˆZwi K‡i| G‡Z mgv‡R emevmiZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ `„wófw½ cwieZ©b
N‡U| mgv‡Ri Pvwn`vi mv‡_ mgv‡Ri we`¨gvb wewfbœ welqvwì cwieZ©b I DbœZKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
ZLbB mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b wkÿvi eë¯’v cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| wkÿvi eë¯’vi Dbœq‡b ms¯‹…wZ wek¦vm I
`„wófw½i Dci wbf©i K‡i mgv‡Ri we`¨gvb bvbvb wel‡q cðvrc`Zv‡K wcwQ‡q †d‡j DbœZi ch©v‡q DbœxZ
Kiv nq| wkÿveë¯’vi m¤úªmvi‡b wek¦vq‡bi BwZevPK f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| wkÿveë¯’vi w`b w`b cwieZ©b
n‡”Q| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv AbybbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki mgv‡Ri ms¯‹…wZ weKv‡k wkÿv we¯Ív‡i f~wgKv ‡i‡L
Pj‡Q| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, cÖwZwU †`k Zvi mgvR¯’ e¨w³‡ì ms¯‹…wZ wek¦vm I `„wófw½i gva¨‡g cÖwZwbqZ
wkÿv eë¯’vi DbœxZKi‡Yi cÖqvm Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|

1. Ògvbe m„ó me wKQzi mgwóB ms¯‹…wZÓÑ GB D³wU †K K‡iwQ‡jb?
K. †Rvbm
L. g¨vKvBfvi
M. †nv‡ej
N. iKU©mb
2. mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦v‡mi d‡j-
i. mvsMVwbK Dbœqb N‡U
ii. msMV‡bi e¨vcKZv e„w× cvq
iii. HwZnvwmK fvimvg¨ m„wó nq
bx‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
3. wkÿv Dbœq‡b ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb-
i. Av`k© Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb
ii. mvgvwRK ixwZ bxwZi Dbœqb
iii. ivR‰bwZK ixwZ bxwZi Dbœqb
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
4. ÒÁvb Ges we‡kl eë¯’v I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z GK bZzb mgvR M‡o D‡V‡QÓÑ GB e³e¨wU
Kv‡ì?
K. Gm wm cvj Ges †WwfW
L. †WwfW Ges K¨v‡mj
M. g¨vby‡qj K¨v‡mj Ges A¨vš’wb wM‡WÝ
N. A¨vš’wb wM‡WÝ Ges †WwfW
DËigvjv: 1. K, 2. N, 3. K, 4. M


1. wek¦vm Kx?
2. `„wófw½ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3. ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
4. wkÿv Dbœq‡b mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦v‡mi f~wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|
5. wkÿv †ÿ‡Î `„wófw½ MV‡bi GKwU D`vniY ˆZwi Kiæb|
6. wek¦vq‡b ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve D‡jøL Kiæb|
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm I `„wófw½i Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm I mgvR msMV‡bi mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦v‡mi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. wkÿv Dbœq‡b ms¯‹…wZK wek¦vm I `„wófw½ KZUzKz cÖfve Kvh©Ki e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib †m e¨vcv‡i
Avcbvi gZvgZ e¨³ Kiæb|
4. mvs¯‹…wZ wek¦vm I `„wófw½ Kxfv‡e wkÿv Dbœq‡b cÖmvi NUvq Zv we‡kølY Kiæb|
5. mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vq‡b wkÿvi fywgKv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

cvV 5.9: wkÿv Dbœq‡b mnvqZv: kZ©hy³ I eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ Kiv

Education Development Assistance: Tied Aid and
Multilateral Aids
D‡Ïk¨
 kZ©hy³ (Tied Aid) Kx-Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ (Multilateral Aid)-Gi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wek¦vq‡b wkÿv Dbœq‡b eûcvwÿK ms¯’vi ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Gi f~wgKv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Dbœq‡b eûcvwÿK `vZv‡`k Ges Askx`vwi‡Z¡i f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKv
wek¦vq‡b G hy‡M Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvgvwRK ms¯‹…wZ Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ wkÿv Dbœq‡bi †cÖÿvcU `ªæZZvi mv‡_
cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| G‡Z DbœZ †`‡k mv‡_ Dbœqbkxj †`k G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ n‡”Q| Av_© mvgvwRK,
mvs¯‹…wZK I mvgvwRK cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î wek¦vqb cÖwµqv m„wó n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ †`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v G avivi mv‡_
msMwZ †i‡L c~Y©MwVZ n‡”Q| †`‡k †`‡k wkÿvi RvZxq jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AvšÍR©vwZK wewfbœ Dcv`vb mshy³
n‡”Q| RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯’v Ges wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi f~wgKv †Rvi`v‡ii
Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Pj‡Q| mv‡_ mv‡_ bvbvwea Kg©m~wP MÖnY Ki‡Q| GB †ÿ‡Î kZ©hy³ mvnv‡h¨ I
eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ Pjgvb wkÿveë¯’v‡K Dbœq‡b MwZgq K‡i Zzj‡Q| wkÿv Dbœq‡b mnvqZvKvix ms¯’vi
`„wófw½i wfwË‡Z wkÿvi wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Zi cÖavb w`Kmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
kZ©hy³ mvnvh¨ (Tied Aid)
hLb cÖ`Ë mvnv‡h¨ we‡kl cY¨ mvgMÖx µq ev we‡kl cÖK‡í e¨q Kivi kZ©hy³ Kiv nq †mUv‡K e¨‡qi w`K
†_‡K kZ©hy³ mvnvh¨ ejv nq| cÖvq GKBfv‡e `vZv‡ì wba©vwiZ we‡kl †`k †_‡K cY¨ mvgMÖx I †mev
µ‡qi k‡Z© †h mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K Dr‡mi w`K †_‡K kZ©hy³ mvnvh¨ ejv nq| mvaviYZ cÖKí
ewnf©~Z mvnvh¨¸‡jv‡K kZ©hy³ mvnvh¨ e‡j| Avevi MÖnxZv †`k mvnv‡hï A_© w`‡q wb‡R‡ì cQ›`g‡Zv †h
†Kv‡bv cY¨ mvgMÖx †h †Kvb †`k †_‡K µq ev †mev wb‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡Yi mvnvh¨‡K kZ©nxb (United)
mvnvh¨ e‡j| Z‡e ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨‡K kZ©hy³ I kZ©nxb Gfv‡e wef³ Kivi hvq bv KviY cÖ`Ë mvnvh¨
AvswkKfv‡e kZ©hy³ Ges AvswkKfv‡e kZ©nxb n‡Z cv‡i| kZ©hy³ mvnvh¨ mvaviYZt ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ hv
`vZv‡`k A_ev `jf~³ wbe©vwPZ †`k †_‡K cÖ`Ë mvnvh¨ MÖnxZv †`k e¨q K‡i _v‡K| 2006 mv‡j
A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZv I Dbœqb ms¯’v Abygvb K‡ib †h ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Awdwmqvj Dbœqb mnvqZvi
(ODA) 41.7 kZvsk kZ©nxb nq| kZ©hy³ FY A_ev Awdwmqvj FY A_ev mn‡hvwMZvg~jK A_©vqb
c¨v‡K‡R wKQz mxwgZ msL¨K `vZv‡`k cY¨ ev †mev mieiv‡ni mv‡_ RwoZ|

eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ (Multilateral Aid)

eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ n‡jv ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ hv FY ev Aby`vb ev cY¨ I †mev ¯’vbvšÍi, Dcnvi wn‡m‡e Znwej
¯’vbvšÍi BZ¨vw` BjwWwm‡K (Economical Least Development Country) Zv‡ì A_©‰bwZK ev
mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| `vZv †`k¸‡jvi miKv‡ii GB ai‡Yi mvnvh¨‡K Awdwmqvj
†W‡fjc‡g›U A¨vwm›U¨vÝ (ODA) ejv nq| ODA-Gi gva¨‡g Dbœqbkxj †`k mg~‡ni Kv‡Q FY ev mvnvh¨
†cŠ‡Q †Ìqv nq| GLv‡b wØcvwÿK mvnvh¨ gvÎ GKwU `vZv ‡`k †_‡K Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki (ELDC) MÖnxZv
†`k‡K FY ev mvnvh¨ eySvq| D`vniY: eûcvwÿK mnvqZv AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g `vZv †`k
Dbœqbkxj †`‡k (ELDC) mvnvh¨ ev FY wn‡m‡e cÖvß nb| †hgb- DbœZ †`kmg~n, RvwZmsN ms¯’v, RvBKv,
AvBGgGd, †mf w` wPj‡Wªb (USA), BD‡ivwcqvb Kwgkb, wek¦ e¨vsK mn Ab¨vb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v| GB
ai‡Yi mvnvh¨ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Dbœqb †cÖvMÖv‡g `xN©‡gqvw` M„nxZ cÖK‡í Kg my‡` FY ev mvnvh¨ ev
KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ ev gvbweK Riæix mvnvh¨ ODA Gi gva¨‡g weZiY ev eivÏ w`‡q _v‡Kb| †hgbÑ 2008
mv‡j AvBwim (ODA) mvnv‡h¨ wn‡m‡e £ 17.1 wgwjqb UNICEF-†K wkÿv Dbœq‡b e¨q Kivi Rb¨ cÖ`vb
K‡iwQj|
ZvQvov †emiKvix ms¯’v (NGOs) wkÿv Dbœq‡b bvbvwea Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| GbwRI mvaviYZ
A¨vg‡bwó B›Uvib¨vkbvj, cÖv³b A·dvg I ODA cÖPvi Kivi m‡½ mswkøó msMVb| GbwRI mvnv‡hï
cÖ`vbKvix wnmv‡e µgea©gvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wkÿv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvwiMwi mnvqZv, bvix Dbœqb AwaKvi, wkï
AwaKvi, gvbevwaKvi I †UKmB Dbœq‡b mg_©b K‡i ev RwoZ nq| †hgb 2008 mv‡j AvBwik (ODA)
mvnvh¨ wnmv‡e £ 24.5 wgwjqb A_© Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki wkÿv Dbœqb msµvšÍ Kv‡R eënvi Kivi Rb¨ †Ìqv
n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki eª¨vK wkÿv Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q|
eûcÿxq mvnvh¨ wnmv‡e A‡÷ªwjqv AvšÍR©vwZK mnvqZv cÖKí n‡”Q Ab¨Zg GKwU ê‡`wkK mnvqZvKvix
†`k hvnv m~Pbv g~jKfv‡e we‡k¦i cwðgv wkívwqZ †`kmg~n ïiæ K‡iwQj| Bnv Gwkqv †cwmwdK AÂj
(APR) Ges c~e© Gwkqvi `wi`ª AÂj Gi Dbœq‡b `wÿY Gwkqv, Avwd«Kvb Ges ga¨ cÖv‡Pï †`kmg~n `„wó
iv‡Lb| 1980 `k‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K A‡óªwjqv 840 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi mg-cwigvY mnvqZv wnmv‡e Ae`vb
†i‡LwQj hvnv cieZx©‡Z 1997-1998-†Z 1,429 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjv‡i e„w× Kiv n‡qwQj| Avevi 2006-
2007 mv‡j GB mnvqZv 2,946 wewjqb Wjv‡i DbœxZ Kiv nq| hv wek¦e¨vcx 58 wgwjqb gvby‡li gva¨‡g
cwiPvwjZ nq| GB mnvqZv cÖKí wewfbœ ¯Í‡i DbœqbK‡í wewfbœ †`kmg~n AÎ mnvqZv MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
A‡óªwjqv mn‡hvwMZvi wfwË‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK Askx`vix‡Z¡i mv‡_ `vwi`ªZv Kgv‡bv, gvb m¤§Z RxweKv Ges
†UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n hv‡Z AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ World Summit on
Sustainable Development MVb Ges ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb|
wek¦e¨vcx eûcÿxq mnvqZv wb‡q AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v Ab¨vb¨ †`kmg~n A_© weZiY K‡i _v‡K| †hgbÑ
RvwZmsN, wek¦ e¨vsK Ges KgbI‡qj_ Gi gva¨‡g mnvqZvi Rb¨ hvnv AvÂwjK wØcÿxq mvnv‡hï
cwic~iK wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi eûcvwÿK mnvqZv wØcvwÿK mnvqZv
†_‡K c„_Kfv‡e mKj Awdwmqvj Dbœqb mnvqZv wnmv‡e mieivn Kiv nq| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ RvwZms‡Ni
gvbweK ms¯’v, gvwë‡jUvivj Dbœqb e¨vsK (MDB) †hgb wek¦ e¨vsK, GwWwe (Asian Development
Bank) Ges KgbI‡qj_ ms¯’vmg~n| A‡÷ªjxq mnvqZv Zv‡ì ev‡R‡Ui cÖvq 30 kZvsk eûcÿxq wek¦
†cÖvMÖv‡g e¨q K‡i _v‡K| †h mg¯Í †`k Dbœq‡bi ìKvi †hgbÑ wkÿv, cÖwkÿY, ¯^v¯’¨, RbmsL¨v, K…wl,
ebvqb Ges grm¨ LvZmg~‡n g~jZ GB mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Avevi A‡óªwjq mvnv‡h¨ Dbœqbkxj

†`kmg~‡ni wewfbœ Dbœqb cÖK‡í AvšÍR©vwZK cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g `vZv‡`‡ki mnvqZv wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, êÁvwbK
M‡elYv I wek¦ Dòvqb BZ¨vw` Lv‡Z w`‡q _v‡K| G ai‡Yi ms¯’v †hgbÑ International Development
Association (IDA), The Asian Development Fund (ADF) & The Global Environment
Facility (GEF). RvwZmsN `vZv †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A‡óªwjqv‡K ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Dbœq‡b e„w×i †ÿ‡Î GKwU
e„nr my‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| ZvQvov BDwb‡md, BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDGbwWwc I DbœZ †`kmg~n Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki
wkÿv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv †i‡L Pj‡Q|
wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿv Dbœq‡b eûcvwÿK ms¯’vi ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨
ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Drm eû I eûg~Lx GKK †`k wnmv‡e gvwK©b hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, Rvcvb, Rvg©vwb, d«vÝ,
BZvwj, A‡óªwjqv, KvbvWv, †mŠw` Avie BZ¨vw` abx †`k¸‡jv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k FY, Aby`vb, KvwiMwi
mnvqZv w`‡q I gvbweK Riæix mvnvh¨ mnvqZvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Avevi eûcvwÿK ms¯’v
Dbœqbkxj †`kf~³ †`k‡K wewfbœ wkÿv Dbœq‡b mnR k‡Z© FY, Aby`vb, KvwiMwi mnvqZv I wkÿvi ¸YMZ
gvb Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L|
wkÿv msµvšÍ cÖavb w`Kmg~n:
 AvšÍR©vwZK wkÿv Kwgkb (1971-1972)
 wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î bvix I cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi
 wkï AwaKvi Kb‡fkb 1989 G wkïi wkÿvi my‡hvM m„wó
 mevi Rb¨ wkÿvi wek¦ †NvlYv 1990
 D”P RbmsLvq bqwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki (evsjv‡`k, eªvwRj, Pxb, wgki, fviZ, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, †gw·‡Kv,
bvB‡Rwiqv I cvwK¯Ívb) cÖv_wgK wkÿv‡K mve©Rbxb I †gŠwjK wkÿvi Rb¨ w`jøx †NvlYv 16 wW‡m¤î
1993
 RvwZms‡Ni wkÿv I weÁvb ms¯‹…wZK ms¯’v (UNESCO) 1993 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi wewkó eyw×Rxwe I
BD‡ivcxq Kwgk‡bi cÖv³b mfvcwZ R¨vK †`ji (Jaeques Delors)-†K †Pqvig¨vb Gi `vwq‡Z¡ ÒGKzk
kZ‡Ki wkÿvi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK wkÿv KwgkbÓ (1993-1996) wb‡qvM K‡ib|
 wek¦wfwËK gvbe Dbœqb mva‡b GKwU wek¦ Askx`vixZ¡ eë¯’v msMVb wnmv‡e Ges we‡k¦i †`‡k †`‡k
8wU Dbœqb jÿ¨ wba©viY (The Millennium Development Goals) Ges Dbœqb cÖwµqv cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ 2000 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m RvwZmsNf~³ †`k¸‡jv me©m¤§wZµ‡g Òmnmªvã †NvlYvÓ (The
Millennium Declaration) MÖnY K‡i|
Ômnmªvã †NvlYvqÕ jÿ¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv AR©b, wj½ mgZv I bvixi ÿgZvq‡b wkÿvi
¸iæZ¡, †ÿ‡Î 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ we‡k¦i me©Î evjK-evwjKv, mK‡ji cÖv_wgK wkÿvPµ mgvß Kivi
wbðqZv weavb Ges 2005 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wkÿvq mKj ¯Í‡i wj½ ‰elg¨ `~ixKiY| Gme Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU
wek¦ Askx`viZ¡ eë¯’v MV‡bi gva¨‡g AR©b Kiv|
Z‡e Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k MDGs †K mvg‡b †i‡L wkÿv Dbœq‡b †KŠkjMZ Dbœqb cwiKíbv
mgqKvj 2010-2021 Lªx÷vã ch©šÍ aiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ ga¨g Avq †`k wnmv‡e †cŠQ‡Z 2021
mv‡ji g‡a¨ gv_vwcQz Avq 2000 BDGm Wjvi Ges wRwWwc 8% n‡Z 10% DbœxZKiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
ZvQvov mevi Rb¨ wkÿv GB Av‡jv‡K cÖv_wgK wkÿv ¯Í‡i wkÿv_x© kZfvM AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
A_©‰bwZKfv‡e wkÿv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k Dbœqb ev‡R‡U NvUwZ c~i‡Y ODA ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K| GK mgxÿvq †`Lv hvq, GB NvUwZ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ 874.84 wewjqb UvKvi ìKvi (US $ 12.50
billion)| evsjv‡`k cÖwZ eQi AwZwi³ 4.5 wewjqb BDGm Wjvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Z‡e evwl©K BDGm Wjvi
2 †_‡K 2.5 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi A_© ODA †_‡K †c‡q _v‡K| Avi evKx Aby`vb ev wbR¯^ ivR¯^ Avq
†_‡K A‡_©i msKzjvb Ki‡Z nq| GB‡ÿ‡Î wek¦e¨vsK, GwWwe I BDwb‡md, BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDGbwWwc, RvBKvi
gZ wewfbœ ms¯’v ev †`k †_‡K A_© msMÖn K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿveë¯’v Dbœq‡b (2010-2021) †KŠkjMZ
cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b w`K wb‡`©kbv we`¨gvb|
djkÖæwZ‡Z wek¦ e¨vsK (W.B) evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv msµvšÍ 14 cÖK‡í (Kg †ekx n‡Z cv‡i) 691 wgwjqb
gvwK©b Wjvi Gi Znwej cÖ`vb K‡ib| GB mnvqZv g~jZ KvwiMwi, e„wËg~jK, cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿv
Lv‡Z e¨q Kiv nq| GB mg¯Í cÖKí¸‡jv wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb e„w×i †ÿ‡Î Kg Li‡P ¯‹zj wbg©vY, wkÿK-
cÖwkÿY kw³kvjxKiY, cvVëB wWRvBb I ms¯‹vi, Ges wkÿvµg Dbœq‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| G‡Z
¯‹z‡j wkï‡ì msL¨v e„nr e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ mv¤úªwZK cÖKímg~n Kvi‡Y wkÿvq †kLvi gvb e„w×i Dci `„wó
wbeÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1993 mv‡j wek¦e¨vsK bvix wkÿv we¯Ív‡i gwnjv ZvwjKvf~w³ Ges mgvwßi e„w×i j‡ÿ¨
wd‡gj †m‡KÛvix ¯‹zj GwmmU¨vÝ cÖ‡R± hyMvšÍKvix c`‡ÿc| cÖK‡íi Dce„wË Ges †g‡q wkï‡ì Rb¨ me
¯‹zj mswkøó e¨qfvi enb Kiv nq hvnv GKwU miKv‡ii mgw_©Z Kg©m~wP| Kg©m~wP cÖK‡íi mg_©b K‡i gwnjv
fwZ©i g‡a¨ e„nr e„w×i d‡j we‡qi eq‡m `xN©m~wÎZv, GKK wkï cwiev‡ii D”PZi msL¨v, wkï Rb¥ M¨vc
DbœZ nq Ges Av‡iv bvixMY D”P Av‡qi m‡½ wb‡qvwRZ nq|
2016 mv‡j wek¦ e¨vsK `j nvRvi †KvwU gvwK©b Wjvi evsjv‡`‡k D”P wkÿv Lv‡Z wkÿK gvb DbœwZKiY,
wkÿvi ¸YMZ DrKl© mvab I M‡elYv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
wek¦e¨vsK wek¦e¨vcx ¯^v¯’¨ I wkÿvq Zvi KvR Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q| eZ©gvb wkÿveë¯’vq cÖv_wgK wkÿvi gvb
Dbœq‡b Ges bZzb Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cÖvß eq¯‹‡ì my‡hvM cÖ`vb Ki‡Q|
eZ©gv‡b Gwkqv Dbœqb e¨vsK (ADB) A_©vq‡b evsjv‡`‡k Teaching Quality Improvement in
Secondary Education & Secondary Education Sector Improvement Program TQI-II-G
`yÕwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q| GQvov GB e¨vsKwU Gwkqvi ¯^í Avqf~³ †`kmg~n‡K wkÿv Dbœq‡b
mnvqZv w`‡q hv‡”Q|
BDwb‡md (UNICEF) Dbœbkxj‡`‡k cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i wkÿv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Kg©m~Px MÖnY
K‡i _v‡K| Zvi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡k GgwWwR 2 I 3 A_©vr mve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv I wj½ êlg¨ `~iKiY
wkÿv AR©‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| BDwb‡md GKwU miKvi PvwjZ cÖKí M‡o †Zvjvi gva¨‡g cÖv_wgK
wkÿvi gvb DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ KvR K‡i _v‡K, Zv‡K wØZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~Px (wcBwWwc- 2) ejv
nq| GB wcBwWwc- 2 jÿ¨ n‡jv cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡ekvwaKvi, AskMÖnY I mgvwßi gva¨‡g †`‡ki mKj
wkïi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi gvb wbwðZ Kiv| wcBwWwc- 2 G evsjv‡`‡k 64wU †Rjv Ry‡o 1.8 wewjqb
BDGm Wjvi e¨q Kivi gva¨‡g 65000 msL¨K we`¨vj‡q 17.7 wgwjqb wkï Ges 315500 wkÿK‡K
DbœxZKiY| G KvRwU BDwb‡mdmn 11wU †`k ev ms¯’vi Askx`vwi‡Z¡i gva¨‡g GK‡Î cÖwkÿY, mvgvwRK
msnwZ, ¯’vbxq e¨w³eM© RwoZ Ges myweav ewÂZ wkï‡ì Rb¨ wkÿv eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| BDwb‡md gva¨wgK
ch©v‡q Rxeb `ÿZv wfwËK wkÿv, wkï weevn cÖwZ‡iva, eqtmwÜKv‡ji e„wËg~jK wkÿv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ wkÿv
Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevqb K‡i hv‡”Q|

eûcÿxq `vZv‡`‡ki Ges Askx`vixZ¡

evsjv‡`kmn Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni A‡÷ªwjqvb miKvi, 11wU `vZv‡`k GKwU mvnPh© †bZ…‡Z¡ Gwkqv Dbœqb
e¨vsK (ADB), Rvcvwb miKvi, BDwb‡md, †b`vij¨vÛ, myBwWm miKvi, KvbvwWqvb AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb
ms¯’v, AvšÍR©vwZK kÖg ms¯’v Ges RvZxq GbwRI (NGOs), evsjv‡`‡ki iæivj G¨vWfvÝ‡g›U KwgwU
(eª¨vK) mn Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’v wek¦e¨vcx wkÿveë¯’vi ms¯‹vi, wkÿvµg Dbœqb, cixÿv I g~j¨vqb eë¯’vi
Dbœqb, wkÿK gh©v`v, ¸YMZ wkÿv wbwðZ KiY, GKxf~Z wkÿv, bvix wkÿv, myweav ewÂZ wkïi ¸iæZ¡, B-
j¨vwbs, AvBwmwU eënvi cÖf…wZ wkÿv Lv‡Z Dbœqb Kg©m~Px‡Z mvnvh¨ ev FY cÖ`vb K‡i hv‡”Q|
2002 mv‡j The Global Parternership for Education (GPE) MwVZ nq| GB wek¦e¨vcx Askx`vwiZ¡
wkÿvi g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv mK‡ji Rb¨ wkÿv Ges Dbœqb LvZ n‡e mg‡jvPbvi `„wó‡Z GKgvÎ f~wgKv| wRwcB
wek¦vm K‡i gvbe mgvR msµvšÍ †ckvMZ wkÿY, †emiKvix LvZ, `ye©j m¤ú` Ges aviY Kivi Ávb hv
wek¦vqb I RvZxqZv DfqB GK‡Î g~j¨ Avbqb K‡i `vZv †`‡ki miKv‡ii mv‡_ Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki
miKvimg~‡ni mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i _v‡K| wkÿvi ¸YMZ mv‡_ cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Kivi Rb¨
Ges AR©‡bi †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv G¨v‡cv‡Pi gva¨‡g mgš^q Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wkÿveë¯’v Avw_©K DrmM©
Kivi GKgvÎ wek¦e¨vcx eûcvwÿK mw¤§wjZ fv‡e A_© †hvMvb Gi AwØZxq Askx`vwiZ¡ hv Dbœqbkxj
†`kmg~‡n ¸YMZfv‡e mevi Rb¨ wkÿv wbwðZ K‡i| 2013 mv‡j †g gv‡m RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe KZ…©K
AvšÍR©vwZK Askx`vwiZ¡ MVb I wRwcB Gi ¸iæZ¡ f~wgKv cvjb ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Zvici 2015
mv‡j RvZwmsN (UN) wRwcB GKwU KvwiMix eû AskxRv A_© †hvMv‡b Askx`vix‡Z¡i gva¨‡g 2015 Gi
Dbœqb ¯^‡cœi †hŠ_ cÖ‡Póvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä I Dbœq‡bi Kvh© cÖYvjx‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡i _v‡K| G Av‡jv‡K
wRwcB †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbvq myweavewÂZ wkï, bvix wkï, kvixwiK I gvbwmK AÿgZv Ges msgvZgq
†`kmg~‡n wkÿvi mgZv Avbq‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i _v‡K| wRwcB we‡k¦i 52wU Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n
wkÿv Dbœq‡b †KŠkj cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cÖvq 3.7 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi eivÏ †`b Ges Zv
AR©‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
Dcmsnvi
wek¦e¨vcx 25wU Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Dfq †Q‡j‡ì Ges †g‡q wkï‡ì Rb¨ mve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv AR©b I
RvwZms‡Ni bvix wkÿv PvjyKiY (UNGEI) gva¨‡g gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z bvix-cyiæ‡li mgZv AR©b
Kiv| GBme jÿ¨gvÎv c~i‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ Kg©m~Px evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k Av‡iv
A‡bK AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v wkÿvi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î f~wgKv cvjb K‡i P‡j‡Q| Gme ms¯’v †`k¸‡jvi miKvi Ges
wewfbœ ‡¯^”Qv‡mex I †emiKvix ms¯’v (NGO) mv‡_ Askx`viZ¡g~jK mg‡SvZvi wfwË‡Z wkÿv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ
Kg©m~Px cÖYqb Ges ev¯Íevq‡b Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| GB †ÿ‡Î eûcÿxq mvnvh¨ A_©vr ê‡`wkK
mvnv‡h¨ Kg Avqf~³ †`kmg~n‡K cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g ga¨g Av‡qi †`‡k †cŠQv‡Z wkÿv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ cÖKí ev
Kg©m~Px‡Z kZ©hy³ ev kZ©nxb FY cÖ`vb ev Aby`vb ev KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb K‡i mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q|
Dbœq‡b ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ wnmv‡e DbœZ GKK †`k Ges RvwZms‡Ni AšÍf©~³ wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v
wek¦e¨vsK, GwWwe I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vmn GbwR‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡eP¨ wel‡q cwiYZ n‡”Q|

1. KZ mv‡j A_©‰bwZK mn‡hvwMZv I Dbœqb ms¯’v Abygvb K‡i ODA 41.7 kZvsk kZ©nxb nq?
K. 2000 Lªxt
L. 2002 Lªxt
M. 2004 Lªxt
N. 2006 Lªxt
2. 1980 `k‡K A‡÷ªwjqv KZ cwgvY A_© ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ (ODA) w`‡q ïiæ K‡ib?
K. 830 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
L. 840 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
M. 850 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
N. 860 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
3. wek¦ Askx`vwiZ¡ eë¯’v msMVb wnmv‡e KZ mv‡j Òmnmªvã †NvlYvÓ MÖnY Kiv nq?
K. 1995 Lªxt
L. 2000 Lªxt
M. 2005 Lªxt
N. 2010 Lªxt
4. wRwcB (GPE) we‡k¦i 52wU †`‡k wkÿv Dbœq‡b KZ gvwK©b Wjvi A_© eivÏ w`‡qwQj?
K. 2.7 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
L. 3.1 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
M. 3.7 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
N. 4.1 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi
DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. L, 3. L, 4. M
1. kZ©h³
y mvnvh¨ ej‡Z Kx ‡evSvq?
2. eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ Kx?
3. Awdwmqvj Dbœqb mnvqZv (ODA) ej‡Z Kx ‡evSvq?
4. RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯’vi bvgmg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|
5. eûcvwÿK ms¯’v wnmv‡e A‡÷ªwjqvi mvnv‡hï Ae`vb D‡jøL Kiæb|
6. Òmnmªvã †NvlYvqÓ wkÿv Dbœq‡b `yÕwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© jÿ¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ GK ai‡Yi ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

2. eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ ms¯’vmg~n A_© eiv‡Ïi cÖwµqv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

3. wek¦e¨vcx wkÿv Dbœq‡b eûcvwÿK ms¯’vi ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ Kxfv‡e Askx`vwi wnmv‡e KvR K‡i Zv
e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. wkÿv Dbœq‡b BDwb‡md Gi Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi gZvgZ e¨³ Kiæb|
5. eZ©gvb we‡k¦ wkÿv Dbœq‡b kZ©hy³ I eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨ KZUzKz Ae`vb ivL‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi
gZvgZ w`b|
6. wkÿv Dbœq‡b eûcvwÿK `vZv‡`k Ges Askx`vwi‡Z¡ KZUzKz Kvh©Ki Zv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

cvV 5.10: wkÿv Ges Dbœq‡b BDwb‡md, BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDGbwWwc, wek¦ e¨vsK,
†mf w` wPj‡Wªb I eª¨vK ms¯’vi f~wgKv
Role of the UNICEF, UNESCO, UNDP, WB, Save the
Children, BRAC Regarding Education and
Development
D‡Ïk¨
 wkÿv Ges Dbœq‡b wek¦e¨vcx BDwb‡m‡di f~wgKv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Dbœq‡b BD‡b‡¯‹vi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Dbœq‡b BDGbwWwci f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wkÿv Ges Dbœq‡b FY`vb I mnvqZvi †ÿ‡Î wek¦e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †mf w` wPj‡Wªb wkÿv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kx Kx f~wgKv ivL‡Q Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 eª¨vK †emiKvix ms¯’v wnmv‡e wkÿv Dbœq‡b Kx f~wgKv iv‡L Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKv
wkÿv I Dbœqb Ab¨Zg cÖfveK n‡jv wek¦vqb| G wek¦vq‡bi wewfbœ †`‡k wkï‡ì cov, †jLv I MvwYwZK
aviYv cvKv‡cv³ Kivi Rb¨ †gŠwjK wkÿv Z_v cÖv_wgK wkÿv kw³kvjx Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| mv‡_ mv‡_ †gŠwjK
wkÿvq wkï‡ì msjvc ÿgZv, Dcjwä mvg_©, ˆbwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK weÁvb I cÖhyw³, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK
Ávb Ges †hvM¨Zv e„w×i Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Ki‡Z nq| Avevi cÖwZwU †`‡k we‡klZ Dbœqbkxj
†`k¸‡jv‡Z ÒRxebe¨vcx wkÿvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿvq c~b©MVb ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Ki‡Z nq|
wkÿv Dbœq‡b RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ ms¯’v we‡klZ BDwb‡md, BD‡b‡¯‹v I BDGbwWwc, eûcvwÿK mvnvh¨Kvix
ms¯’v wek¦e¨vsK, †¯^”Qv‡mex ms¯’v Ò†mf w` wPj‡WÖbÓ Ges GbwRI eª¨vK wek¦ cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿvi wewfbœ
w`‡Ki Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i Avm‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î Gme ms¯’v wkÿv Dbœq‡b Avw_©K mnvqZv (Aby`vb ev FY)
cÖ`v‡b bvbv ai‡Yi wkÿv Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| wb‡P Gme ms¯’vi mv¤úªwZK wkÿv Ges Dbœq‡b M„nxZ
Kg©m~Px‡Z G‡ì f~wgKv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
1. wkÿv Ges Dbœq‡b BDwb‡m‡di f~wgKv
BDwb‡md wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci wkï‡ì Rb¨ GKwU Îvb msMVb wn‡m‡e 1946 mv‡j Zvi wgkb ïiæ nq|
BDwb‡md Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkï‡ì hv‡ì Rxeb SuywK‡Z wQj Zv‡ì mvnvh¨ cÖmvwiZ K‡i|
BDwb‡m‡di wek¦e¨vcx Kvh©µ‡gi 157wU †`‡k cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| 2000 mv‡j mnmªvã †NvlYv ev¯Íevq‡b
RvwZmsN hy³iv‡óªi wbweo m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ 48wU wb‡`©kK Gi jÿ¨ AMÖMwZi Rb¨ BDwb‡md
cÖavbZ 13wU avivi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| BDwb‡m‡di wkÿv Dbœq‡b wek¦e¨vcx Kg©m~Pxi cÖ`vb
w`Kmg~n n‡”Q-
K. BDwb‡md Gi AMÖvwaKvi Dbœqb Acwinvh© mvg‡b †i‡L cuvPwU cÖavb †KŠkjMZ GjvKv wb‡q KvR K‡i|

cÖv_gwU: wg‡jwbqvg mvwgU †NvlYvcÎ ev¯Íevq‡b Ges jÿ¨ AR©‡b w`‡K we‡k¦i KvR mg_©b K‡i, wkïi
Rxeb ïf m~Pbv ïiæ Kiv‡bv|
wØZxqwU: BDwb‡md `vwi`ª n«vm wbwðZ Ki‡Z Kvh©Kifv‡e Ae`vb iv‡L hv cÿ mg_©b (Advocacy) Ges
Askx`vwi‡Z¡i gva¨‡g wkï‡ì †e‡P _vKv, Dbœqb I myiÿvi Pvwj‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ wewb‡qv‡M mnvqZv Kiv|
Z…ZxqZ: ZiæY †Q‡j-†g‡qiv †eu‡P _vKv Ges GKwU my¯’, Drcv`bkxj fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ BDwb‡md AZ¨vek¨K
¯^v¯’¨‡mev I cywó RvZxq Ges KwgDwbwUwfwËK wkÿv n¯Ív‡ÿ‡ci †cÖvMÖv‡g Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZv
cÖ`vb|
PzZ_©: wkï‡ì we`¨vj‡q Avbv hv‡Z mKj wkï we‡klZ †g‡q wkï‡ì gvbm¤§Z †gŠwjK wkÿv jv‡fi my‡hvM
m„wói j‡ÿ¨ mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv| bvbv Kvi‡Y Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z †g‡qiv wkÿvq wcwQ‡q i‡q‡Q|
G‡ÿ‡Î †hme jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
 mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Rxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î †g‡q‡ì g~j¨ I f~wgKv Zz‡j aiv|
 †gŠwjK wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡bi Dbœqb mvab|
 cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q †Q‡j I †g‡q‡ì wkÿvi mgvb my‡hvM wbwðZ Kiv|
cÂg: wkïi Rb¨ Riæwi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wbivc` cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z Rxeb iÿvKvix Dcv`vbmg~n †hgbÑ cwi¯‹vi
cvwb Ges †gŠwjK wPwKrmv mieivn Kiv| GB †ÿ‡Î wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO)-Gi mv‡_ BDwb‡md
†hŠ_fv‡e ¯’vbxq cÖKí Dbœqb †hgb †gŠwjK Pvwn`v cvwb Ges †mwb‡Ukb, hvnv ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ Acwinvh© Dbœqb
Ges wkÿv PvjyKi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
L. †gŠwjK wkÿv Ges wj½ mgZv cÖwZôv: GgwWwR- 2 Ges GgwWwR- 3 G jÿ¨ AR©‡b RvwZmsN ms¯’v,
`vZv‡`k I wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_ BDwb‡md mn‡hvMxiƒ‡c mve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv I wj½ mgvZq‡b hveZxq
my‡hvM-myweavmn Znwej DbœZxKi‡Y f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GQvov bvix êlg¨ `~ixKiY m‡¤§jb (1979)
Ges wkï AwaKvi mb` (1989)-Gi †gŠwjK jÿ¨ AR©‡bi wbwi‡L BDwb‡md Zvi wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Q| GB ¯Í‡i wcwQ‡q cov †Mvôxi mšÍvb‡ì wkÿvi Rb¨ ¯‹zj cÖwZôv, bvix wkÿvi g‡a¨ wkï weevn‡iva,
AcwiKwíZ Mf©aviY †iva wj½ duvK Kgv‡bv Ges †gŠwjK ¯‹zj m¤úbœ KiYmn ¯^v¯’¨ wkÿv AšÍf~©³ K‡i
gvbm¤§Z †kLvi Rb¨ GKwU wkLb evÜb cwi‡ek ˆZwi Ki‡Z BDwb‡md ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| GQvovI
BDwb‡md GBP AvB wW/GBWm Ges wkï hv GgwWwR- 6 jÿ¨ AR©‡b Advocacy, m‡PZbZv e„w×, cÖwZ‡iva,
GwZg wkï‡ì mvnvh¨ BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg ¯’vbxq RbMb I wK‡kvi-wK‡kvix‡ì RwoZ _vKvi gva¨‡g
Ask`vix‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| wkï‡ì myiÿvq wg‡jwbqvg mvwgU †NvlYv Gi Aby‡”Q` 6
Gi mg_©‡b ÿwZMÖ¯’‡ì iÿv Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjv Ges wkï mwnsmZv, †kvlY,
wbh©vZb, êlg¨g~jK AvPiY I wkï‡ì Rb¨ Riæix mvovi †ÿ‡Î BDwb‡md Zv‡ì wewfbœ Kg©m~Pxi cÖYqb I
ev¯Íevqb K‡i hv‡”Q|
M. bxwZ we‡kølY, A¨vW‡fv‡Kwm I wkï AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ Askx`vix: GB †ÿ‡Î BDwb‡md wek¦ Dbœqb
Askx`vwiZ¡ ¯’vcb Ges wkï AwaKvi hv‡Z we‡KwkZ n‡Z cv‡i †m‡ÿ‡Î RvZxq kw³kvjxKiY I ¯’vbxq
bxwZ¸‡jv wU‡K _vKvi AMÖYx fywgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| wkï `vwi`ª n«v‡m GB AwaKvi c~i‡Y GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Ask|
GgwWwR- 1 c~Y© Kivi Rb¨ BDwb‡md †UKmB RvZxq I êwk¦K wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ K‡i _v‡K hv wkï‡ì
wkï Kj¨vY I Riæix wkÿv †mev wbwðZ K‡i| we‡k¦i miKvi, AvÂwjK ms¯’v, †emiKvix ms¯’v Ges bvMwiK

mgvRmn Askx`vwiZ¡ Gi e¨vcK cwiwai m‡½ KvR Ki‡Z BDwb‡md m~Î cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvQvov †m±i e¨vcx
cš’v Dbœq‡b AskMÖnY, `vwi`ª we‡gvPb †KŠkj cwiKíbv (PRSP) I ev‡RU Gi †ÿ‡Î BDwb‡md f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K| BDwb‡md Ávb eë¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î Pvwn`v, ch©‡eÿY wb‡q M‡elYv Ges wkÿvi †iKW©
msiÿ‡Y †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix ms¯’v wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| BDwb‡md 1990 mv‡j gvSvgvwS eûg~Lx wb‡`©kK K¬v÷vi
mv‡f© (MICS) c×wZ D™¢veb K‡ib| GwU mnRjf¨ Ges Kvh©Ki nvwZqvi GgAvBwmGm (MICS)
gvbevwaKvi cwic~Y©Zv Ges GgwWwR j‡ÿï AMÖMwZ cwiexÿ‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ GKwU cÖavb Drm| BDwb‡md
GwU eënvi DrmvwnZ K‡i cÖwkÿY c×wZ Ges wkÿvi Dbœq‡b wb‡`©kK mg~n ev¯Íevq‡b miKvi‡ì‡K
mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges msM„nxZ Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i| BDwb‡md Av‡iv Kvh©Kifv‡e RgvK…Z Z_¨ †Uwej, MÖvd I
g¨v‡ci gva¨‡g mdUIqvi Dbœq‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Q| BDwb‡md Zv‡ì wbR¯^ gZvgZ
welq mg~‡ni wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi g‡a¨ wkï I ZiæY‡ì mwµq AskMÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡i _v‡K| GB wPšÍv I gZ
cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv wkï AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ mg_©b cÖ`vb Zv‡ì aviYv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ wewbgq Kivi Rb¨
I‡qe mvBU ˆZwi‡Z mnvqZv Kivi Kvh©µg i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wkÿv Dbœq‡b BDwb‡md Dbœqb Askx`vwiZ¡
†`kmg~n, AvšÍR©vwZK Ges RvZxq GbwRI, †e-miKvix †m±i Ges bvMwiK mgvR ms¯’vmg~‡ni mv‡_
wbweofv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡Ri ZxeªZv e„w×‡Z `vZv‡`kmg~n †hgbÑ A‡óªwjqv, KvbvWv, Rvg©vwb, Rvcvb,
†b`vij¨vÛ, myB‡Wb, hy³ivR¨ Ges BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbqbmn wewfbœ RvZxq KwgwUi mv‡_ mn‡hvMxiƒ‡c I
mgš^q K‡i _v‡K|
c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki b¨vq evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv Kg©m~Px‡Z BDwb‡m‡di f~wgKvÑ
 GgwWwR 2 I 3 ev¯Íevq‡b mn‡hvMxiƒ‡c KvR K‡i|
 mve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv AMÖMwZ‡Z cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dbœqb Kg©m~Px‡Z wcBwWwc- 2 Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv
cÖ`vb|
 RvZxq wkÿv bxwZ‡Z †g‡q wkï‡ì wkÿv I ÿgZvq‡b AskMÖnY|
 mn‡hvwMZv I Askx`vwi‡Z¡ wbweo eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv|
 eûg~Lx `„wófw½ I AvšÍtLvZ ‡KŠk‡ji weKvk mvab|
 †g‡q‡ì AskMÖnY I ÿgZvq‡b wkï weevn‡iv‡a MYgva¨g Ges m‡PZbZvg~jK Kvh©µ‡g mnvqZv|
 wkÿvµ‡g Rxeb `ÿZv wfwËK wkÿv‡K AšÍf©~³KiY|
 wkï weKv‡k wkï AwaKvi, wkï wbivcËv, wkï ¯^v¯’¨ cÖf…wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©µgmn mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
 †hvMv‡hvM I Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡Z wcÖ›U Ges B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv‡Z wkï AwaKvi, bvix mgZv, ÿgZvqb,
AvšÍR©vwZK wkï wèm Dcj‡ÿ WKz‡g›Uvix wd¬g I KvUz©b ˆZix‡Z mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
2. wkÿv Ges Dbœq‡b BD‡b‡¯‹vi (UNESCO) f~wgKv
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci 1945 mv‡j 16 b‡f¤î we‡k¦i wewfbœ RvwZ‡Mvôxi cyiæl I gwnjv Df‡qi g‡a¨ kvwšÍ
cÖwZôv Kivi j‡ÿ¨ KvR ïiæ K‡ib| RvwZmsN wkÿv, weÁvb I mvs¯‹…wZK ms¯’v (UNESCO) RvwZmsN
Dbœqb MÖæ‡ci m`m¨ wnmv‡e wek¦e¨vcx wewfbœ †`‡k wkÿv, weÁvb I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Q|
BD‡b‡¯‹vi m`m¨ †`‡ki msL¨v 195wU| BD‡b‡¯‹v g~jZt 5wU †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g wkÿv, cÖvK…wZK weÁvb,
mvgvwRK I gvbweK mgvR, mvs¯‹…wZK Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM Dbœq‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Pj‡Q| wkÿv
Dbœq‡b BD‡b‡¯‹vi f~wgKv eY©bv Kiv n‡jvÑ
K. wek¦ Askx`vixZ¡ `j: BD‡b‡¯‹v 195wU m`m¨ ivóª, 11wU mn‡hvMx m`m¨ †`k, 3/4wU †`‡ki K¬v÷vi
Awdm Ges RvZxq I AvÂwjK Awdmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ mgš^q K‡i wek¦e¨vcx Askx`vwiZ¡ `j MV‡b f~wgKv

iv‡L| wek¦e¨vcx Askx`vwi‡Z¡i gva¨‡g m`m¨f~³ ev Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z mevi Rb¨ wkÿv
wbwðZKiY, GgwWwR (MDGs) jÿ¨ c~iY I gvbevwaKvi wkÿv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ cÖKí †hgbÑ ¯^vÿiZv,
KvwiMwi, wkÿK cÖwkÿY, AvšÍR©vwZK weÁvb †cÖvMÖvg BZ¨vw` cÖYqb I Avw_©K †hvMvb BD‡b‡¯‹vi
mgš^‡qi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Pj‡Q|
BD‡b‡¯‹v AvÂwjK m‡¤§jb mfv Av‡qvR‡bi gva¨‡g m`m¨ †`kmg~n wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb I wkÿv Dbœq‡b
†KŠkjMZ w`K Dbœq‡b mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K| RvZxq bxwZ, RvZxq cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM myweavi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ê‡`wkK cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| ZvQvov wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi iÿYv‡eÿY, mnvqK
†mev, MYgva¨g, wkÿv c×wZ I †KŠk‡ji Dbœq‡b mgš^q K‡i _v‡K|
BD‡b‡¯‹v eq¯‹ wkÿv Dbœq‡b mfv I m‡¤§jb Av‡qvRb K‡i _v‡K| m`m¨‡`kmg~‡n eq¯‹ DbœZ Kivi
Rb¨ Gi c×wZ I †KŠkjmn MY gva¨g‡K m‡ev”P mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv| ZvQvov eq¯‹ ¯^vÿiZv c×wZi
Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvb‡K avivevwnKfv‡e Dbœqb Ges wek¦ mvÿiZv †cÖvMÖvg I eq¯‹ mvÿiZv
M‡elYv DbœwZKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
BD‡b‡¯‹v mviv we‡k¦ wkÿvi my‡hvM myweav m„wói j‡ÿ¨ we‡klÁ e¨w³ Ges A_© †hvMv‡b Askx`vwi‡Z¡i
mv‡_ mgš^q I mn‡hvMxiƒ‡c KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| wkÿvi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î I Bmy¨ wel‡q wkLb mvgMÖx, wkÿv
DcKiY, wkÿK cÖwkÿY g¨vby‡qj cÖ¯‘Z I KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| BD‡b‡¯‹v wkÿv Dbœq‡b
wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK †cÖvMÖv‡g cwiPvjbvmn A_©‰bwZK mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| G‡Z
wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk msL¨vMZ gv‡bi Dbœqb n‡Z _v‡K hv cieZx©‡Z a‡i ivLvi
(Sustainable) †ÿ‡Î BD‡b‡¯‹v Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
L. wek¦ wkÿv cÖ_g cÖe_©b (Global Education First Initiative): BD‡b‡¯‹v wRBGdAvB MVb K‡ib
Ges Gi gva¨‡g `vwi`ª¨ n«v‡m wkÿv GKgvÎ Kvh©Kix c‡_i wb‡`©kK wnmv‡e m`m¨ †`kmg~‡ni Dchy³
`vwqZ¡kxj bvMwi‡K DbœwZKiY Kiv| BD‡b‡¯‹v mevi Rb¨ wkÿv I KvwiMwi, e„wËg~jK wkÿv we¯Ívi
wRBGdAvB (GEFI)-†K mnvqZvi Rb¨ m`m¨ †`kf~³ I wewfbœ ms¯’vi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv Ges
Znwej MV‡b Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
M. wg‡jwg‡k emevm Ki‡Z †kLv (Learning to Live Together): wkÿvi Aek¨B A_© n‡e Ggb
wkï I eq¯‹ ÿgZvq‡b wkL‡b mwµq AskMÖnY mgv‡R gvby‡l gvby‡l Dcjwä e„w×‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GB wkLb Dcjwä mgv‡R Ø›Ø msNvZ wbim‡b, wQbœg~j gvbyl, wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôxi g~j¨‡eva,
`„wófw½ I AvPi‡Yi cÖwZ kÖ×kxj g‡bvfve MVb, mg‡SvZv I kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g wek¦vq‡b wkLb-
evÜe cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv| 1990 mv‡j BD‡b‡¯‹v wkÿv êlg¨g~jK weiæ‡× mfv m‡¤§j‡b M„nxZ cÖ¯Íve
RvwZMZ ev DcRvwZ `j I b„ZvwË¡K †Mvôx mKj m`m¨‡ì wkÿvq mKj my‡hvM myweav mgZvqb
wbwðZKi‡Y AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
N. wkï‡ì wkÿv Pvwn`v †cÖvMÖvg: BD‡b‡¯‹v wkï‡ì wkÿvi Rb¨ Pvwn`v ‡cÖvMÖvg 1992 mv‡j cÖYxZ
K‡ib| G‡Z fwel¨Z ÿwZMÖ¯’ wkï‡ì wkÿv Dbœq‡b GB †cÖvMÖvg ïiæ K‡ib| GB †cÖvMÖvgwU 97wU
†`‡k 400 cÖK‡íi mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b 40 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi †emiKvix Znwej msMÖ‡n wewfbœ ms¯’vi
mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I mgš^‡qi f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
O. gvbevwaKvi wkÿv: wkÿv gv‡b kvwšÍ, êlg¨nxb bq, g‡bvfv‡e wePvi K‡i, mwnmsZv bq, R½xev` bq,
mš¿vm bq, G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤§vb RvMÖZ K‡i, ¸YMZ wkÿv hv gvbevwaKvi wkÿv AšÍf©³ K‡i|
G‡Z BD‡b‡¯‹v gvbevwaKvi mn‡hvMxiƒ‡c KvR K‡i Ges Dbœq‡b fywgKv ivL‡Q|
P. ¯^v¯’¨ wkÿv: BD‡b‡¯‹v Ò¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ wkÿvÓ Kg©m~wP AšÍf©~³ i‡q‡Q hv gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ I wkï weKv‡ki
†ÿ‡Î wewfbœ wkÿv Kg©m~wP cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb K‡i Avm‡Q|
Q. †UKmB fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ wkÿv: GKzk kZ‡K wkÿvi Rb¨ BD‡b‡¯‹v wek¦vm K‡ib †h ¸YMZ wkÿvB
Rxebe¨vcx gvbe AwaKvi wbwðZ K‡i| ZvB 2030 mv‡j wek¦ wkÿv jÿ¨ AR©‡b †UKmB Dbœq‡b
Framwork for Action (FFA) cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| †UKmB Dbœqb
jÿ¨ 4 G ewY©Z avivq GKxf~Z wkÿv I mevi Rb¨ ¸YMZ wkÿv mgZv Avbvq‡b wbwðZKiY Ges
Rxebe¨vcx wkL‡b mKj my‡hvM-myweav DbœZxKi‡Y mnvqZv Kivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
2000 mv‡j wek¦ wkÿv †dviv‡g Dakar Framwork for Action (DFA) G mevi Rb¨ wkÿvi QqwU
jÿ¨ AR©‡b miKvi, Dbœqb ms¯’v, bvMwiK mgvR Ges †e-miKvix †m±‡ii mv‡_ BD‡b‡¯‹v GK‡Î KvR
K‡i Ges mnvqZv w`‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov BDGbwWwc, BDGbGdwcG, BDwb‡md I wek¦e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_
BD‡b‡¯‹v bxwZMZ w`K gZ wewbgq, cixweÿY, G¨vW‡fv‡Kwm, Znwej msMÖn Ges †UKmB Dbœq‡b
mn‡hvwMZv I mgš^‡qi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
3. wkÿv Dbœq‡b BDGbwWwc (UNDP) f~wgKv
1965 mv‡j 22 b‡f¤î BDGbwWwc RvwZms‡Ni wek¦ Dbœq‡b wnmv‡e wgkb ïiæ K‡ib| BDGbwWwc 177wU
†`‡ki Dbœqb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| BDGbwWwc m`m¨ †`kmg~‡n Rb‡Mvôxi DbœZ Rxeb ˆZwi‡Z
Zv‡ì Ávb, AwfÁZv Ges m¤ú‡ì cwieZ©b Gi mg_©K wnmv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GQvov
Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ we‡klÁ m~jf civgk©, cÖwkÿY Ges Aby`vb †hvMv‡b mg_©b K‡i
_v‡K|
BDGbwWwc Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki `vwi`ª¨ n«vm, GBPAvBwW/GBWm, miKvi eë¯’vi gvb Dbœqb, kw³ Ges
cwi‡ek, mvgvwRK Dbœqb Ges m¼UKvj wb‡iva D×v‡i wek¦ Dbœq‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges GgwWwR (MDG)
jÿ¨ c~iY m¤úbœ Kivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| GQvovI BDGbwWwc gvbe AwaKvi iÿv Ges
gwnjv‡ì ÿgZvq‡b wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg ev Kg©m~Px‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i _v‡K|
BDGbwWwc m`m¨f~³ †`‡ki Puv`vq †¯^”Qvg~jK Znwej MV‡bi g~j f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z 177
†`‡ki Dbœq‡b evav `~i Ges ¯’vbxq mvg_©¨ DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq miKv‡i I ¯’vbxq KwgwUmg~‡ni mv‡_
BDGbwWwc mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| BDGbwWwc GgwWwRi jÿ¨, wek¦ Ges RvZxq Dbœq‡b P¨v‡jÄ
mg~n ¸iæ‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z AR©‡bi Rb¨ mgš^q wnmv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| BDGbwWwc cÖv_wgK `„wó‡Z
msKUKvj wb‡iva Ges D×vi, miKvi eë¯’vi gvb Dbœqb ev MYZvwš¿K miKvi, `vwi`ª wbimb, cwi‡ek I
kw³ I Rb¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡b GBPAvBwf/GBWm GB cuvPwU Dbœq‡b P¨v‡j‡Äi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Q| hw` wkÿv Dbœq‡b mivmwi †Zgb fywgKv cvjb K‡i bv| Z‡e GB cuvPwU †ÿ‡Î wkÿv Dbœq‡b m¤úK©
i‡q‡Q| GRb¨ BDwb‡md I BD‡b‡¯‹v wkÿv Dbœq‡b Ges wkÿv welqK wewfbœ cÖK‡íi wewfbœ Dbœqb
Kg©Kv‡Û BDGbwWwci f~wgKv cvj‡bi gva¨‡g mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
bvix wkÿv I bvix ÿgZvq‡b bvix Dbœq‡b miKvi, GbwRI Ges `vZv †`‡ki g‡a¨ BDGbwWwc wewfbœ cÖKí
cÖYq‡b mnvqZvi Rb¨ mgš^‡qi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| BDGbwWwc 2014-2017 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †RÛvi
mgZvq †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b BDGbGdwcG Ges RvwZms‡Ni gwnjv ms¯’vi mv‡_ GK‡Î †bZ…Z¡
w`‡q _v‡K|

2016-2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ GBPAvBwf/GBWm †gvKv‡ejv Ges Rb¯^v¯’¨ Dbœq‡b wkÿveë¯’vi †ÿ‡Î
cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM-myweav wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e GBPAvBwf Ges bxwZ/AvBb wek¦
Kwgk‡bi mv‡_ BDGbwWwc †bZ…Z¡Kvix ms¯’v wnmv‡e Znwej msMÖn I weZi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ I †UKmB Dbœq‡b BDGbwWwc Znwej MV‡b wek¦ Askx`vwiZ¡ wnmv‡e f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i Avm‡Q| ZvQvov fwel¨r fv‡jv Ae¯’vi Rb¨ BDGbwWwc Rvcvb Askx`vwiZ¡ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq wek¦e¨vcx gvby‡li m‡PZbZv e„w×, BwZevPK `„wófw½ MVb, Ávb, `ÿZv, AwfÁZv AR©‡b
¯^v¯’¨ DbœZ, mwnmsmZv eÜ, êlg¨nxb wkÿv cÖwZ‡iva, R½xev` I mš¿vm e‡Üi cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv AR©‡b
wewfbœ ms¯’v KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ wewfbœ wkÿv Kvh©µg ev wewfbœ cÖK‡í BDGbwWwc A_© I KvwiMwi mnvqZv
cÖ`v‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
4. wkÿv Dbœq‡b wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv (W.B)
wØZxq wek¦h‡y ×i mgq wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z gvivZ¥K msK‡U cwZZ nq| G Ae¯’v †_‡K D‡Ëvi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ †eªUb
DWm m‡¤§jb Av‡qvR‡b we‡k¦i wewkó †bZ…e„›` I A_©we`MY wgwjZ nb| D³ m‡¤§j‡b wek¦ A_©bxwZ msKU
D‡Ëvi‡Y FY I Dbœqb mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) cÖwZôvi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| hv cieZx©‡Z wek¦e¨vs‡K cwiYZ nq| 1945 mv‡ji
wW‡m¤î gv‡m Awdwm‡qj fv‡e wek¦e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq Ges 1946 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i|
cieZx©‡Z wek¦ e¨vsK FY cÖ`vb Kvh©µg‡K mnRZi Ges Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni †emiKvwi Lv‡Z FY cÖ`vb
Kg©m~wP cÖeZ©‡bi Rb¨ wb‡gœv³ mn‡hvMx msMVbmg~n ¯’vcb K‡i|
1. AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb ms¯’v International Development Association (IDA)
2. AvšÍRv© wZK cuywR wewb‡qvM ms¯’v International Finance Corporation (IFC)
3. eûcÿxq wewb‡qvM wbwðZ ms¯’v (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)
wkÿv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb ms¯’vi ev AvBwWG Ab¨Zg f~wgKv iv‡L| 1960 mv‡j Dbœqbkxj
I AbybœZ †`kmg~‡n mKj‡K mnR k‡Z© FY cÖ`vb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ AvBWG cÖwZwôZ K‡i| AvBwWG we‡k¦i
AbybœZ †`k hv‡ì gv_vwcQz Avq 800 gvwK©b Wjv‡ii Dc‡i Zv‡ì‡K 7% nvi my‡` 15 †_‡K 20 eQ‡ii
Rb¨ Ges hv‡ì gv_vwcQz Avq 800 gvwK©b Wjv‡ii bx‡P Zv‡ì‡K 0.75% mvwf©m Pv‡R©i wewbg‡q 35
†_‡K 40 eQ‡ii Rb¨ my`gy³ FY cÖ`vb K‡i|
wek¦ e¨vsK Dbœqbkxj I Kg Avqf~³ †`kmg~‡n (LICs) wkÿv j‡ÿï AR©‡b Avw_©K mnvqZv GKwU Pjgvb
cÖwµqv| Z‡e MZ `k‡K wkÿvi jÿ¨ AR©‡b A_©v‡qbi wKQzUv cwieZ©b Avbqb K‡i‡Q| G j‡ÿ¨ wkÿv LvZ
†evW© MVb K‡i cieZx© `k‡K †KŠkjMZ cwiKíbvi Rb¨ AvBwWG c~b©MVb, eûg~Lx `vZv KZ…©K Znwej
msMÖn Ges ewn¯’t Askx`vixi wfwË‡Z wkÿvi Pvwn`v wbiƒcY I A_©vq‡bi Rb¨ wek¦ e¨vsK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv
cvjb K‡i‡Q|
AvšÍR©vwZK wkÿv Dbœqb †cÖvMÖvg ev¯Íevqb wek¦ e¨vsK †K›`ªw¯’Z fywgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Dbœqbkxj, wbgœ
Avqf~³ I ga¨g Avqf~³ †`kmg~‡n wkÿv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î eûg~Lx `vZv‡`k I Uªvw÷ `vZv †`‡ki mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM K‡i Znwej msMÖn Ges wek¦ wkÿvbxwZ wbw`©ó AvKvi †Ìqvi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ wnmv‡e `„pfv‡e
†jb‡`b cÖeZ©b AbyMVK cÖwµqv msµvšÍ (Fast Truck Initatives Catalytic) Znwej gÄy‡ii f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
Kg Avqf~³ †`kmg~‡n FY cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvBWG Ges ga¨g Avqf~³ I `vwi`ªZg †`k mg~‡n AvBweAviwW
(IBRD) GB Dfq †ÿ‡Î wek¦e¨vs‡Ki wkÿv LvZ †evW© eë¯’vcbvq FY cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wek¦ e¨vsK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Avevi we‡k¦ mevi Rb¨ wkÿv I GgwWwRi jÿ¨ AR©‡b wkÿv cÖwZôvb Ges wkÿv
LvZ Dbœq‡b wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg fywgKvi cÖavb w`K n‡jv AvBwWG-†K m¤ú~iY hv AvBwWG 16 bv‡g
AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GB Av‡jv‡K AvBwWG 79wU wbgœ Avqf~³ †`k‡K my`gy³ FY cÖ`v‡b `vZv miKvi †`‡ki
mv‡_ mg‡SvZvi fywgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| (IDA16- Replenishment 2010)
wek¦e¨vsK 2010 mv‡ji AvBwWG m¤ú~iY Av‡jv‡K gvbe Dbœq‡b †bUIqv‡K© wkÿv LvZ 2020 ch©šÍ wkÿvi
†KŠkjMZ w`Kmg~n cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib (The World Bank’s Education Sector Strategy 2020)| GB †ÿ‡Î
wek¦e¨vsK wkÿvi †÷K‡nvìvi, `vZv †`k Ges AvBWG mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i hv‡Z gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv
DbœxZKiY Ges †gŠwjK wkÿv ee¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wkÿv Lv‡Zi wewfbœ †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b FY mnvqZvb f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
wek¦e¨vsK GWz‡Kkb †m±i †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g mKj wkÿvi Dc-Lv‡Z wbgœ I ga¨g Avqf~³ †`kmg~‡n
(AvBwWG I AvBweAviwW) FY `vb Kg©m~wP‡Z eQ‡i M‡o 1.5 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi FY cÖ`v‡b f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K|
wek¦e¨vsK wkÿv Dbœq‡b evwl©K FY `vb Kg©m~wP‡Z me‡P‡q †ekx FY mnvqZv †c‡q _v‡Kb h_vµ‡g
evsjv‡`k (675 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi), cvwK¯Ívb (830 wgwjqb gvwK©b Wjvi) I fviZ (1.67 wewjqb
gvwK©b Wjvi)| G‡Z evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡b cÖv_wgK wkÿv, gva¨wgK wkÿv, KvwiMwi wkÿv I
D”P wkÿv Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ wkÿvi DcLvZ DbœwZKi‡Y FY mnvqZvq wek¦e¨vsK †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K|
5. †mf w` wPj‡Wªb (Save the Children)-Gi wkÿv Dbœq‡bi f~wgKv
1932 mv‡j hy³ivóª wkï‡ì AwaKvi I Zv‡ì Rxeb avivq wkÿv cÖmv‡ii j‡ÿ¨ Ò†mf w` wPj‡WªbÓ bv‡g
GKwU †¯^”Qv‡mex ms¯’v MwVZ nq| eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i 120wU Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n hy³iv‡óªi me AÂ‡j ms¯’vwU
wkï‡ì AvPi‡Y BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avbq‡b wkï I cwievi‡K Dbœq‡b ¯^v¯’¨, wkÿv I A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î
wewfbœ Kg©m~wP cwiPvjbv Kivi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
wkï AwaKv‡ii †ÿÎmg~n n‡jvÑ wkï iÿv, wkï wkÿv Ges wkï Dbœqb, Riæix mvov, ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó Ges
Rxeb hvÎvi aviv Dbœqb Gme AR©‡b GB ms¯’vwU hy³ivóªmn Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n A_© mvnvh¨ I KvwiMwi
mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GQvov wkï‡ì cvwievwiK Dbœq‡b †ÿ‡Î ˆkkeKvjxb wkï‡ì Dbœqb, mvÿiZv,
kvixwiK Kg©Kv‡Û, cywó I Riæix mvov cÖ`v‡b hveZxq G¨vW‡fv‡Kwm mn KwgDwbwU Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z
Dbœq‡b f~wgKv iv‡L| GB ms¯’vwU AvšÍR©vwZK wkï iÿv ms‡Ni Ab¨Zg m`m¨ wnmv‡e we‡k¦i 115wU †`‡k
wkï iÿv I Riæix cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
wkÿv Ges Dbœq‡b †mf w` wPj‡Wªb Dbœqbkxj †`kmn hy³iv‡óª wewfbœ AÂ‡j wkï‡ì cÖv_wgK ˆkkeKvjxb
weKvk wkÿv, cÖv_wgK wkÿv, eq¯‹ mvÿiZv I evwjKv‡ì wkÿv †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Kg©m~Px, bxwZ I c×wZ cÖYqb
Ges ev¯Íevq‡b Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| GQvovI ms¯’vwU ¯^v¯’¨ I
GBPAvBwf/GBWm cÖwZ‡iv‡a Abyiƒc wkÿv Kg©m~Px cÖYqb Ges ev¯Íevqb I mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|

wek¦e¨vcx GgwWwR †d«gIqv‡K© 2q jÿ¨ AR©‡b mve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv Ges 3q jÿ¨ wkÿvi mKj ¯Í‡i
wj½ êlg¨ `~ixKi‡Y GB ms¯’vwU miKvi I KwgDwbwU mv‡_ Askx`vwi‡Z¡i f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GB ms¯’vwU
wewfbœ wkÿv wèm I wkï AwaKvi msµvšÍ mfv, †mwgbvi, m‡PZbZv e„w×‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v, miKvi I
KwgDwbwUi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I mgš^‡qi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
1972 mvj †_‡K GB ms¯’vwU evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK ˆkkeKvjxb wkÿv, cÖv_wgK wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I cywó,
beRvZ‡Ki ¯^v¯’¨, wK‡kvix‡ì cÖRbb I †hŠb ¯^v¯’¨mn wkï‡ì wcZvgvZv I mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡ì Ávb,
`ÿZv I `„wófw½ wel‡q †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g wkï‡ì AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ Kg©m~Px
cÖYqb I Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`k QvovI we‡k¦i hy³weaŸ¯’ msNvZgq †`k nZ`wi`ª †`kmg~n †hgbÑ wReywZ, Bw_Iwcqv, wMwb, gvwj,
my`vb, DMvÛv, nvBwZ, AvdMvwb¯Ívb, fzUvb, B‡›`v‡bwkqv, cvwK¯Ívb, wdwjcvBb, RW©vb, †jevbb I
ZvRvwK¯Ívb cÖf…wZ Abyiƒc wkÿv Dbœq‡b Kg©m~Px cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b Avw_©K KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î
†mf w` wPj‡Wªb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cwi‡k‡l GB ms¯’vwU we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k †hgb hy³iv‡Rï Abyiƒc ms¯’vi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I Askx`vwi‡Z¡i
wfwË‡Z wkÿv Dbœq‡b wewfbœ Kg©m~Px‡Z AskMÖn‡Y cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© MV‡b †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv iv‡L|
6. wkÿv Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki f~wgKv (BRAC)
1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci mybvgMÄ †Rjvq cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡j ÿwZMÖ¯’ GjvKv c~bM©Vb Ges
wiwjd weZi‡Yi gva¨‡g 1972 mv‡j m¨vi dR‡j nvmvb Av‡e` Bangladesh Rehabilitation
Assistance Committee KvR ïiæ K‡ib| cieZx© 1973 mv‡j Amnvq Mixe gvby‡li ÿgZvqb Ges
f~wgnxb †jvK we‡kl K‡i gwnjv I wkï‡ì `xN©‡gqv`x Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Bangladesh Rural
Adancement Committee (BRAC) KvR ïiæ K‡i|
†`‡ki Av_© mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡b eª¨vK eZ©gv‡b A‡bK ai‡Yi Kg©m~Pxi g‡a¨ wZbwU Kg©m~Px njÑ
1. eª¨vK Dbœqb Kg©m~Px
2. eª¨vK ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©m~Px
3. eª¨vK wkÿv Kg©m~Px
GB wZbwUi ga¨ wkÿv Dbœq‡b eª¨vK wkÿv Kg©m~Px ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fywgKv iv‡L| 1985 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k 22wU ¯‹zj
wb‡q wkÿv Kg©m~Pxi hvÎv ïiæ| eZ©gv‡b Gi cwiwa evsjv‡`k Qvov AvšÍR©vwZK cwim‡i we¯Í…Z Ges wkÿv
msµvšÍ A‡bK bZzb bZzb Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| ZvB wb‡gœ wkÿv Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki f~wgKv eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv-
1. cÖv_wgK wkÿv: evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK wkÿv Dbœq‡b †emiKvix ms¯’v wnmv‡e eª¨v‡Ki f~wgKv Ab¨Zg| GB
ms¯’vwU AbvbyôvwbK wkÿv avivq evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK ¯‹zj ˆZwi Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| 8-
10 eQi eqmx wkï‡ì Rb¨ hviv AvbyôvwbK wkÿv †_‡K Z¨vM K‡i _v‡K, fwZ© nqwb we‡kl K‡i `wi`ª,
MÖvgvÂj, myweav ewÂZ Ges fwZ© nIqvi ci S‡i cov Gme wkï‡ì Rb¨ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq ¯’vcbmn
hveZxq my‡hvM myweav cÖ`v‡b eª¨v‡Ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|

Avevi 10-14 eQi eqmx wkï‡ì Rb¨ hviv cÖvBgvix ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nqwb ev fwZ© nIqvi ci S‡i c‡o‡Q|
Gme wkï‡ì RbÏ cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq hv AbvbyôvwbK cÖwµqv cÖv_wgK wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
GB ai‡Yi cÖv_wgK ¯‹zj eª¨vK cÖvBgvix bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Zv‡ì wkÿY-†kLv‡bv Kjv †KŠkj cÖwZ
25-30 R‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¯‹zj I 1 Rb wkwÿKv _v‡Kb| cÖ¯‘wZ ce© †_‡K 5g †kÖwY ch©šÍ cvV`vb K‡i
_v‡K| G‡Z wkÿv_x©i Lvevi, bgbxq wkLb mgq Ges GKv‡WwgK Kvh©-m¤úv`‡bi Dci e„wË cÖ`vb cÖf…wZ
my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`v‡b eª¨vK ¯’vbxq KwgwU e¨w³eM©, †¯^”Qv‡mex msMVb mv‡_i †hvMv‡hvM Kiv I mgš^q Gi
gva¨‡g mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvov eª¨vK 5+ Gi eqmx wkï‡ì 1 eQi †gqv`x
wkï †kÖwY ¯‹zj cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi Òmevi Rb¨ wkÿvÓ wbwðZKiY Ges GgwWwR jÿ¨ 2 I 3 bs mveR©bxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv
AR©b Ges wj½ mgZv I bvix ÿgZvq‡b DbœwZ mva‡b wewfbœ Kg©m~Pxi gva¨‡g AR©b I miKvi‡K mnvqZv
cÖ`v‡b eª¨vK Ab¨Zg f~wgKv iv‡L|
wK‡kvix Dbœqb Kg©m~Px: wK‡kvix‡ì Rxeb wfwËK welqvw` m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb †hgbÑ cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨, AvBb I
AwaKvi, wkï weevn‡iva Ges eqtmwÜKv‡ji mgm¨v mgvavb BZ¨vw` wel‡q wK‡kvix‡ì `ÿ, `vwqZ¡evb,
†bZ…Z¡ I gvbwmK weKv‡k cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡j ¯’vbxq‡ì mn‡hvMxZv ÒwK‡kvix †K›`ªÓ cwiPvjbvq eª¨vK Ab¨Zg
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| GQvov Z_¨ I cÖhyw³ mg„× MY cvVvMvi cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
gva¨wgK wkÿv: wkÿvi ¸bMZ gvb wbwðZ Ki‡Y eª¨vK gva¨wgK ch©v‡q wkÿK‡ì cÖwkÿY eë¯’v, wkLb
mvgMÖx †hgb wkÿv DcKiY, B-eyK cÖ¯‘Z, Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i eënvi BZ¨vw` eë¯’vKi‡Y miKvi I miKvi
M„nxZ wewfbœ cÖK‡íi mv‡_ mn‡hvMxiƒ‡c KvR K‡i| ZvQvov eª¨v‡Ki wbR¯^ Kg©m~Px‡Z gva¨wgK ch©v‡q wewfbœ
wel‡q wkÿK‡K †ckvMZ gvb e„w×‡Z cÖwkÿY eë¯’v I we`¨vjq wkÿv_x©‡ì m‡PZbZvg~jK wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g
cwiPvjbv I ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
D”P wkÿv: wkÿv Dbœq‡b eª¨vK Zv‡ì wbR¯^ eë¯’vcbvq eª¨vK wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q|
AvšÍR©vwZK: wkÿv Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k QvovI we‡k¦i A‡bK †`k †hgbÑ AvdMvwb¯Ívb, kÖxjsKv, cvwK¯Ívb,
ZvÄvwbqv, DMvÛv, mvB_ my`vb, wmwiqv jvqb, nvBwZ, wdwjdvBb, †bcvj I gvqvbgvi hy× weaŸ¯Í, ÿwZMÖ¯’
wkï I bvix Dbœq‡b wewfbœ wkÿv Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevq‡b mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b eª¨vK Kvh©Kix f~wgKv iv‡L|
Dcmsnvi
evsjv‡`k mn Dbœqbkxj †`k mg~‡n mve©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv, wj½ mgZv I bvixi ÿgZvqb, ga¨g Avqf~³
†`‡k DbœwZKiY, gva¨wgK D”P wkÿv Dbœqb, gvb m¤§Z wkÿv eë¯’v, †UKmB wkÿv, `vwi`ªZv n«v‡mi wkÿvi
¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä I Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i wkÿv cÖf…wZ wkÿv LvZ Dbœq‡b BDwb‡md, BD‡b‡¯‹v, BDGbwWwc, wek¦
e¨vsK Ges †emiKvix ms¯’v †mf w` wPj‡Wªb, eª¨vK mn Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i hv‡”Q| G‡Z
Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n GgwWwR jÿ¨ mg~n ev¯Íevqbmn ga¨g Avqf~³ †`‡k DbœwZKi‡Y Gme ms¯’vmg~n
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡L Pj‡Q|

1. wek¦e¨vcx Kvh©µ‡g KZwU †`‡k BDwb‡md wkÿv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q?
K. 147 wU
L. 157 wU
M. 167 wU
N. 177 wU
2. BD‡b‡¯‹vi m`m¨ †`‡ki msL¨v KZ?
K. 185 wU
L. 190 wU
M. 195 wU
N. 200 wU
3. wkÿv Dbœq‡b BDwb‡md Askx`vwiZ¡ †`kmg~‡ni mv‡_ wbweofv‡e KvR K‡iÑ
i. AvšÍR©vwZK Ges RvZxq GbwRI
ii. †e-miKvix ms¯’v
iii. bvMwiK mgvR ms¯’v
K. i I ii
L. ii I iii
M. i I iii
N. i, ii I iii
4. BDGbwWwc KZ mv‡j Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i?
K. 1955 Lªxt
L. 1960 Lªxt
M. 1965 Lªxt
N. 1970 Lªxt
5. wek¦e¨vs‡Ki mn‡hvMx msMVbmg~nÑ
i. AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb ms¯’v (IDA)
ii. AvšÍR©vwZK c~uwR wewb‡qvM ms¯’v (IFC)
iii. AvšÍR©vwZK A_© Znwej (IMF)
K. i I ii
L. i I iii
M. ii I iii
N. i, ii I iii
6. †mf w` wPj‡Wªb (BDGmG) KZ mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k GB ms¯’vwU Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡ib?

K. 1972 Lªxt
L. 1974 Lªxt
M. 1976 Lªxt
N. 1978 Lªxt
7. eª¨vK cÖvBgvix ¯‹z‡j ZvwjKvf~³ Kiv nq hv‡ì Zviv n‡jvÑ
i. hviv cÖvBgvix ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nqwb
ii. myweav ewÂZ wkï I `wi`ª wkï
iii. fwZ© nIqvi ci S‡i c‡o‡Q
K. i I ii L. ii I iii
M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. M, 3. L, 4. M, 5. K, 6. K, 7. M
1. wkÿv Dbœq‡b BDwb‡m‡di ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv mg~n wjLyb?
2. BDwb‡m‡di AMÖvwaKvi †KŠkjMZ †ÿÎmg~n wK wK?
3. evsjv‡`k wkÿv Kg©m~Px‡Z BDwb‡m‡di f~wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|
4. BD‡b‡¯‹v wkÿv Dbœq‡b AvšÍR©vwZK †cÖvMÖvg cwiPvjbvi f~wgKvwU Kx?
5. BD‡b‡¯‹v wkÿv Dbœq‡b wek¦ Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wewfbœ w`Kmg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|
6. BDGbwWwci wkÿv Dbœq‡b Znwej MV‡bi f~wgKvwU eY©bv Kiæb|
7. wek¦e¨vs‡Ki wkÿv Lv‡Z FY cÖ`v‡bi cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Kiæb|
8. †mf w` wPj‡Wªb †e-miKvix ms¯’v wnmv‡e wkÿv Dbœq‡b cÖavb f~wgKvwU wjLyb|
9. eª¨vK wkÿv Dbœq‡b cÖv_wgK ¯‹z‡j cÖfve KZUzKz Kvh©Ki fywgKv iv‡L Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wek¦e¨vcx wkÿv Dbœq‡b BDwb‡m‡di f~wgKv KZUzKz Kvh©Ki e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib? ¯^c‡ÿ Avcbvi
gZvgZ w`b|
2. BD‡b‡¯‹v wkÿv Dbœq‡b †h mg¯Í f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K Zv KZUzKz Kvh©Ki †m m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi
gZvgZ e¨³ Kiæb|
3. BDGbwWwc wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Dbœq‡b f~wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|
4. wkÿv Dbœq‡b FY `vb I mnvqZvi †ÿ‡Î wek¦e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
5. wek¦e¨vs‡Ki mn‡hvMx Dbœqb ms¯’v AvBwWG wkÿv Dbœq‡b f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
6. †mf w` wPj‡Wªb wkÿv †cÖvMÖv‡g Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc mg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
7. evsjv‡`‡k wkÿv Dbœq‡b eª¨v‡Ki M„nxZ wkÿv Kg©m~Pxi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
8. wek¦e¨vcx wkÿv Dbœq‡b BDwb‡md I BD‡b‡¯‹vi f~wgKvq mv`„k¨ I êmv`„k¨ Zz‡j aiæb|
9. BDwb‡md I BD‡b‡¯‹vi wkÿv Kg©m~Pxi cÖfv‡e wkÿv Dbœq‡b GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiæb|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
cvV- 5.5
1. Aóg Rbeûj †`k †KvbwU?
K. ZvÄvwbqv
L. evsjv‡`k
M. cvwK¯Ívb
N. bvB‡Rwiqv
2. gwim B‡qUm& †Kvb †`kxq bMi f~‡Mvjwe`?
K. gvwK©b
L. Rvcvwb
M. ˆPwbK
N. BZvwjq
DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. K|
cvV- 5.6
1. wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ wkÿvi Afve †Kv_vq †`Lv hvq?
K. bM‡i
L. MÖv‡g
M. ¯‹z‡j
N. K‡j‡R
DËigvjv: 1. L
cvV- 5.7
1. †PvL D¾¡j, †Kvb cÖ`vn †ivM †bBÑ Kvi cÖ`Ë m~PK?
K. Pÿz we‡klÁ ms¯’v
L. wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v
M. BDwb‡md
N. RvwZmsN
2. †KvbwU GgwWwR Gi AšÍf©y³ bq?
K. me©Rbxb cÖv_wgK wkÿv
L. gvZ…¯^v¯’¨ DbœZ Kiv
M. kÖwg‡Ki mwVK cvwikÖwgK †`qv
N. wj½ mgZv
DËigvjv: 1. L, 2. M

cvV: 5.5
1. RbmsL¨v e„w× ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. †`kvšÍi Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniY w`b|
cvV: 5.6
1. bM‡ii wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v Kx?
cvV: 5.7
1. RvZxq ¯^v¯’¨bxwZi D‡Ïk¨mg~n Kx?
2. Lv‡`ï cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Kiæb|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U Dbœqbg~jK mvgvwRK m~PK¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
M. iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
cvV: 5.5
1. evsjv‡`‡ki wbqš¿‡Y miKvwi c`‡ÿcmg~‡ni weeiY w`b|

2. AwfcÖqv‡Yi cÖfve¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
cvV: 5.6
1. MÖvg I bM‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
cvV: 5.7
1. ‘cwi‡ek I wkÿv ci¯úi wbf©ikxjÕÑ we‡kølY Kiæb|

2. my¯^v‡¯’ï ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. gvbeRxe‡b Lv‡`ï f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

Bdwbu 5: Wek VQB, MVGVWRK Mvs WZK Cöÿvc U Wkÿv I Dbœqb: F WGKV

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Bdwbu 5: Wek VQB, MVGVWRK Mvs WZK Cöÿvc U Wkÿv I Dbœqb: F WGKV

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BDwbU 5: wek¦vqb, mvgvwRK mvs¯‹w… ZK †cÖÿvc‡U wkÿv I Dbœqb

cvV 5.1 : wek¦vq‡bi cÖK…wZ; Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK

cvV- 5.1: wek¦vq‡bi cÖK…wZ: Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK

c„ôv 166 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

(Survival of the fittest)| wek¦e¨vcx G wekvj cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wb‡R‡`i‡K e¨emv-evwYR¨, Ávb-weÁvb,

Comparative Education c„ôv- 167

 wkÿv wel‡qi cÖwZ wkÿv_x©i g‡bvms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e;

c„ôv 168 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.1

Comparative Education c„ôv- 169

cvV- 5.2: wewfbœ ai‡bi wk¶vq wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve I cÖwZeÜKZv

c„ôv 170 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

 GwU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †_‡K wek¦we`¨vjq ch©šÍ KvVv‡gvwfwËK wkÿve¨e¯’v;

Comparative Education c„ôv- 171

c„ôv 172 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.2

Comparative Education c„ôv- 173

cvV 5.3: wek¦vq‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z Dbœqb I wkÿv

wek¦vq‡bi Dbœqb I wkÿv

c„ôv 174 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

c„ôv 176 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 177

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.3

c„ôv 178 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 5.4: Ávb, `ÿZv I Av‡e‡Mi Dci wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve

Abyf~wZg~jK D‡Ïk¨ (Affective Objective)

c„ôv 180 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 181

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.4

c„ôv 182 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV- 5.5: RbmsL¨v e„w×, AwfcÖqvY Ges bMivqb

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

Comparative Education c„ôv- 183

c„ôv 184 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 185

c„ôv 186 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 187

cÖK…Z A‡_© bMi `ywU Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ, h_vÑ

c„ôv 188 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 189

c„ôv 190 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.5

Comparative Education c„ôv- 191

cvV- 5.6: MÖvg Ges knivÂ‡ji wkL‡bi Pvwn`v I Ae¯’vmg~n

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

MÖvgxY I bM‡ii Rxeb aviv

c„ôv 192 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

 wkÿv DcKi‡Yi Ae¨envi

Comparative Education c„ôv- 193

c„ôv 194 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 5.6

Comparative Education c„ôv- 195

GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek AcÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek

f~cÖK…wZ Rjevqy RjfvM g„wËKv Dw™¢` LwbR cÖvwYRMr

RvwZ ag© RbmsL¨v wkÿv miKvi

c„ôv 196 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

6. IRb mwVK, kix‡ii msMVwbK w`K mwVK|

BDwb‡md-cÖavb m`i `ßi

c„ôv 198 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 199

c„ôv 200 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Comparative Education c„ôv- 201