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    ურთიერთქმედება-სახ

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    Beqa Chichinadze
    1. Sarkinigzo (railway) transport plays an important role in Georgia's transportation system as it is traditionally one of the main modes of transport in the country. It connects different regions of Georgia and has high socio-economic importance. 2. Railway transport infrastructure spans much of Georgia's territory and connects Georgia to neighboring countries, making Georgia an important transit country between Europe and Asia. 3. The development and coordination of different modes of transport, including railway transport, is important for effective functioning of the national transportation system and economy.

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    ურთიერთქმედება-სახ

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    Beqa Chichinadze
    128 views184 pages
    1. Sarkinigzo (railway) transport plays an important role in Georgia's transportation system as it is traditionally one of the main modes of transport in the country. It connects different regions of Georgia and has high socio-economic importance. 2. Railway transport infrastructure spans much of Georgia's territory and connects Georgia to neighboring countries, making Georgia an important transit country between Europe and Asia. 3. The development and coordination of different modes of transport, including railway transport, is important for effective functioning of the national transportation system and economy.

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    ურთიერთქმედება–სახ.

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    1. Sarkinigzo (railway) transport plays an important role in Georgia's transportation system as it is traditionally one of the main modes of transport in the country. It connects different regions of Georgia and has high socio-economic importance. 2. Railway transport infrastructure spans much of Georgia's territory and connects Georgia to neighboring countries, making Georgia an important transit country between Europe and Asia. 3. The development and coordination of different modes of transport, including railway transport, is important for effective functioning of the national transportation system and economy.

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    128 views184 pages

    ურთიერთქმედება-სახ

    Uploaded by

    Beqa Chichinadze
    1. Sarkinigzo (railway) transport plays an important role in Georgia's transportation system as it is traditionally one of the main modes of transport in the country. It connects different regions of Georgia and has high socio-economic importance. 2. Railway transport infrastructure spans much of Georgia's territory and connects Georgia to neighboring countries, making Georgia an important transit country between Europe and Asia. 3. The development and coordination of different modes of transport, including railway transport, is important for effective functioning of the national transportation system and economy.

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    of 184

    p. qenqaZe, j.

    morCilaZe

    sarkinigzo da sxva saxis


    transportis urTierTqmedeba

    “teqnikuri universiteti”
    p. qenqaZe, j. morCilaZe

    sarkinigzo da sxva saxis


    transportis urTierTqmedeba

    damtkicebulia saxelmZRvanelod
    stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
    sabWos mier

    Tbilisi
    2012
    1
    uak 656.2.078

    saxelmZRvaneloSi gaSuqebulia satransporto sistemis


    roli erovnuli meurneobis funqcionirebaSi, trans-
    portis calkeuli saxeobebis Taviseburebani da maTi
    gamoyenebis sferoebi; moyvanilia transportis saxeo-
    bebis teqnikuri (teqnologiuri) da saeqspluatacio
    daxasiaTeba; Camoyalibebulia sarkinigzo da sxva saxis
    transportis saeqspluatacio urTierTqmedebis formebi
    da meTodebi; ganxilulia transportis calkeuli
    saxeobebisa da rkinigzisa da sxva saxis transportis
    urTierTqmedebis praqtikuli magaliTebi.
    saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos teqni-
    kuri universitetis satransporto da manqanaTmSeneb-
    lobis fakultetis “sarkinigzo transportis” specia-
    lobis magistrantebisaTvis.

    recenzentebi: guri SaraSeniZe


    teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, sruli profesori
    kaxaber SarvaSiZe
    akademiuri doqtori, Sps “saqarTvelos rkinigzis”
    satvirTo gadazidvebis departamentis teqnikuri
    ganyofilebis ufrosi

    yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis nebismieri nawilis (teqsti, foto, ilus-


    tracia) gamoyeneba arc erTi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli
    Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

    saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.


    2
    Sesavali

    Tanamedrove pirobebSi msoflios ganviTarebuli


    da civilizebuli qveynebis funqcionireba warmoud-
    genelia satransporto sistemis gareSe. transporti
    aris qveynis ekonomikis stabiluri ganviTarebis
    erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi atributi. saxelmwifos
    ekonomikuri potencialis aRmasvlaze msjeloben
    satransporto konveieris muSaobis riTmis mixedviT.
    amitom, nebismier saxelmwifoSi satransporto sis-
    temis ganviTarebas, misi calkeuli saxeobebis gegma-
    zomier da harmoniul urTierTqmedebas, didi mniS-
    vneloba eniWeba.
    Tanamedrove, maRalganviTarebuli satranspor-
    to sistema aris saxelmwifoSi mamoZravebeli Zala,
    am sityvis farTo gagebiT, up. yovlisa mosaxleobis
    transportirebis TvalsazrisiT da Semdeg satvir-
    To gadazidvebis uzrunvelyofiT, rameTu nebismieri
    saxis produqciis warmoeba mxolod maSin CaiTvleba
    dasrulebulad, rodesac igi warmoebis adgilidan
    moxmarebis adgilamde iqneba mitanili.
    transportis sxvadasxva saxeobis koordinire-
    buli ganviTareba da urTierTqmedeba iTvaliswinebs
    gadamzidi saSualebebis ukeT gamoyenebas, tvirTis
    transportirebis vadisa da satransporto xarjebis
    Semcirebas, qveynis mosaxleobisa da erovnuli
    meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis ukeT dakmayofilebas
    transportirebis TvalsazrisiT.
    transportis sxvadasxva saxeobis koordinire-
    buli ganviTarebisa da urTierTqmedebis amocanebi

    3
    mravalmxrivia da maTi gadawyveta xdeba sxvadasxva
    sferoSi, rogoricaa teqnikuri, teqnologiuri,
    safinanso, organizaciuli, samarTlebrivi da sxv.
    satransporto sistemis Camoyalibebuli, stabiluri
    funqcionirebisaTvis saWiroa satransporto komple-
    qsis formirebisa da ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebis
    codna, transportis calkeuli saxeobebis daniSnu-
    leba da adgili qveynis erTian satransporto sis-
    temaSi, am sistemis funqcionirebis principebi da
    misi perspeqtiuli ganviTareba.
    saqarTvelos pirobebSi sarkinigzo transporti
    aris erT-erTi tradiciuli dargi, rameTu igi ukve
    TiTqmis 140 welia funqcionirebs. saqarTvelos
    damoukidebel da suverenul qveynad Camoyalibebis
    Semdeg, saqarTvelo gaxda evropisa da aziis dama-
    kavSirebeli umniSvnelovanesi satransporto rgo-
    li, xolo saqarTvelos sarkinigzo transports qve-
    ynis satransporto sistemidan, wamyvani adgili uWi-
    ravs Cven teritoriaze gamaval saerTaSoriso sat-
    ranzito tvirTis gadazidvaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
    saerTaSoriso tvirTis udidesi nawili tran-
    sportirebas agrZelebs sazRvao transportiT, anu
    adgili aqvs sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis
    urTierTqmedebas.
    sxvadasxva saxeobis transportis urTierTqmede-
    bis dros, aucilebelia transportisaTvis damaxasi-
    aTebeli Taviseburebebis codna (teqnikuri da
    teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT), maTi funqconirebis
    sferoebi, moqmedebis diapazonebi, garemo da
    meteorologiuri pirobebiT gamowveuli gadaxris
    4
    normebi dadgenili saSualo maCveneblidan (wliuri
    araTanabroba) da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebi.
    yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,
    naSromSi mocemulia transportis TiToeuli saxeo-
    bis mokle teqnikuri da saeqspluatacio daxasia-
    Teba, sarkinigzo transportTan maTi urTierTqme-
    debis principebi maTTvis damaxasiaTebel Tavise-
    burebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT da is teqnikuri saSua-
    lebebi da parametrebi, romlebic saWiroa am urTi-
    erTqmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad. naSromSi Teori-
    ul debulebebs amyarebs ganxiluli praqtikuli
    magaliTebi.

    5
    nawili pirveli

    transportis calkeuli saxeobebis


    funqcionirebis, marTvisa da urTierTqmedebis
    erTiani sistemis safuZvlebi

    Tavi 1. satransporto sistemis struqtura,


    misi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba,
    moqmedebis sferoebi da perspeqtiuli
    ganviTareba

    1.1 satransporto sistemis struqtura

    Cven qveyanaSi tvirTis gadazidva da mgzavrTa


    gadayvana xdeba transportis sxvadasxva saxeobiT,
    romelic saboloo jamSi qmnis qveynis satranspor-
    to sistemas. dRes msoflioSi transporti iyofa
    sam ZiriTad jgufad: magistraluri anu sagareo,
    samrewvelo anu Siga sawarmoo da saqalaqo.
    magistraluri transporti satransporto kav-
    Sirs amyarebs materikebs, qveynebs da qveynis cal-
    keul regionebs Soris. magistralur transports
    miekuTvneba: sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo, sazRvao, sa-
    mdinaro, sahaero, milsadeni da maRali Zabvis gada-
    mcemi xazebi. saqarTveloSi samdinaros garda, funq-
    cionirebs magistraluri transportis yvela zemoT
    CamoTvlili saxeoba.
    samrewvelo transporti uzrunvelyofs satrans-
    porto gadazidvebs didi warmoebebisa da uwyebebis
    teritoriaze, an akavSirebs maT magistralur trans-
    portTan. samrewvelo transporti aris satranspor-

    6
    to saSualebebis rTuli kompleqsi, romelSic
    gaerTianebulia sxvadasxva saxis meqanizmi, manqana-
    danadgari da mowyobiloba. samrewvelo tran-
    sports SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT konveierebi, sabagiro
    gzebi, saavtomobilo transporti, normaluri da
    viwroliandagiani rkinigzebi, calkeul SemTxvevaSi
    samdinaro transporti, sxvadasxva saxis elevatori
    da sxv.
    saqalaqo transporti axorcielebs mgzavrTa
    transportirebas qalaqis teritoriaze. Tanamedrove
    pirobebSi, rodesac yovelwliurad izrdeba mosax-
    leobis ricxvi, saqalaqo transports ufro da
    ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba. mTel msoflioSi
    qalaqis mosaxleobis saSualo maCvenebeli dRes
    Seadgens daaxloebiT 65-70 %-s, xolo ganvi-
    Tarebul qveynebSi es maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRa-
    lia. nebismieri Tanamedrove civilizebuli qveynis
    normaluri cxovrebis ritmi saqalaqo transportis
    gareSe warmoudgenelia. saqalaqo transporti ori
    saxisaa, miwiszeda da miwisqveSa. saqarTvelos piro-
    bebSi saqalaqo miwiszeda transports miekuTvneba
    avtobusebi mikroavtobusebi da msubuqi taqsoparki,
    sabagiro gzebi; miwisqveSas _ metropoliteni. saqar-
    TveloSi metropoliteni funqcionirebs mxolod
    dedaqalaqSi, TbilisSi.
    yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Tbilisi iyo meoTxe
    qalaqi moskovis (1935), leningradis (1955) da kievis
    (1960) Semdeg, sadac metropoliteni aages (1966 w).
    saerTod, pirveli metropoliteni aSenda jer kidev

    7
    XIX saukuneSi qalaq londonSi (1863), xolo Semdeg
    niu-iorkSi (1968), Cikagosa (1982) da parizSi (1900 w).

    1.2. sarkinigzo transportis roli Cveni qveynis


    satransporto sistemaSi, misi saxelmwifoeb-
    rivi mniSvneloba da produqcia

    Cven qveyanaSi transportis yvelaze tradiciuli


    da ganviTarebuli saxeoba sarkinigzo transportia.
    xatovnad rom vTqvaT, is aris qveynis sasicocxlo
    arteria, romelic gadis bunebriv derefanSi qveynis
    mTel teritoriaze, saqarTvelos akavSirebs mezzo-
    bel qveynebTan da iTvleba azia-evropis satrans-
    porto derefnis (“traseka”) ZiriTad xerxemlad.
    TviTon qveynis SigniT, satransporto sistemaSi,
    didia sarkinigzo transportis roli. rkinigzis
    ganStoebebi da xazebi Sedis TiTqmis yvelgan, garda
    ramdenime mTiani raionisa da qve-ynis aRmosavleT
    da dasavleT regionebs erTma-neTTan akavSirebs.
    evropa-kavkasia-aziis satransporto derefnis
    funqcionirebaSi Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTvelos
    rols, rkinigzis transportis mniSvneloba ufro
    da ufro gaizrdeba. dRevandel saqarTveloSi sar-
    kinigzo transporti prioritetulad moiazreba
    transportis sxva saxeobebs Soris da ganixileba
    rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri siZlieris amaRlebis
    erT-erTi mniSvnelovani berketi. sarkinigzo trans-
    portiT ZiriTadad xorcieldeba masobrivi tvir-
    Tebis gadazidva, ris gamoc is xasiaTdeba maRali
    gadazidvisunarianobiT. gadazidvebis TviTRirebu-
    8
    leba aq gacilebiT dabalia, xolo tvirTis tra-
    nsportireba xdeba SedarebiT maRali siCqareebiT.
    saqarTvelos geostrategiuli mdgomareobis gaT-
    valiswinebiT, udidesi adgili eniWeba satranzito
    gadazidvebs, rameTu umoklesi gza evropasa da
    azias Soris saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadis. Zve-
    li, e.w. abreSumis gzis aRdgeniT, rac gulisxmobs
    Soreuli aRmosavleTisa da indoCineTis qveynebis
    dakavSirebas evropasTan, saqarTvelos sarkinigzo
    transports wamyvani adgili uWiravs satranzito
    gadazidvebSi. amrigad, am TvalsazrisiT udidesia
    saqarTvelos sarkinigzo transportis saxelmwifo-
    ebrivi mniSvneloba.
    saqarTvelos rkinigzas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
    mezobeli qveynebisaTvis tvirTis transportirebis
    saqmeSi. somxeTsa da azerbaijans mxolod saqarT-
    velos teritoriis gavliT, umoklesi gziT, SeuZ-
    liaT TavianTi tvirTis gatana Sav zRvaze.
    sxva dargebisagan gansxvavebiT, rkinigzis trans-
    porti, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva saxis tran-
    sporti, ar qmnis axal produqcias. misi produqciaa
    gadaziduli tvirTi da gadayvanili mgzavri
    Sesabamis manZilebze, romelTac satransporto ter-
    minologiiT tvirTbrunva da mgzavrbrunva ewodeba.

    1.3. transportis ZiriTadi ganmartebebi da muSaobis


    saerTo maCveneblebi

    tvirTis warmoSobis (warmomavlobis) xasiaTis,


    maTi gadaadgilebis pirobebisa da gadasazidi saSu-
    9
    alebebisagan damokidebulebiT, aseve transportis
    muSaobis reJimebis, konstruqciuli da teqnolo-
    giuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, garda zem-
    oT moyvanili transportis ZiriTadi saxeobebisa,
    satransporto sistema SeiZleba kidev daiyos Semdeg
    saxeebad: saerTo moxmarebis, universaluri, specia-
    luri, diskretuli da uwyveti.
    saerTo moxmarebis transports uwodeben tran-
    sportis yvela im saxeobas, romelTa gamoyenebac
    SesaZlebelia erovnuli meurneobis yvela dargSi
    Tanabari warmatebiT. Cveni pirobebisaTvis saerTo
    moxmarebis transporti aris faqtiurad magist-
    raluri transportis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba.
    universalur transports miekuTvneba trans-
    portis is saxeoba, romlis saSualebiTac Se-
    saZlebelia rogorc satvirTo, aseve samgzavro gad-
    azidvebis ganxorcieleba; magaliTad, sarkinigzo,
    saavtomobilo, sazRvao, samdinaro, sahaero trans-
    porti.
    specializebuli transporti gulisxmobs mxol-
    od specifikuri tvirTis gadazidvas. mas SeiZleba
    mivakuTvnoT milgamtari transporti, sabagiro gza,
    sxvadasxva saxis konveieri da elevatori, amwe,
    manqana-danadgari da sxva.
    diskretuli transporti es iseTi transportia,
    romlis moqmedeba damokidebulia tvirTis saxeo-
    baze, Semcvelobaze, moculobasa da gadazidvebis
    siSoreze. mas SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT pnevmaturi moq-
    medebis manqanebi, sxvadasxva saxis amwe-satran-

    10
    sporto da mompovebel-gadamamuSavebeli danadgari
    da sxv.
    uwyveti moqmedebis transportSi igulisxmeba
    transportis iseTi saxeobebi, romelTa saSuale-
    biTac xorcieldeba sxvadasxva saxis, umravles
    SemTxvevaSi ki nayari, dasayreli da wvrili fraq-
    ciis tvirTebis gadaadgileba uwyvet an TiTqmis uw-
    yvet reJimSi. uwyveti moqmedebis transports SeiZ-
    leba mivakuTvnoT sxvadasxva saxis lenturi konvei-
    eri, elevatori da maTi msgavsi manqanebi.
    transportis calkeuli saxeobebis funqcioni-
    rebis sferoebi saboloo jamSi vrceldeba qveynis
    mTel teritoriaze da aisaxeba terminSi “satranspo-
    rto qseli”. satransporto qseli ewodeba saxelmwi-
    foSi arsebuli yvela saxeobis transportis komuni-
    kaciaTa erTobliobas, dasaxlebuli punqtebisa da
    samrewvelo dawesebulebebis teritoriebis gareT.
    satransporto kvanZi ewodeba sxvadasxva saxis
    transportis (minimum ori saxeoba) Tavmoyris (Sepi-
    rispirebis) adgils, aRWurvils satransporto mow-
    yobilobaTa kompleqsiT da gankuTvnils satran-
    zito da adgilobrivi satvirTo da samgzavro ope-
    raciebis Sesasruleblad.
    transportis calkeuli saxeobebi xasiaTdeba
    muSaobis saerTo maCveneblebiT, maT Soris: tvirT-
    brunva, mgzavrbrunva, transportis dayvanili pro-
    duqcia, tvirTis gadazidvis saSualo siSore, mgzav-
    ris transportirebis saSualo manZili,, gadazidvis
    TviTRirebuleba, Sromisnayofiereba da sxv.
    tvirTbrunva ewodeba gadaziduli tvirTis ra-
    11
    odenobas Sesabamis manZilebze erTad aRebuls (Se-
    jamebuls) drois garkveul periodSi:
    Pl  P1l1  P2l2      Pn ln t.km, (1.1)
    sadac P1 , P2 ,  , Pn  gadaziduli tvirTis raodenoba
    (tona), Sesabamis l1 , l 2 ,  , ln manZilebze (km).
    mgzavrbrunva ewodeba gadayvanili mgzavrebis
    raodenobas Sesabamis manZilebze erTad aRebuls
    (Sejamebuls) drois garkveul periodSi:
    Al  A1l1  A2l2      An ln mgz.km, (1.2)
    sadac A1 , A2 ,  , An  gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba
    (mgzavri), Sesabamis l1 , l 2 ,  , ln manZi-
    lebze (km).
    transportis dayvanili produqcia ewodeba tvi-
    rTbrunvisa da mgzavrbrunvis jams:
    Plday  Pl  kAl day.t.km, (1.3)
    sadac k  gadamyvani koeficienti mgz.km-isa t.km-Si;
    roca k  1, es niSnavs, rom 1 t.km=1 mgz.km,
    anu erTi tona tvirTis gadazidva 1 km-ze
    fulad erTeulebSi igive jdeba, rac erTi
    mgzavris gadayvana 1 km-ze.
    tvirTis gadazidvis saSualo siSore aris
    tvirTbrunvis fardoba gadaziduli tvirTis raode-
    nobasTan:
    Pl
    LsaS  ' km, (1.4)
    P
    sadac P  gadaziduli tvirTis saerTo raode-
    noba, t;

    12
    mgzavris transportirebis saSualo siSore gvi-
    Cvenebs mgzavrobis procesSi 1 mgzavris gadaadgile-
    bis saSualo manZils:
    Al
    lsaS  km, (1.5)
    A
    sadac A  gadayvanili mgzavrebis saerTo raode-
    noba, mgzavri.
    gadazidvis TviTRirebuleba aris sidide, rome-
    lic gviCvenebs, Tu ra Tanxa daixarja erTeuli
    produqciis Seqmnaze:
    Эsae
    CTR  lari/t.km, (1.6)
    Plday
    sadac Эsae  Sejamebuli wliuri saeqspluatacio
    xarjebi. sarkinigzo transportis Sem-
    TxvevaSi es sididea gadazidvebTan da-
    kavSirebuli yvela saxis saeqspluata-
    cio xarjebis erToblioba; saavtomo-
    bilo transportze _ yvela saxis Se-
    jamebuli xarjebi dakavSirebuli tvi-
    rTis gadazidvasTan da mgzavrTa ga-
    dayvanasTan, garda xarjebisa saavtom-
    obilo gzebis Senaxvaze; sazRvao tra-
    nsportze _ xarjebi gemebis ekipaJebis
    Senaxvasa da sazRvao flotis eqsplu-
    ataciaze; samdinaro transportze _
    mTliani xarjebi dakavSirebuli tvir-
    Tis gadazidvebTan, garda xarjebisa
    datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis samuSaoebze
    da damxmare meurneobaze.
    13
    Sromisnayofiereba gviCvenebs saeqspluatacio
    Statis erTi muSakis mier Seqmnili produqciis
    sidides:
    Plday
    ПSn  day.t.km/kaci, (1.7)
    Ш St
    sadac ШSt  uwyebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi saeqs-
    pluatacio Stati, kaci.

    1.4. transportis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

    satvirTo gadazidvebisa da transportirebiT


    mgzavrTa dakmayofilebis yovelwliurad mzardi
    moTxovnebi, transportirebis saSualo siSoris ga-
    nuwyveteli zrda, axali satransporto magistra-
    lebis aSenebisa da eqspluataciis aucilebloba,
    didi qalaqebisa da dasaxlebuli punqtebis satra-
    nsporto momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRleba, satran-
    sporto saSualebebis moZraobis saCqareebis amaRle-
    bis, saeqspluatacio saimedoobisa da komfortulo-
    bis maRali donis miRwevis saWiroeba, aucilebels
    xdis Tanamedrove satransporto sistemisa da masSi
    gaerTianebuli transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
    progresul ganviTarebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom tra-
    nsportis calkeuli saxeobebi viTardeba indivi-
    dualurad, Tavisi muSaobis teqnikur-teqnologiuri
    da ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, mag-
    ram maTi ganviTarebis konkretuli mimarTuleba

    14
    unda pasuxobdes mTliani satransporto sistemis
    kompleqsuri ganviTarebis yvela moTxovnas.
    Tanamedrove sarkinigzo transportis ganviTa-
    reba xorcieldeba ori mimarTulebiT _ satvirTo
    da samgzavro. satvirTo gadazidvebis ganviTarebis
    TvalsazrisiT wina planze dgas sarkinigzo komuni-
    kaciebis saeqspluatacio saimedooba, gansakuTrebiT
    rkinigzis liandagisa da vagonis urikebis mimarT,
    matareblis masis gadidebisa da moZraobis maRali
    siCqareebis realizebis mizniT. aRsaniSnavia samecni-
    ero samuSaoebis intensiuri warmoeba salokomotivo
    da savagono parkebis saeqspluatacio maCveneblebis
    gaumjobesebis kuTxiT (lokomotivis simZlavreebisa
    da moZraobis siCqareebis gazrda; vagonis urikebis
    konstruqciuli gadawyveta da dinamikuri maxasia-
    Teblebis srulyofa, tvirTamweobis gazrda, eqsp-
    luataciis vadebis gaxangrZliveba da sxv.). dRes
    sarkinigzo samgzavro gadazidvebis ganviTarebis
    prioritetul mimarTulebebad miCneulia samgzavro
    matareblebis moZraobis siCqareebis amaRleba,
    Cqarosnuli sarkinigzo magistralebis mowyoba
    (zogjer ramdenime qveyanaSi erTdroulad, sae-
    rTaSoriso satransporto derefnebSi), komfort-
    ulobis umaRlesi donis Seqmna rogorc transpo-
    rtirebis procesSi, aseve mTlianad samgzavro gada-
    zidvebSi.
    saavtomobilo transporti perspeqtivaSi viTar-
    deba ramdenime mimarTulebiT, maT Soris gansaku-
    Trebuli adgili uWiravs moZravi Semadgenlobis
    warmadobis amaRlebas, kapitaluri da saeqsplua-
    15
    tacio xarjebis Semcirebasa da sainJinro ekologi-
    is ZiriTadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis aqtualur
    sakiTxebs. garda aRniSnulisa, saavtomobilo trans-
    portis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovania tvirTis
    gadazidvis saSualo siSoris gazrda da saavtomo-
    bilo satvirTo transportis meurneobaSi momsaxu-
    rebis saterminalo kompleqsebis danergva. am uka-
    nasknelis ganxorcielebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba gada-
    sazidi tvirTis partiebis gamsxvileba da trans-
    portirebis manZilis gazrda naklebi saeqspluata-
    cio xarjebiT. samgzavro gadazidvebis Tvalsazri-
    siT aqcenti gamaxvilebulia superTanamedrove avto-
    busebis Seqmnaze komfortis umaRlesi doniT saqa-
    laqTaSoriso da saerTaSoriso mimosvlebis gansa-
    xorcieleblad. rogorc satvirTo, aseve samgzavro
    saavtomobilo parkis ganviTarebaSi prioritetulad
    miCneulia Sigawvis Zravebis Secvla dizelis Zra-
    vebiT.
    Tanamedrove samdinaro transportis ganviTareba
    xorcieldeba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: konkretuli
    mdinaris auzebSi aqcenti gadatanilia universalu-
    ris nacvlad specializebuli gemebis eqspluata-
    ciaze sxvadasxva nomenklaturis tvirTis gadasa-
    zidad, magaliTad, mwvanilisa da baRCeulis, avto-
    mobilebis, Txevadis (gaumjobesebuli kon-
    struqciiT) da sxva dasaxelebis tvirTis gadasa-
    zidad. umjobesdeba gemis konstruqciebi moZraobis
    gabaritisagan damokidebulebiT (mdinaris kalapo-
    tis siRrmis mixedviT). ganviTarebis meore mimarTu-
    leba iTvaliswinebs samdinaro gemebis eqspluata-
    16
    cias Sereuli “mdinare-zRva” variantiT. aRniSnuli
    variantis mizania mdinarisa da zRvis (okeanis) Ser-
    Tvis punqtebSi gadatvirTvis operaciebis likvida-
    cia, anu samdinaro flotis gemebis SesaZlebloba
    gaagrZelon moZraoba zRvaSic tvirTis daniSnule-
    bis punqtSi mitanis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT inten-
    siurad viTardeba aseTi gemebis konstruqciebi. maTi
    brutomasa bolo periodSi 5000 tonidan (saSualo
    maCvenebeli) gaizarda 30000 t-mde (maqsimaluri maC-
    venebeli); amasTan, konstruqciul gadawyvetaSi gaT-
    valiswinebulia gemis siganis gacilebiT didi da
    simaRlis SedarebiT naklebi zomebi, raTa didi
    brutomasis gemebma SedarebiT Tavisuflad imoZra-
    os dabalkalapotian mdinareebSi da problemebi ar
    SeeqmnaT dasaxlebul puntebSi xidebis qveS gavlis
    dros.
    sazRvao transportis perspeqtiuli ganviTareba
    unda ganvixiloT satvirTo da samgzavro gadazi-
    dvebis kuTxiT. TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom
    Tanamedrove etapze Zveli, amortizebuli universa-
    luri tipis gemebis adgils iWers gacilebiT didi
    brutomasisa (dedveiti)1 da zomis specializebuli
    gemebi (konteinermzidebi, sarkinigzo bornebi, yin-
    ulmWrelebi da sxv.). sazRvao transportis ganvi-
    Tarebis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebas Sea-
    -------------------
    1 – 1. dedveiti ewodeba gemis zRvrul tevadobas, romelTanac
    erTad misi wyalSigi unda Seesabamebodes dadgenil nor-
    mas tonebSi;
    2. gemis dasaSvebi brutomasa.

    17
    dgens saporto meurneobis ganviTareba, raTa Sesa-
    Zlebeli iyos nebismieri sididis gemis Seufer-
    xebeli miReba portSi da tvirTebis damuSaveba, rac
    sagrZnoblad gazrdis portis simZlavres (gamtaru-
    narianobas). bolo periodSi sazRvao samgzavro
    gadazidvebSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda turistuli
    gadazidvebis wili; unda aRiniSnos, rom es sidide
    yovelwliurad izrdeba. Tanamedrove sazRvao sam-
    gzavro flotis ganviTareba xdeba ZiriTadad sami
    mimarTulebiT: sazRvao gemebis mSenebloba iseTi
    raionebisaTvis, sadac sazRvao transporti trans-
    portis erTaderTi (an upiratesi) saxeobaa (aseTi
    gadazidvebis wili saerTo sazRvao samgzavro gada-
    zidvebSi minimaluria); specialuri daniSnulebis
    gemebi (Sesabamisi teqnikuri da saeqspluatacio ma-
    xasiaTeblebiT) sanapiro raionebisaTvis da didi
    saokeano lainerebi, romelTa tevadoba (dasaxlebu-
    loba) gaTvlilia 1500-3000 mgzavrze.
    bolo wlebSi sahaero transportis ganviTare-
    baSi gamoikveTa sahaero xomaldebis warmoebis ten-
    dencia gazrdili tevadobiTa (samgzavro) da tvirT-
    amweobiT (satvirTo) moZraobis SedarebiT maRali
    siCareebis pirobebSi. Tanamedrove aerobusebis teva-
    doba 900 mgzavrs aRwevs, moZraobis siCqare ki 900-
    1200 km/sT-is farglebSi meryeobs. amasTan, intensi-
    uri muSaoba mimdinareobs mgzavrTa momsaxurebis
    axali formebis Seqmnaze, rac gulisxmobs up. yov-
    lisa, xelbargis gadazidvis gamartivebul wesebs,
    “bargi mgzavrTan erTad” principis gansaxorciel-
    eblad. aRniSnulis misaRwevad mimdinareobs TviTmf-
    18
    rinavis konstruqciaSi koreqtirebebis Setana, raTa
    specialuri trapiT mgzavrs SeeZlos TviTmfrinavis
    qveda bortze sabargo ganyofilebaSi moxvedra, bar-
    gis Sesanax specialur stelaJis saTanado nomerze
    Tavisi bargis Sesanaxad. satvirTo gadazidvebis
    kuTxiT sahaero transportis ganviTarebaSi wina
    planze dgas iseTi konstruqciis xomaldebis Seqmna,
    romlebic didmasiani da didgabaritiani tvirTebis
    gadazidvas uzrunvelyofs. dReisaTvis ukve Seq-
    mnilia modelebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT 120 t-mde
    tvirTis gadazidva. saerTod, rogorc samgzavro
    aseve satvirTo modelebis SeqmnaSi, mocemul eta-
    pze, axleburad udgebian TviTmfrinavis konstru-
    qciis gadawyvetas aerodinamikis kuTxiT, iyeneben
    axal, gacilebiT msubuq da mtkice masalebs, aseve
    mniSvnelovania axali Taobis TviTmfrinavebSi xmau-
    risa da garemos dabinZurebis Semcireba.
    rac Seexeba milgamtar da samrewvelo trans-
    ports, maRali Zabvis gadamcem xazebTan erTad, maTi
    ganviTareba xorcieldeba dRevandel msoflioSi Se-
    qmnili politikuri, ekonomikuri da geostrategi-
    uli situaciebidan gamomdinare. mTavars am proble-
    maturi sakiTxebis gadaWraSi warmoadgens ama Tu im
    qveyanaSi moqmedi sazogadoebrivi warmoebis sistema,
    ZiriTadi bunebrivi resursebis geografiuli ganla-
    geba, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis done da saerT-
    aSoriso ekonomikuri kavSirebi.

    19
    Tavi 2. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis teq-
    nikur-teqnologiuri da saeqspluatacio
    daxasiaTeba

    2.1. sarkinigzo transportis daxasiaTeba

    sarkinigzo transporti warmoadgens Cveni qve-


    ynis satransporto sistemaSi transportis yvelaze
    gavrcelebul da tradiciul saxeobas. misi saSua-
    lebiT xorcieldeba tvirTisa da mgzavrebis maso-
    brivi transportireba. saqarTvelos sarkinigzo tr-
    ansportis struqturaSi sWarbobs satvirTo gada-
    zidvebi (  70%) . sarkinigzo transportis funqcio-
    nirebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa satvirTo da sam-
    gzavro gadazidvebis moculobis yovelwliuri
    zrda. transportis es saxeoba xasiaTdeba maRali
    gamtar- da gadazidvisunarianobiT. magaliTad, erT-
    liandagian eleqtrificirebul, avtoblokirebiT
    aRWurvil rkinigzas, wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi mima-
    rTulebiT SeuZlia 25-30 mln.t tvirTis gadazidva,
    xolo orliandagians, teqnikuri aRWurvilobis igi-
    ve pirobebSi, normalur reJimSi muSaobis dros _
    100-120 mln.t-isa (xolo tvirTdaZabul reJimSi, gaci-
    lebiT meti).
    sarkinigzo transports transportis sxva saxe-
    obebTan SedarebiT SeuZlia masobrivad gadazidos
    sruliad gansxvavebuli (sxvadasxva nomenklaturis)
    tvirTebi maRali siCqaris pirobebSi; amasTan, gada-
    zidvebis TviTRirebuleba transportis sxva saxeo-

    20
    bebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT dabalia (garda samdi-
    narosi da milgamtarisa).
    sarkinigzo transportis uaryofiT mxared SeiZ-
    leba CaiTvalos didi kapitaldabandebebi rkinigzis
    mSeneblobis dros. amitom rkinigzis mSenebloba mi-
    zanSewonilia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu asaTvi-
    sebelia didi tvirTnakadebi, romelTa moculoba
    perspeqtivaSi ufro da ufro gaizrdeba. uaryofiT
    mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos kidev liTonis didi
    xarji, magaliTad, magistraluri xazis erT kilo-
    metrze saSualod saWiroa 150-200 t liToni (moZ-
    ravi Semadgenlobis CauTvlelad).
    sarkinigzo transportis gamoyenebis sfero aris
    tvirTis gadazidva saSualo da Sor manZilebze
    (500-5000 km), xolo mgzavrTa gadayvana saSualod
    1000 km-is farglebSi. ufro met manZilze
    mgzavrobis dros rkinigzas konkurencias uwevs
    sahaero transporti gacilebiT naklebi transport-
    tirebis vadebis gamo.
    sarkinigzo transportis teqnikuri aRWurvilo-
    bis safuZvelia rkinigzis mudmivi (stacionaruli)
    nagebobebi da moZravi Semadgenloba. rkinigzis
    stacionarul nagebobebs miekuTvneba rki-nigzis
    liandagi da sarkinigzo infrastruqturis Senoba-
    nagebobebi.
    rkinigzis liandagis ZiriTadi elementia miwis
    vakisi, romelzedac moTavsebulia balastis fena _
    prizma (balastad iyeneben RorRs, xreSs, qviSas), xo-
    lo am ukanasknelze _ Spalebi, maTze damagrebuli
    sarelso “ZafebiT”. rkinigzis liandagis sigane
    21
    msoflios qveynebSi sxvadasxvaa; asxvaveben 4 saxis
    rkinigzis liandags _ normalurs, ganiers, saSu-
    losa da viwros. normalurad iTvleba dasavleT
    evropis qveynebis rkinigzis liandagis sigane; aq
    daSoreba liandagis relsebis muSa qimebs Soris
    Seadgens 1435 mm-s; aseTi siganis liandagebs xSirad
    stefensonisebursac uwodeben (genialuri inglise-
    li gamomgoneblis jorj stefensonis pativsacemad,
    romelic iTvleba pirveli oficialuri rkinigzis
    damaarseblad da am rkinigzis sigane iyo 1435 mm).
    liandagis aRniSnuli sigane gamoiyeneba evropis
    qveynebis umravlesobis, kanadis, amerikis SeerTe-
    buli Statebis, meqsikis, urugvais, TurqeTis, ira-
    nisa da Crdilo afrikis TiTqmis yvela qveynis rki-
    nigzaze. ganier rkinigzis liandagad iTvleba im
    rkinigzis liandagebi, sadac relsebs Soris daSo-
    reba Seadgens 1656 an 1600 mm-s. aseTi siganis lian-
    dagebia espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, irlandiaSi, Sri-
    lankaSi; indoeTis, Ppakistanis, argentinis, brazi-
    liisa da avstraliis rkinigzebis did nawilze.
    saSualo siganis liandagad iTvleba liandagebi
    relsebis muSa qimebs Soris 1520 mm-iani daSorebiT.
    aRniSnuli siganis liandagebiTaa aRWurvili yvela
    postsabWouri qveynisa (maT Soris saqarTvelosic)
    da fineTis rkinigzebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dana-
    rCeni qveynis rkinigzebi aRWurvilia viwro lianda-
    gebiT; am dros relsebis muSa qimebs Soris daSo-
    reba Seadgens 1067, 1000, 900 da 750 mm-s.
    rkinigzaze matarebelTa usafrTxo moZraobis
    ganxorcielebis mizniT SemoRebulia sxvadasxva sa-
    22
    xis gabariti: nagebobaTa miaxloebis, moZravi Sema-
    dgenlobisa da datvirTvis. nagebobaTa miaxloebis
    gabariti aris liandagis RerZis mimarT ganivi, per-
    pendikularuli, zRvruli moxazuloba, romlis Sig-
    niT moZravi Semadgenlobis garda ar unda Sediodes
    araviTari nawili nagebobebisa da mowyobilobebisa,
    garda im nawilebisa, romlebic uSualo kontaqtSia
    moZrav SemadgenlobasTan. analogiurad, moZravi Se-
    madgenlobis gabaritis pirobebSi, mis sazRvrebs
    gareT gamousvlelad unda moTavsdes swor, hori-
    zontalur liandagze dayenebuli cariel da dat-
    virTul mdgomareobaSi myofi moZravi Semadgenloba,
    xolo datvirTvis gabaritis dros, mis sazRvrebs
    gareT gamousvlelad unda moTavsdes swor, hori-
    zontalur liandagze mdgar Ria Semadgenlobaze
    ganlagebuli tvirTi damagrebisa da SefuTvis
    gaTvaliswinebiT.
    aucilebeli (saWiro) gamtarunarianobisa da mo-
    Zraobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, rki-
    nigzis xazebi dayofilia gamyof punqtebad; maT mie-
    kuTvneba sadgurebi, asaqcevebi, gadasaswrebi punqt-
    ebi, saliandago postebi da avtoblokirebis dros
    gasavleli SuqniSnebi. bolo or dasaxelebas sali-
    andago ganviTareba ara aqvs. sadguri aris
    rkinigzis ZiriTadi sameurneo-sawarmoo erTeuli.
    rkinigzis sadguri aris nagebobaTa kompleqsi, aRWu-
    rvili saliandago ganviTarebiTa da gankuTvnili
    teqnikuri, satvirTo, komerciuli, samgzavro da
    samanevro operaciebis Casatareblad. daniSnulebisa
    da muSaobis xasiaTis mixedviT, sadgurebi iyofa 5
    23
    ZiriTad jgufad: Sualeduri, saubno, damxaris-
    xebeli, satvirTo da samgzavro. Sualedur sadgur-
    Si ZiriTadad xorcieldeba matarebelTa miReba,
    gagzavna, gatareba, gverdis aqceva da gadaswreba.
    isini ganlagebulia ubanze da erTliandagian rkini-
    gzebze maT Soris daSoreba meryeobs 7-15, xolo or-
    liandagianze 15-30 km-is farglebSi. saubno sadgu-
    rebi ganlagebulia ubnis Tavsa da boloSi da Ziri-
    Tadad gankuTvnilia tranziti matareblebis dasamu-
    Saveblad teqnikuri da komerciuli TvalsazrisiT,
    aqve xdeba salokomotivo brigadebisa da zogjer
    lokomotivebis Secvlac. damxarisxebeli sadgurebi,
    rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia sarkinigzo kvanZebSi
    da gankuTvnilia matarebelTa masobrivi ganformi-
    reba-formirebisaTvis. satvirTo sadgurebSi ZiriTa-
    dad xorcieldeba satvirTo da komerciuli opera-
    ciebi: tvirTis datvirTva-gadmotvirTva, zogierT
    SemTxvevaSi gadatvirTva erTi saxeobis transport-
    tidan meoreSi, gadasazid tvirTze sabuTebis gaf-
    ormeba da sxva operaciebi. satvirTo sadgurebs age-
    ben did qalaqebSi, sazRvao portebSi, tvirTis ma-
    sobrivi mopovebis an gadmotvirTvis (gadatvirTvis)
    adgilebSi. samgzavro sadgurebi igeba did qala-
    qebsa, dasaxlebul punqtebsa da sakurorto zonebSi
    da gankuTvnilia uSualod mgzavrTa momsaxurebisa
    da samgzavro operaciebis sawarmoeblad.
    rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenloba iyofa or jgu-
    fad: wevis moZravi Semadgenloba, romelsac mie-
    kuTvneba lokomotivebi da Zraviani vagonebi. meore
    jgufs miekuTvneba vagonebi tvirTis gadasazidad
    24
    (satvirTo vagonebi) da mgzavrTa gadasayvanad (samg-
    zavro vagonebi). lokomotivebs miekuTvneba: eleq-
    tromavlebi (elmavlebi), Tbomavlebi, airturbomav-
    lebi, motomavlebi; Zravavagonian Semadgenlobas
    ekuTvnis: eleqtromatareblebi (“eleqtriCkebi”), di-
    zelmatareblebi da avtomotrisebi. Sesasrulebeli
    samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT lokomotivebi iyofa
    satvirTo (didi masiTa da wevis didi ZaliT), samg-
    zavro (SedarebiT mcire masiTa da didi konstruq-
    ciuli siCqariT) da samanevro. satvirTo moZravi Se-
    madgenloba Sedgeba 4-, 6- da 8 RerZiani Cveulebrivi
    da specialuri vagonebisagan; maT Soris didi umr-
    avlesoba oTxRerZiania. Cveulebriv vagonebs miekuT-
    vneba: daxuruli, baqani da naxevarvagoni; specia-
    luri savagono parki Sedgeba Semdegi vagonebisagan:
    cisterna, izoTermuli vagoni, cementmzidi, konte-
    inermzidi, marcvalmzidi, hoperi, dumpkari da sxv.
    samgzavro moZravi Semadgenloba Sedgeba mgzavrTa
    gadasayvani samgzavro vagonebisagan, aseve safosto
    da sabargo vagonebisagan da specialuri vagonebi-
    sagan (vagon-laboratoria, vagon-restorani, vagon-
    maRazia, vagon-klubi da sxv.). Tavis mxriv mgzavrTa
    gadasayvani vagonebi iyofa: plackarti, anu vagoni
    araizolirebuli (arakupirebuli) dasawoli adgi-
    lebiT, kupirebuli (dayofili 4-4 adgilian kupe-
    ebad), olqTaSorisi (gadasaSleli kresloebiT) da
    sagareubno (aRWurvili mxolod dasajdomi adgile-
    biT).
    rkinigzis gadazidviTi procesis ganxorciele-
    bis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa matarebelTa weva
    25
    eleqtruli energiis saSualebiT anu eleqtruli
    weva. eleqtrul wevaSi gamoyenebuli elmavlebis
    simZlavre gacilebiT didia, vidre TbowevaSi gamo-
    yenebuli Tbomavlebisa; Sesabamisad didia satvirTo
    matareblis brutomasa da maRalia saboloo Sedegi,
    anu rkinigzis gadazidvisunarianoba. eleqtromoma-
    ragebis meurneobis ZiriTadi mowyobilobaa wevis
    qseli da wevis qvesadguri. aRniSnuli mowyobilo-
    bebi uzrunvelyofs eleqtroenergiis miwodebas sax-
    elmwifo energoqselidan sakontaqto qselSi. eleq-
    trificirebul rkinigzaze samatareblo weva xorci-
    eldeba ori saxeobis deniT _ mudmiviTa da cvla-
    diT. mudmivi denis Zabvaa saSualod 3000, xolo cv-
    ladisa ki 25000 volti. mudmivi denis dros wevis
    qvesadgurebs Soris daSorebaa 15-20, xolo cvladis
    dros ki 40-60 km.
    rkinigzebze matarebelTa moZraobis organizaciis
    ganxorcieleba xdeba sarkinigzo avtomatikisa da
    telemeqanikis mowyobilobebiT, romelTac zogjer
    signalizaciis, centralizaciisa da blokirebis
    (scb) mowyobilobebsac eZaxian. aRniSnuli mowyobi-
    lobebi matarebelTa moZraobis atomatur reguli-
    rebas uzrunvelyofs (avtoblokireba, dispetCeru-
    li centralizacia) da isruli gadayvanebisa da
    signalebis distanciur marTvas (ramdenime aTeul
    da zogjer aseul kilometrze). scb-s mowyobilobe-
    bi, garda matarebelTa moZraobis organizaciisa,
    mimarTulia matarebelTa usafrTxo moZraobis gan-
    saxorcieleblad. magaliTad, avtomatur-salokomo-
    tivo signalizaciis mowyobilobebs SeuZlia avtoma-
    26
    turad gaaCeros matarebeli amkrZalavi signalis ga-
    dakveTis SemTxvevaSi. mniSvnelovani adgili scb-s
    mowyobilobebSi uWiravs kavSiris saSualebebsac.
    rkinigzis mTlianma qselma unda imuSaos rogorc
    erTma meqanizmma, risTvisac saWiroa sxvadasxva sax-
    is brZanebebis, gankargulebebis, miTiTebebisa da
    operatiuli informaciis gadacema umokles vadebSi.
    am mizniT sarkinigzo kavSirgabmulobaSi danergil-
    ia sadispetCero, sasadguro, sagadasarbeno, sagzao
    ganmkargulebeli da sxva saxis kavSiris saxeebi.
    sarkinigzo transportze gadazidviTi procesis
    ganxorcielebas safuZvlad udevs Sesabamisi saxel-
    mZRvanelo sabuTebi, romelTagan mTavaria matare-
    belTa moZraobis grafiki da formirebis gegma.
    matarebelTa moZrobis grafiki aris rkinigzis
    “kanoni”, romlis gareSec sruliad SeuZlebelia
    nebismieri saxis gadaadgileba da moZraobis
    ganxorcieleba rkinigzis mTel qselze, xolo for-
    mirebis gegmis mixedviT mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi
    dgindeba (kanondeba) matarebelnakadebis warmoqmnis
    variantebi mTeli qselis masStabiT.

    2.2. saavtomobilo transportis daxasiaTeba

    saavtomobilo transports erT-erTi mniSvnelo-


    vani adgili uWiravs qveynis satransporto siste-
    maSi. saqarTveloSi saavtomobilo transporti ukve
    saukuneze metia funqcionirebs. bolo aTwleulebSi
    saavtomobilo transportis roli erTian satrans-
    27
    porto sistemaSi ganuxrelad izrdeba. Tanamedrove
    sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi avtotransporti miC-
    neulia tvirTis gadazidvis gansakuTrebulad efe-
    qtur saSualebad. es garemoeba aixsneba imiT, rom
    saavtomobilo transportma klientura miizida sat-
    ransporto momsaxurebis ukeTesi pirobebis gamo:
    tvirTis transportireba SesaZlebelia e.w. karidan
    karamde, anu tvirTgamgzavni organizaciis saw-
    yobidan tvirTmimRebis sawyobamde, an tvirTgam-
    gzavnis saamqrodan tvirTis moxmarebis adgilamde,
    roca transportis sxva saxeobebs amis SesaZleb-
    loba ara aqvT. aseve saavtomobilo transporti gan-
    ixileba rogorc yvelaze mobiluri da manevruli
    saSualeba.
    dRevandel saqarTveloSi saavtomobilo trans-
    portis xvedriTi wili satvirTo gadazidvebSi daa-
    xloebiT 20-25%-ia, xolo samgzavroSi _ 55-60%. saav-
    tomobilo transportis gamoyenebis sferoebi mra-
    valmxrivia; mas iyeneben mrewvelobaSi, mSeneblo-
    baSi, soflis meurneobaSi, vaWrobaSi, samgzavro-
    saerTaSoriso, samgzavro-saqalaqTaSoriso da samg-
    zavro-saqalaqo gadazidvebSi. teqnologiuri Tval-
    sazrisiT saavtomobilo transporti SeiZleba gamo-
    yenebul iqnes sxvadasxva doneze: saerTo-saxelm-
    wifoebriv, regionalur, lokalur, sawarmoo da
    teqnologiur doneebze. saavtomobilo meurneoba
    iTvaliswinebs avtomobilTa movla-Senaxvas, teqnik-
    uri momsaxurebis, moZravi Semadgenlobisa da saav-
    tomobilo gzebis SekeTebis organizacias. saavtomo-
    bilo transportis funqcionirebis mTavari mizania
    28
    klienturisa (tvirTgadamzidTa) da mosaxleobis xa-
    risxiani satransporto momsaxureba da teqnikuri
    saSualebebis gamarTul, muSa mdgomareobaSi yofna.
    saavtomobilo transportis moZravi Semadgenlo-
    ba sxvadasxva kriteriumebisa da moTxovnebis gaTva-
    liswinebiT SeiZleba davyoT calkeul klasebad:
    1. maTze dakisrebuli funqciebidan gamomdinare.
    aseTi avtomobilebi SeiZleba iyos satransporto,
    specialuri da sasporto.
    satransporto avtomobilebi gaTvaliswinebulia
    tvirTis gadasazidad da mgzavrTa gadasayvanad.
    tvirTis gadamzidebi Tavis mxriv iyofa _ uSualod
    satvirTo manqanebi da sxvadasxva saxis sawevrebi,
    satvirTo-samgzavro manqanebi 200-300 kg tvirTamweo-
    biT. samgzavro avtomobilebi iyofa _ msubuqi
    manqanebi, srulgabaritiani avtobusebi da mikroa-
    vtobusebi;
    specialur avtomobilebs warmoadgens: avtomo-
    bil-amweebi, laboratoriebi, moZravi kompresorebi, -
    eleqrosadgurebi, saxelosnoebi, saxanZroebi, maRa-
    ziebi da sxv.
    sasporto avtomobilebi gaTvaliswinebulia spo-
    rtul RonisZiebebSi monawileobisaTvis ZiriTadad
    siCqaris sxvadasxva rekordis dasamyareblad.
    2. saavtomobilo gzebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT
    saavtomobilo transporti iyofa sam ZiriTad jgu-
    fad:
    I _ avtomanqanebi da avtomatareblebi, romlebic
    moZraobs mxolod maRali donis kapitaluri
    safariT aRWurvili gzebiTa (А kategoria)
    29
    da romelTa erT RerZze mosuli datvirTva
    Seadgens 10 t-s, xolo brutomasa 52 t-s;
    II _ avtomanqanebi da avtomatareblebi, romelTa
    eqspluataciac gaTvaliswinebulia saerTo
    moxmarebis avtogzebze da romelTa 1 RerZze
    mosuli datvirTva Seadgens 6 t-s, xolo br-
    utomasa _ 34 t-s;
    III _ avtomobilebi, romelTa RerZze mosuli dat-
    virTva Seadgens 10 t-sa da mets da romelTa
    moZraobac akrZalulia saerTo moxmarebis
    gzatkecilebze. maTi moZraoba nebadarTulia
    specialur gzebze (nedleulis mopovebis ad-
    gilidan nedleulis damuSavebis adgilamde,
    xe-tyis damzadebis punqtebSi da sxv.).
    3. avtomobilze dayenebuli Zravis saxeobis mixe-
    dviT asxvaveben Semdegi saxis avtomobilebs: naper-
    wkluri aalebis msubuq sawvavze momuSave karbu-
    ratorians Siga wvis ZraviT, maT miekuTvneba mcire
    da saSualo tvirTamweobis satvirTo da msubuqi
    avtomobilebi; dizelis Zravze momuSave avtomobi-
    lebs, maT miekuTvneba mZime sawvavze momuSave didi
    tvirTamweobis satvirTo avtomobilebi da mraval-
    adgiliani avtobusebi; gazis balonze momuSave av-
    tomobilebs, maT miekuTvneba naperwkluri aalebis
    Siga wvis ZraviT aRWurvili avtomobilebi, romle-
    bic msubuqi sawvavis (sxvadasxva oqtanobis benzini)
    magivrad iyeneben SekumSul an gaTxevadebul gazs;
    gazoturbinul avtomobilebs, romelTa mamoZra-
    vebeli Zala Txevad sawvavze momuSave turbinaa;
    aseTma avtomobilebma jerjerobiT farTo gavrce-
    30
    leba ver pova. perspeqtivaSi SesaZlebelia maTi
    gamoyeneba Zalian didi tvirTamweobis manqanebze an
    Cqarosnul saerTaSoriso mimosvlis avtobusebze;
    eleqtrul avtomobilebs, romelTa mamoZravebeli
    Zalaa akumulatorul batareiebze momuSave eleqt-
    ruli Zravebi. aseTi manqanebi jerjerobiT gamoi-
    yeneba mxolod saqalaqo gadazidvebSi msubuqi da
    mcire partiebiT gadasazidi tvirTisaTvis.
    4. gamavlobis mixedviT avtomobilebs yofen Sez-
    Ruduli da maRali gamavlobis. SezRuduli gamav-
    lobis avtomobilebs miekuTvneba Cveulebrivi avto-
    mobilebi, rogorc satvirTo, aseve samgzavro, rom-
    lebic gaTvaliswinebulia saerTo moxmarebis avto-
    gzebze samoZraod. Cveulebrivi avtomobilebi xasi-
    aTdeba borblebis formuliT, sadac pirveli cifri
    aRniSnavs borblebis mTlian raodenobas, xolo
    meore cifri _ modebaSi myofi borblebis rao-
    denobas (magaliTad, 4X4). maRali gamavlobis
    manqanebs iTvaliswineben mZime sagzao pirobebSi
    samoZraod. konstruqciis mixedviT isini SeiZleba
    iyos borblebiani, naxevradmuxluxa, borblebian-
    muxluxa da amfibiebi.
    5. tvirTamweobis mixedviT avtomobilebi iyofa:
    gansakuTrebiT mcire _ tvirTamweobiT 0,5 t-mde;
    mcire tvirTamweobis _ 0,5-2,0 t; saSualo tvirTam-
    weobis _ 2-8 t; didi tvirTamweobis _ 8-16 t da gan-
    sakuTrebiT didi tvirTamweobis _ 16 t da meti.
    6. Zaris konstruqciis mixedviT satvirTo avto-
    mbilebi iyofa oTx jgufad: saerTo moxmarebis, sat-
    virTo baqani, specializebuli da asaRebi. saerTo
    31
    moxmarebis Zariani avtomobilebi gamoiyeneba masob-
    rivad saSualo da didi tvirTamweobis satvirTo
    manqanebis rangSi. satvirTo baqani SeiZleba iyos
    sxvadasxva formis _ Ria, gadaxuruli, daxuruli
    da sxv. specializebulZariani avtomobilebi SeiZle-
    ba iyos TviTmclelebi, furgonebi da cisternebi.
    avtomobilis asaReb (mosaxsnel) Zaras kontreileri
    ewodeba.
    rac Seexeba samgzavro saavtomobilo parks, is
    SeiZleba davyoT sam jgufad: avtobusebi, mikro-
    avtobusebi da msubuqi manqanebi. avtobusebi daniS-
    nulebis mixedviT iyofa: Sigasaqalaqo, sagareubno,
    saqalaqTaSoriso, saerTaSoriso da saskolo. msu-
    buqi avtomobilebi daniSnulebis mixedviT iyofa 4
    jgufad: kerZo mflobelobaSi, samosamsaxuro, msub-
    uqi taqsoparki da gasaqiravebeli. mikroavtobusebi
    gamoiyeneba rogorc Sigasaqalaqo, aseve sagareubno
    da saqalaqTaSoriso samgzavro gadazidvebSi.
    dRes saavtomobilo gzebis kategoriebi
    saqarTveloSi aseTia: saerTaSoriso, romlebzec
    xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso gadazidvebi; saqala-
    qTaSoriso, qveynis SigniT qalaqebs Soris; region-
    naluri, regionis calkeul dasaxlebul punqtebs
    Soris; raionuli, damakavSirebeli raionis centrsa
    da dasaxlebul punqtebs Soris da adgilobrivi _
    calkeul dasaxlebul punqtebs Soris dasakavSi-
    reblad.
    unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad saavtomobilo
    transportis zemoT CamoTvlili dadebiTi mxaree-
    bisa, mis uaryofiT mxared iTvleba, up. yovlisa
    32
    garemos dabinZurebis maRali procenti anu ekolo-
    giuri arasaimedooba da transportis iseT saxeobe-
    bTan SedarebiT, rogoricaa sarkinigzo, sazRvao,
    samdinaro da milsadeni _ maRali TviTRirebuleba,
    aseve tvirTis gadazidvebisa da mgzavrTa gadayva-
    nis saSualo siSoreebis naklebi mniSvneloba zemoT
    CamoTvlil transportis saxeobebTan SedarebiT,
    garda milgamtarisa.

    2.3. samdinaro transportis daxasiaTeba

    samdinaro transportis gamoyenebis sferoebi


    mxolod qveynis Siga raionebis akvatoriebia, Tumca
    gvxvdeba xolme gamonaklisebic, roca samdinaro
    transportiT xorcieldeba tvirTis gadatana da
    mgzavrTa gadayvana ramdenime qveynis teritoriaze.
    samdinaro gadazidvebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
    uWiravs iseT did mdinareebs, rogoricaa lena (4270
    km), volga (3688), obi (3676), enisei (3354), amuri (2846)
    _ yvela miekuTvneba ruseTis federacias, dnepri
    (2285, ukraina), amazoni (6500, brazilia), gangi (2700,
    indoeTi), zambezi (3540, mozambiki), indi (3180, paki-
    stani), iukoni (3100), wminda lavrentis mdinare (3380),
    misisipi (3940) _ samive amerikis SeerTebuli Sta-
    tebis, ianZi (5800), huanhe (4845) _ orive CineTis,
    kongo (4320, zairi), iravadi (2150), salueni (3200) _
    orive birmis, dunai (2850, miedineba germania-avstria-
    ungreTis teritoriaze), la-plata-parana (4700, arge-
    ntina), makenzi (4600, kanada), mekongi (4500, kampuCia),
    33
    murei (2570, avstralia), nigeri (4160, nigeria), Sat-
    el-arabi (3260, siria), orinoko (2730, venesuela),
    nilosi (6671, miedineba sudanisa da egviptis teri-
    toriaze).
    samdinaro transportis marSrutebze did gavle-
    nas axdens mdinareTa geografiuli ganlageba da ma-
    Ti funqcionirebis sezonuri araTanabroba. samdi-
    naro transportiT gadaizideba ZiriTadad masobri-
    vi tvirTi, rogoricaa mineraluri sasuqebi, samSe-
    neblo mineraluri da inertuli masalebi, xe-tye,
    navTobproduqtebi da sxv. unda aRiniSnos, rom tvi-
    rTis gadazidvebis TviTRirebuleba samdinaro
    transportze daaxloebiT 30%-iT naklebia, vidre
    sarkinigzoze. samdinaro transportis upiratesoba
    gamoixateba kidev misi taris dabal koeficientSi
    (moZravi Semadgenlobis taris fardoba mis tvirTa-
    mweobasTan), romelic Seadgens 0,15-0,20, roca es
    sidide rkinigzis transportze meryeobs 0,35-40,
    xolo saavtomobiloze _ 0,8-1,2-is farglebSi. samdi-
    naro transportis uaryofiT mxares SeiZleba miva-
    kuTvnoT eqspluataciis araregularuli periodi,
    rac damokidebulia sezonur klimatur pirobebTan
    _ mdinareebis gayinvasTan zamTris periodSi da
    wyalmarCxobasTan _ zafxulis periodSi. uaryofiT
    mxared SeiZleba kidev CaiTvalos moZraobis Seda-
    rebiT dabali siCqareebi _ 5-13 km/sT.
    floti warmoadgens samdinaro transportis ma-
    terialur-teqnikuri bazis umniSvnelovanes elemen-
    ts; igi SeiZleba davyoT sam jgufad: satransporto,
    samosamsaxuro-damxmare da teqnikuri.
    34
    satransporto floti Tavis mxriv iyofa: samg-
    zavro, satvirTo, samgzavro-satvirTo; TviTmavali
    da araTviTmavali (mimwoli da sabuqsiro); mSrali,
    Txevadi (Camosasxmeli) da Sereuli tvirTis.
    samdinaro satvirTo gemebi konstruqciis mixe-
    dviT SeiZleba davyoT 4 jgufad: gembaniani, Ria baq-
    niT, naxevradRia baqniTa da daxuruli.
    samosamsaxuro-damxmare gemebs miekuTvneba: yinu-
    lmWrelebi, sareido gemebi, rabebSi gaTvaliswineb-
    uli buqsirebi da mimwolebi, saxanZro da maSveli
    gemebi.
    teqnikuri flotis gemebs miekuTvneba is gemebi,
    romlebic ZiriTadad asrulebs teqnikur operaci-
    ebs, rac gamoixateba marSrutze dadgenili gabari-
    tis uzrunvelyofaSi, kalapotgamwmend da fskerga-
    saRrmavebel samuSaoebSi.
    moZraobis gabaritis mixedviT samdinaro gemebi
    iyofa oTx jgufad:
    -zemagistraluri _ garantirebuli siRrme 4 m da
    meti;
    - magistraluri _ siRrme 2,6 m ;
    - adgilobrivi daniSnulebis _ 1,4 m ;
    - mcire mdinareebis _ 1 m.
    porti aris samdinaro transportis sanapiro
    meurneobis ZiriTadi elementi. TavianTi kons-
    truqciis mixedviT is SeiZleba iyos navsadguriseb-
    ri da kalapotiani. did mdinareebSi garda portis
    ZiriTadi mowyobilibebisa, gaTvaliswinebulia agre-
    Tve TavSesafari nagebobebi reidze mdgari gemebi-
    saTvis didi Relvis dros. TavianTi daniSnulebidan
    35
    gamomdinare, portebi aRWurvilia specialuri misas-
    vlelebiT, miRebisa da gagzavnis reidebiT samdi-
    naro gemebisaTvis, sarkinigzo mowyobilobebiT Sema-
    dgenlobis ganformireba-formirebis mizniT, sawyo-
    bebiTa da satvirTo moednebiT, pirsebiT (navsadgu-
    risebr portebSi), amwe-satransporto mowyobilobe-
    biTa da sxv. garda aRniSnulisa, yvela samdinaro
    ports aqvs samgzavro nagebobebi da mowyobilobebi
    mgzavrTa momsaxurebis mizniT.
    erT regionSi (mdinareze) ganTavsebuli porte-
    bis saqmianobas xelmZRvanelobs organo, romelsac
    sanaosno ewodeba. aq dgindeba sanaosnoSi gaerTia-
    nebuli calkeuli portebis muSaobis teqnologiuri
    procesebi da erTiani moZraobis grafiki portebis
    urTieTdakavSirebisa da stabiluri, gegmazomieri
    muSaobis mizniT. aRniSnuli moZraobis grafikebi
    dgindeba yovelwliurad, ganaxlebuli saxiT.
    bolo wlebSi samdinaro transportis roli
    erTian satransporto sistemaSi sul ufro da uf-
    ro izrdeba. Sesabamisad farTovdeba da viTardeba
    samdinaro flotic. dRevandeli samdinaro flotis
    funqcionireba xorcieldeba Tanamedrove, uaxlesi
    teqnikiT aRWurvili Tbomavlebis meSveobiT, romel-
    Ta tvirTamweobac mdinaris sididis Sesabamisad me-
    ryeobs 2000-18000 t-is farglebSi. satvirTo flotis
    umravlesoba aris «mdinare-zRva» tipis gemebi, rome-
    lTac saSualeba aqvT Tavisuflad gavidnen zRvis
    akvatoriaSi mdinaris SesarTavTan da sawyobis gver-
    dis avliT gadatvirTon tvirTi saokeano gemebze an
    miitanon imave akvatoriis sxva portSi.
    36
    maRal donezea ganviTarebuli da yovelwli-
    urad viTardeba samdinaro samgzavro flotic. moZ-
    raobis siCqaris amaRlebis mizniT, Tanamedrove sam-
    dinaro samgzavro gemebis konstruqciaSi gamoye-
    nebulia wyalqveSa frTebi da haeris baliSebi. ase-
    Ti konstruqciis gemebis moZraobis siCqare 65 km/sT-
    s aRwevs, xolo tevadoba 400 mgzavramdea. unda
    aRiniSnos, rom garda Cqarosnuli, specialuri kon-
    struqciis samdinaro samgzavro gemebisa, eqsplua-
    taciaSia ZiriTadi saxeobis gemebi. konstruqciuli
    TvalsazrisiT isini SeiZleba iyos erT-, or-, sam-
    da oTxgembaniani; Sesabamisad maTi tevadobac merye-
    obs 200-1000 mgzavris farglebSi.
    unda aRiniSnos, rom samdinaro samgzavro gada-
    zidvebi bevr qveyanaSi turizmis ganviTarebis mni-
    Svnelovani, efeqturi saSualebaa. amitom am kuTxiT
    farTod viTardeba samdinaro samgzavro gadazi-
    dvebi saTanado teqnikur-teqnologiuri baziTa da
    infrastruqturiT.

    2.4. sazRvao transportis daxasiaTeba

    saqarTvelo, Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobidan


    gamomdinare, sazRvao qveyanas warmoadgens, rameTu
    mis teritorias uSualod esazRvreba Savi zRvis
    nawili. strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, sxva qveynebTan
    SedarebiT, rogoricaa magaliTad somxeTi, azerba-
    ijani, Sua aziis qveynebi, saqarTvelos uWiravs upi-
    ratesi mdgomareoba. zemoT CamoTvlili qveynebis
    37
    tvirTi ver moxvdeba msoflio (evropis) bazarze,
    Tu saqarTvelos teritoria ar gaiara da misi sa-
    porto sadgurebidan ar gaigzavna sazRvargareT,
    Tumca unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aris ruseTis
    federaciis teritoriaze gamavali alternatiuli
    gzebic, magram saqarTvelos am mxriv prioritetuli
    mdgomareoba uWiravs. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,
    saqarTvelos ekonomikis gaZlierebis erT-erT mniSv-
    nelovan saSualebas sazRvao transportic warmoa-
    dgens, radganac saqarTvelos teritoriiT satran-
    zito tvirTebis transportirebis bolo punqtebi
    saqarTvelos saporto sadgurebia. saqarTvelos rea-
    lobaSi, sazRvao transporti aris transportis
    erT-erT ZiriTadi saxeoba, romelic saqarTvelos
    akavSirebs sazRvargareTis qveynebTan. masze modis
    saqarTvelos saeqsporto tvirTebis 90 da satran-
    zito tvirTebis daaxloebiT 95%. miuxedavad imisa,
    rom saqarTvelos sazRvao portebidan daniSnulia
    reisebi mezobeli qveynebis zogierT qalaqamde, sam-
    gzavro gadazidvebis wili saerTo gadazidvebSi
    umniSvneloa. evraziis Crdilo nawilSi ganlage-
    buli zRvebisagan gansxvavebiT, Savi zRvis portebi
    da maT Soris saqarTvelosic, muSaoben mTeli wlis
    ganmavlobaSi SeuzRudavad. rogorc cnobilia saqa-
    rTveloSi funqcionirebs sami sazRvao porti, baTu-
    mi, foTi da soxumi. es ukanaskneli saqarTvelos
    iurisdiqcias faqtiurad ar emorCileba afxazeTSi
    arsebuli separatistuli reJimis gamo.
    sazRvao transportis materialur-teqnikuri ba-
    zis ZiriTad elements miekuTvneba: floti, portebi,
    38
    xomaldsaremonto dawesebulebebi, saliandago me-
    urneoba, kavSirgabmulobisa da eleqtroradionavi-
    gaciis saSualebebi.
    sazRvao floti aris sxvadasxva tipis xomal-
    dis erTobliobas, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gan-
    sxvavdeba zomiT, formiT, konstruqciiTa da daniS-
    nulebiT. igi Sedgeba satransporto (satvirTo, sam-
    gzavro, satvirTo-samgzavro), samosamsaxuro-damxma-
    re, teqnikuri da specialuri daniSnulebis xomal-
    debisagan.
    satvirTo gemebi gadasazidi tvirTis saxeobis
    mixedviT iyofa: mSrali da Txevadi tvirTis gada-
    sazidi da kombinirebuli. mSrali tvirTebis gada-
    mzidi gemebi konstruqciuli TvalsazrisiT SeiZ-
    leba iyos universaluri da specializebuli. uni-
    versaluri gemebiT xdeba ZiriTadad e.w. generaluri
    tvirTebis gadazidva (masobrivad gadasazidi tvir-
    Ti, konkretuli qveynis an qveynebisa da regi-
    onebisaTvis, romlebic xasiaTdebian mudam stabi-
    luri nakadebiT. mag. qvanaxSiri, rkinis madani, tor-
    fi da sxv.), xolo specializebuliT _ spectvirTe-
    bisa (xe-tye, konteinerebi da sxv.). mSrali tvirTis
    gadasazidi gemebi aris seriuli gemebi, romelTa
    konstruqciuli gadawyvetac msoflios sxvadasxva
    qveyanaSi TiTqmis erTi da igive princi-pebiT xdeba.
    maTi dedveiti Seadgens 8000-30000 t-s, xolo siCqare
    15-19 kvanZs1.
    Txevadi tvirTis gadamzidi gemebi tvirTis saxe-
    --------------------

    1 – 1 kvanZi=1 mili/sT-Si; 1 mili=1,852 km.

    39
    obis mixedviT SeiZleba daiyos: navTobis, navTob-
    produqtebis, Txevadi gazis, spirtisa da zeTis ga-
    damzidi. CamoTvlili dasaxelebebidan yvelaze didi
    wili modis navTobtvirTis gadamzid gemebze. mSra-
    li tvirTis gadamzid gemebTan SedarebiT Txevadi
    tvirTis gadamzidi gemebis dedveiti meryeobs 10000-
    150000 t-is farglebSi.
    kombinirebuls miekuTvneba iseTi gemebi, romelTa
    konstruqciac SesaZleblobas iZleva Txevad tvirT-
    Tan erTad gadaizidos mSrali tvirTic.
    samgzavro floti Sedgeba komfortabeluri Cqa-
    rosnuli samgzavro saokeano gemebisagan, gaTva-
    liswinebulni 800-3000 mgzavris gadasayvanad.
    satvirTo-samgzavro gemebis saSualebiT SesaZ-
    lebelia rogorc tvirTis, aseve mgzavrebis erT-
    drouli transportireba.
    samosamsaxuro-damxmare flotSi gaerTianebulia
    sabuqsire, samaSvelo da salocmano gemebi, romle-
    bsac ar gadaaqvT tvirTi da ar gadahyavT mgzavrebi;
    maTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa xeli Seuwyon satra-
    nsporto flotis funqcionirebas.
    teqnikuri floti aerTianebs im gemebs, romelTa
    daniSnulebaa imoZraon ZiriTadad navsadguris Siga
    akvatoriaSi, saokeano gemebis miRebis, reidze daye-
    nebis, datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis frontebze Cayene-
    bisa da gagzavnis uzrunvelsayofad.
    specialuri daniSnulebis floti aerTianebs
    iseT gemebs, romelTac specialuri daniSnuleba
    aqvT navigaciis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, yinul-
    mWrelebi, sasazRvro katarRebi da sxv.
    40
    sazRvao porti aris sazRvao navigaciis ZiriTadi
    sameurneo erTeuli. mis gamarTul da gegmiur
    muSaobaze bevradaa damokidebuli sazRvao flotis
    efeqturi gamoyeneba. portis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa
    gemebis miReba-gagzavna, dacla-datvirTva da momsa-
    xureba. am mizniT sazRvao porti Sedgeba gare da
    Siga akvatoriisagan. gare akvatorias miekuTvneba
    portTan misasvleli arxebi da gare reidebi, xolo
    Sigas _ Siga reidebi da operatiuli ubnebi. Siga
    akvatoria dayofilia raionebad, Sesabamis reidze
    gemis Sesabamisi tipis dgomis mizniT. portSi Sesa-
    svleli arxebi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi da xelo-
    vnuri. misi siRrme meryeobs 12-15 m-is farglebSi,
    xolo sigane fskerze Seadgens 80-120 m-s. Siga rei-
    dis zomebs iReben im angariSiT, rom yvela didi
    zomis gems SeeZlos Semosvlis Semdeg gaCereba,
    Ruzis CaSveba da mobruneba. amasTan, SesaZlebeli
    unda iyos saTanado pirsTan gemis daubrkoleblad
    misvla sxva gemis mtruli marSrutebis gamori-
    cxviT. portis Siga akvatoria zRvis Relvisagan
    daculia talRamWrelebiTa da Semomfargvleli mo-
    wyobilobebiT. samgzavro operaciebi sruldeba sam-
    gzavro raionSi, sadac ganTavsebulia gaerTia-
    nebuli sazRvao da sarkinigzo vagzlebi.
    xomaldsaremonto dawesebulebebi, rogorc wesi,
    ganlagebulia gemebis miweris portebSi da maTi
    daniSnulebaa flotis mimdinare remonti, aseve mim-
    dinare movla-Senaxvis, aRdgenisa da saavario samu-
    Saoebis warmoeba, zogierT SemTxvevaSi gemebis re-
    konstruqciac. xomaldsaremonto dawesebulebebis
    41
    mniSvnelovan elements Seadgens mSrali da sveli
    dokebi.1
    saliandago meurneoba iTvaliswinebs Siga akva-
    toriis calkeul raionebSi rkinigzis liandagTa
    iseT ganlagebas rkinigzis sadgurebis (parkebis)
    saxiT, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos srulad gadat-
    virTvis samuSaoebis mimdinareoba erTi saxis trans-
    portidan meoreze da piriqiT.
    sanavigacio saSualebebs miekuTvneba sanapiro
    da mcuravi (tivtiva) Suqurebi, xilvadi da manaTo-
    beli niSnebi da sxv.
    portSi satvirTo gemis «muSaobis» zogadi teq-
    nologiuri procesi aseTia:
    - gemis miwodeba datvirTvaze (gemis Sesvla por-
    tis Siga akvatoriaSi, misi miyeneba pirsTan _ misad-
    gomTan, mibma-mimagreba, Cayenebis gaformeba);
    - gemis dgoma datvirTvaze (satvirTo farTis mom-
    zadeba, gemis satvirTo saSualebebis momzadeba tvi-
    rTis misaRebad, gemamde tvirTis transportirebis
    SesaZleblobis Semowmeba, datvirTva, tvirTebis
    ganTavseba da damagreba, lukebis daxurva da satvi-
    rTo sabuTebis gaformeba);
    - gemis gamzadeba reisSi wasasvlelad (marSrutis
    kursis gamoTvla, curvis pirobebis garkveva, saw-
    vavis momarageba, momarageba wyliT, saWiro masale-
    ------------------------------

    1 – doki – nageboba, sadac awarmoeben gemis korpusis wyalqve-


    Sa nawilis wmendas, SeRebvas, remontsa da sxv.

    42
    biT, inventariT, produqtebiT; gaformebuli satvir-
    To sabuTebiT uzrunvelyofa);
    - gemis gasvla portidan (gemis axsna misadgomi-
    dan, misi daZvra da Siga akvatoriaSi gayvana _ xSir
    SemTxvevaSi buqsiris meSveobiT, portis Siga akva-
    toriidan gasvla Ria zRvaSi);
    - gansazRvruli kursis mixedviT gemis moZraoba
    (yvela operacia dakavSirebuli gemis marTvasTan).

    2.5. sahaero transportis daxasiaTeba

    sahaero transporti dRes erTian satransporto


    sistemaSi miCneulia rogorc transportis yvelaze
    Cqari saxeoba. amitomac aris, rom mas uWiravs meore
    adgili sarkinigzo transportis Semdeg, saqalaqTa-
    Soriso samgzavro gadazidvebSi.
    msoflio civilizaciis donis amaRleba da soc-
    ialuri progresi, yovelwliurad zrdis sahaero
    samgzavro gadazidvebis wils erTian satransporto
    sistemaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi gaxda sakon-
    tinentTSoriso samgzavro gadazidvebis safuZveli.
    msoflios ganviTarebul, civilizebul qveynebSi
    kulturuli donisa da materialuri keTildReobis
    maRali xarisxi xels uwyobs saaviacio samgzavro
    gadazidvebis yovelwliur zrdas.
    sahaero transportis dadebiT mxared SeiZleba
    CaiTvalos up. yovlisa, maRali teqnikuri da kom-
    erciuli siCqareebi. saerTaSoriso trasebze mo-
    Zraobis saSualo siCqare Seadgens 700-900 km/sT-s,
    xolo Siga, adgilobriv xazebze _ 400-500. sahaero
    43
    transportis trasebis sigrZe sarkinigzo da saav-
    tomobilo transportTan SedartebiT 20-25%-iT nak-
    lebia, xolo zogierT calkeul SemTxvevebSi _ 40-
    50%-iT.
    sabWoTa kavSiris pirobebSi saaviacio parki
    Sedgeboda ZiriTadad sabWoTa kavSirSi gamoS-
    vebuli samgzavro TviTmfrinavebisagan, rogoricaa
    ТУ-154, ИЛ-62, ИЛ-86. am seriis TviTmfrinavebi Ziri-
    Tadad dafrinavdnen sakontinentTSoriso da saqa-
    laqTaSoriso trasebze (moZraobis siCqare 700-900
    km/sT), xolo adgilobriv mimosvlaSi gamoiyeneboda
    ufro mcire tevadobisa da siCqaris TviTmfrinavebi
    seriiT ЯК-40, АН-24. damoukideblobis miRebis Semdeg
    saqarTvelos sahaero transporti damoukidebel
    kompaniebad daiyo, rogoricaa magaliTad «airzena»,
    «evropis xazebi» da sxv. saaviacio parks Seemata
    ucxouri warmoebis sahaero xomaldebi, maT Soris
    msoflioSi cnobili firma «boingi»-s TviTmfrina-
    vebic.
    sahaero transporti Cven qveyanaSi asrulebs
    ZiriTadad samgzavro gadazidvebs. samgzavro avia-
    ciis materialuri baza aris : sahaero xomaldebi,
    aeroportebi, aerovagzlebi, sahaero trasebi da
    saaviacio-saremonto qarxnebi.
    sahaero xomaldebis garda samgzavro aviacias
    miekuTvneba Sveulmfrenebic. daniSnulebis mixedviT
    rogorc TviTmfrinavebis, aseve Sveulmfrenebis par-
    ki iyofa sam jgufad: samgzavro, satvirTo da spe-
    cialuri (soflis meurneobis, sanitaruli, aerofo-
    togadaRebebis, saswavlo-sawvrTneli da sxv.). TviT-
    44
    mfrinavi aris mfrinavi aparati, romlis moZraobac
    xorcieldeba Zravebis wevis Zalisa da maTgan
    gamowveuli amwevi Zalis saSualebiT. Sveulmfreni
    ewodeba mfrinav aparats, romelic gadaadgildeba
    vertikalur RerZze horizontalurad damagrebuli
    frTebis saSualebiT.
    moZraobis siSoris mixedviT samgzavro TviTm-
    frinavebi iyofa Soreul, saSualo da axlo mimos-
    vlisaTvis. aseTnairadve iyofa Sveulmfrenebic, mxo-
    lod ara moZraobis siSoris mixedviT, aramed maTi
    gamoyenebis niSniT; isini SeiZleba samgzavro,
    satvirTo _ ZiriTadad samSeneblo-saremonto samu-
    Saoebis sawarmoeblad da soflis meurneobis daniS-
    nulebis iyos.
    aeroporti aris sainJiro mowyobilobaTa kom-
    pleqsi, aRWurvili aerodromiTa da samosamsaxuro-
    teqnikuri nagebobebiT da gankuTvnili mgzavrTa
    momsaxurebisaTvis, tvirTis, bargisa da fostis
    gadasamuSaveblad da aseve sahaero xomaldebis
    teqnikuri momsaxurebisa da maTi eqspluataciis uz-
    runvelyofisaTvis.
    aerodromi aris aeroportis ZiriTadi nawili.
    is aris specialuri profilis xelovnuri sa-
    inJinro nageboba gaTvlili da konstruirebuli sa-
    haero xomaldebis afrenis, dafrenis, gadaadgile-
    bis, dgomisa da teqnikuri momsaxurebis uzrunvel-
    sayofad. aerodromis farglebSi xorcieldeba Tvi-
    TmfrinavebSi mgzavrTa Casxdoma-gadmosxdoma, maTi
    transportireba aeroportis Senobasa da aerodro-
    mze myof xomalds Soris, aseve tvirTis, bargisa da
    45
    amanaTebis datvirTva da gadmotvirTva TviTmfrina-
    vidan da gadatvirTva erTi TviTmfrinavidan meo-
    reSi. aerodromis mTavari nagebobaa safreni zoli
    TviTmfrinavebis afrena-dafrenisaTvis.
    aerovagzali, rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia qal-
    aqebSi, dasaxlebul punqtebSi, aeroportebidan aTe-
    uli kilometris daSorebiT. aq warmoebs mgzavrTa
    momsaxureba, up. yovlisa bileTebis SeZenis Tvalsa-
    zrisiT. aerovagzlebi Sesabamisad aRWurvilia saTa-
    nado mowyobilobebiTa da nagebobebiT (sabileTo
    salaroebi, mosacdeli darbazebi, registraciisaT-
    vis saWiro ujredebi, sacnobaro biuroebi, restor-
    nebi, bufetebi, avtotransportis baqnebi da sxv.).
    sahaero trasa ewodeba dedamiwis zedapiridan
    garkveul simaRleze gamoyofil sahaero sivrces
    derefnis saxiT, romelSic mkacrad daculi wesebiT
    (am sivrcis daurRvevlobis pirobiT), xorcieldeba
    frenebi. sahaero trasebi iyofa saerTaSoriso, saqa-
    laqTaSoriso da adgilobrivi daniSnulebisaTvis.
    saaviacio-saremonto qarxnebSi warmoebs sxvada-
    sxva tipis TviTmfrinavisa da Sveulmfrenis sa-
    Tanado saxis SekeTeba da saremonto samuSaoebi.
    Tanamedrove sahaero transportis saeqspluata-
    cio muSaobis teqnologiebi uzrunvelyofs sahaero
    lainerebis usafrTxo da efeqtur frenas.
    sahaero transportis funqcionirebis uaryofiT
    mxared iTvleba garemos dabinZurebis maRali pro-
    centi, SedarebiT maRali riskis koeficienti da
    transportis yvela sxva saxeobasTan mimarTebaSi
    produqciis maRali TviTRirebuleba.
    46
    2.6. milgamtari transportis daxasiaTeba

    milgamtari transporti aris satransporto


    sistemis erT-erT mniSvnelovani saxeoba. man farTo
    gavrceleba pova gadazidviT procesSi, sxva saxis
    transportTan SedarebiT ukeTesi teqnikur-
    ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gamo. milgamtari (milsa-
    deni) transportis saSualebiT xdeba Txevadi (Ziri-
    Tadad navTobisa da navTobproduqtebis) da gazebis
    (mcire moculobiT fxvieri tvirTis) transpor-
    tireba Sor manZilze.
    xsenebuli saxis transports didi xnis istoria
    aqvs: jer kidev Soreul XIX saukuneSi, kerZod ki
    1865 wels, Sevida eqspluataciaSi pirveli 6,5 km
    sigrZis milgamtari navTobis gadasazidad, amerikis
    SeerTebul StatebSi. 1897-1909 wlebSi gayvanil iqna
    850 km sigrZis navTobgamtari (navTobsadeni) baqodan
    baTumamge (milis diametri 200 mm).
    dRes asxvaveben milgamtari transportis or
    jgufs _ navTobgamtari da gazgamtari. navTob-
    gamtari SeiZleba iyos magistraluri, mimwodebeli
    da sarewao, xolo gazgamtari _ magistraluri da
    adgilobrivi. Tanamedrove milgamtari transportis
    teqnikuri baza rTuli da mravalferovania. misi
    teqnikuri aRWurvilobis ZiriTadi elementebia :
    uSualod milgamtari, romelic aris hidro- da
    eleqtroizolaciiT aRWurvili urTierT-dakavSire-
    buli liTonis milebi; gadasatumbi da sakompre-
    soro sadgurebi; saxazo kvanZebi, mezobeli ubnebis
    47
    magistralebis SeerTebis adgilebi saWiroebis
    SemTxvevaSi calkeuli ubnebis gadasaketad da sxv.
    navTobgamtaris teqnikur aRWurvilobaTa kompl-
    eqsSi Sedis Senoba-nagebobebi da mowyobilobebi
    navTobis degazaciisa da masSi Sereuli wylis ga-
    mosadevnad, navTobis blanti saxeobebis gaTbobi-
    saTvis da sxv. analogiurad, gazgamtaric aRWu-
    rvilia gasufTavebisa da gaSrobisaTvis saWiro
    manqana-danadgarebiT, gazisaTvis mkveTri sunis
    mimcemi mowyobilobebiTa da sxv. navTob- da gazga-
    mtaris asagebad, rogorc wesi, iyeneben 1440 mm
    diametris liTonis (foladis) milebs (perspeqtiva-
    Si dagegmilia 1620 da 2200 mm-iani milebis gamoye-
    neba). Cveulebriv pirobebSi milis gareTa zedapiri
    ifareba antikoroziuli saSualebiT da ideba 2,5 m
    siRrmis TxrilSi, zogjer sahaero estakadazec
    (mdinaris da xevebis gadalaxvisas), xolo wyalSi
    gatarebis SemTxvevaSi (mdinare, tba, zRvis yure) _
    fskerze.
    navTobgadasatumb da sakompresoro sadgurebs
    ageben milgamtaris dasawyisSi (saTavo sadguri) da
    trasaze (Sualeduri) yovel 100-150 km-is Semdeg.
    unda aRiniSnos, rom milgamtarSi wnevis saSualo
    maCvenebeli 75 atmosferos aRwevs, tvirTis moZra-
    obis siCqare _ 10-12 km/sT-s, xolo Zaluri agrega-
    tebis Sejamebuli simZlavre zogjer aWarbebs 10 aT-
    as kvt-s. miuxedavad imisa, rom magistralur gaz-
    gamtarSi wneva aRwevs 100 atmosferomdec, gamanawi-
    lebel sadgurSi xdeba wnevis Semcireba da aseTi
    saxiT misi miwodeba samomxmareblo qselSi.
    48
    milgamtar transports, transportis sxva saxeo-
    bebTan SedarebiT, gaaCnia Semdegi upiratesoba:
    - produqciis gadazidvis ufro mokle vadebi
    rkinigzisa da sawylosno transportTan SedarebiT;
    - gadazidvis dabali TviTRirebuleba (daaxloe-
    biT 2-jer naklebi samdinaroze da 3-jer naklebi sa-
    rkinigzoze);
    - naklebi saeqspluatacio xarjebi (1,5-jer nakle-
    bi sarkinigzosTan da 3-4-jer naklebi samdinaros-
    Tan SedarebiT);
    - tvirTis daculoba transportirebisas;
    - mcire xvedriTi kapitaldabandebebi;
    - gadazidviTi procesis uwyvetoba (meteorologi-
    uri da klimaturi pirobebisagan damoukideblad);
    - avtomatizaciis gamoyenebis maRali done sawar-
    moo procesebSi;
    - mcirericxovani momsaxure personali.
    milgamtari transportis uaryofiT mxared SeiZ-
    leba CaiTvalos misi viwro specializacia da mdgr-
    adi tvirTnakadis arsebobis aucilebloba. igi ar
    iZleva saSualebas sabazro koniunqturis Cqar rea-
    girebaze da SeiZleba moemsaxuros mxolod stabi-
    lur da msxvil tvirTnakadebs. aseve gasaTvalis-
    winebelia milgamtari transportiT blanti Txevadi
    tvirTis (mazuTi, gudroni) gatarebis SeuZlebloba.
    garda aRniSnulisa, sxva saxeobis transportTan
    SedarebiT, maRalia sxvadasxva mizeziT gamowveuli
    avariuli situaciebis done (maT Soris xangrZlivi
    eqspluataciis vadis gamoc). am mizezebs ZiriTadad
    miekuTvneba korozia, samSeneblo-samontaJo
    49
    samuSaoebis dros daSvebuli wunebi, wunebi
    sawarmooebSi milebis damzadebisas da meqanikuri
    dazianebebi. yovelive aRniSnuli Tavs iCens mil-
    gamtari transportis eqspluataciis pirobebSi. sxva
    sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maRalia ekologiuri riske-
    bis albaToba da xSiria darRvevebi muSaobis teqno-
    logiur procesebSi, romelTa aRmofxvrac Txoul-
    obs muSaobis riTmis Secvlas xangrZlivi periodiT.
    gansakuTrebiT didia stabilizaciisaTvis saWiro
    dro.
    Tavisi masStabebiT pirveli didi milgamtari
    sistema navTobproduqtebis transportirebisaTvis,
    agebul iqna gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi yofil
    sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze («druJba», sigrZiT
    5116 km). misi mizani iyo aRmosavleT evropis soci-
    alisturi qveynebis uzrunvelyofa navTobiT. unda
    aRiniSnos, rom xsenebuli milgamtari (navTobgam-
    tari) erT-erTi udidesia msoflioSi. dRes am
    navTobgamtariT navTobi miewodeba beloruss, ukra-
    inas, CexeTs, slovakeTs, germanias, poloneTs da
    sxva qveynebs.
    igive periodSi daiwyo navTobgamtarebis ganvi-
    Tareba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic. aq navTobis
    mopovebis obieqtebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, qveynis mTel
    teritoriazea gafantuli (texasi, luiziana, kalif-
    ornia, oklahoma, meqsikis yure da sxv.). Sesabamisad
    navTobgamtarebis qselic aSS-s mTel teritoriazea
    gavrcelebuli, romelzec modis navTobis gadazid-
    vis 75%.
    dasavleT evropis qveynebs navTobi miewodeba Zi-
    50
    riTadad zRviT, axlo aRmosavleTisa da afrikis
    qveynebidan, tankerebis saSualebiT. tankerebidan sx-
    vadasxva qveynis navTobgadamamuSavebel qarxnebamde
    misi transportireba xdeba milgamtari transpor-
    tiT. magaliTad, milgamtarebiT miewodeba navTobi
    safrangeTs, italias, Sveicarias, avstriasa da ger-
    manias. dReisaTvis evropaSi mofunqcionire Sedar-
    ebiT mniSvnelovan navTobgamtarebs SeiZleba mivaku-
    TvnoT: germaniis teritoriaze moqmedi 384 km-iani
    milgamtari (qalaqebs vilhelmsxavensa da veselings
    Soris); roterdami (holandia)-kiolnis (germania) 454
    km-iani navTobgamtari; samxreT evropis milgamtari
    marselis portidan (safrangeTi) aRmosavleT safra-
    ngeTisa da germaniis CrdiloeTSi mdebare navTob-
    gadamamuSavebel qarxnebamdeDE (sigrZe 780 km); cent-
    raluri evropis milgamtari genuidan (italia) eCe-
    liamde (Sveicaria) da Semdeg ingoldStadtamde (ge-
    rmania), sigrZiT 650 km; transalpuri milgamtari
    triestis portidan (italia) avstriis teritoriis
    gavliT ingoldStadtamde (germania), ganStoebebiT
    venis olqisa da bavariis navTobgadamamuSavebeli
    qarxnebisaken.
    gazgamtari aris transportis ZiriTadi saxeoba
    gazis transportirebisaTvis Sor manZilze.
    bunebrivi gazi iTvleba saTbob-energetikuli resu-
    rsis mniSvnelovan nawilad. dRevandel pirobebSi
    gazgamtari Sedgeba gazis sarewis, magistraluri
    milgamtaris, gazsacavisa da gamanawilebeli milga-
    mtarebis urTierTdakavSirebuli urTulesi komple-
    qsuri sistemasagan. gazis mrewvelobis ganviTarebis
    51
    mTavari qvakuTxedia gazis sabadoebis eqsplu-
    ataciaSi Seyvanis Semdeg gazis swrafi da Seufe-
    rxebeli transportireba. samomxmareblo struqtu-
    ris Secvlam (erTnairi warmatebiT gamoyeneba ro-
    gorc samrewvelo aseve sayofacxovrebo miznebi-
    saTvis) da msxvili magistralebis gamtarunariano-
    bis amaRlebisaken swrafvam, moiTxova saeqspluata-
    cio saimedobis amaRleba, rac Tavis mxriv moiTxovs
    sarezervo, miwisqveSa sacavi sistemebisa da gazgam-
    tarebis teqnikuri parametrebis srulyofas.
    gazgamtarebis masobrivi ganviTareba, iseve rog-
    orc navTobgamtarebisa, daiwyo gasuli saukunis 60-
    iani wlebidan. wina periodTan SedarebiT (1946-1960
    wlebi), daiwyo gacilebiT didi sigrZis gazgamta-
    rebis ageba rogorc yofil sabWoTa kavSiris, aseve
    aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis qveynebis terito-
    riebzec. unda aRiniSnos, rom ramdenadac dasavleT
    evropis qveynebSi gazis resursebi SedarebiT mci-
    rea, misi importireba ZiriTadad xdeba ruseTidan,
    Sua aziisa da afrikis qveynebidan. aRsaniSnavia is-
    ic, rom garda magistraluri gazsadenebisa (import-
    uli gazis Semosatanad), evropis bevr qveyanaSi fun-
    qcionirebs Siga daniSnulebis xazebi, adgilobrivi
    warmoebis gaziT saTanado obieqtebis mosamarageb-
    lad. aseT qveynebs miekuTvneba holandia, Sotlan-
    dia, norvegia da sxv.
    gazgamtarebis ganviTarebaSi problematur saki-
    Txad rCeba gamanawilebel sadgurebs Soris manZi-
    lis gazrda, e.i. gazis gadazidvis SesaZlebloba
    gacilebiT did manZilze. Cveulebriv pirobebSi anu
    52
    wnevis gazrdiTa da gazgamtari milis diametris
    gadidebiT aRniSnuli problema ar wydeba, radgan
    cnobilia, rom Tu muSa wnevas gazgamtar milSi (5-6
    atmosfero) gavzrdiT 10 atmosferomde, gazgamtaris
    warmadoba izrdeba 75-80%-iT, xolo wnevis kidev
    gazrda, vTqvaT 12 atmosferomde, rac iTxovs milis
    diametris gazrdas 1620 mm-de _ ukve mcireefeqturia.
    am problemis gadasaWrelad ar wydeba samecniero
    muSaoba, up. yovlisa gazgamtari milis simtkicis
    xarisxis amaRlebis kuTxiT.
    Txevadi tvirTis efeqturma transportirebam
    milgamtari transportiT, gamoiwvia mravalricxova-
    ni cdebis Catareba fxvieri tvirTis gadamzidi
    milgamtari sistemis Sesaqmelad. dRes aRniSnuli
    sistema warmatebiT funqcionirebs aSS-Si, ruseTSi,
    braziliasa da kidev bevr qveyanaSi. am dros mil-
    gamtaris kedlis cveTa umniSvneloa. aRniSnuli
    sistemis eqspluataciis vadaa 30-35 weli.
    saqarTvelos teritoriaze dRes funqcionirebs
    milgamtari transportis farTo qseli, romelic
    warmodgenilia rogorc navTob-, ise gazgamtari
    sistemebiT. navTobgamtarebSi wina planzea magis-
    traluri milsadenebi _ baqo-sufsa da baqo-Tbili-
    si-jeihani. magistraluri gazsadenebi saqarTveloSi
    Semodis rogorc ruseTidan, aseve azerbaijanidan
    da saqarTvelo am SemTxvevaSi TamaSobs tranziti
    qveynis rols (Tumca pirvel rigSi akmayofilebs
    qveynis interesebs saimporto gaziT). unda aRini-
    Snos, rom gazgamtarebis Siga qseli gavrcele-
    bulia saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela qalaqs, raionsa
    53
    da dasaxlebul punqtSi, radgan uaxloes momavalSi
    dagegmilia mTeli qveynis mosaxleobis uzrunvel-
    yofa bunebrivi gaziT.

    2.7. samrewvelo transportis daxasiaTeba

    erovnuli meurneobis sruli dakmayofileba tvi-


    rTis gadazidvasa da mgzavrTa gadayvanaSi safuZ-
    velia sxva dargebis warmatebuli funqcionirebisa
    da Sesabamisad, mTeli qveynis ekonomikuri siZlier-
    is ganmtkicebisa. mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneo-
    bis warmoebis tempis zrda iwvevs transportis ro-
    lis gazrdas, riTac kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xde-
    ba misi adgili erovnuli meurneobis stabilur ga-
    nviTarebaSi. aRniSnulis ganxorcielebaSi gansakuT-
    rebuli adgili uWiravs samrewvelo transports.
    mas mWidro kavSirurTierToba aqvs erovnuli meur-
    neobis TiTqmis yvela wamyvan dargTan.
    samrewvelo transporti axorcielebs mraval-
    ferovan teqnikur gadazidvebs sawarmoos SigniT
    calkeul saamqroebs Soris, warmoebis procesSi.
    garda aRniSnulisa, igi asrulebs sawyis da sabo-
    loo operaciebs magistraluri transportis mier
    ganxorcielebuli gadazidvebis dros datvirTvisa
    da daclis punqtebSi.
    samrewvelo transporti daniSnulebis mixedviT
    SeiZleba davyoT gare, Sigasaqarxno da Sigasaamq-
    rod. gare transporti (sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo,
    sawylosno), rogorc wesi, uSualod ar aris daka-
    54
    vSirebuli warmoebis teqnologiur procesebTan. mis
    funqciebSi Sedis misasvleli liandagebis saSua-
    lebiT nedleulis, saTbobis, saWiro masalebis mit-
    ana (miwodeba) daniSnulebis adgilze da warmo-
    ebidan mza produqciis gatana. sawarmoebs, roml-
    ebic uSualod ganlagebulia mdinaris, zRvis an
    tbis sanapiroebTan, gaaCniaT sakuTari navmisadg-
    omebi saWiro mowyobilobebiT gemebis dacla-datvi-
    rTvisaTvis.
    Sigasaqarxno da Sigasaamqro transporti uzrun-
    velyofs tvirTis gadaadgilebas (teqnikur gada-
    zidvebs) warmoebis teritoriaze; samrewvelo gare
    transportisagan gansxvavebiT, Sigasaqarxno da Si-
    gasaamqro transporti uzrunvelyofs warmoebis te-
    qnologiuri procesebis mWidro kavSirs gare tran-
    sportTan, xolo es ukanaskneli _ magistralur
    transportTan. operaciebi, romlebic sruldeba sam-
    rewvelo transportiT, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rog-
    orc samrewvelo procesis Semadgeneli elementebi.
    samrewvelo transporti aris mravalferovani
    da rTuli teqnikuri saSualebaTa kompleqsi, rome-
    lic specializebulia warmoebis muSaobis xas-
    iaTisa da gadazidvis xerxebis mixedviT. gadazidvis
    TviTRirebuleba samrewvelo transportze gacile-
    biT maRalia, vidre magistralurze. es garemoeba
    aixsneba umTavresad imiT, rom tvirTis gadazidva
    mokle manZilze moiTxovs SedarebiT did xarjebs
    sawyis da saboloo operaciebis Sesrulebaze.
    rkinigzis transporti rCeba samrewvelo trans-
    portis funqcionirebis erT-erT efeqtur saSua-
    55
    lebad. misi meSveobiT warmoebis teritoriaze gada-
    izideba didi moculobis masobrivi tvirTi. gan-
    sakuTrebiT efeqturia rkinigzis transporti samTo-
    madneulis mrewvelobaSi Ria damuSavebis dros. sam-
    rewvelo sarkinigzo transportis dadebiT mxared
    unda CaiTvalos tvirTis masobrivi gadazidvis
    SesaZlebloba; tvirTis nakaduri da riTmuli mi-
    wodeba-gamotana satvirTo frontebze, maRali saeq-
    spluatacio saimedoba sawarmoo procesebSi da misi
    eqspluataciis SesaZlebloba wlis nebismier dros.
    mis uaryofiT mxareebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: mata-
    reblis mcire masa, didi teritoriis dakaveba, mci-
    re radiusiani da didi qanobis liandagebis eqsplu-
    atacia da rogorc Sedegi _ matarebelTa moZraobis
    dabali siCqareebi, mokle gadasarbenebis simravle
    sadgurebs Soris da sxv.
    samrewvelo saavtomobilo transports gaaCnia
    specifikuri Taviseburebani, riTac is gansxvavdeba
    transportis sxva saxeobebisagan; up. yovlisa es
    aris misi mobilurobisa da manevrulobis maRali
    done, gamoyenebis farTo sfero da diapazoni. igi
    erovnuli meurneobis TiTqmis yvela dargSi gamo-
    iyeneba samrewvelo transportis rangSi. bolo per-
    iodSi misi, rogorc samrewvelo transportis
    efeqturobis amaRlebis mizniT, iqmneba axali da
    originaluri konstruqciebi, romlebic maqsimalur-
    ad aris misadagebuli konkretuli tvirTis momsaxu-
    rebis pirobebTan.
    samrewvelo transportis funqcionirebaSi sul
    ufro met gamoyenebas poulobs uwyveti moqmedebis
    56
    manqanebi, rogoricaa konveierebi, sxvadasxva saxis
    elevatorebi, pnevmaturi, sakid-sabagiro da hidrav-
    likuri manqana-danadgarebi. maRali warmadobis gamo
    isini iTvleba maRalefeqtur manqanebad da gamoi-
    yeneba farTo speqtriT mrewvelobis sxvadasxva
    sferoSi.
    zemoT CamoTvlili uwyveti moqmedebis manqane-
    bidan samrewvelo transportSi yvelaze xSirad ga-
    moiyeneba konveierebi. maTi dadebiTi mxareebia: maRa-
    li saaTobrivi warmadoba, muSaobis uwyvetoba (Se-
    sabamisad damtvirTavi mowyobilobebis minimaluri
    mocdenebi), dabali TviTRirebuleba, minimaluri mo-
    msaxure personali, tvirTis gadaadgilebis SesaZ-
    lebloba didi daxris kuTxiT, satransporto proc-
    esebis sruli avtomatizacia. konveierebi gamoiyene-
    ba Sigasaqarxno da Sigasaamqro gadazidvebis dros
    mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargSi.
    pnevmaturi manqanebi gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad fxvi-
    eri, wvrilmarcvlovani, wvrilnatexiani da mtvris-
    ebri tvirTis transportirebisaTvis. am saxeobis
    transporti xasiaTdeba maRali gadazidvisunaria-
    nobiT, ekonomiurobiT, transportirebisa da energ-
    iis mcire danaxarjebiT.
    sakid-sabagiro transporti farTod gamoiyeneba
    Savi da feradi metalurgiis, qimiuri da qvanax-
    Siris mrewvelobis, samSeneblo masalebis mopovebis
    (damzadebis) warmoebaSi da sxv.
    milgamtarma (pnevmaturi da hidravlikuri)
    transportma farTo gamoyeneba pova qvanaxSiris,
    madneulis, cementis mwarmoebeli qarxnebis nedle-
    57
    ulis mopovebasa da mrewvelobis sxva dargebSi,
    rogorc ekonomikurad efeqturma da teqnikur-eko-
    nomikuri TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebulma saSualebam.
    samrewvelo transportis saxeobad iyeneben saha-
    ero transportsac vertmfrenebis saxiT; maT iyene-
    ben kavSirgabmulobaSi (anZebis dasayeneblad, saden-
    ebis gadasaadgileblad da sxv.), xe-tyis damamzad-
    ebeli didi kombinatebis teritoriaze, roca trans-
    portis sxva saxeobis funqcionireba sxvadasxva mi-
    zezebis gamo ar aris mizanSewonili.
    borblebian saxmeleTo samrewvelo transports
    _ avto- da eleqtrodamtvirTavebs, sawevrebs, misab-
    mel urikebsa da sxva, warmoebaSi iyeneben samre-
    wvelo transportis rangSi, romelTa gamoyenebis
    sferoebic ganisazRvreba maTi saeqspluatacio-eko-
    nomikuri maCveneblebiT.

    2.8. saqalaqo transportis daxasiaTeba

    dRevandeli qalaqis yoveldRiuri cxovreba wa-


    rmoudgenelia Tanamedrove saqalaqo transportis
    gareSe, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos qalaqSi yvela
    saxis gadazidvebi.
    qalaqis mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba
    qalaqis teritoria da saqalaqo transportis fun-
    qcionirebis arealic. qalaqis stabiluri ganviTa-
    rebisaTvis saqalaqo transportma nebismier dros
    unda uzrunvelyos yovelwliurad mzardi mgzavrna-
    kadebis (tvirTnakadebis) aTviseba, amisaTvis ki saqa-
    laqo transportis ganviTarebis tempi mniSvnelov-
    58
    nad win unda uswrebdes qalaqis mosaxleobis zrd-
    is temps. qalaqis mosaxleobis ricxvis mudmivi
    zrdis pirobebSi, misi Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis,
    saWiro gaxda saqalaqo transportis Tanamedrove,
    kompleqsuri sistemis Seqmna, romelic ufro sru-
    lad pasuxobs Sigasaqalaqo gadazidvebis moTxo-
    vnebs da xels uwyobs mis efeqtur ganviTarebas. am
    mizniT did megalopolisebSi1 sarkinigzo samgza-
    vro transporti gadaiqca saqalaqo transportis
    erT-erT mniSvnelovan saxeobad. mTiani reliefis
    pirobebSi, bevr qalaqSi maqsimalurad gamoiyeneba
    samgzavro da satvirTo sabagiro gzebi.
    saqalaqo transportis ZiriTadi saxeoba aris
    (mainc) avtobusi, romlis wilic saqalaqo satra-
    nsporto sistemaSi yvelaze didia. mobilurobisa da
    SedarebiT dabali kapitaldabandebebis wyalobiT,
    avtobusi patara qalaqebSi aris xSir SemTxvevaSi
    erTaderTi da TiTqmis ualternativo transportis
    saxeoba. didia maTi gamoyenebis wili did qala-
    qebSic; Tanamedrove, rogorc mcire, ise didi
    tevadobis avtobusebs gaaCniaT kargi ventilacia da
    gaTboba, farTo karebebi da fanjrebi, gamoirCeva
    svlis simdovriTa da SedarebiT mcire xmauriT.
    misi uaryofiTi mxarea, rogorc cnobilia, garemos
    dabinZurebis maRali procenti da aseve produqciis
    maRali TviTRirebuleba.
    dRes iTvleba, rom tramvai, troleibusi da
    metropoliteni aris saqalaqo transportis yvelaze
    ----------------
    1 – megalopolisi – Zalian didi, uzarmazari qalaqi.

    59
    ufro usafrTxo da sufTa saxeoba ekologiuri
    TvalsazrisiT.
    tramvai aris qalaqis samgzavro transportis
    erT-erTi progresuli saxeoba, romelic gamoirCeva
    dinamikurobiTa da siCqariT, aqvs kargi ventilacia
    da gaTboba, farTo karebebi mgzavrTa Seuferxebeli
    Casxdoma-gadmosxdomisaTvis; Tanamed-rove tramvais
    saloni maRalkomfortulia, igi aRW-urvilia rbili
    savarZlebiT, naklebxmauriania, ar aWuWyianebs
    garemos. mis uaryofiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos
    didi kapitaldabandebebis aucilebloba da cudi
    manevruloba; amitom msxvil qalaqebsa da
    dasaxlebul punqtebSi mTavari magistralebi, moe-
    dnebi da satransporto kvanZebi gamonTavisuflebu-
    lia tramvais moZraobisagan da misi xazebi gada-
    tanilia ufro farTo gamzirebsa da (an) periferi-
    ul raionebSi.
    troleibusic saqalaqo transportis erT-erTi
    progresuli saxeobaa, magram misi cudi manevrulo-
    bis gamo xSir SemTxvevaSi uars ambobenxolme mis
    gamoyenebaze. dRes Seqmnilia maRali klasis
    troleibusebi. maT korpusSi CamontaJebulia sami
    kari, mgzavrTa nakaduri Cxasxdoma-gadmosxdomis mi-
    zniT; xmauris done salonSi dabalia, kargi venti-
    lacia da gaTboba qmnis komfortul garemos mgzav-
    rebisaTvis.
    Tanamedrove metropoliteni xasiaTdeba maRali
    gamtarunarianobiT, didi siCqariTa da komfortu-
    60
    lobis maRali xarisxiT. metropoliteni warmoad-
    gens msoflios did qalaqebSi mgzavrTa masobrivi
    gadayvanis saukeTeso saSualebas. igi aris miwis-
    qveSa transportis saxeoba. xasiaTdeba wlis ganma-
    vlobaSi stabiluri muSaobis unariT, usafrTxoebis
    yvelaze maRali procentiT saqalaqo transportis
    sxva saxeobebTan mimarTebaSi, dabali TviTRirebu-
    lebiTa da ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT sisufTavis
    maRali xrisxiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom metropoli-
    teniT aRWurvilia msoflios qveynebis TiTqmis yve-
    la didi dedaqalaqi da qalaqi. misi funqcionirebis
    aucilebeli piroba aris qalaqis mosaxleobis
    minimum milioniani raodenoba da (an) satvirTo
    mimarTulebaze mgzavrTnakadebis 50-70 aTasiani ric-
    xvi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
    msubuqi taqsoparki aRiarebulia saqalaqo
    transportis yvelaze mobilur saxeobad, faqtiurad
    manevrulobis SeuzRudavi xarisxiT. saqalaqo gada-
    zidvebSi gamoyenebuli msubuqi avtomobilebi (taq-
    sebi) gamoirCeva maRali siCqariTa da komfortu-
    lobis maRali xarisxiT. maT uaryofiT mxares, iseve
    rogorc sawvavze momuSave transportis nebismieri
    saxeobisas, warmoadgens garemos dabinZurebis maRa-
    li procenti da mgzavrobis maRali TviTRire-
    buleba. unda aRiniSnos, rom XXI saukunis qalaqis
    ganviTarebam, dRis wesrigSi daayena ufro mobil-
    uri da manevruli saqalaqo transportis arseboba.
    dRes am ampluaSi mogvevlina arastandartuli
    avtobusi anu mikroavtobusi. misi dadebiTi
    mxareebia maRali gamavloba qalaqis pirobebSi,
    61
    mobilurobisa da manevrulobis maRali done, moZ-
    raobis didi intensiuroba da SedarebiT maRali
    siCqareebi.
    saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis kompleqsur
    sqemaSi iTvaliswineben axali magistralebis gayva-
    nas, Cqarosnuli transportis ganviTarebas, avtosa-
    dgomebis mSeneblobas sxvadasxva doneze, miwiszeda
    transportis racionalurad gamoyenebas.
    msxvil qalaqebSi, mosaxleobis ukeT momsaxu-
    rebis mizniT, intensiurad gamoiyeneba Cqarosnuli
    saqalaqo transporti, rogoricaa eqspres-avtobu-
    sebi, Cqarosnuli tramvai, metropoliteni, eleqtri-
    ficirebuli rkinigzebi da monorelsuli gzebi da
    sxv. Cqarosnuli transportis gamoyenebis sferoebi
    da efeqturoba ganisazRvreba konkretuli qalaqebi-
    saTvis cal-calke, maTi teritoriuli da geogra-
    fiuli ganlagebis, mgzavrnakadebis moculobisa da
    samgzavro mimarTulebebze nakadebis simZlavreebi-
    sagan damokidebulebiT.
    qalaqis satransporto sistemisTvis mniSvnelo-
    vania saqalaqo satvirTo transporti. qalaqis
    saerTo satransporto nakadSi sat-virTo moZraobas
    sakmaod maRali xvedriTi wili uWiravs. samgzavro
    moZraobisagan gansxvavebiT, mas ar gaaCnia dadge-
    nili marSrutebi. saqalaqo transportis saerTo
    tvirTbrunva damokidebulia qalaqis gegmaze, samre-
    wvelo warmoebis moculobaze, obieqtebis terito-
    riul ganlagebaze da sxv. tvirTis mniSvnelovani
    nawili Semodis da gadis qalaqidan sarkinigzo
    transportis (misasvleli liandagebi) meSveobiT.
    62
    qalaqSi Semosuli tvirTis gadamuSaveba (gadmo-
    tvirTva, transportireba, daniSnulebis adgilze
    mitana) xorcieldeba ZiriTadad avtotransportis
    saSualebiT.
    saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebaSi erT-erTi
    mniSvnelovani problemaa ekoligiurad sufTa tran-
    sportis funqcionireba. avtomobilebis saTbobis
    wvis Sedegad atmosferoSi gamonabolqvi mavne ga-
    zebi safrTxes uqmnis mosaxleobis janmrTelobasa
    da bunebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT pirvelxarisxovan
    mniSvnelobas iZens ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT usa-
    frTxo sazogadoebrivi transportis eqspluatacia.
    saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis generalur
    mimarTulebas warmoadgens ekologiurad sufTa
    transportis saxeobebis funqcionireba. am mizniT
    intensiurad viTardeba tramvai, moZravi Semadge-
    nlobis, tevadobis gazrdis, moZraobis siCqarisa da
    komfortulobis amaRlebis kuTxiT; amavdroulad
    mimdinareobs samecniero muSaoba saqalaqo gada-
    zidvebSi transportis iseTi axali saxeobebis
    dasamkvidreblad, rogoricaa pnevmokonteineruli,
    milgamtari hidrotransporti, matareblebi magni-
    turi CamokidebiTa da sxv.

    63
    Tavi 3. sarkinigzo da sxva saxis transportis
    urTierTqmedeba

    3.1. sxvadasxva saxis transportis


    urTierTqmedebisas teqnologiuri kavSirebi

    sxvadasxva saxis transportis urTierTqmedebas


    safuZvlad udevs gadazidviTi procesis calkeuli
    elementebis teqnologiuri kavSirebi transportis
    sxvadasxva saxeobas Soris da am teqnologiebis
    urTierTqmedebis formebi.
    “gadazidviTi procesi” aris cneba, romelic tvi-
    rTis transportirebis procesSi aerTianebs yvela
    im operaciaTa CamonaTvals, romlebic warmoebs tvi-
    rTebTan dakavSirebiT, gadazidvebSi rogorc erTi,
    aseve transportis ramdenime saxeobis monawileobis
    dros.
    gadazidviTi procesis ZiriTad elementebs Sei-
    Zleba mivakuTvnoT:
    - tvirTis dagroveba tvirTgamgzavnis sawyobebSi
    da maTi gamzadeba gadasazidad, rac gulisxmobs
    tvirTis maqsimalurad transportabelur formas
    (SefuTva, sasaqonlo tara, satransporto markireba
    da sxv.) satransporto saSualebebis tevadobisa da
    tvirTamweobis srulad gamoyenebis mizniT;
    - satransporto-saeqspluatacio operaciebi tvir-
    Tis transportirebisas, rac ZiriTadad gulisxmobs
    gadasazidi dokumentaciis gaformebas;
    - tvirTis miReba gasagzavnad _ gadazidvisaTvis
    saWiro Tanxis miReba satransporto uwyebis mier,
    64
    tvirTis dagroveba (aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi),
    Senaxva, satransporto saSualebebSi CatvirTva; es
    ukanaskneli gulisxmobs datvirTvis pirobebs, tvir-
    Tis ganTavsabas moZrav SemadgenlobaSi, damagrebasa
    da sxv.;
    - satransporto saSualebis moZraoba tvirTTan
    erTad gagzavnis punqtidan miRebis punqtamde tran-
    sportis erTi an ramdenime saxeobiT. aRniSnuli
    elementi gulisxmobs Sesabamisi dokumentaciis ga-
    formebas tvirTis erTi saxeobidan meore saxeobaSi
    gadatvirTvis dros;
    - tvirTis daniSnulebis punqtebSi Casatarebeli
    operaciebi, rac ZiriTadad gulisxmobs manevrebis
    warmoebas moZravi Semadgenlobidan (saavtomobilo,
    sarkinigzo transporti) tvirTis gadmotvirTvis
    dros;
    - tvirTis Cabareba tvirTmimRebze sadguridan an
    portidan.
    rogorc gadazidviTi procesis SEmadgeneli
    zemoT CamoTvlili elementebidan Cans, imis
    mixedviT, Tu rogoria tvirTis transportirebis
    sqema marSrutze misi gadatvirTvebis raodenobisa
    da monawile transportis saxeobebis mixedviT,
    Sesabamisi iqneba gadazidviTi procesic, anu Sedare-
    biT martivi an SedarebiT rTuli. Bunebrivia, rom
    Tanamedrove pirobebSi, sabazro ekonomikis prince-
    pebidan gasmomdinare, optimaluri iqneba sqema
    martivi gadazidviTi procesiT, sadac teqnolo-
    giuri drois danakargebi iqneba minimaluri. ase
    magaliTad, gacilebiT martivi iqneba sqema Tu
    65
    tvirTi gadaizideba tvirTgamgzavnis misasvleli
    liandagidan tvirTmimRebis misasvlel liandagamde,
    an Sereuli gadazidvebis pirdapiri variantiT, sa-
    wyobebis gverdis avliT: vagoni-gemi, vagoni-avtomo-
    bili.
    garda ZiriTadi elementebisa, gadazidviT pro-
    cess axasiaTebs Sesrulebis xarisxi. gadazidviTi
    procesis Sesrulebis xarisxobriv maCvenebels mie-
    kuTvneba:
    - tvirTis transportirebis vadebi;
    - moZravi Semadgenlobis gamoyenebis xarisxi dro-
    iT, tvirTamweobis gamoyenebiTa da tevadobis mixe-
    dviT;
    - tvirTis transportirebisaTvis saWiro dayvani-
    li xarjebi;
    - tvirTis daculobis done da Senaxvis xarisxi.
    gadazidviT procesSi transportis sxvadasxva
    saxe-obis monawileobisas, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
    satvirTo da komerciuli operaciebis ritmulobas.
    am procesze sagrZnob gavlenas axdens tvirTnakadis
    opganizaciis xarisxi, rac gulisxmobs gadatvir-
    Tvis punqtSi tvirTis mosvlis kalendarul vadebs
    tvirTnakadis moZraobis grafikis specialuri Za-
    febis mixedviT, gadazidvebis gamWol marSrutiza-
    cias (sawyobis gverdis avliT) dafuZnebuls gada-
    tvirTvis punqtSi tvirTis koncentraciaze moZ-ravi
    Semadgenlobis tvirTamweobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sa-
    transporto kvanZebSi transportis saxeobebs Soris
    muSaobis erTian teqnologiur process da sxv.
    sxvadasxva saxis transportis urTierTqmedebis
    66
    srulyofis umniSvnelovanesi faqtori aris yvela
    saxis transportis saeqsspluatacio saqmianobis ur-
    TierTSeTanxmebuli da koordinirebuli muSaoba.
    igi iTvaliswinebs: satransporto resursebis koope-
    rirebul gamoyenebas, gadatvirTvis punqtSi urTi-
    erTsasargeblo kompleqsuri meqanizaciis saxeobe-
    bis funqcionirebas, saavtomobilo, sarkinigzo da
    sawylosno transportis muSaobis racionalur ko-
    mpleqsur organizacias, gadautvirTavi teqnologi-
    ebis farTod gavrcelebas, saavtomobilo meurne-
    obebis, sarkinigzo sadgurebisa da portebis muSa-
    obis erTiani teqnologiuri procesebis danergvas,
    erTian (yvela saxis transportisaTvis) operatiul
    dagegmvasa da sxv.
    zemoT moyvanili pirobebis Seusrulebloba
    sxvadasxva saxis transportis urTierTqmedebisas,
    iwvevs tvirTis gadamuSavebis Seferxebas, moZravi
    Semadgenlobis (vagoni, avtomanqana, gemi) mocdenebis
    gazrdas da saerTo jamSi satransporto xarjebis
    zrdas.
    rac Seexeba sxvadasxva saxis transportis cal-
    keuli elementis teqnologiebis urTierTqme-debis
    formebs, isini ZiriTadad kvlav damokide-bulia
    erTiani gadazidviTi procesis struqturaze.
    teqnologiuri urTierTqmedebis formebis yvelaze
    xelsayreli varianti SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Sem-
    degi pirobebis dacviT:
    - sadgurebSi, portebsa da pirsebze tvirTis cen-
    tralizebuli miwodeba da gamotana saavtomobilo
    transportiT;
    67
    - satvirTo muSaobis koncentracia sayrden dac-
    la-datvirTvis punqtebSi;
    - satransporto-saeqspedicio momsaxurebis gau-
    mjobeseba tvirTmimRebsa da tvirTgamgzavnebSi, da-
    matebiTi (damxmare) operaciebisagan maTi ganTavi-
    suflebis safuZvelze;
    - gadazidvis gamWoli marSrutizaciis organi-
    zacia sxvadasxva saxis transportis monawileobiT,
    gadautvirTavi teqnologiebis gamoyenebiTa da SeTa-
    nxmebuli grafikis danergviT, rkinigzis moZravi
    Semadgenlobis misayvanad gadatvirTis punqtebSi;
    - muSaobis erTiani, kompleqsuri teqnologiuri
    procesebis damuSaveba satransporto kvanZSi tra-
    nsportis calkeuli saxeobebisaTvis.
    yvela zemoT moyvanili piroba aris ZiriTadi
    safuZveli sxvadasxva saxis transportis urTierT-
    qmedebisas.

    3.2. sarkinigzo da sxva saxis transportis


    urTierTqmedebisaTvis saWiro teqnikuri
    saSualebebi, maTi ZiriTadi parametrebi

    tvirTis gadacemis punqtSi, sadac xdeba sarki-


    nigzo transportis urTierTqmedeba transportis
    sxva saxeobebTan (ZiriTadad sazRvao transport-
    Tan), mniSvnelovan teqnikur saSualebas miekuTvneba
    sarkinigzo da saporto meurneoba. sarkinigzo-saz-
    Rvao pirdapiri Sereuli gadazidvebis dros didi
    mniSvneloba aqvs tvirTis gadacemis punqtis gamar-
    Tuli muSaobis organizacias. gadacemis punqtis
    68
    tipuri sqema naCvenebia 3.1. nax-ze. gadacemis punqtis
    SemadgenlobaSi Sedis saporto mowyobilobebi da

    nax. 3.1. tvirTis gadacemis (gadatvirTvis) punqtis tipuri


    sqema:
    1 – damxarisxebeli sadguri; 2 – SemaerTebeli liandagebi; 3 –
    saraiono parkebi; 4 – satvirTo ezo; 5 – gaerTianebuli
    samgzavro sadguri; 6 – daxuruli sawyobi; 7 – pirsebi; 8 –
    elevatori; 9 – gadamRobi molo

    danadgarebi (misadgomebi, pirsebi, amweebi) da sarki-


    nigzo nagebobebi (raionuli parkebi, damxarisxebeli
    da samgzavro sadguri, satvirTo ezo, Ria satvirTo
    da swakonteinero moedani, datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis
    manqana-meqanizmebi da sxv.).
    gadacemis punqti SeiZleba iyos saerTo moxma-
    rebis da specializebuli (arasaerTo moxmarebis _
    xorblis, navTobis, xe-tyis, madneulis da sxva msga-
    vsi tvirTis gadatvirTvisaTvis). sazRvao portsa da
    sarkinigzo transports Soris urTierTZSeTa-
    nxmebuli muSaobis organizacia iTvaliswinebs maTi
    simZlavreebis racionalur Serwymas da udanakargo

    69
    teqnologiebs, kompleqsuri meqanizaciisa da avtoma-
    tizaciis gamoyenebis maRal dones, urTierTSeTa-
    nxmebul sainformacio uzrunvelyofas, rogorc sa-
    zRvao, aseve sarkinigzo tvirTnakadze, dokerebisa
    da rkinigzis muSakTa waxalisebis erTnair (erTmane-
    Tis Semavsebel) sistemas, sadgursa da portSi
    cvlebis samuSao drois Tanabar xangrZlivobas.
    yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili, anu TiToeul tvirT-
    gadamcem punqtSi muSaobis pirobebi da tvirTis
    gadacemis wesebi, saTanado SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
    yalibdeba, romelic daideba rkinigzis administra-
    ciasa da sanaosnos Soris. es SeTanxmeba efuZneba
    portisa da masTan dakavSirebul rkinigzis sadgu-
    ris muSaobis erTian teqnologiur process (etp).
    sazRvao (samdinaro) da sarkinigzo mowyobilo-
    baTa, rogorc erTi mTliani organizmis efeqtiani
    gamoyeneba, damokidebulia etp-s xarisxze, radganac
    es ukanaskneli adgens sadgurisa da portis saeq-
    spluatacio muSaobis racionaluri sistemis orga-
    nizacias, erTmaneTs ukavSirebs vagonebisa da geme-
    bis damuSavebis teqnologiebs, uzrunvelyofs ra
    muSaobis ritmulobas, iZleva moZravi Semadgenlo-
    bisa da sxva teqnikur saSualebaTa ukeT gamoyenebis
    SesaZleblobebs, tvirTis gadacemis punqtSi yofnis
    xangrZlivobis Semcirebas, agreTve Sromis nayofi-
    erebis amaRlebasa da tvirTis gadamuSavebis TviT-
    Rirebulebis Semcirebas. Tanamedrove moTxovnebidan
    gamomdinare, etp-s damuSavebisas didi mniSvneloba
    eniWeba pirdapiri Sereuli gadazidvebis pirobebSi
    tvirTis transportirebas sawyobSi gauvlelad.
    70
    tvirTis gadacemis (Sepirispirebis) punqtis
    simZlavred iTvleba misi gadamuSavebisunarianoba,
    romelic ganisazRvreba erTi saxis transportidan
    meore saxis transportSi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi
    gadatvirTuli tvirTis moculobiT. aRniSnuli si-
    dide damokidebulia navmisadgomis (pirsis) gadamu-
    Savebis unarze. TiToeuli pirsis gadamuSavebis
    unari saerTo jamSi, unda akmayofilebdes tvirTis
    gadacemis punqtSi gegmuri vagonnakadebis yovel-
    dRiur aTvisebas. vagonnakadebis aRniSnuli sidide
    ganisazRvreba cnobili formuliT:
    Ptb K uT
    nsad  , (3.1)
    PstTTv
    sadac nsad - vagonTa saSualo raodenoba, romelic
    miewodeba tvirTis gadacemis punqts
    dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi;
    Ptb - yovelTviuri tvirTbrunva, t;
    K uT - sadReRamiso uTanabrobis koeficienti;
    Pst - vagonis statikuri datvirTva, t;
    TTv - mocemuli Tvis ganmavlobaSi dReebis
    Ricxvi.
    datvirTva-daclis frontis sigrZe damokidebu-
    lia TiToeul pirsze erT miwodebaSi vagonebis
    maqsimalur raodenobaze:
    nsad lv
    Lfr  , (3.2)
    K miw
    sadac lv - erTi satvirTo vagonis saSualo sigrZe, m;

    71
    K miw - datvirTva-daclis frontze dRe-RameSi
    Miwodebebis raodenoba.
    Tavis mxriv
    T0
    K miw  , (3.3)
    tsat  tsam
    sadac T0 - dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi tvirTis gadace-
    mis punqtis muSa saaTebis raodenoba;
    tsat - erT miwodebaSi myofi vagonebis daclaze
    (datvirTvaze) saWiro dro, sT;
    t sam - samanevro operaciebze daxarjuli dro
    (vagonebis miwodeba, Cayeneba, gamotana,
    gadayeneba da sxv.), sT;
    sazRvao portSi satvirTo navmisadgomebis ric-
    xvi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
    Qsad k
    nnmsat  , (3.4)
    Psad K dak K met
    sadac Qsad - saangariSo, sadReRamisod dasamuSave-
    beli tvirTis moculoba tvirTis mi-
    Rebis uTanabrobis gaTvaliswinebiT;
    Psad - erTi navmisadgomis sadReRamiso gam-
    tarunarianoba, t;
    K dak - erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSierTi navmisa-
    dgomis dakavebulobis koeficienti;
    K met - navmisadgomis samuSao drois gamoye-
    nebis koeficienti meteorologiuri
    pirobebisagan damokidebulebiT.
    72
    erTi navmisadgomis sadReRamiso gamtarunaria-noba
    ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
    ta
    24Qgem
    Psad  , (3.5)
    tg.sat  tdam
    ta
    sadac Qgem - mocemuli tipis gemis tvirTamweoba
    konkretuli saxeobis tvirTisaTvis, t;
    tg.sat - gemis damuSavebaze navmisadgomis
    dakavebis dro, sT;
    t dam - navmisadgomis dakavebis dro gemis
    damuSavebasTan dakavebul damxmare
    operaciebze, sT.
    navmisadgomis sigrZe ganisazRvreba masze erT-
    droulad dasamuSavebeli gemebis raodenobisa da
    erTi gemis saangariSo sigrZisagan damokidebu-
    lebiT:
    Lnm  M 0 Lg  lgS (M 0  1)l , (3.6)
    sadac M 0 - navmisadgomTan dasamuSaveblad myofi
    gemebis raodenoba;
    Lg - erTi gemis saangariSo sigrZe, m;
    lgS - navmisadgomTan myof gemebs Soris
    saSualo daSoreba, m.
    navmisadgomze rkinigzis liandagis sigrZe ar un-
    da iyos navmisadgomis Sejamebul sigrZeze naklebi.
    navmisadgomis pirsebze, rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia
    2 liandagi, zogjer 2-ze meti liandagic; am Sem-
    TxvevaSi satvirTo muSaoba xorcieldeba uwyveti
    cikliT da gamoiricxeba Sesvenebebi muSaobaSi.
    73
    sarkinigzo transportTan urTierTqmedebaSi myo-
    fi transportis sxva saxeobebis mowyobilobebis
    ganTavseba da simZlavre tvirTis gadacemis punqte-
    bSi, uSualod aris dakavSirebuli kompleqsuri
    meqanizaciis miRebul sistemasa da saSualebebze.
    ase magaliTad, xis morebis gadatvirTvisas rkini-
    gzidan gemze, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba xidura da
    portaluri amweebi graiferiani satacebiT. Qvanax-
    Siris, madneulis, inertuli samSeneblo masalebis
    gadatvirTvis dros, gamoiyeneba konveierebi speci-
    alur damtvirTav mowyobilobebTan erTad. naxevar-
    vagonebis dacla xorcieldeba estakadebiT an vag-
    onsayiravebeli manqanebiT. xorblis dasamuSaveblad
    zogierT portSi Seqmnilia specializebuli, maRali
    donis gadasatvirTi kompleqsebi, TiToeul pirsze 4
    rkinigzis liandagiT (2 liandagi aqedan portalu-
    ri amwis qveSaa ganlagebuli).
    ama Tu im saxeobis tvirTis transportirebis
    zogadi moTxovnebi emTxveva erTmaneTs, ris gamoc
    sxvadasxva saxis mimosvlaSi myof moZrav Semad-
    genlobas aqvs saerTo teqnikuri maCveneblebi.
    ZiriTadi moTxovnebi, romlebic waeyeneba transpo-
    rtis calkeul saxeobebs, gamoixateba maT gabari-
    tul zomebSi, tvirTamweobasa da tevadobaSi.
    saerTo teqnikurma maCveneblebma unda uzrun-
    velyon erTi da imave tariT (vagoni, konteineri,
    paketi) sxvadasxva saxis transportSi tvirTis ga-
    datana; gadasatvirT operaciebze meqanizaciis tip-
    uri saSualebebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba; gada-
    cemis punqtebSi kompleqsuri meqanizaciis gamoye-
    74
    nebis dros tvirTis daculoba; am operaciaTa Se-
    srulebisas drois minimaluri danaxarjebi; yvela
    SemTxvevaSi usafrTxoebis teqnikis maqsimaluri da-
    cva da sxv.

    3.3. sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo transportis


    urTierqmedeba

    bolo aTwleulebSi saavtomobilo transport-


    tis roli erTian satransporto sistemaSi gan-
    uxrelad izrdeba. erTian gadazidviT procesSi
    garda pirdapiri saavtomobilo gadazidvebisa, adgi-
    li aqvs Sereul sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo gadazi-
    dvebsac. rogorc analizi gviCvenebs, SeiZleba Cav-
    TvaloT, rom avtogzebis daaxloebiT 70% ganla-
    gebulia rkinigzis mimarTulebebis paralelurad.
    aRniSnuli garemoeba saSualebas iZleva araefe-
    qturi sarkinigzo moklemanZiliani gadazidvebi ga-
    datanil iqnes saavtomobilo transportze.
    sarkinigzo transportze araefeqtur, moklemanZi-
    lian gadazidvebad iTvleba transportireba 50 km-
    mde manZilze, xolo zogierT konkretul SemTxve-
    vaSi ki 100 da 200 km-zec.. sarkinigzo transportiT
    ganxorcielebuli gadazidvebi mokle manZilze ara-
    efeqturia, up. Yovlisa, muSaobis teqnikur-ekonomi-
    kuri maCveneblebis gauaresebis TvalsazrisiT:
    diddeba gadazidvebis TviTRirebuleba da tvirTis
    transportirebis xangrZlivoba, uaresdeba moZravi
    Semadgenlobis gamoyenebis maCFveneblebi. 100 km-is
    farglebSi sarkinigzo transportiT tvirTis gada-
    75
    zidvis drtos, tvirTis moZraobis saSualo siCqare
    ar aRemateba 2-3 km/sT-s, lokomotivebisa da vago-
    nebis mwarmoebloba mcirdeba 1,5-2-jer, saSualo
    maCvenebelTan SedarebiT. Miuxedavad amisa, dReva-
    ndel pirobebSi 200 km-is farglebSi tvirTis daa-
    xloebiT 25-30%-is transportireba xdeba sarkini-
    gzo transportiT. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom miu-
    xedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, zogierT konkretul situ-
    aciaSi, aRniSnul manZilze tvirTis transportireba
    yovelTvis ar aris araracionaluri. magaliTad, Tu
    tvirTmimRebebsa da tvirTgamgzavnebs gaaCniaT misa-
    svleli liandagebi, aseTi gadazidvebi aRar aris
    wamgebiani, radgan vagonis mocdenis xangrZlivoba
    mcirdeba da zogierT SemTxvevaSi naklebic aris
    saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT.
    Tanamedrove, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, mok-
    le manZilze tvirTis gadazidvis gansakuTrebiT
    efeqtur saSualebad miCneulia saavtomobilo tra-
    nsporti. es garemoeba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom
    saavtomobilo transportis momsaxurebis sferoebi
    ganixileba saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv, regionalur,
    lokalur, sawarmoo da teqnologiur doneebze.
    ierarqiis TiToeul doneze saavtomobilo tran-
    sportis momsaxureba ganixileba rogorc trans-
    portis yvelaze mobiluri, maRali donis servisisa
    da rTul situaciebZSi adaptaciis unaris mqone
    saxeoba. Sereuli gadazidvebis dros satransporto
    qseli ukve aRar ganixileba rogorc tvirTis gada-
    adgilebis calkeuli xazebis erToblioba, mas ixi-
    laven rogorc calkeuli xazebisa da satran-
    76
    sporto (sarkinigzo) kvanZebis sinTezs. amasTan,
    TiToeul kvanZSi ganlagebuli unda iyos gadasa-
    tvirTi sawyobebi (ramdenime), romelTa saSuale-
    biTac xorcieldeba urTierTdakavSireba magistra-
    lur da samrewvelo transports Soris; aqve unda
    iyos ganlagebuli erTi regionaluri sawyobi-ter-
    minali. 3.2 nax-ze naCvenebia sarkinigzo qselis sqema
    satransporto-sasawyobo kompleqsiT. modulis str-
    uqtura, romelSic koncentrirebulia moTxovnebi
    regionaluri gamanawilebeli centris (terminalis)
    mimarT, daiyvaneba gadaziduli produqciis wyaro-
    ebis, mimwodeblebisa da ganawilebis centris urTi-
    erTmimagrebis amocanis amoxsnaSi. ganawilebis cen-
    trsa da momxmareblebs Soris marSrutis gansa-
    zRvris moduli muSavdeba samomxmareblo raione-
    bisa da zonebis identifikaciis mizniT. gamanawile-
    beli centris irgvliv raionis formireba xor-
    cieldeba ori xerxiT: radiusebis saSualebiT,
    roca formirebis raions aqvs saqtoris forma da
    koncentruli wrexazebiT, roca warmoiqmneba wriu-
    li formis zonebi. orive SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebe-
    lTa racionaluri momsaxurebis mizniT, saavtomo-
    bilo transportiT tvirTis gadaadgilebis manZili
    raionis sazRvrebs SigniT dadgenili marSrutiT,
    unda iyos minimaluri.
    zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, Cans, rom saavto-
    mobilo transportis gamoyeneba ara marto axlo
    manZilze, aramed did manZilzec, warmatebiTaa Sesa-
    Zlebeli, tvirTnakadis xasiaTis, saavtomobilo gze-

    77
    a) sarkinigzo qselis fragmenti satransporto-
    sasawyobo kompleqsebiT

    b) gamzadebuli produqciis wyaroebis, mimwode-


    blebisa, momxmareblebisa da terminalis (ganawile-
    bis centris) urTierTmimagrebis (ganawilebis zonis
    identifikaciis) sqemebi

    nax. 3.2.

    78
    g)avtomobilis reisis dagegmvis topologiuri sqema

    nax. 3.2. sarkinigzo qselis sqema satransporto-sasawyobo


    kompleqsebiT.

     - sarkinigzo kvanZSi ganlagebuli regionaluri sawyobi-


    terminali (1);  - lokaluri da sawarmoo donis sawyobebi
    (2);  - mwarmoeblebi (3); sarkinigzo transporti;
     saavtomobilo transporti; avtomobilis kursireba
    momxmareblis sawyobsa da terminals Soris; - igive,
    mwarmoeblis sawyobsa da terminals Soris (4); •−−sater-
    minalo zonis Siga sazRvari; •−− saterminalo zonis
    gare sazRvari

    Bbis kategoriebis, satransporto sistemisa da ener-


    goresursebis ganviTarebis donisagan damokidebu-
    lebiT.
    Sereuli sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo gadazidvebis
    dros didi mniSvneloba eniWeba transportis calke-
    uli saxeobebis racionaluri gamoyenebis sferoebs.
    amisaTvis saWiroa ganisazRvros tvirTnakadebis
    ganawileba sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo trans-
    ports Soris. imis gamo, rom uSualod rkinigzis

    79
    sadgurebze tvirTnakadebi ar Caisaxeba da ar qreba,
    gasaTvaliswinebelia tvirTis transportireba tvi-
    rTgamgzavnisagan gagzavnis sadguramde da miRebis
    (daniSnulebis) sadguridan tvirTmimRebamde. Tvir-
    Tis gadaadgileba am SemTxvevaSi xdeba an misa-
    svleli liandagebiT, an avtotransportiT, an kombi-
    nirebulad. rogorc gamokvlevam gviCvena, SeiZleba
    adgili hqondes sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo transpo-
    rtis kombinaciis 9 SemTxvevas (nax. 3.3):
    1. tvirTgamgzavnis saamqrodan tvirTi uSualod
    itvirTeba misasvlel liandagSi da miewodeba gag-
    zavnis sadgurs (gml)G- tvirTis gadazidva gagzav-
    nis sadguridan miRebis sadguramde xdeba rkinigziT
    (rt) – miRebis sadguridan tvirTmimRebs tvirTi mi-
    ewodeba misasvleli liandagiT (mml);M
    2. gml-rt _ miRebis sadguridan tvirTis miwodeba
    avtotransportiT tvirTmimRebamde, adgili aqvs da-
    matebiT satvirTo operaciebs (dso) gadatvirTvis
    saxiT (gat);
    3. tvirTgamgzavnis saamqrodan (sawyobidan) rkini-
    gzis gamgzavn sadgurs tvirTi miewodeba avtotra-
    nsportiT, adgili aqvs dro-s (gat)-rt-mml;
    4. gat(dso)-rt-(dso)mat;
    5. gml-rt-mml-(dso)mat;
    6. gat(dso)-rt-mml-(dso)mat;
    7. gat(dso)-gml-rt-mml;
    8. gat(dso)-gml-rt-(dso)mat;
    9. gat(dso)-gml-rt-mml-(dso)mat;
    pirvel sqemaSi gadazidvebSi avtotransporti ar
    monawileobs. tvirTis transportireba xdeba gamgza-

    80
    nax 3.3. sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo Sereuli gadazidvebis
    SesaZlo variantebi.
    -misasvleli liandagi tvirTgamgzavn organizaciasa da
    Gagzavnis sadgurs Soris;
    - damatebiTi satvirTo operaciebi (gadatvirTvebi);
    -magistraluri rkinigzis transporti;
    -tvirTgamgzavnidan tvirTis transportireba avto-
    transportiT gagzavnis sadguramde;
    miRebis sadguridan tvirTis transportireba avto-
    transportiT tvirTmimRebamde

    81
    vnis misasvleli liandagiT (gml), Semdeg magi-
    straluri rkinigzis transportiT (rt) da miRebis
    sadguridan kvlav misasvleli liandagiT tvirT-
    mimRebamde (mml). es, zustad is zemoT aRniSnuli
    SemTxvevaa, roca tvirTis transportireba xdeba
    axlo manZilze marto rkinigziT da teqnikur-ekono-
    mikuri TvalsazrisiT es gadazidvebi gamarTle-
    bulia. meore sqemaSi tvirTgamgzavnidan tvirTis mi-
    wodeba xdeba gagzavnis sadguramde kvlav gml-iT,
    Semdeg rt-iT da Semdeg mat-iT. Mesame sqemaSi tvi-
    rTgamgzavnidan gagzavnis sadguramde tvirTi gada-
    izideba avtotransportiT (gat), Semdeg rt-iT da
    mml-iT. darCenil me-4 _ me-9 sqemebSi adgili aqvs
    sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo transportis gadazi-
    dvebSi monawile zemoT moyvanili variantebis cal-
    keul kombinaciebs.
    zemoT ganxiluli sqemebidan yvelaze ufro gav-
    rcelebulia pirveli sami varianti (gadasazidi tvi-
    rTis daaxloebiT 75%). aqedan, pirveli sqemiT gada-
    izideba ZiriTadad masobrivi tvirTi: qvanaxSiri,
    navTobi, xorbali, madneuli da sxv. Tu gavaanali-
    zebT darCenil 8 sqemas, aRmoCndeba, rom teqnikur-
    ekonomokuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze ukeTesia me-2,
    me-3, me-5 da me-7 sqemebi, xolo maT Soris yvelaze
    ufro misaRebia me-2 da me-3 sqemebi. saqme imaSia, rom
    marTalia aRniSnul sqemebSi adgili aqvs dama-
    tebiT satvirTo operaciebs, anu tvirTis gadatvi-
    rTvas saavtomobilo transportidan sarkinigzoze
    da piriqiT, me-5 da me-7 sqemebSi mxolod erTxel
    xdeba tvirTis gadatvirTva erTi saxis transpo-
    82
    rtidan meoreSi, magram me-2 da me-3 sqemebTan
    SedarebiT, aq transportirebis vadebi gacilebiT
    didia, radgan am process adgili aqvs ara rki-
    nigzis sadgurSi, aramed misasvlel liandagebSi.
    Rac Seexeba me-4, me-6, me-8 da me-9 sqemebs, aq
    gadatvirTvis operaciebs orjer aqvs adgili da
    Sesabamisad, zemoT moyvanil sqemebTan SedarebiT
    isini uaresia teqnikur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.
    Sereuli sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo gadazidvebis
    dros optimalobis kriteriumia tvirTis gagzavnis
    punqtidan (tvirTgamgzavni) tvirTis miRebis punqta-
    mde (tvirTmimRebi) transportirebisaTvis saRiro
    minimaluri xarjebi. minimalur xarjebSi vguli-
    xmobT saeqspluatacio da kapitalur xarjebs, rom-
    lebic saWiroa mocemuli konkretuli tvirTnakadis
    asaTviseblad. aRniSnuli optimalobis kriteriumi
    SeiZleba zogadad gamovsaxoT dayvanili minima-
    luri saeqspluatacio da kapitaluri (samSeneblo)
    xarjebis jamiT:
    Эday
    S(sar-saav.)
     Эmim(
    saeq
    i)  En K saW(i )  min ,
    kap
    (3.7)
    saeq
    sadac Эmim( i) - mimdinare dayvanili Sejamebuli saeqs-

    pluatacio xarjebi;
    kap
    K saW(i) - gadazidvebze saWiro Sejamebuli kapi-
    taluri xarjebi;
    i - gadazidvebis variantis nomeri;
    En - kapitaluri xarjebis efeqturobis
    normatiuli koeficienti; rkinigzaze
    En =0,10-0,12.

    83
    aRniSnul formulaSi aucilebelia gaTvaliswi-
    nebul iqnes transportirebis procesSi myofi tvi-
    rTis Rirebuleba, rogorc tvirTmflobelebis sab-
    runav saSualebebSi erTdrouli dabandeba, xolo am
    sabrunavi saSualebebis SemcirebiT miRebuli ekono-
    mia SeiZleba davamatoT transportis kapitalda-
    bandebas. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT (3.7) formu-
    la miiRebs saxes:
    Эday
    S(sar-saav.)
     Эmim(
    saeq
    i)  En ( K saW(i )  K tv )  min ,
    kap
    (3.8)
    sadac K tv - transportirebis procesSi myofi tvir-
    Tis Rirebulebis sxvaoba sxvadasxva
    DDDDDDDDDDDDDDvariantis dros, lari.
    sidide K tv SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:
      ttv
    PЦ tv (ttv  )
    K  , (3.9)
    365
    sadac P - gadasazidi tvirTis moculoba, t;
    Ц tv - gadasazidi tvirTis fasi, lari;
     , ttv
    ttv  - tvirTis transportirebis vadebi sxvada-
    sxva variantis dros, dRe-Rame.
    rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Sereul satransporto
    gadazidvebSi, maT Soris sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo
    gadazidvebis drosac, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sa-
    rkinigzo da saavtomobilo transportis gegmazo-
    mier, SeTanxmebul muSaobas, anu erTian teqno-
    logiur process (etp), masSi gaTvaliswinebulia:
    - satvirTo da komerciuli operaciebis nakadu-
    roba, uwyvetoba;

    84
    - sasawyobo datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis saSualebe-
    bis, sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo moZravi Semadge-
    nlobis gamoyenebis wesi, rigiToba da Tanmimde-
    vroba;
    - tvirTis gadamuSavebis procesSi monawile yve-
    la sawarmos muSaobis SeTanxmebuli operatiuli
    dagegmva erTiani cvlebis safuZvelze;
    - urTierTmoqmed sawarmoebSi samanevro da satvi-
    rTo muSaobis erTiani dispetCeruli xelmZRvane-
    loba.
    imis gamo, rom vagonisa da avtotransportis
    tvirTamweoba erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxva-
    vdeba, gadatvirTvis procesi aq gacilebiT garTu-
    lebulia, vidre sarkinigzo-sawylosno gadazidvebis
    dros. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs gadatvirTvis sam
    variants:
    - vagonebi da avtomobilebi gadatvirTvis fron-
    tze miewodeba erTdroulad (tvirTis centrali-
    zebuli miwodeba-gamotana);
    - avtomobilebi sadgurSi elodeba vagonebis mi-
    wodebas;
    - vagonebi elodeba (cdeba) avtomobilebis miwo-
    debas.
    idealuri variantia pirveli, radganac am dros
    faqtiurad ar xdeba arc vagonebisa da arc avtomo-
    bilebis damatebiTi mocdena, garda gadatvirTvis
    operaciebisa. gadazidviTi procesis optimizaciisa
    da srulyofis umTavres amocanas mocemul etapze
    Seadgens pirdapir Sereul gadazidvebSi monawile
    moZrav Semadgenlobaze (vagono, gemi, avtomobili)
    85
    damatebiTi mocdenebis likvidacia, anu tvirTis
    gadacema erTi saxis transportidan meoreze sasa-
    wyobo terminalebis gverdis avliT; xSirad am vari-
    ants tvirTis centralizebul miwodebasac uwode-
    ben. aRniSnuli problemis gadaWra SesaZlebelia
    etp-Si e.w. sakontaqto grafikebis Seqmnis safuZve-
    lze, romelic uzrunvelyofs moZravi Semadgenlo-
    bis gegmazomier miwodebas orive mxridan da dama-
    tebiTi mocdenebis likvidacias, an minimumamde da-
    yvanas, amasTan sakontaqto grafikebi unda Sedges
    satransporto logittikis principebisa da moTxo-
    vnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
    tvirTis centralizebuli miwodebiT miRebuli
    ekonomia SeiZleba gamovTvaloT Semdegnairad:
    Эekcen  Эsaav.  Эsark.  ЭSt
    saeq
     ЭSen
    tv
     ЭdaC
    sab.s
    , (3.10)
    sadac Эsaav. Эsark. - Sesabamisad avtomobil- da vagonsa-
    aTebis SemcirebiT miRebuli ekonomia,
    lari;
    saeq
    ЭSt - saeqspluatacio Statis SemcirebiT mi-
    Rebuli ekonomia, lari;
    tv
    ЭSen - tvirTis Senaxvis vadebis minimumamde
    dayvaniT miRebuli ekonomia, lari;
    ЭdaC - sabrunavi saSualebebis brunvis daCqa-
    sab.s

    rebiT miRebuli ekonomia, lari.


    Tavis mxriv avtomobilsaaTebis SemcirebiT miRe-
    Buli ekonomia tolia:

    86
     l l   Г sad Г sad  
    Эsaav  365 Сkmam Г sad  a  a   Cavt  
     q r  q r tcv  , (3.11)
    sT

      1
    q q 2   11 2 2  
    sadac Ckmam - avtomanqanis eqspluataciis 1 km garbena-
    ze mosuli xarjebi, lari;
    Г sad - sadguris sadReRamiso tvirTbrunva (dRe-
    RameSi sadgurSi Semosuli da sadguri-
    dan gasuli tvirTis raodenobis jami, t;
    la - avtomanqanis mier tvirTis gadazidvis
    saSualo manZili, km;
    q1 , q 2 - avtomanqanis saSualo datvirTva Cveu-
    lebriv da tvirTis centralizebulad
    Semotanis pirobebSi, t;
    r1 , r2 - cvlaSi reisis saSualo raodenoba Cveu-
    Llebriv pirobebSi da tvirTis centra-
    Llizebulad Semotanis dros;
    Эavt
    sT
    - avtomanqanis saeqspluatacio-saaTobrivi
    Rirebuleba, lari/sT;
    tcv - cvlis xangrZlivoba, sT.
    vagonsaaTebis SemcirebiT miRebuli ekonomia
    iqneba:
     vag ntmpvag Cvag 
    Эsark  365 ntsad evs  (1   amp ) , (3.12)
     24 tgam 

    sadac nt sad


    vag
    - dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi vagon-saaTebiT
    miRebuli ekonomia, lari;
    evs - erTi vagon-saaTis Rirebuleba saamorti-
    zacio da sadepove remontze saWiro xa-
    87
    rjebis gaTvaliswinebiT, lari;
    ntmpvag - dRe-RameSi savagono muSa parkis gamo-
    nTavisuflebiT miRebuli ekonomia, lari;
    amp - aramuSa parkis vagonebis wili saerTo
    muSa parkSi;
    Cvag - erTi satvirTo vagonis saSualo Rire-
    buleba, lari;
    t gam - kapitaldabandebis gamosyidvis norma-
    tiuli vada, t gam =0,10-0,12.
    saeqspluatacio Statis SemcirebiT miRebuli
    ekonomia iqneba:
     Amt Пmt 
    saeq
    ЭSt  12  (1   t.m )(1  K xel )  ( Aeqs Пeqs  M a Пdm ) ,(3.13)
     r 
    sadac Amt , Aeqs - centralizebuli gadazidvebis dane-
    rgviT, Sesabamisad mtvirTavebisa da eqspe-
    ditorebis gamonTavisuflebuli Stati;
    Пmt , Пeqs - Sesabamisad mtvirTavisa da eqspedi-
    toris saSualo Tviuri xelfasi, lari;
    r - centralizebuli gadazidvebis daner-
    gvamde, sadgurSi erT avtomobilze mo-
    suli reisebis ricxvi;
     t.m - avtomobilis reisis xangrZlivobidan
    wili, romelic modis tvirTis mflobel-
    Tan tvirTis daclaze an datvirTvaze;
    K xel - xelfasze danaricxebis koeficienti;
    M a - centralizebul gadazidvebSi dakave-

    88
    buli avtomobilebis ricxvi;
    Пdm - danamati mZRolis saSualo Tviur xel-
    fasze, eqspeditoris funqciebis SeTav-
    sebisaTvis, lari;
    tvirTis Senaxvis vadebis SemcirebiT miRebuli
    ekonomia ganisazRvreba:
    Sem
    Г sad tSen  Csaw
    mS

    Эtv
      Sen 
     Csaw , (3.14)
      tgam 
    Sen

    Sem
    sadac t Sen - tvirTis Senaxvis vadebs (Semcirebamde
    da Semcirebis Semdeg) Soris sxvaoba, sT;
     - sawyobis saSualo kuTri datvirTva, t/m2;
    mS
    C saw - sawyobis 1 m2 farTis mSeneblobisaTvis
    saWiro Tanxa, lari;
    Sen
    C saw - wlis ganmavlobaSi sawyobis 1 m2 farTis
    Senaxvaze saWiro Tanxa, lari/m2;
    sabrunavi saSualebebis brunvis daCqarebiT mi-
    Rebuli ekonomia iqneba:
    ЭdaC
    sab.s
     Г sad  t Sen
    Sem
     Sen Ц Rir , (3.15)
    sadac  Sen - tvirTis wili, romelTa Senaxvis vade-
    bis Semcireba iwvevs sabrunavi saSuale-
    bebis brunvis daCqarebas;
    Ц Rir - 1 t tvirTis saSualo Rirebuleba, lari;
    Sereuli sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo gadazidvebis
    dros, rkinigziT 1 t tvirTis gadazidvaze saWiro
    dayvanili xarjebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros formu-
    liT:

    89
    rk
    Эday  Эmit  Эgam  Эsat  Эrk  Эsxv 
    (3.16)
    En ( Kmud  Kdman-g  Kdam ),
    sadac Эmit , Эgam - Sesabamisad saeqspluatacio xarjebi
    tvirTis mitanaze gagzavnis sadgurSi da
    tvirTis gamotanaze daniSnulebis sadgu-
    ridan, lari/t;
    Эsat - saeqspluatacio xarjebi satvirTo ope-
    raciebze, lari/t;
    Эrk - magistraluri rkinigziT tvirTis gada-
    zidvisaTvis saWiro xarjebi, lari/t;
    Эsxv - tvirTis Cveulebrivi da pirdapiri va-
    riantiT gadazidvis dros maT TviTRi-
    rebulebebs Soris sxvaoba, lari;
    K mud - kapitaluri dabandebebi rkinigzis mud-
    miv da cvalebad saSualebebze, lari/t;
    man
    K d -g - dacla-datvirTvis manqanebisa da sxva
    mowyobilobebis Sejamebuli Rirebule-
    ba, lari/t;
    K dam - sarkinigzo transportiT gadasazidi im
    damatebiTi tvirTis Rirebuleba, romel-
    ic Tavisi moculobiT aRemateba saavtom-
    obilo transportiT gadasazid tvirTs,
    lari/t.
    saavtomobilo transportiT 1 t tvirTis gada-
    zidvaze (pirdapiri variantiT) saWiro dayvanili
    xarjebi ganisazRvreba formuliT:

    90
    saav
    Эday  Эat  En K at , (3.17)
    sadac Эat -avtomobilis saeqspluatacio xarjebi uS-
    ualod 1 t tvirTis gadazidvaze, lari/t;
    K at - saavtomobilo parkis da saavtomobilo
    transportis sawarmoebis mowyobaze saW-
    iro kapitaldabandebebi, lari/t.
    sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo Sereuli gadazidvebis
    gamoyenebis racionaluri sferoebi, regionaluri
    terminalebis momsaxurebisas, gamzadebuli produ-
    qciis wyaroebisa da mimwodeblebis SesaZlo adgil-
    mdebareobisagan (manZilisagan) damokidebulebiT
    lokalur doneze, naCvenebia 3.4 nax-ze. rogorc naxa-

    nax. 3.4. Sereuli sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo gadazidvebis


    gamoyenebis sferoebi

    zidan Cans, (3.16) da (3.17) formulebSi moyvanili


    xarjebi, rogorc saavtomobilo, aseve sarkinigzo
    91
    transportiT gadazidvebis dros, erTmaneTs utol-
    deba maSin, roca tvirTis gadazidva xdeba 65-70 km-
    is manZilze. Aamis Semdeg saavtomobilo transpo-
    rtiT gadazidvisaTvis saWiro xarjebi mkveTrad
    izrdeba sarkinigzosTan SedarebiT. Ees niSnavs, rom
    sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo Sereul gadazidvebSi,
    lokalur doneze, saavtomobilo transportis gamo-
    yeneba mizanSewonilia maqsimum 65-70 km-de, xolo
    Semdeg gadazidvebi unda ganxorcieldes sarkinigzo
    transportiT. 3.4 nax-ze moyvanili damokidebuleba
    miRebulia realur pirobebTan maqsimalurad mi-
    axloebuli parametrebis safuZvelze, magram roca
    tvirTnakadebi araerTgvarovania, aseve gadazidvebi
    xorcieldeba rogorc araerTgvarovani sarkinigzo,
    aseve araerTgvarovani saavtomobilo moZravi Semad-
    genlobiT (vagonis saSualo statikuri datvirTva,
    satvirTo avtomobilTa gansxvavebuli markebi Sesa-
    bamisi tvirTamweobiT), sxvadasxva kategoriis rki-
    nigzebsa da avtogzebze, maSin mizanSewonilia Sere-
    uli sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo gadazidvebis gamo-
    yenebis racionaluri sferoebis gansazRvra calke-
    uli konkretuli situaciisaTvis.

    3.4. sarkinigzo da sawylosno transportis


    urTierTqmedeba

    3.4.1. sarkinigzo da samdinaro transporti

    unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos satransporto


    sistemaSi funqcionirebs magistraluri transport-
    92
    is yvela saxeoba, garda samdinarosi. miuxedavad
    amisa, nebismieri qveynis (iq sadac samdinaro trans-
    porti funqcionirebs) satransporto sistemaSi,
    samdinaro transports da mis urTierTqmedebas
    transportis sxvadasxva saxeobasTan, mniSvnelovani
    adgili uWiravs. am fonze vixilavT sarkinigzo da
    samdinaro transportis urTierTqmedebas da im Zi-
    riTad teqnikur da teqnologiur parametrebs, rome-
    lTa racionaluri gaerTianeba saboloo jamSi iZ-
    leva sarkinigzo-samdinaro transportis urTierT-
    qmedebis srul suraTs teqnikur-ekonomikuri Tval-
    sazrisiTac.
    cnobilia, rom rkinigzis xazebis sigrZe xSir
    SemTxvevaSi naklebia transportis sxva saxeobebis
    (saavtomobilo, samdinaro, sahaero) xazebis sigrZe-
    ze, magram tvirTbrunvis moculoba sarkinigzo
    transportze TiTqmis yvela saxeobis transportis
    (garda sazRvaosi) Sejamebul tvirTbrunvaze metia.
    aqedan gamomdinare, umetesad sarkinigzo transpo-
    rti muSaobs tvirTdaZabul reJimSi, aucilebeli
    teqnologiuri rezervebis gareSe, amitom, tran-
    sportis yvela saxeobis racionaluri datvirTva,
    maTi gamoyeneba gadazidvebSi specifikuri Tvisebe-
    bidan gamomdinare, aris erTiani satransporto si-
    stemis funqcionirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
    sakiTxi.
    Sereuli sarkinigzo-samdinaro gadazidvebi Zi-
    riTadad xorcieldeba iseT qveynebSi, romelTa bio-
    logiuri struqtura mdidaria sanavigaciod gamosa-
    degi mdinareebiT da tvirTis transportirebis pro-
    93
    cess erTi saxeobidan agrZelebs transportis meore
    saxeoba. Sereul sarkinigzo-samdinaro gadazidvebSi
    monawileobs yvela is rkinigzis sadguri, romle-
    bSic daSvebulia satvirTo operaciebis warmoeba,
    aseve yvela is samdinaro porti, romelTa Camona-
    Tvalic moyvanilia konkretuli qveynis samdinaro
    flotis Sesabamis dokumentSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom
    sarkinigzo transportidan samdinaroze tvirTis ma-
    sobrivi gadacemis dros, samdinaro portis admi-
    nistracia winaswar acnobs sadguris administra-
    cias portis samuSao reJims _ navigaciis periode-
    bTan dakavSirebiT (igulisxmeba zamTrisa da zafxu-
    lis sezonebi).
    dRes sarkinigzo-samdinaro transportis urTi-
    erTqmedeba viTardeba ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli
    mimarTuleba iTvaliswinebs rkinigzis transpo-
    rtidan samdinaro transportze masobrivi tvirTis
    gadacemas, rkinigzis gantvirTvisa da stabiluri
    muSaobis reJimis SeqmniT, roca rkinigza terito-
    riulad mdinaris paraleluradaa ganlagebuli. ma-
    rTalia am dros izrdeba transportirebis vadebi
    sarkinigzo gadazidvebTan SedarebiT, magram imis
    gamo, rom gadazidvebis TviTRirebuleba samdinaro
    transportze gacilebiT dabalia, vidre sarkini-
    gzoze, es gadazidvebic ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT
    gamarTlebulia. am mdgomareobas amyarebs is gare-
    moebac, rom mcirdeba gadazidvebisaTvis saWiro va-
    gonebis ricxvi.
    meore mimarTulebaa didmasiani matareblebis
    (gadidebuli wonis) da SemWidroebuli flotis
    94
    eqspluatacia. gamWol gadazidvebSi dadgenil mar-
    Srutze (mdgradi tvirTnakadebiT) moZraobs didma-
    siani matareblebi (e.w. Caketil marSrutebze), xolo
    tvirTis gadatvirTva xdeba ramdenime erTmaneTTan
    dakavSirebul barJaze, romelTa saerTo tvirTa-
    mweoba (netomasa) 20-25 aTas tonas Seadgens. marTa-
    lia pirdapiri Sereuli gadazidvebis es mimarTu-
    leba sargeblobs upiratesobiT pirvelTan Sedare-
    biT, magram am dros saWiroa misadgomi da saporto
    meurneobebis rekonstruqcia.
    gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba efeqturi urTi-
    erTqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, sarkinigzo-samdinaro
    pirdapir Sereul gadazidvebs aqvT navigaciisaTvis
    gauTvaliswinebel periodSi, roca mdinareTa gar-
    kveuli raodenoba zamTrobiT iyineba, xolo zafxu-
    lobiT wyalmarCxi xdeba. gadazidvebis raciona-
    lizaciis mizniT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sasa-
    wyobo meurneobis muSaobas sxvadasxva saxis tvi-
    rTis ganTavsebisaTvis da datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis
    samuSaoebis avtomatizaciasa da kompleqsur meqani-
    zacias. samdinaro portSi tvirTbrunvis zrdas
    xels uwyobs kaSxlebis mSenebloba, xelovnuri wya-
    lsacavebis daarseba da xSir SemTxvevaSi, ubralod,
    garemos pirobebi. sazRvao portebTan SedarebiT
    samdinaro portis tvirTbrunva gacilebiT mcirea
    da meryeobs 3-8 mln.t weliwadSi. xSirad maTi
    muSaoba SezRudulia, klimaturi pirobebis gamo,
    amitom adgili aqvs gadazidvebis wliur uTanabro-
    bas.

    95
    samdinaro portebSi sarkinigzo mowyobilobebi
    da sadgurebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sazRvao
    portebSi ganlagebul igive saxis mowyobilobe-
    bisagan. xSirad bevr mdinares axasiaTebs wylis
    donis sezonuri cvalebadoba, gansakuTrebiT gaza-
    fxulsa da Semodgomaze. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT
    bevr samdinaro portSi tvirTis gadacemis punqtebi,
    portis normaluri muSaobis mizniT, SesaZlebelia
    moewyos erTdroulad 2 an 3 doneze (nax. 3.5 a).
    sazRvao portisagan gansxvavebiT, samdinaro porti
    SeiZleba iyos navsadgurisebri an kalapotiani. na-
    vsadgurisebri samdinaro porti ewyoba im mdinare-
    ebze, sadac adgili aqvs wylis xelovnur dagro-
    vebas. aseT mdinareebSi adgili aqvs zogierT Sem-
    TxvevaSi Relvas, romlis drosac talRebis sima-
    Rle 2-3 m-s aRwevs da amitom tvirTis gadacemis
    punqtSi tvirTis gadacema ara Tu rTuldeba, aramed
    am pirobebSi saSiSic aris. aRniSnulidan gamomdi-
    nare, navsadgurisebr samdinaro portSi (nax. 3.5 b)
    adgili aqvs portis teritoriaze xelovnurad Se-
    qmnil auzebs, im pirobiT, rom gadacemis punqtis
    muSaoba iyos moxerxebuli da usafrTxo. 3.5 g nax-
    ze naCvenebia kalapotiani samdinaro portis sqema
    (igulisxmeba, rom wylis donis sezonuri cvaleba-
    doba minimaluria). navsadgurisebri portebisagan
    gansxvavebiT, kalapotiani samdinaro portis kon-
    struqcia ufro martivia. aseT pirobebSi, umravles

    96
    nax. 3.5. samdinaro portis sqemebi:
    a) samdinaro portSi rkinigzis liandagebis ganlageba sam
    doneze; 1 – mdinaris yvelaze maRali done (gazafxulze); 2 –
    mdinaris done wyaldidobis dros; 3 – mdinaris minimaluri
    done (Semodgomaze);
    b) navsadgurisebri samdinaro porti; 1 – samgzavro sadgu-
    ri; 2 – pirsebi; 3- damxarisxebeli sadguri; 4 – satvirTo sa-
    dguri; 5 – qalaqTan damakavSirebeli asawevi xidebi;
    DDDg)kalapotiani samdinaro porti; I, II, III – navmisadgomebis
    nomrebi; 1 – saporto-sarkinigzo sadguri; 2 – rkinigzis lia-
    ndagebi navmisadgomebTan; 3 – satvirTo sawyobebi; 4 – sasa-
    wyobo liandagebi; 5 – savleli liandagi; 6 – sanapiro zoli

    97
    SemTxvevaSi, saporto sadguri da navmisadgomi mim-
    devrobiTaa ganlagebuli (nax. 3.5 g). navmisadgomis
    fronts yofen ramdenime nawilad. magaliTad, 3.5 g
    nax-ze moyvanil sqemaSi I navmisadgomi SeiZleba
    iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, vTqvaT, generaluri tvir-
    TisaTvis, II – konteinerebisaTvis, III – nayari tvir-
    TisaTvis da a.S. TiToeul navmisadgomTan, rogorc
    wesi, gaTvaliswinebulia ori rkinigzis liandagi.
    maT paralelurad, xmeleTze moTavsebulia satvi-
    rTo sawyobebi tvirTis droebiTi SenaxvisaTvis. ro-
    gorc wesi, am tipis samdinaro ports emsaxureba
    erTi sarkinigzo (saporto) sadguri, romlidanac
    SesaZlebelia tvirTi miewodos rogorc navmisa-
    dgomis Sesabamis liandagSi, aseve sasawyobo lia-
    ndagSic. kalapotian samdinaro ports navmisadgo-
    mTan agebuli aqvs specialuri navmisadgomi kedeli.
    samdinaro portebSi kompleqsuri meqanizaciis
    manqanebisa da danadgarebis SerCeva xdeba gadasamu-
    Savebeli tvirTis saxeobebisa da sarkinigzo lia-
    ndagebis ganlagebis mixedviT. Tu rkinigzis lia-
    ndagi ganlagebulia navmisadgomis kedlis (sanapiro
    zoli) perpendikularulad, am SemTxvevaSi ufro
    advildeba masobrivi tvirTis gadacema erTi saxis
    transportidan meoreSi, xolo am liandagebis para-
    leluri ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi (nax. 3.5 g), es Sesa-
    Zleblobebi mcirdeba da Sesabamisad mcirdeba por-
    tis simZlavrec.
    samdinaro portebSi samgzavro operaciebi xor-
    cieldeba samgzavro navmisadgomze, romelic izo-
    lirebulad aris ganlagebuli qalaqis centralur
    98
    raionSi. xSir SemTxvevaSi did samdinaro portebSi
    adgili aqvs samdinaro da sarkinigzo vagzlebis
    gaerTianebas.

    3.4.2. sarkinigzo da sazRvao transporti

    rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sazRvao transportis


    daaxloebiT 90% gadasazid tvirTnakads Rebulobs
    sarkinigzo transportisagan. Aamitom, sarkinigzo da
    sazRvao transportis racionalur urTierTqmede-
    basa da maT SeTanxmebul muSaobas, didi mniSvne-
    loba eniWeba gadazidviTi procesisa da konkretu-
    lad, Sereuli sarkinigzo-sazRao gadazidvebis
    mTlian eqspluataciaSi. saqarTvelos pirobebisa-
    Tvis, sarkinigzo tvirTis 95%-ze meti (satranzito
    tvirTi), mimosvlas agrZelebs sazRvao transpo-
    rtiT. sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis Sepiri-
    spirebis punqtebi (tvirTis gadacemis punqtebi), er-
    Ti mxriv nagebobaTa rTul kompleqss warmoadgens
    sarkinigzo sadgurisaTvis aucilebeli da meore
    mxriv sazRvao portisaTvis saWiro atributebiT.
    Ggadasazidi tvirTis saxeobisa da moculobisagan
    damokidebulebiT, didi portebi dayofilia cal-
    keul raionebad, magaliTad, nayari tvirTis, ko-
    nteinerebis, tara-calobrivi tvirTisa da sxvaTa
    mixedviT. Sesabamisad, calkeul raionSi SeiZleba
    iyos gamoyenebuli kompleqsuri meqanizaciis saTa-
    nado saSualebebi.

    99
    sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis urTierT-
    qmedebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs sainformacio
    uzrunvelyofas, ris safuZvelzec xorcieldeba
    orive saxis transportisaTvis rogorc muSaobis
    operatiuli dagegmva, aseve winaswari, erTmaneTTan
    dakavSirebuli gegma-grafikebis Sedgena. aRniSnul
    gegma-grafikebSi gaTvaliswinebulia mecnierulad
    damuSavebuli da miRebuli is aucilebeli teqniku-
    ri parametrebi, romelTa mixedviTac xorcieldeba
    tvirTis gadatvirTva dadgenil vadebSi, udanakar-
    god, teqnologiiT gaTvaliswinebul droSi. Aam pa-
    rametrebs miekuTvneba sarkinigzo transportze tvi-
    rTnakadebis struqtura da xasiaTi, maTi mosvlis
    (da Sesabamisad gadatvirTvis) intensivoba, matare-
    belTa da moZravi Semadgenlobis teqnikuri normebi
    calkeuli tvirTis saxeobebisagan damokidebule-
    biT, dacla-datvirTvis (gadatvirTvis) meqanizmebis
    SesaZlo gamoyenebis xarisxi, aseve sazRvao flotis
    navsadgurSi gemebis Semosvlis grafiki, intensivoba
    da maTi teqnikuri parametrebi.
    Ddid portebSi, sadac sadReRamiso muSaobis zo-
    mebi CveulebrivTan SedarebiT didia da sadac navmi-
    sadgomebi dayofilia calkeul raionebad, sarkini-
    gzo kompleqsidan calke gamoyofen satvirTo (sap-
    orto) sadgurebs. maTi saliandago ganviTareba da
    sqemebi iseTia, rom SesaZlebeli iyos vagonebis da-
    xarisxeba navmisadgomis calkeuli raionebis mixed-
    viT, ise, rom ganxorcieldes maTi Seuferxebeli
    miwodeba portis Sesabamis raionSi; aseve pirsebidan

    100
    gamotanili vagonebisagan gadamcemi an samarSruto
    matareblebis formirebis SesaZlebliba.
    portSi (pirsebze) Semavali rkinigzis liandage-
    bi, mocemuli rkinigzis sadguris daqvemdebarebaSia.
    dacla-datvirTvis an gadatvirTvis frontebze, an
    asawonad, vagonebi miewodeba rkinigzis daqvemdeba-
    rebaSi myofi lokomotivebiT. tvirTis gadacla va-
    gonebidan gemebSi, an sawyobebSi, an piriqiT, srul-
    deba ports daqvemdebarebuli amwe-satransporto ma-
    nqanebiT. Uugabarito, an mZimewoniani tvirTis ganTa-
    vsebas gemidan gadmotvirTvis Semdeg vagonebSi, ase-
    ve vagonze damagrebasa da amisaTvis saWiro teq-
    nikur saSualebebs, uzrunvelyofs porti Tavisi Za-
    lebiT. Ggadacemis punqtebSi ganlagebul savagono
    sasworebze, mis movla-Senaxvasa da SekeTebaze, pasu-
    xismgebelia rkinigza.
    sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis urTierT-
    qmedebisas, optimizaciis amocana mdgomareobs gada-
    cemis punqtis muSaobis racionalur organizaciaSi,
    rac up. yovlisa miiRweva tvirTis gadacemis pro-
    cesis dispetCeruli xelmZRvanelobiT orive saxe-
    obis transportze erTdroulad; aRniSnulTan er-
    Tad gasaTvaliwinebelia satvirTo samuSaoebis da-
    gegmva cvlebSi da dRe-RameSi; sxvadasxva saxis tra-
    nsportisaTvis, portebisa da saporto sarkinigzo
    sadgurebis muSaobis teqnologiebidan gamomdinare,
    sakontaqto grafikebis Sedgena.
    Ggadacemis punqtSi tvirTis miRebisa da Sew-
    yvetis vadebs porti winaswar acnobebs rkinigzis
    administracias, amasTan erTad, aRniSnul informa-
    101
    cias aqveynebs sazRvao transportis gadazidvebisa
    da tarifebis wesebis krebulSic. Tu sarkinigzo-
    sazRvao pirdapir Sereul mimosvlaSi myofi tvir-
    Tis nawili ver iqna gagzavnili navigaciis daxur-
    vamde, porti Tavisi ZalebiT valdebulia gagzavnos
    tvirTi daniSnulebis adgilas sarkinigzo trans-
    portiT; Tu tvirTi eqvemdebareba mxolod sazRvao
    transportiT gadazidvas, maSin portis adminis-
    tracia valdebulia sanavigacio sezonis gaxsnamde,
    tvirTi Seinaxos portis sawyobSi.
    Sereuli sarkinigzo-sazRvao gadazidvis dros,
    zogjer Wianurdeba tvirTis transportirebis va-
    debi, risi mizezic ZiriTadad tvirTis gadacemis
    (gadatvirTvis) punqtSi misi zedmetad dayovneba ar-
    is. Ddayovnebis mizezi ki umravles SemTxvevaSi aris
    moZravi Semadgenlobis aryofna an erT, an meore
    mxridan, an orivedan erTdroulad. dRevandeli mo-
    winave teqnologiebi iTvaliswinebs gadacemis pun-
    qtebSi tvirTis yofnis drois minimumamde Semci-
    rebas portSi sazRvao da sarkinigzo transportis
    urTierTSeTanxmebuli, erTdrouli moyvanis safu-
    Zvelze, rac saSualebas iZleva portSi ganxor-
    cieldes tvirTis gadacemis pirdapiri varianti, anu
    erTi saxeobis transportidan pirdapir meoreze,
    sawyobis gverdis avliT. portSi arsebobs moZravi
    Semadgenlobis erTdrouli miyvanis sami varianti:
    - specialuri, urTierTSeTanxmebuli ganrigiT
    (grafikis ZafebiT), rac iTvaliswinebs gemebisa da
    sarkinigzo Semadgenlobebis erTdroul mosvlas
    portis teritoriaze. amasTan, matarebelTSoris
    102
    intervali pirsebze miwodebisas unda iyos iseTi,
    rom is utoldebodes wina miwodebis Semadgenlobis
    damuSavebaze saWiro droebis jams. aRniSnuli va-
    rianti, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia tvirTis
    pirdapiri gadacema, aris yvelaze efeqturi, magram
    Znelad gansaxorcielebeli, gemebis moZraobis gra-
    fikidan gadaxris gamo;
    - meore varianti iTvaliswinebs moZravi Semadge-
    nlobis erTdroul mosvlas dRe-Ramis romelime
    periodSi. saqme imaSia, rom sxvadasxva xelisSem-
    Sleli pirobebis gamo, gemebis zusti grafikiT
    mosvla portebSi garTulebulia. portidan moZravi
    Semadgenlobebis Sor manZilze yofnis mixedviT, ma-
    Ti portSi erTdrouli mosvlis drois cvale-
    badobis diapazoni Seadgens naxevar dRe-Rames,
    xolo ufro axlo manZilidan _ ¼ dRe-Rames. Aam va-
    riantSi matareblebs SeuZlia imoZraon rogorc
    specialuri, aseve Cveulebrivi grafikiT, Tanac ise,
    rom orive SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iyos tvirTis
    gadacemis pirdapiri variantis ganxorcieleba;
    - mesame variantSi moZravi Semadgenlobis portSi
    mosvlis specialuri grafiki ar arsebobs. Aam SemT-
    xvevaSi moZravi Semadgenlobebis erTdrouli mos-
    vlis albaTobas adgenen operatiuli situaciidan
    gamomdinare, arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze; Tu-
    mca am dros Znelia tvirTis gadacema srulad gan-
    xorcieldes pirdapiri variantiT, magram gadasacemi
    tvirTis garkveuli nawilis gadacema mainc xdeba
    sawyobebis gverdis avliT, pirdapir, erTi saxeobis
    transportidan meoreze.
    103
    Ggadacemis punqtSi muSaobis pirobebi da
    tvirTis gadacemis wesi erTi saxis transportidan
    meoreSi, ganisazRvreba e.w. sakvanZo xelSekrulebiT,
    romlis moqmedebis vadaa 3 weli. masSi miTiTebulia:
    gadacemis punqtis sadReRamiso (cvlis) muSaobis
    grafikis dagegmvis wesi, sxvadasxva saxeobis tvir-
    Tis gadacemis adgili portSi, calkeuli saxeo-
    bebis vagonebis dacla-datvirTvis vadebi, carieli
    an datvirTuli vagonebis pirsebze miwodebis (Ca-
    wodebis) da gamotanis wesi, dacla-datvirTvis fro-
    ntebis tevadoba da teqnikuri aRWurviloba, tvir-
    Tis miRebis, awonvisa da Cabarebis wesi da sxv. Sa-
    kvanZo xelSekrulebis safuZvelia portisa da sad-
    guris muSaobis erTiani teqnologiuri procesi
    (etp). igi ganixilavs operaciaTa kompleqss, rome-
    lTa Sesrulebac evalebaT tvirTis gadacemis pun-
    qtSi monawile transportis saxeobebs. etp adgens
    sadgurisa da portis saeqspluatacio muSaobis or-
    ganizaciis racionalur sistemas, gemebisa da vago-
    nebis damuSavebis mowinave meTodebs, romlis sa-
    fuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba sadgurisa da portis
    riTmuli muSaoba, moZravi Semadgenlobis gamo-
    yenebis gaumjobeseba, Sromis nayofierebis amaRleba
    da gadasatvirTi samuSaos TviTRirebulebis Semci-
    reba.
    tvirTis pirdapiri gadatvirTva gadacemis pun-
    qtSi xdeba or variantad. Ppirveli varianti guli-
    sxmobs portisaTvis gasacvleli vagonebis gamo-
    yofas, xolo meore variantSi am vagonebis gamoyofa
    ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. Ggasacvleli vagonebis
    104
    SemTxvevaSi datvirTuli gemis mosvlisas, adgili
    aqvs mis Seuferxebel daclas, radgan mas elodeba
    carieli vagonebi, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,
    rom adgili aqvs vagonebis mudmiv mocdenas gemis
    molodinSi. Mmeore SemTxvevaSi tvirTis pirdapiri
    gadatvirTva xorcieldeba damatebiTi xarjebis
    gareSe.
    tvirTis gadacemis punqtSi pirdapiri variantis
    gamoyenebis xarisxi ganisazRvreba sididiT, rome-
    lic zogadad gviCvenebs 1 t gadasacem tvirTze mo-
    sul operaciaTa ricxvs, mas gadatvirTvis koefi-
    cientsac uwodeben:
    Г0
    K gad  , (3.18)
    Pgad
    sadac Г 0 - garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi (Tve,
    dRe-Rame) gadasacem tvirTze mosuli to-
    na-operaciebis ricxvi;
    Pgad - igive droSi gadasacemad mosuli tvirT-
    is Sejamebuli raodenoba tonebSi.
    zogadi saxiT, gadacemis punqtSi pirdapiri va-
    riantiT tvirTis gadatvirTvis dros dayvanili xa-
    rjebiT miRebuli ekonomia ganxiluli drois peri-
    odSi, SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:
    Эday  Qg.p. (Csaw
    tv
     Csaw
    Sen
     Cpir
    tv.g
     Cdam
    gem
     Cdam
    vag
    ), (3.19)
    sadac Qg.p. - gansaxilvel periodSi pirdapiri vari-
    antiT gadacemuli tvirTis raodenoba, t;
    tv Sen
    C saw ,C saw - Sesabamisad, tvirTis sawyobSi gadatvir-
    Tvaze da Senaxvaze saWiro xarjebi, lari/t;
    105
    tv.g
    Cpir - tvirTis pirdapiri variantiT gadatvir-
    Tvaze saWiro xarjebi, lari/t;
    gem
    C dam - damatebiTi dayvanili xarjebi (an eko-
    nomia) mosuli sazRvao transportze,
    tvirTis pirdapiri variantiT gadatvi-
    rTvis dros, sasawyobo variantTan
    SedarebiT, lari/t;
    vag
    C dam - damatebiTi dayvanili xarjebi (an eko-
    nomia) mosuli vagonze, tvirTis pirda-
    piri variantiT gadatvirTvis dros, sa-
    sawyobo variantTan SedarebiT, lari/t.
    sawyobSi tvirTis Senaxvaze saWiro dayvanili
    xarjebi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
     Sen Csaw 
    Э  t
     saw tgam
    nv  Sen
    Sen
    Csaw   , (3.20)
    QsawTdR
    Sen
    sadac Эsaw - sawyobis SenaxvisaTvis saWiro saeqsplu-
    atacio xarjebi (xelfasebi muSakTaT-
    vis, remonti, gaTboba, ganaTeba, amor-
    tizacia da sxv.), lari;
    C saw - sawyobis agebaze saWiro xarjebi, lari;
    nv
    t gam - kapitaldabandebis gamosyidvis normati-
    uli vada, weli;
     - sawyobis tevadobis gamoyenebis koefici-
    Eenti (  1) ;
    Qsaw - sawyobis tevadoba, t;
    106
    TdR - navigaciis periodSi sawyobis muSa dRe-
    ebis raodenoba, dRe-Rame.
    damatebiTi dayvanili xarjebi (an ekonomia),
    mosuli sawylosno transportze, tvirTis pirda-
    piri variantiT gadatvirTvis dros, ganisazRvreba:
     1
    gem  1 
    gem
    Cdam  Cday  , (3.21)
     M pir M saw 
     
    gem
    sadac C day - navmisadgomSi gemis dgomaze saWiro xa-
    rjebi, lari/gemi.sT;
    M pir , M saw - satvirTo samuSaoebis intensivoba geme-
    bis damuSavebis dros, Sesabamisad tvirTis
    pirdapiri variantiT gadatvirTvisas da sa-
    sawyobo variantis pirobebSi.
    damatebiTi dayvanili xarjebi (an ekonomia)
    mosuli vagonze, tvirTis pirdapiri variantiT gada-
    tvirTvis dros, sasawyobo variantTan SedarebiT
    iqneba:
    Sen

    C vag
    dam 
    Cvag
    Pst
    t saw
    vag  tvag
    pir
    , (3.22)

    Sen
    sadac C vag - erTi datvirTuli vagonis mocdenis sa-
    Sualo saaTobrivi Rirebuleba, lari/
    vagon.sT;
    Pst - vagonis statikuri datvirTva, t;
    saw pir
    t vag , t vad - vagonis yofnis dro portSi, Sesabamisad
    tvirTis gadatvirTvisas sawyobSi da pi-
    dapiri variantiT, sT.
    107
    sazRvao portis gegmazomier da stabilur muSa-
    obas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sereuli sarkinigzo-sa-
    zRvao gadazidvebis eqspluataciaSi. gasaTvaliswi-
    nebelia is garemoeba, rom msoflio sagareo vaW-
    robis ZiriTadi wili sazRvao transportze modis.
    amdenad, sazRvao portis roli, daniSnuleba da
    misi zomebi damokidebulia tvirTbrunvaze, qveynis
    ama Tu im raionSi mis ganlagebaze, savaWro opera-
    ciebis xasiaTze da navigaciis periodis xangr-
    Zlivobaze. Aaqedan gamomdinare, daniSnulebis mixe-
    dviT sazRvao porti SeiZleba iyos savaWro, Tevzis,
    xe-tyis, Txevadi tvirTis, qvanaxSiris gadamamuSa-
    vebeli, samxedro daniSnulebisa da sxv.; Sesasru-
    lebeli samuSaos moculobis mixedviT _ didi, sa-
    Sualo da mcire. msoflios did portebs mieku-
    Tvneba: antverpeni, londoni, naxodka, niu-iorki, od-
    esa, roterdami, sankt-peterburgi, filadelfia, ham-
    burgi da sxv. sazRvao portebis muSaobaSi umni-
    Svnelovanesi adgili sarkinigzo mowyobilobebs mi-
    ekuTvneba.
    sazRvao porti Sedgeba gare da Siga akvatori-
    isagan. gare akvatorias miekuTvneba portTan misa-
    svleli arxebi da gare reidebi, xolo Sigas _ Siga
    reidebi da operatiuli ubnebi. sazRvao portis sqe-
    mis erT-erTi varianti moyvanilia 3.6 nax-ze. Rog-
    orc naxazidan Cans, sazRvao porti dayofilia Siga
    akvatoriaSi raionebad, Sesabamis reidze gemis Sesa-
    bamisi tipis dgomis mizniT. portSi Semosasvleli
    (portTan misasvleli) arxebi SeiZleba iyos buneb-
    rivi da xelovnuri. Mmisi siRrme meryeobs 12-15 m-is
    108
    farglebSi, xolo sigane fskerze Seadgens 80-120 m-s.
    Siga reidis zomebs iReben im angariSiT, rom yvela
    didi zomis gems SeeZlos Semosvlis Semdeg gaCe-
    reba, Ruzis CaSveba da mobruneba. Pportis Siga ak-
    vatoria zRvis Relvisagan daculia talRamWrele-
    biTa da Semomfargvleli mowyobilobebiT (molo-
    ebiT). samgzavro operaciebi sruldeba samgzavro
    raionSi, sadac ganTavsebulia gaerTianebuli saz-
    Rvao da samgzavro vagzlebi. did satransporto
    kvanZebSi saerTo sargeblobis damxarisxebel sad-
    gurebSi xorcieldeba sxva samuSaoebTan erTad po-
    rtis calkeuli raionebisaTvis vagonebis SerCeva,
    xolo saraiono sadgurebi Tavis mxriv daniSnu-
    lebis liandagSi vagonTa miwodebas uzrunvelyofs.
    Ggadazidvebis procesSi transportis sxvadasxva
    saxeobis Sedarebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs tvi-
    rTis saxeobas, mis Rirebulebas, tvirTamweobis ga-
    moyenebis koeficientsa da gadazidvebis siSores.
    transportis sxvadasxva saxeobiT tvirTis gada-
    zidvebis Sedarebisas iTvaliswineben Semdegi saxis
    xarjebs:
    - tvirTis gamzadeba gadasazidad (xarjebi Sefu-
    Tvaze, paketirebaze da sxv.);
    - tvirTis miwodeba magistralur transportamde
    (xarjebi misasvleli liandagebis Senaxvasa da eqs-
    pluataciaze, avtomobilebiT momsaxurebaze da sxv.);
    - datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis operaciebis Catareba-
    ze (xarjebi moZravi Semadgenlobis an gemis gamza-
    debaze, datvirTvaze, daclaze, tvirTis ganTavseba-
    ze, damagrebaze da sxv.);
    109
    nax. 3.6. sazRvao portis sqema:
    1 – talRamtexebi; 2 – misasvleli arxi; 3 – gare reidi; 4 –
    Semomfargvleli mowyobilobebi (moloebi); 5 – napiris gama-
    greba; 6 – navTobCasasxmeli tvirTebi; 7 – operatiuli auzebi;
    8 – pirsebi; 9 – saraiono parkebi; 10 – gaerTianebuli samgza-
    vro sadguri; 11 – saremonto saxelosnoebi; 12 – sasamsaxuro-
    damxmare flotis baza; 13 – daxuruli sawyobebi
    ganTavsebaze, damagrebaze da sxv.);

    - magistraluri transportiT tvirTis transpor-


    tirebaze;
    - magistraluri transportis miRebis punqtidan
    tvirTmimRebamde tvirTis transportirebaze;
    - tvirTis gadacemaze (gadaclaze) erTi saxis
    transportidan meoreze.
    sazRvao gadazidvebis dros produqciis TviT-
    Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 1,5-jer dabalia, vidre
    sarkinigzo transportze, xolo sarkinigzosa da
    samdinaroze _ TiTqmis Tanabari. rkinigzaze tvir-
    Tis transportirebisas saSualo siCqare Seadgens
    110
    10-11 km/sT-s (230-250 km/dRe-RameSi); samdinaro tra-
    nsportze es sidide 4-5 km/sT-ia da sazRvaoze _ 15-16
    km/sT (8,0-8,5 kvanZi. 1 kvanZi=1 mili/sT=1,852 km/sT).
    Sereuli sarkinigzo-sawylosno gadazidvebis
    dros Sejamebuli dayvanili saeqspluatacio xar-
    jebi SeiZleba gamoviTvaloT formuliT:
    Ser
    Эsae  Эsae
    sar
     Эsae
    saw
     Csrk-s  lrk CmoZ.rk
    dat

     CmoZ.rk
    car
     

    En K srk-s  K moZ
    rk

    lrk 1   car
    vag
      1 l C
    wy
    dat
    moZ.wy  CmoZ.wy
    car
     
     Cswy-s 

     Csat.o
    gemi 1
     
     Clian  Cgadat  En  lwy K moZ.wy
    dat
     K moZ.wy
    car 
     K swy-s    
     
     K sat.o
    gemi
     K lian  K gadat. ,
    (3.23)
    sadac Csrk-s , Cswy-s - Sesabamisad tvirTis sarkinigzo da
    sawylosno transportiT transportire-
    bisas sawyis da saboloo operaciebze
    dayvanili saeqspluatacio xarjebis no-
    rma, lari;
    lrk , lwy - gadasazidi tvirTis transportirebis
    manZili Sesabamisad rkinigziTa da wyl-
    iT, km;
    dat car
    CmoZ.rk. , CmoZ.rk - saeqspluatacio xarjebi rkinig-
    ziT moZravi Semadgenlobis gadaadgile-
    bisas datvirTul da cariel mdgomare-
    obaSi, lari;
    dat car
    CmoZ.wy , CmoZ.wy - igive, gemis gadaadgilebisas, lari;

    K srk-s , K swy- s - dayvanili kapitaluri xarjebi Sesaba-


    111
    misad sarkinigzo da sawylosno trans-
    portze, sawyis da saboloo operacieb-
    ze, lari;
    rk
    K moZ -dayvanili kapitaluri xarjebi rkinigziT
    tvirTis transportirebis dros, lari;
     vag
    car - vagonis carieli garbenis koeficienti;
    gemi gemi
    Csat.o , K sat.o - Sesabamisad dayvanili saeqsplua-
    tacio xarjebisa da kapitaldabandebebis
    norma gemis dgomisas satvirTo operaci-
    ebze (datvirTva, dacla), lari;
    Clian , K lian - Sesabamisad dayvanili saeqspluata-
    cio xarjebisa da kapitaldabandebebis
    norma portSi saliandago meurneobis
    gamoyenebaze, lari;
    Cgadat , K gadat - Sesabamisad sarkinigzo transpor-
    tidan gemze gadatvirTvisas saWiro day-
    vanili saeqspluatacio xarjebi da kapi-
    taldabandebebi, lari;
    car dat
    K moZ.wy , K moZ.wy - dayvanili kapitaldabandebebi ge-
    mis moZraobisas cariel da datvirTul
    mdgomareobaSi, lari;
     - gemis tvirTamweobis gamoyenebis koefi-
    cienti;
    En - kapitaluri xarjebis efeqturobis nor-
    matiuli koeficienti; En =0,10-0,12.
    Sereuli sarkinigzo-sawylosno gadazidvebis
    dros mTliani saeqspluatacio xarjebis mxolod
    112
    35% ixarjeba uSualod gadazidvebze, daaxloebiT
    40% _ datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis operaciebze da da-
    rCenili 25%, misasvleli liandagebis Senaxvasa da
    eqspluataciaze.
    3.7 nax-ze naCvenebia 1 t tvirTis transporti-
    rebaze mosuli dayvanili saeqspluatacio xarjebi
    Sereuli sarkinigzo-sawylosno gadazidvebis dros.
    rogorc naxazidan Cans, sawyisi momentidan (200 km),

    nax. 3.7. 1 tona tvirTis transportirebaze mosuli dayvanili


    saeqspluatacio xarjebi Sereuli sarkinigzo-sawylo-
    sno gadazidvebis dros. En  0,10; car  0,40;

    sarkinigzo gadazidvebze mosuli saeqspluatacio


    xarjebi dabalia sawylosno gadazidvebTan Seda-
    rebiT. daaxloebiT 800 km niSnulze, es xarjebi
    utoldeba erTmaneTs ( Эday =1,5-1,6 lari), xolo amis
    Semdeg sarkinigzo transportirebis xarjebi izr-
    deba. Ees niSnavs, rom Sereuli sarkinigzo-saw-

    113
    ylosno gadazidvebis dros mizanSewonilia sarki-
    nigzo transportiT gadazidvebi ganxorcieldes 800
    km-de, xolo Semdeg _ sawylosno transportiT.

    3.5. gadautvirTavi intensiuri teqnologiebi


    sarkinigzo da sawylosno transportis
    urTierTqmedebisas, rogorc saerTaSoriso
    gadazidvebis ganviTarebis prioritetuli
    mimarTuleba Tanamedrove etapze

    3.5.1. marSrutizaciis maRali done da saerTaSoriso


    satransporto derefnebi

    XXI saukunis sarkinigzo transporti konkurent-


    unarianobis maRali donis SesanarCuneblad daJi-
    nebiT moiTxovs efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis gze-
    bis Ziebas. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi es problema sxva-
    dasxvagvarad wydeba: mowinave “sarkinigzo” qveynebi
    intensiurad agrZeleben sarkinigzo transportis
    gadazidviTi procesis ganviTarebaSi axali teqni-
    kisa da teqnologiebis farTod danergvasa da gamo-
    yenebas, xolo ufro dabal safexurze mdgomi qve-
    ynebi, cdiloben warmatebiT gamoiyenon mowinave
    qveynebis gamocdileba da miRwevebi. Tu gasuli sau-
    kunis 60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli bolo aTwle-
    ulamde, msoflios sarkinigzo transportis ganvi-
    TarebaSi SeiniSneboda rkinigzis simZlavreebis gaz-
    rdis tendencia misi calkeuli elementebis inten-
    sifikaciis xarjze, XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
    sarkinigzo transportis ganviTarebas safuZvlad
    114
    daedo globaluri, intensiuri teqnologiebis gamo-
    yeneba.
    jer kidev gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan
    dawyebuli, saavtomobilo transportis xvedriTi
    wili saerTo satransporto gadazidvebSi mkveTrad
    izrdeboda. es garemoeba aixsneba imiT, rom saav-
    tomobilo transportma klientura miizida momsa-
    xurebis ukeTesi pirobebis gamo: tvirTis transpo-
    rtireba SesaZlebeli iyo e.w. karidan karamde, anu
    tvirTgamgzavni uwyebis saamqrodan (sawyobidan) tvi-
    rTmimRebis realizaciis punqtamde (sawyobamde),
    roca rkinigzas SeeZlo mxolod tvirTis trans-
    portireba gagzavnis sadguridan miRebis sadgura-
    mde. amasTan, tvirTis mflobels ar hqonda info-
    rmacia tvirTis gadaadgilebis Taobaze (tvirTis
    CatvirTva vagonSi, transportireba, vagonis damu-
    Saveba kvanZebsa da gzad mdebare teqnikur sadgu-
    rebSi, vagonis miReba daniSnulebis sadgurSi da
    sxv.). gadazidviTi procesis arsebulma teqnolo-
    giebma gamoiwvia tvirTmflobelTa negatiuri reaq-
    cia, ramac Tavis mxriv Seamcira sarkinigzo trans-
    portis klientura da Sesabamisad misi xvedriTi wi-
    li saerTo gadazidvebSi.
    dRes konkurenciis mkacri pirobebis dasakma-
    yofileblad, sarkinigzo transportze gadazidvi-
    Tma procesma miiRo konveieruli saxe, rac up. Yov-
    lisa gulisxmobs tvirTis Seuferxebel, did man-
    Zilze gauCereblad (150-300 km-is nacvlad 1000-1500
    km-sa da met manZilze) gadaadgilebas. gadazidvebis
    xvedriTi wili did manZilze modis aSS-ze, ruse-
    115
    Tze, kanadasa da 1999 wlidan globalizaciis pro-
    cesSi CarTul meqsikaze. kanada-aSS-meqsikaSi tvir-
    Tis gadaadgileba xdeba 15-20 aTasi km-is manZilze.
    Tu aseT did manZilze tvirTis transportireba
    konveieruli principiT SesaZlebelia xsenebul qvey-
    nebSi, evropis qveynebisaTvis transportirebis es
    manZili Seadgens 2000-5000 km-s (germania-Svei-caria-
    italia, safrangeTi-dania da sxv.). zemoT aRniSnuli
    principebi daedo safuZvlad e.w. saerTaSoriso sat-
    ransporto derefnebis Camoyalibebas. maTi funqci-
    onirebis ZiriTad princips Seadgens tvirTnakadebis
    transportireba umokles vadebSi minimaluri dana-
    xarjebiT da dainteresebuli mxareebis saiforma-
    cio uzrunvelyofis umaRlesi doniT.
    Tanamedrove intensiuri teqnologiebidan unda
    gamovyoT e.w. gadautvirTavi teqnologiebi, rac gu-
    lisxmobs marSrutizaciis donis maqsimalurad ama-
    Rlebas. am dros tvirTnakadebi potenciurad gada-
    izideba ara gagzavnis sadguridan daniSnulebis
    sadguramde, aramed mopovebis (damzadebis) punqti-
    dan moxmarebis punqtamde (“karidan karamde”), riTac
    izrdeba konkurentunarianoba transportis sxva al-
    ternatiul saxeobebTan SedarebiT. aRniSnuli teq-
    nologiis gamoyeneba gadazidviT procesSi saSua-
    lebas iZleva minimumamde Semcirdes, an sruliad
    gamoiricxos tvirTis miRebis, Cabarebis, Senaxvis,
    gacemis an gadatvirTvis (rkinigzis sawyobidan sa-
    wylosno transportze) aucilebloba, Sesabamisad
    gamonTavisufldeba sasawyobo meurneobaSi dasaq-

    116
    mebuli muSakebis Statebi (dacvis TanamSromlebi,
    mekuWnaveebi da sxv.).
    gadautvirTavi teqnologiebis principi srulad
    moqmedebs sarkinigzo-sawylosno Sereuli gadazid-
    vebis dros. mTavari problema am SemTxvevaSi aris
    sarkinigzo da sawylosno transportis portSi er-
    Tdroulad mosvla.
    sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi tvirTis mocde-
    niT miRebuli zarali (tvirTgamgzavnisaTvis) gaci-
    lebiT aRemateba vagonis mocdeniT (rkinigzisaTvis)
    miRebul zarals. wina periodisagan gansxvavebiT,
    Tu klienti tvirTis transportirebisaTvis ixdida
    dadgenili tarifiT, vagonis daqiravebis momentidan
    tvirTis Cabarebis momentamde gavlili manZilis
    mixedviT, dRes mdgomareoba sruliad Seicvala;
    klienti ixdis mxolod vagonis moZraobaSi yofnis
    drois mixedviT, amasTan, mkacrad moiTxovs, rom
    “misi vagoni” CarTuli iyos mxolod satranzito
    matarebelSi, raTa gamoiricxos teqnikur sadgu-
    rebSi arsebuli teqnologiebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
    mocdenebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove rkini-
    gzis gadazidviT procesSi mtkiced mkvidrdeba e.w.
    gadaumuSavebeli teqnologiebi, rac gulisxmobs
    pirdapiri daniSnulebis satranzito satvirTo mata-
    reblebis wilis gazrdas gadazidviT procesSi dam-
    xarisxebeli sadgurebis muSaobis moculobis Semci-
    rebis xarjze.

    117
    3.5.2. saborne gadasasvlelebi

    tvirTis gadacemis punqtSi mocdenebis Semci-


    rebisa da saerTod, pirdapiri Sereuli gadazidve-
    biT tvirTis transportirebaze saWiro drois Sem-
    cirebis mizniT, gamoiyeneba saborne gadasasvle-
    lebi. Mmisi dedaazri mdgomareobs imaSi, rom speci-
    aluri daniSnulebis boranze (cxovrebaSi borani
    igive gemia, mxolod gansakuTrebuli specifikiT)
    SesaZlebelia ara tvirTis gadatvirTva, aramed da-
    tvirTuli moZravi Semadgenlobis Seyvana ise, rom
    tvirTi gadaizideba erTi portidan meoreSi moZrav
    SemadgenlobasTan erTad. saborne gadasasvlelebi
    iyofa sam jgufad: sarkinigzo, saavtomobilo da
    kombinirebuli (sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo erT-
    ad). Ggarda amisa, saborne gadasasvlelebis nawili
    gamoiyeneba tvirTis gadasazidad, nawili mgzavrTa
    gadasayvanad, zogierT calkeul SemTxvevaSi ki
    marto mgzavrebis gadasayvanad (msubuq manqanebTan
    erTad). imisda mixedviT, Tu ra sididisaa borani,
    maTi tevadobac sxvadasxvaa. magaliTad, varna-ili-
    Covskis saborne gadasasvlelze momuSave boranis
    zomebia: sigrZe 184 m, sigane 26,7 m, bornis simaRle
    _ 15,2 m (nax. 3.8), xolo tevadoba vagonTa mixedviT _
    108 vagoni. bornis korpusis SigniT moTavsebulia
    sami satvirTo gembani, zeda, qveda da gembani or-
    magi ZiriT, romlebzec ganlagebulia 13 rkinigzis
    liandagi 1500 m-ze meti saerTo sigrZiT. Ggembanebi
    erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia hidravlikuri liftiT,

    118
    119
    nax. 3.8. sarkinigzo borani zogadi saxiTa (a) da ganiv kveTSi (b):
    1 – saporto sadguris samanevro lokomotivi; 2 – bornis satvirTo lifti; 3
    – bornis samanevro lokomotivi; 4 – kaiutebi mezRvaurebisa da
    mgzavrebisaTvis; 5 – kaiutebi xelmZRvaneli SemadgenlobisaTvis; 6 –
    sanavigacio jixuri; 7 – zeda gembani; 8 – qveda gembani; 9 – gembani ormagi
    ZiriT
    romlis tvirTamweobac 170 tonaa. Bboranze aris
    ori Tbomavali (drezina), romelTa saSualebiTac
    xdeba vagonTa ganlageba bornis liandagebSi.
    dRes saborne gadasasvlelebis umravlesoba
    ganlagebulia evropaSi (CrdiloeTis, baltiis, Sav
    da xmelTaSua zRvebSi), kaspiis zRvaSi, iaponiaSi.
    bolo wlebSi bornebiT tvirTis transportirebis
    saSualo manZili gaizarda 1000 km-mde. cnobili
    saborne gadasasvlelebi baltiis zRvaSi Semdegia:
    qalaqebis xankosa (fineTi) da liubeks (germania),
    klaipedasa (litva) da mukrans (germania), sankt-
    peterburgsa (ruseTis federacia) da stokholms
    (SvedeTi) Soris; kaspiis zRvaSi _ baqosa (azerbai-
    jani) da krasnovodsks (TurqmeneTi), maxaCkalasa
    (ruseTis federacia) da krasnovodsks Soris; Sav
    zRvaSi _ iliCevsksa (ukraina) da varnas (bulga-
    reTi) Soris; foTi, baTumi (saqarTvelo) _ iliCev-
    ski (ukraina), kostanca (rumineTi) da varnas (bulga-
    reTi) Soris. TaTris yureSi qalaqebs xolmsksa da
    vaninos (orive ruseTis federacia) Soris _ kunZul
    saxalinTan damakavSirebeli borani. iaponiaSi eqs-
    pluataciaSia ramdenime aTeuli saborne gadasa-
    svleli, maT Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT kagosima-
    nagoias, tokio-kotisa da Oosaka-kagosimas saborne
    gadasasvlelebi.
    saborne gadasasvlelis mowyoba gamarTlebulia
    SedarebiT didi da stabiluri tvirTbrunvis piro-
    bebSi, romlis drosac srulad xorcieldeba saWi-
    ro tvirTnakadebis aTviseba.

    120
    Bbornebis saWiro ricxvi stabiluri tvirTna-
    kadisagan damokidebulebiT ganisazRvreba formu-
    liT:
    br
    Q1Tbor
    N bor  , (3.24)
    Pst nTeqs K met
    sadac Q1 - eqspluataciis periodSi gadasazidi tvi-
    rTis moculoba erTi mimarTulebiT, t;
    br
    Tbor - bornis brunvis dro, dRe-Rame;
    Pst - vagonis statikuri datvirTva, t;
    n - bornis tevadoba, vagoni;
    Teqs - bornis eqspluataciis vada, dRe-Rame;
    K met - koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs
    drois danakargebs bornis eqspluata-
    ciaSi, rodesac meteorologiuri mize-
    zebiT borans ar SeuZlia portSi Siga
    reidze Sesvla an saborne mowyobilo-
    bebTan midgoma.
    saborne pirsis (mowyobilobis) gamtarunariano-
    ba SeiZleba ganisazRvros formuliT:
    24 K Sek K met
    P , (3.25)
    tdg  tpr
    sadac K Sek - koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs
    drois danakargebs bornis teqnikur
    daTvalierebaze;
    tdg - pirsTan bornis dgomis xangrZlivoba, sT;
    tpr - saborne mowyobilobebis profilaqtikuri

    121
    SekeTebisaTvis saWiro dro bornis damuSa-
    vebis erTi ciklis ganmavlobaSi, sT;
    saborne gadasasvlelis upiratesoba Cveulebriv
    pirdapir Sereul gadazidvebTan SedarebiT mdgoma-
    reobs SemdegSi:
    - portSi gemebis (bornebis) gadamuSavebis (dac-
    la-datvirTva) daCqareba da mocdenebis Semcireba;
    - vagonTa mocdenebis Semcireba;
    - erTi saxis transportidan meoreSi tvirTis ga-
    dacemis TviTRirebulebis Semcireba gadasatvirT
    operaciebsa da sasawyobo meurneobebSi drois gamo-
    nTavisuflebis xarjze;
    - tvirTis daculobis maRali xarisxi;
    - tvirTis transportirebis drois Semcireba;
    - komerciuli operaciebis simartive tvirTis ga-
    datvirTvisas transportis erTi saxeobidan meo-
    reSi.
    zemoT aRniSnulTan erTad, saborne gadasasvle-
    lebis eqspluatacias aqvs uaryofiTi mxareebic: rk-
    inigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis gadazidvis pirobe-
    bSi tarawonis mizeziT 1,5-2,0-jer mcirdeba gadasa-
    zidi tvirTis netomasa; bornis agebaze saWiro xar-
    jebi gacilebiT metia, vidre Cveulebriv gemisaze;
    saWiro xdeba misadgomebis (pirsebis) aRWurva amwe-
    SesauRlebeli mowyobilobebiTa da zogierT SemT-
    xvevaSi rabebis agebac, roca wylis done mniSvne-
    lovnad meryeobs.
    Mmiuxedavad aRniSnulisa, saborne gadasasvle-
    lebi xasiaTdeba maRali efeqturobiT transporti-
    rebis siSorisagan damokidebulebiT.
    122
    3.6. magistraluri da samrewvelo rkinigzebi

    magistraluri da samrewvelo rkinigzis trans-


    portis teqnologiuri urTierTqmedebis safuZvelia
    gadazidviTi procesis moTxovnebis Sesruleba, anu
    tvirTis mitana daniSnulebis adgilze; rogorc cn-
    obilia satvirTo operaciebis udidesi nawili xor-
    cieldeba samrewvelo sawarmoebisa da organizaci-
    ebis misasvlel liandagebSi. aqedan gamomdinare,
    samrewvelo da magistraluri transportis funqci-
    onireba xSir SemTxvevaSi uSualod erTmaneTzea da-
    mokidebuli. am urTierTdamokidebulebis principia
    magistraluri rkinigzis mier tvirTebis regula-
    ruli da stabiluri uzrunvelyofa sawarmoebisa,
    xolo am ukanasknelTa mier, Tavisi produqciiT da-
    tvirTuli vagonebis Tavisdrouli miwodeba rkini-
    gzas.
    unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo wlebSi samrewvelo
    sarkinigzo transportze ganuwyvetliv izrdeba tvi-
    rTbrunva, rac sakmaod negatiurad aisaxeba mis gan-
    viTarebaze: saqme imaSia, rom gadazidvebis mocul-
    obis zrdis tempi sagrZnoblad uswrebs samrewvelo
    rkinigzebis ganviTarebis temps, rac xSir SemTxve-
    vaSi iwvevs am ukanasknelze tvirTdaZabulobis zr-
    das. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, rTuldeba am ori
    saxis transports Soris urTierTqmedeba. urTierT-
    qmedebis xasiaTi da formebi sxvadasxvagvaria da
    ZiriTadad damokidebulia Semdeg faqtorebze: war-
    moebis simZlavreze, transportis calkeuli saxeob-
    ebis ganviTarebis xarisxze da teqnikuri aRWurvil-
    123
    obis doneze, satvirTo samuSaoebis moculobaze, ga-
    dazidvebis marSrutizaciis xarisxze, misasvlel
    liandagSi vagonebis miwodeba-gamotanis wesze da
    sxv.
    rogorc wesi, samrewvelo rkinigzis transporti
    kargadaa ganviTarebuli mZime mrewvelobis sawarmo-
    ebSi. aRsaniSnavia am ori saxeobis transportis ur-
    TierTqmedebaSi mcire da saSualo simZlavris misa-
    svleli liandagebis roli, radganac am ukanaskne-
    lze modis uwyebebsa da sawarmoebSi misawodebeli
    tvirTis daaxloebiT 80%. xSirad mcire simZla-vris
    misasvleli liandagebi mierTebulia didi mo-
    culobis samuSaos mqone msxvili sawarmoebis sar-
    kinigzo meurneobebs. am SemTxvevaSi am liandagebis
    roli gacilebiT izrdeba da saWiroebs individu-
    alur midgomas muSaobis teqnologiuri procesebis
    Camoyalibebis dros.
    magistraluri rkinigzis urTierTqmedeba msxvil
    samrewvelo sawarmos rkinigzasTan, sakmaod rTuli
    procesia, radgan moiTxovs mniSvnelovani saeqspl-
    uatacio amocanebis gadawyvetas, maT Soris: mirTvis
    sadgursa da samrewvelo dawesebulebas Soris vago-
    nebis damuSavebis operaciebis optimaluri ganawi-
    leba (vagonTa jgufebis SerCeva daclis frontis
    mixedviT da datvirTuli vagonebis dajgufeba dani-
    Snulebis mixedviT, samarSruto matareblebis form-
    ireba da sxv.); miwodebebs Soris optimaluri inte-
    rvalebis gansazRvra; misasvlel liandagebSi vago-
    nis yofnis normebis dadgena da sxv.

    124
    Tu samrewvelo dawesebulebas Tavis teritoria-
    ze gaaCnia damxarisxebeli mowyobilobebi (sadguri),
    maSin ganformireba-formirebis operaciebs igi asr-
    ulebs magistraluri sadgurisagan damoukideblad,
    winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli funqciebis Ses-
    ruleba ekisreba rkinigzis sadgurs.
    vagonebis miwodeba-gamotanas im samrewvelo dawe-
    sebulebebSi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT sakuTari sa-
    manevro saSualebebi, asrulebs mirTvis sadguris
    lokomotivi. am SemTxvevaSi sadguris urTierTqme-
    deba samrewvelo dawesebulebis misasvlel lianda-
    gTan Semoifargleba dadgenili wesiT, vagonebis mi-
    wodebiT da iqedan (satvirTo operaciebis Sesru-
    lebis Semdeg) maTi gamotaniT.
    Tu rkinigzis sadgurs mierTebuli aqvs mcire
    simZlavris misasvleli liandagebi, maSin misi mom-
    saxureba SedarebiT iolia, magram Tu sadgurs mier-
    Tebuli aqvs ramdenime misasvleli liandagi, maSin
    sirTule warmoiSveba sadguris lokomotiviT TiTo-
    euli misasvleli liandagis regularulad momsa-
    xurebis rigiTobis dadgenaSi; aseve miRebuli vago-
    nebis daxarisxebis aucileblobiTa da maTi daniS-
    nulebis mixedviT (calkeuli misasvleli liandagi)
    vagonTa jgufebis SerCevaSi.
    yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili problematuri sak-
    iTxebi moiTxovs operatiul gadawyvetas iseTna-
    irad, rom igi misaRebi iyos rogorc erTi (magis-
    traluri rkinigza), aseve meore (samrewvelo rkini-
    gza) mxrisaTvis, anu aucilebeli xdeba magistra-
    luri da samrewvelo rkinigzis transportis urTi-
    125
    erTqmedebis optimizaciis amocanis gadaWra. am amo-
    canis gadaWra aisaxeba dokumentSi, romelsac muSa-
    obis erTiani teqnologiuri procesi ewodeba (etp).
    magistraluri da samrewvelo rkinigzis transp-
    ortis urTierTqmedebis optimalobis kriteriums
    warmoadgens samrewvelo obieqtebis momsaxureba mi-
    nimalur vadebSi. amisaTvis etp-s Sedgenas win usw-
    rebs Semdegi sakiTxebis gadawyveta:
    - saeqspluatacio muSaobis dagegmvis, aRricxvisa
    da analizis erToblivi organizacia;
    - sadgurisa da samrewvelo dawesebulebis misasv-
    lel liandagze operatiuli muSaobis erTiani dis-
    petCeruli xelmZRvanelobis danergva;
    - teqnologiuri operaciebis SeTavseba;
    - winaswari da zusti informaciis urTierTgacv-
    lis uzrunvelyofa;
    - sadgurebSi da samrewvelo dawesebulebebSi li-
    andagebis specializacia;
    - satvirTo frontebis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis
    uzrunvelyofa da samanevro saSualebebis kooperi-
    rebuli gamoyeneba;
    - satvirTo da komerciuli operaciebis Sesrule-
    baze etp-is maCveneblebis normireba da sxv.
    rkinigzisa da samrewvelo dawesebulebis muSao-
    bis etp arsebiT zegavlenas axdens datvirTva-gad-
    motvirTvis moculobis Tanafardobaze. optimal-
    obis amocanis warmatebiT gadaWris SemTxvevaSi da-
    clil da datvirTul (misawodebel da gamosatan)
    vagonTa Tanafardoba TiTqmis erTnairia, rac saSua-

    126
    lebas iZleva ganxorcieldes ormagi operaciebi da-
    cla-datvirTvis TvalsazrisiT.
    magistraluri da samrewvelo rkinigzebis urTi-
    erTqmedebis dros, did rols TamaSobs samanevro
    Semadgenlobis optimaluri sigrZis SerCeva, rome-
    lic damokidebulia miwodebis frontis sigrZesa da
    lokomotivis simZlavreze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
    SeiZleba adgili hqondes gacilebiT didi simZlav-
    ris samanevro lokomotivebis eqspluatacias, rac
    gamoiwvevs zedmet (umizno) saeqspluatacio xarjebs,
    an piriqiT _ Tu lokomotivis simZlavre ar Seesa-
    bameba saWiros, anu igi iqneba gacilebiT naklebi,
    maSin aucilebeli gaxdeba samanevro Semadgenloba-
    Si vagonTa ricxvis Semcireba da Sesabamisad miwo-
    debebis ricxvis gazrda, rac Tavis mxriv kvlav
    dakavSirebuli iqneba zedmet saeqspluatacio xarj-
    ebTan.
    etp-s damuSavebis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs
    samanevro Semadgenlobis miwodebebis intensivobas.
    datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis erTsa da imave frontze
    miwodebebs Soris intervali iseTi unda iyos, rom
    adgili ar hqondes mocdenebs satvirTo frontze
    adre miwodebuli vagonebisagan ganTavisuflebis
    molodinSi. miwodebebs Soris minimaluri interva-
    lis sididis dadgena xdeba satvirTo frontis sa-
    Wiro gadamuSavebisunarianobis uzrunvelyofis miz-
    niT. maqsimalurad dasaSveb intervals ki gansaz-
    Rvraven maSin, roca satvirTo samuSaos zomebi Se-
    darebiT mcirea miwodebis fronTis gadamuSavebis-
    unarianobaze (dRe-RameSi vagonebis faqtiur miwode-
    127
    bebsa da erT miwodebaSi vagonebis raodenobidan
    gamomdinare).
    im SemTxvevaSi, roca misasvlel liandagze yve-
    la vagonis miwodeba xdeba uSualod mirTvis sad-
    guridan, minimaluri intervali satvirTo frontze
    a) erTi liandagis SemTxvevaSi aris:
    I min  tmiw  tsat
    fr
     tgam ; (3.26)
    b) ori da meti liandagis SemTxvevaSi (rodesac
    erTi maTgani gaTvaliswinebulia Semadgenlobis uk-
    an, sadgurSi gadmosayeneblad) aris:
    |
    I min  t sat
    fr
     t gad , (3.27)
    fr
    sadac t sat - satvirTo frontis dakavebis dro erTi
    miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, sT;
    tmiw , tgam  Sesabamisad, satvirTo frontze vagone-
    bis miwodebasa da gamotanaze daxarju-
    li dro, sT;
    tgad  vagonTa jgufis gadayenebisaTvis saWiro
    dro erTi liandagidan meoreSi, sT.
    meore SemTxvevaSi vagonebis miwodeba xdeba ad-
    re miwodebul vagonebze satvirTo operaciebis Cat-
    arebis procesSi. satvirTo frontze erT miwode-
    baSi vagonTa jgufis mier frontis dakavebis xangr-
    Zlivoba ZiriTadad damokidebulia erTdroulad
    dasatvirTi an dasacleli vagonebis raodenobaze,
    satvirTo operaciebSi kompleqsuri meqanizaciis sa-
    Sualebebis gamoyenebis xarisxze da maT mwarmoe-
    blurobaze. dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba adgi-
    li hqondes vagonebis araTanabar miwodebas satvir-
    128
    To frontze (frontebze), magram miwodebebs Soris
    saSualo intervali ar unda aRematebodes Tmax -is
    mniSvnelobas.
    etp-s damuSavebis bolo etapia sadgurisa da
    misasvleli liandagis muSaobis kompleqsuri sad-
    ReRamiso gegma-grafikis Sedgena. aRniSnul doku-
    ments didi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc magistraluri,
    aseve samrewvelo rkinigzis muSaobaSi, radganac
    mxolod mis safuZvelze xdeba yvela saxis opera-
    ciis warmoeba maT sawarmoebSi.

    3.7. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis urTierT-


    qmedeba satransporto kvanZebSi

    satransporto kvanZi aris sxvadasxva saxis


    transportis Tavmoyris adgili da aqedan gamom-
    dinare, misi funqcionireba ganixileba rogorc tra-
    nsportis calkeuli saxeobebis qvesistemebis komp-
    leqsuri urTierTqmedeba. am qvesistemebis funqcio-
    nirebis obieqtia adgilobrivi da tranzituli
    tvirT- da mgzavrnakadebi da rogorc satranspo-
    rto kvanZis muSaobis damaxasiaTebeli aucilebeli
    atributi _ gadatvirTvis operaciebi. dRes dadge-
    nilia, rom satransporto kvanZSi sruldeba sarki-
    nigzo transportze ganxorcielebuli satvirTo
    operaciebis daaxloebiT 60 da samgzavrosi ki 50%.
    unda aRiniSnos, rom TiTqmis SeuZlebelia yve-
    la satransporto kvanZisaTvis moinaxos erTi “stan-
    darti” anu maTi muSaobis erTiani teqnologiuri

    129
    procesi. es SezRudva gamowveulia sxvadasxva kvan-
    Zis muSaobis adgilobrivi pirobebidan, magram
    amasTan erTad unda iTqvas, rom yvela satran-
    sporto kvanZs aqvs erTnairi midgoma mravali sa-
    kiTxis mimarT, kerZod: satransporto kvanZSi mo-
    funqcionire transportis yvela sawarmoSi erTiani
    cvlebis danergva; satvirTo operaciebis Sesruleba
    gamsxvilebuli brigadebiT (dokerebi, rkinigzele-
    bi); amwe-satransporto manqanebisa da moZravi erTe-
    ulebis koncentracia didi masStabis samuSaoebis
    Sesasruleblad; pirsebis (misadgomebis), rkinigzis
    sadgurebisa da datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis punqtebis
    (misasvleli liandagebi) racionaluri specialize-
    cia tvirTis saxeobebisagan damokidebulebiT; kva-
    nZSi mofunqcionire transportis yvela saxeobisaT-
    vis kompleqsuri informaciis miwodeba Casatarebel
    samuSaoebze da sxv.
    satransporto kvanZis stabiluri funqcionire-
    bis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria sxvadasxva sa-
    xis transportis urTierTqmedebis reJimebis formi-
    reba da Semdgomi srulyofa mowinave teqnologie-
    bis gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnulis misaRwevad Taname-
    drove satransporto kvanZSi TiToeuli cvlis muS-
    aoba efuZneba kvanZis muSaobis gegma-grafiks. misi
    saSualebiT winaswaraa gansazRvruli yoveli dRe-
    Ramis samuSao gegma; igi iTvaliswinebs moZravi Sem-
    adgenlobis saWiro raodenobas, maTi miwodeba-gamo-
    tanis intensivobasa da rigiTobas, erTi saxeobis
    transportidan meoreSi gadasatvirTi tvirTis mo-
    culobas calkeuli mimarTulebebis mixedviT.
    130
    unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove satransporto
    kvanZis muSaoba efuZneba transportis calkeuli sa-
    xeobebis eqspluataciis organizaciisa da marTvis
    meTodebs, TiToeuli saxeobis specifikas, teqnikuri
    aRWurvilobis, sainformacio uzrunvelyofisa da
    geografiuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
    arsebobs satransporto kvanZSi satransporto
    procesebis urTierTqmedebis Semdegi formebi: teqni-
    kuri, teqnologiuri, sainformacio, samarTlebrivi
    da ekonomikuri.
    urTierTqmedebis teqnikuri forma iTvaliswin-
    ebs teqnikuri saSualebebis unificirebas, standar-
    tizaciasa da sxvadasxva saxis transportze saerTo
    parametrebis dadgenas, ris safuZvelzec SesaZle-
    beli xdeba satransporto nakadebis optimaluri va-
    riantiT damuSaveba. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba moviy-
    vanoT sakonteinero da sapaketo gadazidvebi. efeqt-
    uri transportirebis mizniT sakonteinero sistema
    ukve didi xania ganixileba saerTaSoriso doneze.
    am mizniT Seqmnilia standartizaciis saerTaSoriso
    organizacia ISO (Internacional organization for standartisati-
    on), romelic Sedis saerTaSoriso teqnikuri komite-
    tis saqmianobis sferoSi da aerTianebs daaxloebiT
    40 wamyvan qveyanas. am organizaciaSi xdeba konteine-
    rebisa da paketebis gabarituli zomebis unifici-
    reba saerTaSoriso normebiT, raTa maTi Seuferxe-
    beli transportireba SesaZlebeli iyos nebismieri
    qveynis saavtomobilo, sarkinigzo, sazRvao da saha-
    ero transportis saSualebiT; aqedan gamomdinare

    131
    Seuferxeblad moxdes maTi gadamuSaveba saerTaSo-
    riso da qveynisSiga satransporto kvanZebSi.
    urTierTqmedebis teqnologiuri forma adgens
    transportis sxvadasxva saxeobis muSaobis erTian
    teqnologiur process. igi iTvaliswinebs yvela sa-
    xis transportis saeqspluatacio saqmianobis urTi-
    erTSeTanxmebul da koordinirebul muSaobas, rac
    gulisxmobs: satransporto resursebis kooperireb-
    ul gamoyenebas, gadatvirTvis punqtebSi urTierTsa-
    sargeblo kompleqsuri meqanizaciis saxeobebis fun-
    qcionirebas, saavtomobilo, sarkinigzo, sawylosno
    da sahaero transportis muSaobis racionalur kom-
    pleqsur organizacias, saavtomobilo meurneobis,
    sarkinigzo sadgurebisa da portebis muSaobis erT-
    iani teqnologiuri procesebis danergvas, erTian,
    yvela saxis transportisaTvis, operatiul dagegm-
    vasa da sxv. zemoT moyvanili pirobebis Seusrule-
    bloba iwvevs satransporto kvanZSi tvirTis gada-
    muSavebis Seferxebas, moZravi Semadgenlobis (vago-
    nebi, avtomanqanebi, gemebi) mocdenebis gazrdas da
    saerTo jamSi satransporto xarjebis zrdas.
    urTierTqmedebis sainformacio forma adgens
    informaciis SeTavsebas formiT, SinaarsiT, droiT
    da klasifikatorebis mixedviT; dakavSirebulia sat-
    ransporto kvanZis marTvis avtomatizebuli siste-
    mebis sxvadasxva doneze funqcionirebasTan. erTiani
    integrirebuli sainformacio sistemis Seqmna saSua-
    lebas iZleva gaZlierdes yuradReba satransporto
    kvanZebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobisa da sxvadasxva
    saxis transportis urTierTqmedebis gamokvlevasa
    132
    da Rrma Seswavlaze, up. yovlisa satransporto nak-
    adebis formirebis kanonzomierebebis kuTxiT.
    urTierTqmedebebis samarTlebrivi forma gansa-
    zRvravs transportis sxvadasxva saxeobis damokide-
    bulebas urTierTSoris da klienturasTan. upirve-
    lesi sakanonmdeblo sabuTi, romlis safuZvelzec
    sarkinigzo transporti amyarebs saqmian kavSirs
    satransporto kvanZSi transportis sxva saxeobebs
    Soris da klienturasTan, aris “saqarTvelos sarki-
    nigzo kodeqsi”, sazRvao transportisaTvis _ “sazR-
    vao navigaciis kodeqsi”, xolo saavtomobilo tran-
    sportisaTvis _ “saavtomobilo transportis wesde-
    ba”. satransporto kvanZebSi, zemoT xsenebuli doku-
    mentebis safuZvelze, transportis sxvadasxva saxe-
    obis urTierTqmedebis sakanonmdeblo bazas warmo-
    adgens amonaridebi am dokumentebidan, romelic
    gaformebulia “sakvanZo SeTanxmebis” saxiT.
    urTierTqmedebis ekonomikuri forma, zemoT moy-
    vanili urTierTqmedebis calkeuli formebis gaTva-
    liswinebiT, adgens transportis calkeul saxeo-
    bebs Soris urTierTqmedebis saboloo, optimalur
    variants. unda aRiniSnos, rom satransporto kvanZe-
    bis Semdgomi funqcionireba da ganviTareba xorci-
    eldeba urTierTqmedebis ekonomikuri formebis saf-
    uZvelze. aRniSnuli formebi warmodgenilia or do-
    neze _ saproeqtosa da saeqspluatacioze; orive ma-
    Tgans gaaCnia satransporto kvanZis funqcionirebi-
    sa da ganviTarebis optimizaciis amocanebi.
    satransporto kvanZSi winaswar gansazRvruli
    da dadgenili teqnikuri da teqnologiuri urTie-
    133
    rTqmedeba transportis sxvadasxva saxeobas Soris,
    aucilebeli pirobaa am kvanZis stabiluri funqci-
    onirebisaTvis. igi uzrunvelyofs urTierTmoqmedi
    transportis saxeobebis ritmul muSaobas, tvirTis
    maqsimaluri raodenobiT damuSavebas pirdapiri
    variantiT (sawyobebis gverdis avliT), damuSavebis
    vadebis Semcirebasa da Sesabamisad, moZravi Semadge-
    nlobis (avtomobili, vagoni, gemi) mocdenis Semci-
    rebas, satransporto kvanZis qvesistemebis simZla-
    vreebis srulad gamoyenebas da zemoT Tqmulidan
    gamomdinare _ satransporto xarjebis Semcirebas.
    teqnikuri urTierTqmedebis damuSavebis dros
    umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa ricxvSi Sedis satrans-
    porto kvanZis qvesistemebis simZlavreebi, anu satvi-
    rTo (damxarisxebeli) sadgurebis gamtar- da gada-
    muSavebisunarianoba; saliandago aRWurvilobisa da
    sawyobebis tevadoba; sadgurebis vagonbrunva; satvi-
    rTo operaciebis xangrZlivoba; vagonebis miwodebe-
    bis ricxvi pirsebze; erT miwodebaSi vagonebis
    ricxvi; kompleqsuri meqanizaciis simZlavre; gemis
    tevadoba; pirsebze gemebis ganlagebis raodenoba.
    teqnologiuri urTierTqmedebis damuSavebis dros
    fuZemdeblur sakiTxebad igulisxmeba: Sereuli ga-
    dazidvebis dagegmva, rac iTvaliswinebs urTierTSe-
    Tanxmebul muSaobas transportis yvela saxeobebs
    Soris; datvirTvis ritmuli uzrunvelyofa droiT;
    urTierTmoqmedi transportis saxeobebis moZrav
    Semadgenlobebs Soris operaciebis Sesrulebis er-
    Tiani grafikebis damuSaveba; gadazidvebis marSru-
    tizaciasTan erTiani teqnologiis dakavSireba kva-
    134
    nZis simZlavris gaTvaliswinebiT, erTiani grafike-
    bis Sedgena transportis yvela saxeobisaTvis tvi-
    rTis moZraobis mTel manZilze.
    Tanamedrove pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli yurad-
    Reba eTmoba samgzavro transportis urTierTqmede-
    bis sakiTxebs satransporto kvanZebSi. es mdgomare-
    oba aixsneba imiT, rom XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
    msoflios nebismieri qveyana naziarebia civilizac-
    ias, Tanamedrove teqnologiebsa da msoflio prog-
    ress; Sesabamisad moTxovnebi satransporto momsa-
    xurebaze mosaxleobis mxridan yovelwliurad izr-
    deba. aqedan gamomdinare, izrdeba samgzavro opera-
    ciebis moculobac satransporto kvanZebSi.
    urTierTqmedebis teqnologiuri sqemebis SerCeva
    im qalaqebSi, dasaxlebul punqtebSi, sadac satrans-
    porto kvanZebia ganlagebuli, xorcieldeba ekono-
    mikur-maTematikuri modelebis safuZvelze da iTva-
    liswinebs samgzavro obieqtebis _ samgzavro sadgu-
    rebis, vagzlebis, vagzliswina moednebis, saqalaqo
    magistralebis kompleqsur ganviTarebas.
    satransporto kvanZSi samgzavro transportis
    sxvadasxva saxeobas Soris efeqturi urTierTqme-
    debis gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebelia transport-
    tis TiToeuli saxeobis specifikisa da qalaqis (da-
    saxlebuli punqtis) mosaxleobis ricxvis gaTvali-
    swineba. satransporto kvanZebSi, garda sxvadasxva
    saxis samgzavro transportis urTierTqmedebisa, ad-
    gili aqvs magistraluri samgzavro da saqalaqo
    transportis urTierTqmedebasac; umravles SemTxve-
    vaSi saqalaqo transportia metropoliteni.
    135
    nawili meore
    transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
    funqcionirebisa da urTieTqmedebis teqnikuri da
    saeqspluatacio amocanebis amoxsnis magaliTebi1

    Tavi 4. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis


    funqcionirebis damaxasiaTebeli
    amocanebi

    4.1. zogadi mdgomareoba

    sxvadasxva saxis transportis muSaoba xasiaT-


    deba mravali saerTo teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneb-
    liT. teqnikurSi, up. yovlisa igulisxmeba raode-
    nobrivi da xarisxobrivi, xolo ekonomikurSi _
    umTavresad iseTi maCveneblebi, romelTa mixedviTac
    xdeba transportis ama Tu im saxeobis muSaobis
    Sefaseba ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT (produqciis
    TviTRirebuleba, Sromis nayofiereba, mogeba, renta-
    beloba da sxv.).
    teqnikur maCveneblebSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
    parametria transportis konkretuli saxeobis sim-
    Zlavre. Tanamedrove gagebiT transportis saxeobis
    simZlavreSi igulisxmeba misi gamtar- da gadazi-
    dvisunarianoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela saxis
    magistraluri transporti SeiZleba davaxasiaToT
    orive parametriT, konkretul SemTxvevebSi transpo-
    rtis calkeuli saxeobebisaTvis erT-erTi damaxasi-
    -------------
    1 – mocemuli naSromis II nawilSi magaliTebis umravlesoba moyva-
    nilia [6] meTodikidan.

    136
    aTebeli parametri pirobiTia. magaliTad, sarkinig-
    zo, saavtomobilo, milgamtari transporti da maRa-
    li Zabvis gadamcemi xazebi, xasiaTdeba orive para-
    metriT, xolo sahaero da sawylosno (samdinaro,
    sazRvao) _ mxolod erTiT (gadazidvisunarianoba).
    ase magaliTad, Teoriulad gamtarunarianobis sidi-
    de ganusazRvrelia sahaero, samdinaro da sazRvao
    transportisaTvis, magram Tu gadazidviTi procesis
    mTlian ciklSi mxedvelobaSi miviRebT aerodromis
    asafren-dasajdom zols, samdinaro arxis an saz-
    Rvao portis Siga akvatoriaSi misasvleli arxis
    gamtarunarianobas, maSin transportis aRniSnuli
    saxeobebisaTvis gamtarunarianoba iqneba damaxasia-
    Tebeli parametri.
    unda aRiniSnos, rom garda transportis calke-
    uli saxeobebis simZlavreebisa, maT aerTianebT kid-
    ev mravali saerTo maCvenebeli da kriteriumi, mag-
    ram mocemuli naSromis meore nawilSi vixilavT
    transportis calkeuli saxeobebis funqcionirebisa
    da urTierTqmedebis amocanebs ZiriTadad zemoT
    xsenebuli parametrebis mixedviT.

    4.2. sarkinigzo transporti

    amocana 1. gansazRvreT naxevrad avtomaturi bloki-


    rebiT aRWurvili a – b gadasarbenis gamtarunaria-
    noba Semdegi amosavali monacemebis mixedviT: a da b
    sadgurebi aRWurvilia eleqtruli centralizaci-
    iT; matarebelTa moZraoba xorcieldeba dawyvile-
    buli paraleluri grafikis pirobebSi; kenti mima-
    137
    rTulebiT moZravi satvirTo matareblis sagada-
    sarbeno svlis dro Seadgens t   14 wT; igive, wyvil
    mimarTulebaze _ t   15 wT; matarebelTa araerT-
    drouli mosvlis intervali orive mimarTulebidan
    erTmaneTis tolia da Seadgens  am  4 wT; aqcevis
    intervali orive mimarTulebaze tolia  a  1 wT;
    matareblis daZvrasa da aCqarebaze daxarjuli dro
    ta=2 wT, xolo Senelebasa da gaCerebaze _ tS=1 wT.

    amoxsna
    up. yovlisa unda Sedges kenti da wyvili
    mimarTulebiT moZravi matareblebis grafiki, rom-
    lis mixedviTac SesaZlebeli iqneba grafikis peri-
    odis gansazRvra. aRniSnuli grafikis sqema zogadi
    saxiT moyvanilia 4.1 nax-ze.

    nax. 4.1. grafikis periodis ganmsazRvreli sqema zogadi saxiT.

    gamtarunarianobis sididis gamosaTvlelad saWi-


    roa grafikis periodis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis
    codna. amisaTvis, vixilavT aRniSnul gadasarbenze
    matarebelTa regulirebis yvela SesaZlo variants
    (nax. 4.2).

    138
    nax. 4.2. matarebelTa regulirebis SesaZlo variantebi a–b
    gadasarbenze.

    4.2. nax-is mixedviT,


    a) Tper= t tS+  am + t’’+ tS+  am =13+1+4+15+1+4=39 wT;
    ’+

    b) Tper= t’+ ta+  a + t’’+ ta+  a =14+2+1+15+2+1=35 wT;


    g) Tper= t’+ ta+ tS+  am + t’’+  a =14+2+1+3+15+1=36 wT;
    d) Tper= t’+  a + t’’+ ta+ tS+  am =14+1+15+2+1+4=37 wT;
    rogorc 4.2 nax-is mixedviT Catarebuli angar-
    iSebidan Cans, oTxive SemTxvevaSi grafikis period-
    is ricxviTi mniSvneloba sxvadasxvaa, amasTan, misi
    maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa 39, amitom angariSebisaT-
    vis viRebT Tper=39 wT.
    139
    erTliandagiani xazis (ubnis, gadasarbenis) gam-
    tarunarianoba paraleluri grafikis dros gani-
    sazRvreba formuliT:
    (1440  tteq )   saim
    npar  , (4.1)
    Tper
    sadac tteq – samatareblo muSaobaSi gauTvaliswine-
    beli wunebis likvidaciisaTvis gamoy-
    ofili dro. erTliandagian ubanze mi-
    si sididea tteq=60 wT;
    saim  teqnikur mowyobilobaTa muSaobis sa-
    imedobis koeficienti; angariSebisaT-
    vis SeiZleba miviRoT  saim  0,95;
    maSin, mocemuli gadasarbenis gamtarunarianoba
    toli iqneba:
    (1440  60)  0,95
    npar   33,6  34 wyvili matarebeli
    39
    dReRameSi.

    amocana 2. gansazRvreT erTliandagiani xazis gada-


    zidvisunarianoba Semdegi amosavali monacemebis mi-
    xedviT: erTliandagiani xazis arsebuli gamtaruna-
    rianoba araparaleluri grafikis dros Seadgens
    nsat=24 wyvili matarebeli dRe-RameSi; matareblis
    saSualo brutomasa tolia Qbr=3200 t; netomasis
    fardoba brutomasasTan tolia  =Qn/Qbr=0,67; gada-
    zidvebis Tviuri araTanabrobis koeficienti Ku=1,15;
    Cqari (aCqarebuli) satvirTo matareblebiT wlis

    140
    ganmavlobaSi gadaizideba ГCq=1,4 mln.t.tvirTi; amk-
    refi matareblebi ar funqcionirebs.

    amoxsna
    rkinigzis gadazidvisunarianoba TiToeul mimar-
    Tulebaze isazRvreba cal-calke da tolia:

    365nsat Qbr 
    Гgad=  ГCq+ Гamk; (4.2)
    10 6 kuT
    Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebis Casmis Semdeg miviRebT:
    365  24  3200  0,67 18781440
    Гgad=  1,4  0   1,4  17,74
    10  1,15
    6
    1150000
    mln.t.neto weliwadSi.

    4.3. saavtomobilo transporti

    amocana 1. gansazRvreT I kategoriis saavtomobilo


    gzis erT mimarTulebaze Teoriuli gamtarunari-
    anoba Semdegi monacemebis mixedviT: winmavali da
    ukanmimyoli avtomobilebis teqnikuri mdgomareoba
    da damuxruWebis reJimebi erTnairia; TiToeuli
    avtomobilis sigrZea 5 m; gaCerebis SemTxvevaSi avt-
    omobilebs Soris usafrTxoebis manZili Seadgens 5
    m-s; gzis zedapiri xorkliania, xolo avtomobilebi
    kolonis (mwyobri) principiT moZraobs.

    amoxsna
    moZraobis procesSi avtomobilebis urTierTga-
    nlagebis principuli sqema naCvenebia 4.3 nax-ze.

    141
    nax.4.3. avtomobilebis urTierTganlagebis sqema.
    la – avtomobilis sigrZe; l1 – mZRolis normaluri reaqciis pi-
    robebSi (1 wm) avtomobilis mier gavlili manZili. l2 – ukana
    da wina avtomobilis samuxruWo manZilebs Soris sxvaoba; lu –
    usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT dadgenili manZili; L – erTi av-
    tomobilis Tavisufali moZraobisaTvis saWiro aucilebeli
    DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDgzis nawili

    zemoT moyvanili monacemebis pirobebSi, saavto-


    mobilo gzis erT mimarTulebaze Teoriuli gamtar-
    unarianoba msubuqi manqanebis moZraobis dros (1 sT-
    is ganmavlobaSi) iqneba:
    ПT=3600/Ia; (4.3)
    sadac Ia – erTi mimarTulebiT moZrav avtomobilebs
    Soris intervali, wm;
    Ia=3,6(L/V); (4.4)
    sadac V – saavtomobilo gzis erTY mimarTulebaze
    avtomobilebis moZraobis saangariSo (maq-
    simalurad dasaSvebi konkretuli gzis
    pirobebSi) siCqare, km/sT;
    avtomobilis moZraobis saangariSo siCqare Ziri-
    Tadad damokidebulia gzis kategoriasa da ubnis
    sirTuleze (aRmarTi, daRmarTi, mrude ubnebi). 4.1
    cxrilSi moyvanilia avtomobilis moZraobis saanga-
    riSo siCqare gzis kategoriisagan damokidebulebiT.

    142
    cxrili 4.1
    avtomobilis saangariSo siCqare gzis kategoriisa-
    gan damokidebulebiT
    saangariSo siCqare
    gzis kategoria Cveulebriv
    rTul pirobebSi
    pirobebSi
    I 150 120/801
    II 120 100/60
    III 100 80/50
    IV 80 60/40
    V 60 40/30

    1 – mricxvelSi _ sxvadasxva kategoriis gzebis gadakveTis


    SemTxvevaSi; mniSvnelSi _ mTian pirobebSi.

    4.1 cxrilis safuZvelze angariSebi unda vawarmooT


    V=150 km/sT siCqaris pirobebSi.
    L=la+l1+l2+lu, (4.5)
    aqedan
    l1  v / 3,6 . (4.6)
    angariSebisaTvis SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom l1  l 2 ;
    v2
    lu  , (4.7)
    2 g (  i  f )
    sadac g – Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa, m/wm2;
     - gzis zedapirTan manqanis saburavebis
    SeWidebis koeficienti;
    i  gzis konkretul monakveTze grZivi qa-
    nobi;
    f  manqanis moZraobis winaaRmdegobis ko-
    Eficienti.

    143
    orive manqanisaTvis erTnairi samuxruWe manZil-
    is pirobebSi, l2=0; radganac lu sididis ganmsazRv-
    reli monacemebi ara gvaqvs (  , i, f ) , mcireoodeni
    uzustobiT SeiZleba davweroT, rom lu  la  5m; maSin
    150 51,7  3,6
    L  5  5  51,7 m; I a   1,24 wm; saZiebeli si-
    3,6 150
    dide ПT=3600/1,24  2900 msubuqi avtomobili/saaTi.

    amocana 2. saavtomobilo gzis A-B monakveTze gza


    gadis samdinaro xidze, romlis sigrZec 100 m.
    saavtomobilo gzis sigane xidis misasvlelebTan
    orive mxridan 7,5 m-ia, xolo xidze _ 6 m. TiTon
    xidi horizontaluri da sworxazovania. B-s mxridan
    misasvleli gza ganlagebulia sworxazovan mrudze,
    romlis radiusicaa R=800 m, xolo A-s mxridan
    saavtomobilo gza ganlagebulia swor ubanze
    (gegmaSi), romlis qanobic Seadgens 80/00.
    satransporto nakadSi 30% msubuqi avtomobilebia.
    gansazRvreT xidis gamtarunarianoba.

    amoxsna
    dadgenilia, rom xidis gamtarunarianoba erTi
    mimarTulebiT, roca gegmaSi xidi ganlagebulia
    horizontalurad, xolo qanobi ar aRemateba 100/00
    (profilSi), tolia:
    Пx=420+43Г-2,285Lx+0,257ГLx, (4.8)
    sadac Г - xidis gabariti (savali nawilis sigane), m;
    Lx– xidis sigrZe, m;
    Cveni magaliTis SemTxvevaSi:
    144
    Пx=420+ 43  6  2,285  100  0,257  6  100  420  258  228,5 
    +154,2=603,7  604 avtomobili/sT;
    Catarebuli angariSi iqneboda srulyofili,
    rom xidis misasvlelebis teqnikuri parametrebi da
    TviTon xidis parametrebi yofiliyo identuri. rad-
    ganac am parametrebs Soris sxvaobaa, amitom mizan-
    Sewonilia ganisazRvros xidis gamtarunarianoba mi-
    sasvlelebis mxridanac.
    xidis gamtarunarianoba misasvlelebis mxridan
    gamoiTvleba cnobili formuliT:
    Пxm=413+27в-4,07i+0,0653R+434,6ms , (4.9)
    sadac в – savali nawilis sigane xidis misasvlelis
    mxridan;
    i – grZivi qanobi xidis misasvlelis mxridan;
    R – mrudis radiusi misasvlelis mxridan;
    ms - msubuqi manqanebis wili mTlian nakadSi.
    radganac xidis misasvlelebis teqnikuri parame-
    trebi gansxvavebulia, mizanSewonilia gamtarunaria-
    noba ganisazRvros xidis TiToeuli misasvlelis
    mxridan.
    A-s mxridan (в=7,5m, R=0, i=0,008, ms =0,30) xidis ga-
    mtarunarianoba iqneba:
    Пxm=413+ 27  7,5  4,07  8  0,0653  0  434,6  0,3 
    = 413  202,5  32,56  130,38  713,3  714 avtomob./sT;
    B-s mxridan (в=7,5m, R=800, i=0, ms =0,30) xidis
    gamtarunarianoba iqneba:
    Пxm=413+ 27  7,5  4,07  0  0,0653  800  434,6  0,3 
    = 413  202,9  0  52,24  130,38  798,5  799 avtomob./sT;

    145
    amrigad, rezultaturi gamtarunarianoba iqneba
    gamtarunarianobis minimaluri mniSvneloba, anu
    Пx=604 avtomobili/sT.

    4.4. sawylosno transporti

    4.4.1. samdinaro transporti

    gansazRvreT erTkameriani rabis teqnikuri da


    saeqspluatacio maxasiaTeblebi, gemebis ormxrivi
    moZraobis dros, Semdegi amosavali monacemebis
    pirobebSi: rabSi gemis Sesvlisa da gamosvlisaTvis
    saWiro dro Semxvedri gemebis gatarebis pirobebeSi
    tolia 20 wT; rabis karebis daxurvisa da gaRebis
    dro tolia 2 wT; gemis damagrebisa (mibmis) da axs-
    nis (aSvebis) dro tolia 3 wT; rabis wyliT avsebi-
    saTvis (daclisaTvis) saWiro dro masSi gemis yof-
    nis SemTxvevaSi tolia 15 wT; gemis rabSi Sesvlis
    (gamosvlis) dro gemebis TanmiyolebiTi, gancal-
    kevebuli gatarebisas, tolia 15 wT; rabis carieli
    kameris (gemis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi) avsebisaTvis
    saWiro dro tolia 8 wT. navigaciis periodi Sead-
    gens 240 dReRames.
    amoxsna

    navigaciis periodSi rabis teqnikuri gamtaruna-


    rianoba Seadgens:
    N  1440Tn / trab , (4.10)
    sadac Tn  navigaciis periodi; Tn  240 dRe-Rame;

    146
    trab  rabSi gemebis gatarebis erTi ciklis
    xangrZlivoba, wT;
    sidide trab tolia:
    trab  (tSem  ter ) / 2, (4.11)
    sadac tSem , ter  rabis erTi ciklis xangrZlivoba
    Sesabamisad gemebis Semxvedri da
    mimdevrobiT gatarebis dros, wT;
    tSem  t ' 'Ses 2tg/d
    r
     tm/m  tav/dac  t ' 'gam , (4.12)
    sadac t ' 'Ses , t ' 'gam  Sesabamisad rabSi gemis Sesvlisa
    da gamosvlis dro,wT;
    t r
    g/d  rabis gaxsnasa da daketvaze daxarju-
    li dro, wT;
    tm/m  gemis mimagrebasa da moxsnaze daxarj-
    uli dro, wT;
    tav/dac  rabSi gemis yofnisas misi avsebisa da
    daclisaTvis saWiro dro, wT.
    rabSi Tanmxvedri mimarTulebis gemebis mimdev-
    robiT gatarebisas erTi mTliani ciklisaTvis saWi-
    ro dro iqneba:
    t 'av/dac
    t er  t 'Ses 3t g/d
    r
     t m/m  t av/dac   t 'gam , (4.13)
    2
    sadac t 'Ses , t 'gam  Sesabamisad rabSi gemis Sesvlisa
    da gamosvlis dro, maTi Tanmimdevro-
    biTi gatarebis SemTxvevaSi, wT;
    t 'av/dac  rabis kameris wyliT avsebis xangrZli-
    voba masSi gemis aryofnis dros.

    147
    zemoT moyvanili formulebis mixedviT:
    tSem  20  2  2  3  15  20  62 wT;
    ter  15  3  2  3  15  8 : 2  15  58 wT;
    62  58
    trab   60wT.
    2
    NN
    maSin
    1440  240
    N  5760 gemi.
    60
    rabis saeqspluatacio gamtarunarianoba iqneba:
    N eqs  nsaS
    eqs
     Tn ; (4.14)
    eqs
    sadac nsaS - rabis saSualo sadReRamiso gamtar-
    unarianoba;
    60  24  
    eqs
    nsaS  , (4.15)
    trab  
    sadac  - rabis gamoyenebis koeficienti, naviga-
    gaciis intensiur periodSi  =0,90-0,95;
    Cveni angariSebisaTvis SeiZleba aviRoT
     =0,9,
      - rabTan gemebis araTanabari misvlis koe-
    ficienti; angariSebisaTvis SeiZleba da-
    vuSvaT   =1,1.
    60  24  0,9
    maSin eqs
    nsaS   19,6 gemi;
    60  1,1
    rabis saeqspluatacio gamtarunarianoba iqneba:
    Neqs  19,6  240  4704 gemi.

    148
    4.4.2. sazRvao transporti

    gansazRvreT sazRvao portis Siga akvatoriaSi


    misasvleli arxis gamtarunarianoba, Tu cnobilia,
    rom porti ganlagebulia saSualo meteorolo-
    giuri pirobebis raionSi, gemis portSi Sesvlisa da
    gamosvlis dro erTmaneTis tolia da udris 30 wT.

    amoxsna
    portSi Sesasvleli arxis gamtarunarianoba Sea-
    dgens:
    N Ses  2  1440  kSes  kmet /(t1  t 2 ), (4.16)
    sadac kSes  portSi Sesvlis koeficienti, romelic
    iTvaliswinebs portSi Sesasvleli arxis
    gabaritul zomebs (sigane, siRrme), mis
    dakavebulobasa da sxv. angariSebisaTvis
    iReben kSes =0,5;
    k met  meteorologiuri koeficienti, romelic
    iTvaliswinebs gemebis Sesvla-gamosvlas
    portis Siga akvatoriaSi meteorologi-
    uri pirobebisagan damokidebulebiT.
    angariSebSi SeiZleba davuSvaT kmet  0,9;
    mZime meteorologiur pirobebSi
    kmet  0,7  0,8;
    t1 , t 2  Sesabamisad gemis portis Siga akvatori-
    aSi Sesvlisa da gamosvlis dro.
    NSes  2  1440  0,5  0,9 /(30  30)  21 gemi dRe-RameSi.

    149
    4.5. sahaero transporti

    gansazRvreT aerodromis asafren-dasajdomi zo-


    lis Teoriuli gamtarunarianoba, Tu aerodromi
    zRvis donidan mdebareobs 150 m-ze, saSualo wli-
    uri temperatura dRis pirvel saaTze (mravalwli-
    ani dakvirvebiT) Seadgens 240C, asafren-dasajdomi
    zoli ganTavsebulia 20/00-ian qanobze. TviTmfrinavis
    reididan winaswar startamde gasavleli manZilia
    100 m; TviTmfrinavis dajdomis Semdeg asafren-dasa-
    jdomi zolis sazRvridan TviTmfrinavis angaramde
    misasvleli manZili Seadgens 200 m; reididan gasa-
    vleli manZilis bolo sazRvridan asafren-dasa-
    jdomi zolis dasawyisamde manZilia 30 m. afrenis
    erTi mTliani cikli (Taf ) naCvenebia 4.4 nax-ze. aer-
    odromis gamtarunarianobas vsazRvravT TУ-134 tipis
    TviTmfrinavis eqspluataciis dros.

    amoxsna
    aerodromis asafren-dasajdomi zolis eqsplua-
    taciis procesSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes TviTm-
    frinavebis afrena-dajdomis sxvadasxva variants:
    TviTmfrinavebis TanmimdevrobiTi afrena, Tanmimde-
    vrobiTi dajdoma, TanmimdevrobiTi afrena da Tanmi-
    mdevrobiTi dajdoma. Cven magaliTSi vixilavT am
    variantebidan erT-erTs _ TviTmfrinavebis Tanmim-
    devrobiT afrenas.
    aerodromis asafren-dasajdomi zolis Teori-
    uli gamtarunarianoba ganisazRvreba formuliT:

    150
    ПT  3600 / T , (4.17)
    sadac T  erT asafren-dasajdom operacias Soris
    minimaluri intervali, wT.
    TviTmfrinavebis TanmimdevrobiTi afrenis sqema
    naCvenebia 4.4 nax-ze.

    nax. 4.4. TviTmfrinavebis TanmimdevrobiT afrenis sqema

    sqemis mixedviT T sidide ganisazRvreba misi


    maqsimaluri mniSvnelobisaTvis am variantisaTvis
    damaxasiaTebeli arsebuli sqemebis mixedviT:
    twst  tst ;
    
    T  max tgar  taf ; (4.18)

    tst ,
    sadac twst  TviTmfrinavis reididan winaswar star-
    tamde gasavlel manZilze daxarjuli
    dro;
    tst  Sesasrulebeli startis gavlaze daxar-
    juli dro; TУ-134 tipis TviTmfrinavebi-
    saTvis sidide tst =45 wm;
    151
    tgar  afreniswina garbenaze daxarjuli dro;
    taf  TviTmfrinavis afrenasa da saWiro sim-
    aRlis miRwevaze daxarjuli dro.
    sidide twst ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
    lwst
    twst  , (4.19)
    vwst
    sadac lwst  TviTmfrinavis reididan winaswar star-
    tamde gasavleli manZili, lwst =100 m;
    vwst  aRniSnuli manZilis gavlaze TviTmfri-
    navis moZraobis siCqare; dadgenilia,
    rom vwst =7 m/wm.
    maSin t wst =100/7=14,28 wm;
    sidide tgar isazRvreba Semdegi formuliT:
    lgar  kwn  k ht  k i
    tgar  , (4.20)
    1
    0,5  vdaZ

    sadac lgar  TviTmfrinavis afreniswina garbenis
    sigrZe standartul pirobebSi; lgar =
    1600 m;
    kwn , k ht , k i  Sesabamisad, saangariSo wnevis, haeris
    temperaturisa da asafren-dasajdomi
    zolis qanobis Semasworebeli koefi-
    cientebi;
      haeris fardobiTi simkvrive aerodro-
    mis mdebareobis adgilSi.
    152
    vdaZ  TviTmfrinavis moZraobis siCqare asafren-
    dasajdomi zolidan haerSi asvlis momen-
    tSi; standartul situaciebSi vdaZ =78 m/wm.
    sidide kwn , romelic damokidebulia aerodromis
    mdebareobaze zRvis donidan (H), ganisazRvreba fo-
    rmuliT:
    kwn  1  0,07  H : 300, (4.21)
    Sesabamisi sididis Casmis Semdeg vRebulobT:
    0,07  150
    k wn  1   1,04;
    300
    haeris temperaturis Semasworebel koefici-
    ents vsazRvravT Semdegnairad:
    k ht  1  0,01(tsaang  t H ) , (4.22)
    sadac tsaang  haeris saangariSo temperatura;
    t H  aerodromis Н simaRleze mdebareobisas
    standartuli atmosferos Sesabamisi
    temperatura. aRniSnuli sidide, roca
    obieqti mdebareobs zRvis donidan 1100
    metr simaRleze, TiToeul metrze sta-
    ndartuli atmosferos Sesabamis tempe-
    raturas amcirebs 0,00650C-iT.
    tsaang  1,07ts aS  30, (4.23)
    sadac tsaS  saSualo wliuri temperatura; tsaS  240C;
    maSin tsaang  1,07  24  3  22,680;
    t H  15  0,0065 H ; (4.24)
    Sesabamisi sididis Casmis Semdeg t H iqneba:

    153
    t H  15  0,0065  150  14,020;
    k ht  1  0,01(22,68  14,02)  1  0,01  8,66  1,09;
    ki koeficientis gansazRvris dros gasaTvalis-
    winebelia is mdgomareoba, rom asafren-dasajdomi
    zolis sigrZe qanobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi 10/00 qa-
    nobis dros izrdeba 0,009 erTeuliT I jgufis Tvi-
    TmfrinavebisaTvis; 0,008 erTeuliT _ II da III jgu-
    fis da 0,005 erTeuliT IV jgufis TviTmfrinave-
    bisaTvis. ТУ-134 tipis TviTmfrinavi miekuTvneba II
    jgufs.
    sidide ki ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
    ki  1  8  i; (4.25)
    sadac i  qanobis mniSvneloba asafren-dasajdom
    zolze; i  20/00;
    maSin ki  1  8  0,002  1,016;
    haeris fardobiTi simkvrive aerodromis mdeba-
    reobis adgilSi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
    Psaang
      0.379 ; (4.26)
    273  tsaang
    sadac Psaang  aerodromis mdebareobis adgilze
    (zRvis donidan simaRlis mixedviT)
    standartuli atmosferos saangariSo
    wneva.
    5, 256
     H 
    Psaang  P0 1   ; (4.27)
     44300 
    sadac P0  atmosferos wneva; roca H  0, P  760mm.

    154
    5, 256
     150 
    maSin Psaang  7601    746,5mm;
     44300 
    746,5
      0,379  0,957;
    273  22,68
    1600  1,04  1,09  1,016
    Sesabamisad tgar   46,32 wm.
    1
    0,5  78
    0,957
    sidide taf ganisazRvreba formuliT:

    H af
    taf  , (4.28)
    1
     vver

    sadac H af  asafren-dasajdomi zolis ganTavisuf-
    lebis momentSi TviTmfrinavis frenis
    simaRle. TУ-134 tipis TviTmfrinavebi-
    saTvis H af  200 m;
    vver  simaRlis realizebis dros TviTmfri-
    navis moZraobis siCqare, vver  17 m/wm.
    200
    maSin taf   11,53 wm;
    1
     17
    0,957
    saboloo jamSi vRebulobT:
    T  twst  tst  14,28  45  59,28 wm;
    T  tgar  taf  46,32  11,53  57,85 wm;
    T  tst  45 wm.

    155
    amrigad, angariSebisaTvis vRebulobT T -s
    maqsimalur mniSvnelobas, anu T  59,28 wm;
    maSin, aerodromis asafren-dasajdomi zolis
    Teoriuli gamtarunarianoba iqneba:
    ПT=3600/59,28=60 TviTmfrinavi saaTSi.

    4.6. milgamtari transporti

    gansazRvreT Savi navTobproduqtebis navTobga-


    mtari estakadis gamtarunarianoba, Tu estakadaze
    erTdroulad eteva nc  25 vagoni (cisterna); Sesa-
    bamisad navTobproduqtebis Camosasxmelad gamoyene-
    bulia 25 paralelurad ganlagebuli milgamtari
    ( z  25) TiToeuli ganivi kveTiT s  0,00785 m2. navTob-
    produqtebis simkvrivea   0,87 t/m2; milgamtarSi mi-
    wodebis siCqare v  1,5 m/wm; cisternis tevadoba
    g  50 t. Casxma warmoebs erTi tipis cisternebSi.
    sawyis da saboloo operaciebze daxarjuli dro
    Seadgens tss  15 wT, xolo vagonebis miwodeba-gamo-
    tanaze daxarjuli dro erTmaneTis tolia da Sea-
    dgens tm  tg  10 wT.

    amoxsna
    navTobgamtari estakadis gamtarunarianoba izo-
    meba dRe-RameSi datvirTuli cisternebis raodeno-
    biT:
    k
    Пes  1440 nc / Tes , (4.29)
    i 1

    156
    sadac k  estakadaze
    erTdroulad misawodebeli ci-
    sternebis raodenoba, k  25;
    Tes  estakadis dakavebis xangrZlivoba, wT.
    Tes  tm  tsat  tg , (4.30)
    sadac tsat ganisazRvreba formuliT:
    k nc  g k
    tsat     tss . (4.31)
    60  v  s    z i 1
    i 1

    Sesabamisi sidideebis Casmis Semdeg vRebulobT:


    25  50
    tsat   15  96 wT.
    60  1,5  0,00785  0,87  25
    sidide Tes  10  96  10  116 wT.
    maSin navTobgamtari estakadis gamtarunarianoba
    iqneba:
    Пes  1440  25 / 116  310 cisterna/dRe-RameSi.

    4.7. samrewvelo transporti

    gansazRvreT samrewvelo rkinigzis sadgurSi da-


    mxarisxebeli liandagebis saWiro ricxvi, Tu sadgu-
    rSi magistraluri rkinigzis transportidan Semo-
    suli Semadgenlobebis gansaformireblad iyeneben
    gamwev Cixs qanobiT 10/00; manevrebi warmoebs vagonTa
    ukan daxeviT; dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi sadgurs mie-
    wodeba 163 vagoni; miwodebebis ricxvi dRe-RameSi
    nm  7  is tolia, xolo daniSnulebebis ricxvi miw-
    odebaSi _ c  14  is. erTi lokomotiv.sT-is Rirebu-

    157
    lebaa el.sT  28 lari1, erTi vagon.sT-is Rirebuleba
    ki ev.sT  5 lari. erTi damxarisxebeli liandagis mSe-
    neblobasa da Senaxvaze mosuli dayvanili xarjebi
    Ed  160000 lari.
    amoxsna

    gamwevi CixiT aRWurvil samrewvelo rkinigzis


    sadgurSi damxarisxebeli liandagebis saWiro rao-
    denoba ganisazRvreba formuliT:
    365nm (el.sT  ev.sTmm )[12 A(C  1)  (C 2  1)mm B]
    md  1  , (4.32)
    730 nm (el.sT  ev.sTmm )( E  Dmm )  2 Ed
    sadac mm  sadgurSi erT miwodebaSi myofi vagon-
    ebis raodenoba. mm  163 / 7  23 vagoni;
    A, B, E , D  samanevro muSaobis normirebis instruq-
    ciiT gansazRvruli parametrebi. roca
    manevrebi warmoebs vagonTa ukandaxeviT
    i  1,5 0 / 00 pirobebSi, aRniSnuli sididee-
    bis saSualo mniSvneloba Semdegia:
    A  0,3; B  0,0023; E  0,03; D  0,0005 .
    maSin md toli iqneba:

    365  7(28  5  23)[2  0,3(14  1)  (14 2  1)23  0,0023]


    md  1  
    730  7(28  5  23)(0,03  0,0005  23)  2  160000
    1+4,34=5,34  6 liandagi.
    ---------------
    1 _ mocemul da Semdeg amocanebSi moyvanili ricxviTi mniSv-
    nelobebi pirobiTia.

    158
    4.8. saqalaqo transporti

    gansazRvreT gamWoli tipis rkinigzis samgzav-


    ro sadguris gamtarunarianoba saangariSo periodSi
    Tsaan  4 sT, Tu sadguri aRWurvilia 5 saperone lian-
    dagiTa da 3 baqniT. sadgurSi mgzavrnakadebis stru-
    qtura aseTia: Soreuli, adgilobrivi da sagareub-
    no. TiToeuli samgzavro baqani saangariSo period-
    Si srulad ar SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli mgzavr-
    Ta momsaxurebisaTvis (satvirTo moZraobisaTvis,
    lokomotivebis gasatareblad, saremonto samuSao-
    ebis warmoebisas saperone liandagebSi da sxv. SeiZ-
    leba davuSvaT, rom am sidideebis saSualo mniSv-
    neloba tteq  12 wT). saperone liandagebis dakavebis
    drois variaciis koeficientia   0,3. sxvadasxva ka-
    tegoriis samgzavro matareblebis wili da maTi sa-
    eqspluatacio parametrebi moyvanilia 4.2 cxrilSi.

    amoxsna
    Cveni SemTxvevisaTvis samgzavro sadguris gamt-
    arunarianoba iqneba saangariSo periodSi samgzavro
    momsaxurebas daqvemdebarebuli mgzavrTa raodenoba:
    mbaq
    na (saan  tteq ) N sam
    N sad   , (4.33)
    t
    n 1 dak (1  tgad )(1   w )
    sadac n  samgzavro baqnebis raodenoba sadgurSi;
    a  samgzavro baqnebze erTdroulad dasamu-
    vebeli matareblebis raodenoba;
    Nsam  erTi samgzavro matareblis mier gada-

    159
    cxrili 4.2
    sxvadasxva kategoriis matareblis wili saerTo
    matarebelnakadSi da maTi saeqspluatacio param-
    etrebi
    mocemul liandag.
    matareb.
    Semadge- sadg-Si dakavebis
    wili
    matarebelTa nlobis mgz-biT dr. erTi
    saerTo
    kategoria tevad., matar-is matareb.
    mat.naka-
    mgzavri Sevsebis mier,wT
    dSi
    wili
    ZiriTadi (mosvla) 0,2 817 0,7 30
    ZiriTadi (wasvla) 0,1 817 0,7 45
    tranz.(mos+wasvla) 0,2 698 0,2 25
    sagareub.(mosvla) 0,3 1008 0,8 20
    sagareub.(wasvla) 0,2 1008 0,8 25
    yvanili mgzavrebis saSualo raodenoba;
    tdak  erTi saperone liandagis dakavebis sa-
    Sualo dro samgzavro matareblis mier;
    tgad  normirebuli gadaxrebis ricxvi dadge-
    nilisagan, gansazRvruli albaTobis P
    kriteriumis mixedviT; praqtikuli mizne-
    bisaTvis P=0,95-0,97. laplasis cxrilebis
    mixedviT, roca P=0,95, maSin tgad  1,65;
     w  teqnikuri wunebis koeficienti;  w  0,01.
    CamoTvlili parametrebidan TiTqmis yvela cno-
    bilia, garda N sam da t dak sidideebisa. N sam ganisaz-
    Rvreba Semdegnairad:
    k
    N sam   N i i i , (4.34)
    i 1

    sadac N i  i  uri kategoriis samgzavro matareblis


    160
    tevadoba (dasaxlebuloba);
     i  i  uri kategoriis mgzavrebiT mocemul
    sadgurSi erTi matareblis Sevsebis koe-
    ficienti;
     i  i  uri kategoriis matareblebis wili
    mocemul sadgurSi.
    (4.34) formulaSi Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebis
    Setanis Semdeg vRebulobT:
    N sam  817  0,7  0,2  817  0,7  0,1  698  0,2  0,2  1008  0,8  0,3 
     1008  0,8  0,2  114,38  57,19  27,92  241,92  161,28  602,69 
     603mgzavri.
    k
    tdak   tdak
    i
    i , (4.35)
    i 1
    i
    sadac tdak  i -uri kategoriis samgzavro matareble-
    bis mier saperone liandagebis dakavebis
    dro.
    i
    tdak  30  0,2  45  0,1  25  0,2  20  0,3  25  0,2 
     6  4,5  5  6  5  26,5wT.
    Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom tgad  1,65  is pirobeb-
    Si 3 baqani erTdroulad SeiZleba moemsaxuros 5
    samgzavro matarebels, maSin
    (240  12)631 2  2(240  12)631
    N sad   
    26,5(1  1,65  0,3)(1  0,01) 26,5(1  1,65  0,3)(1  0,01)
     17983mgzavri.

    161
    Tavi 5. sarkinigzo da sxva
    saxis transportis urTierTqmedebis
    damaxasiaTebeli amocanebi

    5.1. sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo transportis


    urTierTqmedebis amocanebi

    gansazRvreT tara-calobrivi tvirTis gadat-


    virTvis moculoba sarkinigzo transportidan saav-
    tomobiloze pirdapiri variantiT da aseve gadamu-
    Savebuli tvirTis moculoba, Tu cnobilia, rom
    sadReRamiso tvirTnakadi Seadgens Q  1000 t. erT
    miwodebaSi tvirTis raodenoba Seadgens 250 t-s;
    satvirTo frontidan tvirTis gamotana xdeba saa-
    vtomobilo transportiT 14 sT-is ganmavlobaSi. Se-
    mosuli avtomobilebis nakadi xasiaTdeba (aiwereba)
    puasonis kanoniT; erTi avtomobilis tvirTamweoba
    Seadgens 5 t-s; satvirTo manqanebis gadamuSavebis-
    unarianoba pirdapiri variantis dros Seadgens 60
    t/sT, tvirTis gadatvirTvisas vagonidan sawyobSi _
    65 t/sT-s da tvirTis datvirTvisas sawyobidan avt-
    omobilSi _ 50 t/sT; satvirTo manqanebis gamarTuli
    (stabiluri) muSaobis albaToba Seadgens Pmeq  0,9,
    xolo albaToba imisa, rom ar iqneba saWiro tvi-
    rTis gadatvirTva sawyobSi – aseve Seadgens Ppir 
    0,9. sawyobSi dasaxarisxebeli tvirTis moculobaa
    sawyobSi gamavali (gasatarebeli) mTliani tvirTna-
    kadis 3% ( dam  0,03). tvirTnakadis gadatvirTvis sqe-
    ma sarkinigzodan saavtomobiloze, naCvenebia 5.1 nax-
    ze.
    162
    amoxsna

    nax. 5.1. tvirTis gadatvirTvis sqema sarkinigzodan


    saavtomobilo transportze

    imis gamo, rom avtotransporti muSaobs mxolod


    or cvlaSi (14 sT), saWiroa pirvel rigSi gain-
    sazRvros tvirTis gadatvirTvis moculoba sar-
    kinigzodan saavtomobilo transportze aRniSnul
    periodSi.
    tvirTnakadis miwodebis saSualo intensivoba
    iqneba:
    1000
    rk   0,167 miwodeba/sT.
    250  24
    saavtomobilo nakadis saSualo intensivoba iqn-
    eba:
    1000
    av   14,3 avtomobili/sT.
    5  14
    satvirTo frontis gadamuSavebisunarianoba var-
    iantebis mixedviT (nax.5.1) gamoiangariSeba saavtomo-
    bilo transportis muSaobis periodis xangrZlivo-
    bisagan damokidebulebiT: П13  60  14 =840 t;
    П1 2  65  14  1560 t; П 23  50  14  =700 t.
    163
    tvirTis masa, romelic satvirTo frontze Semo-
    va t drois ganmavlobaSi, iqneba:
    Q  Qt a / Tsad , (5.1)
    sadac ta  avtotransportis muSaobis xangrZlivoba,
    ta  14 sT;
    Tsad  satvirTo sadguris (satvirTo punqtis)
    muSaobis xangrZlivoba, Tsad  24 sT;
    maSin Q   1000  14 / 24  0,583 aTasi tona.
    tara-calobrivi tvirTis moculoba pirdapiri
    variantiT gadatvirTvis SemTxvevaSi, 14 sT-ian peri-
    odSi, iqneba:
    Q13  Pv (T ) Pa (T ) Pmeq Ppir П13 (T ), (5.2)
    sadac Pv (T ), Pa (T )  Sesabamisad satvirTo frontTan
    vagonebisa da avtomobilebis
    yofnis albaToba;
    Pmeq  satvirTo manqanebis stabiluri
    muSaobis albaToba, Pmeq  0,90;
    Ppir  albaToba imisa, rom ar saWiro-
    ebs tvirTi gadatvirTvas sawyo-
    bSi (asawonad, dasaxarisxeblad
    da sxv.), Ppir  1;
     Q  Q(1   ) 
    Pv (T )  (1  Pv0 )   , (5.3)
     П13 П12 
    sadac Pv0  albaToba imisa, rom dRe-Ramis ganmav-
    lobaSi sadgurSi ar Semova arc erTi
    vagoni;
    164
       tvirTis nawili, romelic gadaitvirTe-
    ba pirdapiri variantiT avtotranspor-
    tis muSaobis periodSi.
     Q  Q(1   ) 
    Pa (T )  (1  Pa0 )   , (5.4)
     П13 П 2 3 
    sidide   tolia:
     B  B 2  4 AC
      , (5.5)
    2A
    sadac A, B, C  saangariSo koeficientebia;
    A  PQ( П12 П 23  П13 П 23  П13 П12  П123 ); (5.6)
    В  PQ( П13 П 23  П13 П12  2 П123 )  П123 П12 П 23 ; (5.7)
    C  PQП12 3 ; (5.8)
     rk t  av t
    P  (1  e )(1  e ) Pmeq Pp P13 , (5.9)
    sadac t  avtotransportis muSaobis xangrZlivo-
    baa, t  14 sT;
    pirvel rigSi vsazRvravT P sidides;
    P  1  e 0,167 14 1  e 14 ,314 0,9  0,9  0,84 
     (1  0,097 )(1  0)0,9  0,9  0,84  0,614;
    A  0,614  1(0,91  0,7  0,84  0,70  0,84  0,91  0,84 2 ) 
     0,614  1(0,0098 )  0,006;
    B  0,614  1(0,84  0,70  0,84  0,91  2  0,84 2 )  0,84 2  0,91  0,70 
     0,036  0,449  0,485;
    C  0,614 1 0,84 2  0,433;
    0,485  0,2352  0,0104 0,485  0,495
        0,83;
     2  0,006  0,012
    amrigad, pirdapiri variantiT gadaitvirTeba
    165
    Q13  583  0,83  484 t tvirTi.
    tvirTis wili, romelic vagonidan avtomobilSi
    gadaitvirTeba pirdapiri variantiT, iqneba:
      484 : 1000  0,484.
    sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo transportis urT-
    ierTqmedebis punqtSi (sadgurSi) gadamuSavebuli
    tvirTis moculoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros formu-
    liT:
    Qtv  Q{[  (1   )kor ]  (1   )dam }, (5.10)
    sadac kor  ormagi damuSavebis koeficienti, satv-
    irTo manqanebidan tvirTis sawyobSi
    gadatvirTvisas, kor  2;
     dam  koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs
    tvirTis gadatvirTvisas damatebiT
    samuSaoebs, gamowveuls daxarisxebiT,
    awonviTa da sxv.; dam  0,03.
    gadamuSavebuli tvirTis moculoba iqneba:
    Qtv  1000{[0,484  (1  0,484)2  (1  0,484)0,03}  1531 t.

    5.2. sarkinigzo da samdinaro transportis


    urTierTqmedeba

    samdinaro portSi mimdinareobs barJis dacla.


    daclis dawyebidan gasulia 2,6 sT. barJis dacli-
    saTvis saWiro dro Seadgens 5,2 sT. barJis gada-
    sayeneblad saWiro dro tolia 0,4 sT, xolo dama-
    tebiTi xarjebi gadayenebis procesSi – 0,8 lari;
    amave dros portSi movida satvirTo Tbomavali
    166
    (gemi) da rkinigzis sadguridan moxda 10 vagonis
    miwodeba. saWiroa ganisazRvros portSi satranspo-
    rto saSualebebis daclis racionaluri Tanmimdev-
    roba, Tu barJis mocdenis saaTobrivi Rirebuleba
    Seadgens cb  3,8 lari, Tbomavlisa _ cTb  16,3 lari,
    10 vagoniani miwodebisa _ cm  5,4 lars. Tbomavlis
    daclisaTvis saWiro dro Seadgens tTb  8,1 sT; 10 va-
    goniani miwodebis daclis dro tm  3,6 sT.

    amoxsna
    up. yovlisa unda ganisazRvros e.w. prioritetis
    koeficienti; igi tolia:
    cj
    kj  , (5.10)
    tj
    sadac c j  j  uri satransporto erTeulis momsa-
    xurebis (saaTobrivi) Rirebuleba;
    t j  j  uri satransporto erTeulis momsaxu-
    rebis vada;
    Cven SemTxvevaSi barJisaTvis _ kb  3,8 / 5,2  0,73;
    TbomavlisaTvis _ kTb  16,3 / 8,1  2,01; 10 vagoniani mi-
    wodebisaTvis _ km  5,4 / 3,6  1,50; rogorc Cans, prio-
    ritetis koeficienti Tbomavlisa da vagonebis
    SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT metia, vidre barJis daclis
    dros; amitom saWiroa Semowmdes barJis daclis
    Sewyvetis mizanSewoniloba. zogadi saxiT, ufro
    dabali prioritetis mqone satransporto erTeulis

    167
    momsaxurebis Sewyvetis mizanSewoniloba ganisazRv-
    reba cnobili utolobiT. Cven SemTxvevaSi:
    Cmos Cgad  Cdam
     , (5.11)
    tmos  tdam tgad  tfaq
    sadac Cmos , Cgad  Sesabamisad 1 sT momsaxurebis Ri-
    rebuleba axlad mosuli da damu-
    Savebis procesSi myofi satransp-
    orto saSualebisa;
    Cdam  damatebiTi xarjebi, romelic ga-
    mowveulia satransporto saSual-
    ebebis gadayenebaze da satvirTo
    manqanebis mocdenebze. barJis Sem-
    TxvevaSi Cdam  0,8 lari;
    tmos , tgad  Sesabamisad mosuli da gadamuSave-
    bis procesSi myofi satransporto
    erTeulebis momsaxurebis xangr-
    Zlivoba;
    tdam  satransporto saSualebis gadaye-
    nebaze daxarjuli dro;
    tfaq  satvirTo frontze myofi satran-
    sporto saSualebis faqtiuri dam-
    uSavebis xangrZlivoba, axali sat-
    ransporto erTeulis Camoyenebamde.
    Cven SemTxvevaSi:

    16,3 3,8  0,8


      1,92  1,77.
    8,1  0,4 5,2  2,6
    168
    rogorc angariSebidan Cans, (5.11) piroba dacu-
    lia da amitom mizanSewonilia Sewydes barJis dac-
    la da dasaclelad miewodos Tbomavali. Tbomavlis
    daclis Semdeg dgeba sakiTxi barJisa da vagonebis
    daclis rigiTobis Sesaxeb. barJis daclis
    Sewyvetis momentSi prioritetis koeficienti iqneba
    kb  3,8 : (5,2  2,6)  1,46, xolo vagonebisaTvis es sidi-
    dea k m  1,50. radganac km  kb , mizanSewonili iqneba
    Tbomavlis Semdeg daicalos 10 vagoniani miwodeba
    da sul bolos barJa.

    5.3. sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis


    urTierTqmedeba

    sazRvao porti dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi gadaamu-


    Savebs generalur tvirTs Q  6000 t. tvirTis masa
    vagonSi ESeadgens qv  50 t, xolo gemze _ qg  2500 t.
    saangariSo periodis xangrZlivobaa 48 sT. gansaz-
    RvreT tvirTis saSualo moculoba, romelic sa-
    Wiroa mudmivad iyos portSi misi stabiluri muSa-
    obis mizniT. gemebis Semosvla portSi (nakadi) eqve-
    mdebareba puasonis ganawilebas, xolo vagonnaka-
    debi _ ganawilebis normalur kanons.

    amoxsna
    tvirTis saSualo moculoba portSi puasonis
    ganawilebiT, iqneba:
    Z tv  0,798 qv2 v2  qg2 g T , (5.12)

    169
    sadac  v  saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra vagonna-
    kadis dadgenili normidan;
    g  portSi saSualod 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi
    mosuli gemebis raodenoba;
    T  saangariSo periodi, T  48 sT.
    sidide  zogadad, ganisazRvreba formuliT:
    Qi
    i  , (5.13)
    qi  24
    sadac Qi  gadasamuSavebeli i  uri tvirTis mocu-
    loba;
    qi  i  uri satransporto saSualebis tvirT-
    amweoba.
    satransporto kvanZSi (kompleqsSi) gemebisa da
    vagonebis mosvlis intensivoba iqneba:
    6000
    g   0,1 gemi/sT;
    2500  24
    6000
    v   5 vagoni/sT.
    50  24
    sidide  , zogadad ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
      2,465  0i ,701  T 0,5 ; (5.14)
    Cveni SemTxvevisaTvis
      2,465  50,701  480,5  52,8 vagoni.
    tvirTis saSualo raodenoba, romelic saWiroa
    portis stabiluri muSaobisaTvis, iqneba:
    Z tv  0,798 50 2  52,82  2500 2  0,1  48  4850 t.

    170
    5.4. magistraluri da samrewvelo rkinigzebis
    urTierTqmedeba

    gansazRvreT gadamcemi matareblis optimaluri


    masa magistraluri rkinigzis damxarisxebeli sad-
    guridan samrewvelo rkinigzis sadguramde moZraob-
    is dros, Semdegi amosavali monacemebis safuZve-
    lze: dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi gadasacemi vagonebis
    saerTo raodenoba Seadgens mgad  163; manZili aRni-
    Snul sadgurebs Soris Lsad  7,3 km-ia; vagonis bru-
    tomasa qbr  79 t; samanevro Tbomavlis seriaa ТЭ  2.

    amoxsna
    magistralur da samrewvelo rkinigzebis urTi-
    erTqmedebaSi optimalobis kriteriumi aris gadam-
    cemi matareblis masa. igi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
    (aLsad  b)mgad  qbr
    Qgad  , (5.15)
    c  dLsad  mgad  qbr  10 6
    sadac a, b, c, d  koeficientebi, romlebic axasiaTebs
    samanevro lokomotivs. ТЭ  2  is Sem-
    TxvevaSi a  0,08, b  7,3909, c  0,0363,
    d  0,01584 .
    (5.15) formulaSi saTanado sidideebis Casmis
    Semdeg miviRebT:
    (0,08  7,3  7,3909)  163  79
    Qgad   1644 t.
    0,0363  0,01584  7,3  163  79  10 6

    171
    5.5. satransporto kvanZebSi transportis sxvadasxva
    saxeobis urTierTqmedeba

    unda SeirCes sarkinigzo da saqalaqo miwiszeda


    transportis urTierTqmedebis optimaluri reJimebi
    kviris muSa dReebSi. rkinigzis saTavo samgzavro
    sadgurSi saSualod yoveldRiurad Semodis 12000
    mgzavri. vagzliswina moednidan mgzavrebis trans-
    portireba (gayvana) xdeba avtobusebiT, trolei-
    busebiTa da tramvaiT. saqalaqo transportis erTi
    erTeulis saSualo tevadoba Seadgens 70 mgzavrs;
    erTi manqana.sT-is saSualo Rirebulebaa 5,6 lari,
    xolo mgzavrobis Rirebuleba _ 0,5 lari. sarkini-
    gzo transportiT Semosuli mgzavrnakadebis saaT-
    obrivi ganawileba naCvenebia 5.1 cxrilSi.
    cxrili 5.1
    rkinigziT Semosuli mgzavrebis saaTobrivi ganawileba
    mosuli mgzavreb- sadReRamiso mos-
    dRe-Ramis saaTebi
    is raodenoba vlis procenti
    984
    6-7 8,2
    1716
    7-8 14,3
    1692
    8-9 14,1
    960
    9-10 8,0
    540
    10-11 4,5
    480
    11-12 4,0

    sul 6372 53,1

    6-dan 12 sT-mde rkinigziT Semosuli mgzavrebis


    raodenobaa 6372, rac Seesabameba mTliani mgzavrna-
    kadis 53,1%-s.
    amoxsna
    172
    optimaluri urTierTqmedeba sarkinigzo da saqa-
    laqo transports Soris miiRweva im SemTxvevaSi,
    Tu saqalaqo transportis Sejamebuli dayvanili
    xarjebi da mgzavrTa lodinis dro saqalaqo tran-
    sportis romelime saxeobis mosvlamde, iqneba mini-
    maluri, anu
    E  Eek  Emol  min, (5.16)
    sadac Eek  xarjebi dakavSirebuli saqalaqo trans-
    portis eqspluataciasTan;
    Emol  xarjebi, dakavSirebuli vagzliswina
    moedanze mgzavrebis saqalaqo transp-
    portis molodinTan;
    Eek  cm-s  M  T , (5.17)
    sadac cm-s  erTi manqana.sT-is saSualo Rirebuleba,
    cm-s  5,6 lari;
    M  saqalaqo transportis muSa parki;
    T  mgzavrTa intensiuri mosvlis periodi;
    Emol  cmg-s  tmol  N (t ), (5.18)
    sadac cmg-s  erTi mgzavr.sT-is Rirebuleba;
    t mol  matarebliT mosuli mgzavris mier da-
    xarjuli saSualo dro vagzliswina
    moedanze saqalaqo transportis molo-
    dinSi;
    N (t )  mgzavrTa saSualo raodenoba romelTa
    transportirebasac uzrunvelyofs saqa-
    laqo transporti T periodSi.

    173
    angariSebSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba,
    rom saqalaqo transportisaTvis dgeba periodi,
    roca erTi manqanis datvirTulobis koeficienti
    metia 1-ze (   1); es niSnavs, rom qalaqis satransp-
    orto parki am periodSi ver uzrunvelyofs mgzav-
    rebis Seuferxebel gadazidvas. amitom sidides tmol ,
    sazRvraven ori SemTxvevisaTvis, roca   1 da   1;
    tmol  I , (   1); (5.19)
    t mol  I  t / 2(   1), (   1), (5.20)
    sadac   aris parametri, romelic angariSebSi
    miiReba   0,6  0,8;
    I  saqalaqo transportis mosvlebs Soris
    saSualo intervali;
    t  periodis xangrZlivoba, roca   1.
    Tu (5.16) formulaSi SevitanT misi wevrebis mni-
    Svnelobebs, miviRebT sarkinigzo da saqalaqo tran-
    sportis urTierTqmedebis efeqturi reJimis gamom-
    saxvel zogad formulas:

     k 1 n
     1 tj   
    E  cm-s MT  cmg-s   N i      (   1) N j , (5.21)

     i 1 M j 1  M 2   
    aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemuli formula iqneboda
    srulyofili, masSi rom figurirebdes saqalaqo sa-
    transporto parkisa da saangariSo periodis mniSv-
    nelobebi. minimaluri samanqano parki, romelic uz-
    runvelyofs vagzliswina moednidan mgzavrebis
    transportirebas T periodSi, iqneba:
    M min  N T / Tbtev , (5.22)

    174
    sadac N T  T periodSi vagzliswina moedanze sarki-
    nigzo transportidan mosuli mgzavrebis
    raodenoba;
    btev  erTi manqanis saSualo tevadoba, btev  70
    Mgzavri.
    angariSebis pirvel ciklSi T periodis mniSvne-
    lobas viRebT 6-dan 10 sT-mde, anu T  4 sT, xolo
    N T  5352; am periodisaTvis
    5352
    M min   19 manqana.
    4  70
    saaTebis mixedviT   s mniSvneloba iqneba: 6-dan
    7 sT-mde,  (19manqana)  984 / 19  70  0,74; aseT pirobebSi
    6- 7
    tmol  0,7(1 : 19)  0,037 sT;7-dan 8 sT-mde tmol  0,037  0,5 
     (1,29  1)  0,182 sT da a.S.
    aRniSnuli parametris mixedviT, anu roca M min 
    19, vangariSobT (5.21) formulidan E  s mniSvnelob-
    as da Sedegebi Segvaqvs 5.2 cxrilSi.
    cxrili 5.2
    sarkinigzo da saqalaqo transportis urTierTqmed-
    ebis damaxasiaTebeli parametrebi
    dReRamis mosuli  tmol Emol
    saaTebi mgzavrebi
    6-7 984 0,74 0,037 7,28
    7-8 1716 1,29 0,182 62,46
    8-9 1602 1,27 0,317 107,27
    9-10 960 0,72 0,177 33,98
    sul 5352 - - 210,9

    5.2 cxrilis safuZvelze, roca M min  19, E (19) 

    175
     5,6  19  4  210,99  636,59 lari.
    9 sT-is Semdeg vagzliswina moedanze rigi iqne-
    ba. am dros sidide tmol , gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad:
    tmol 
      tmol
    b.in
     tmol
    I

    , (5.23)
    b.in
    sadac tmol I
    , t mol  Sesabamisad vagzliswina moedanze
    mgzavrTa molodinis dro intens-
    iuri mosvlis bolo da Cveuleb-
    rivi reJimis pirvel saaTebSi.
    Tu samanqano parks gavzrdiT 2 erTeuliT da Ca-
    vatarebT angariSebs am pirobisaTvis, anu roca
    I min  21, maSin E (21)  5,6  21  4  133,99  604,39 lari. xar-
    jebi Semcirda, amitom M sidides vzrdiT 24-mde,
    anu E (24)  5,6  24  4  41,06  578,66 lari.
    amrigad, satransporto kvanZSi sarkinigzo da
    saqalaqo transportis urTierTqmedebisas optima-
    luri reJimi miiRweva roca M min  24.

    176
    literatura

    1. p.z. qenqaZe. sarkinigzo transporti. I nawili.


    Tbilisi, 2001. – 155 gv.

    2. p.z. qenqaZe. sarkinigzo transportze gadazidviTi


    procesis optimizaciis Tanamedrove problemebi.
    Tbilisi: teqnikuri universiteti, 2007. _ 248 gv.

    2. a.v. CxaiZe. gadazidviTi procesis organizacia da


    marTva rkinigzis transportze. wigni I, Tbilisi,
    2001. – 448 gv.

    3. a.v. CxaiZe, g. a. CxaiZe, g.S. Telia. sarkinigzo tr-


    ansportis muSaobis srulyofisa da sadgurTa ga-
    nviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi. Tbilisi, 2003.-
    432 gv.

    4. Громов Н. Н., Панченко Т.А., Чудновский А. Д. Единая тра-


    нспортная система. Москва: Транспорт, 1987. – 304 с.

    5. Основы взаимодействия железных дорог с другими видами


    транспорта. Москва: Транспорт, 1986. – 216 с.

    6. Правдин Н.В., Негрей В.Я., Подкопаев В.А. Взаймодействие


    различных видов транспорта. Москва: Транспорт, 1989.-
    208 с.

    177
    s a r C e v i

    Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
    nawili pirveli
    transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
    funqcionirebis, marTvisa da
    urTierTqmedebis erTiani sistemis
    6
    safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    Tavi 1. satransporto sistemis struqtura,
    misi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba
    moqmedebis sferoebi da
    6
    perspeqtiuli ganviTareba . . . . . . . .
    1.1. satransporto sistemis struqtura . . 6
    1.2. sarkinigzo transportis roli Cveni
    qveynis satransporto sistemaSi, misi
    saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba da
    produqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
    1.3. transportis ZiriTadi ganmartebebi
    da muSaobis saerTo maCveneblebi . . . 9
    1.4. transportis ganviTarebis
    perspeqtivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
    Tavi 2. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
    teqnikur-teqnologiuri da
    saeqspluatacio daxasiaTeba . . . . . . 20
    2.1. sarkinigzo transportis daxasiaTeba 20
    2.2. saavtomobilo transportis
    daxasiaTeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
    2.3. samdinaro transportis daxasiaTeba . 33
    2.4. sazRvao transportis daxasiaTeba . . 37

    178
    2.5. sahaero transportis daxasiaTeba . . . 43
    2.6. milgamtari transportis daxasiaTeba 47
    2.7. samrewvelo transportis daxasiaTeba 54
    2.8. saqalaqo transportis daxasiaTeba . . 58
    Tavi 3. sarkinigzo da sxva saxis
    64
    transportis urTierTqmedeba . . . . .
    3.1. sxvadasxva saxis transportis
    urTierTqmedebisas teqnologiuri
    kavSirebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
    3.2. sarkinigzo da sxva saxis
    transportis urTierTqmedebisaTvis
    saWiro teqnikuri saSualebebi, maTi
    ZiriTadi parametrebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
    3.3. sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo
    transportis urTierTqmedeba . . . . . . 75
    3.4. sarkinigzo da sawylosno
    transportis urTierTqmedeba . . . . . . 92
    3.4.1. sarkinigzo da samdinaro transporti 92
    3.4.2. sarkinigzo da sazRvao transporti . 99
    3.5. gadautvirTavi intensiuri
    teqnologiebi sarkinigzo da
    sawylosno transportis
    urTierTqmedebisas, rogorc
    saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis
    ganviTarebis prioritetuli
    mimarTuleba Tanamedrove etapze . . . . 114
    3.5.1. marSrutizaciis maRali done da sae-
    rTaSoriso satransporto derefnebi . 114

    179
    3.5.2. saborne gadasasvlelebi . . . . . . . . . . 118
    3.6. magistraluri da samrewvelo
    123
    rkinigzebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
    3.7. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
    urTierTqmedeba satransporto
    kvanZebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
    nawili meore
    transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
    funqcionirebisa da urTierTqmede-
    bis teqnikuri da saeqspluatacio
    amocanebis amoxsnis magaliTebi . . . 136
    Tavi 4. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
    funqcionirebis damaxasiaTebeli
    amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
    4.1. zogadi mdgomareoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
    4.2. sarkinigzo transporti . . . . . . . . . . . 137
    4.3. saavtomobilo transporti . . . . . . . . 141
    4.4. sawylosno transporti . . . . . . . . . . . 146
    4.4.1. samdinaro transporti . . . . . . . . . . . 446
    4.4.2. sazRvao transporti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
    4.5. sahaero transporti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
    4.6. milgamtari transporti . . . . . . . . . . 156
    4.7. samrewvelo transporti . . . . . . . . . . 157
    4.8. saqalaqo transporti . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
    Tavi 5. sarkinigzo da sxva saxis
    transportis urTierTqmedebis
    damaxasiaTebeli amocanebi . . . . . . 162
    5.1. sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo
    transportis urTierTqmedebis
    amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

    180
    5.2. sarkinigzo da samdinaro
    transportis urTierTqmedeba . . . . . 166
    5.3. sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis
    urTierTqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
    5.4. magistraluri da samrewvelo
    rkinigzebis urTierTqmedeba . . . . . . . 171
    5.5. satransporto kvanZebSi transportis
    sxvadasxva saxeobebis urTierTqmedeba 172
    gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . 177

    181
    ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО И
    ДРУГИХ ВИДОВ ТРАНСПОРТА

    (Учебник)

    На грузинском языке

    А в т о р ы: Кенкадзе Петр Заурович,


    доктор технических наук, профессор

    Морчиладзе Джемал Давидович,


    академический доктор, ассистент-профессор

    Р е ц е н з е н т ы: Шарашенидзе Гури Сергеевич,


    доктор технических наук, профессор

    Шарвашидзе Кахабер Автандилович,


    академический доктор

    182
    183

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