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ურთიერთქმედება-სახ
ურთიერთქმედება-სახ
morCilaZe
“teqnikuri universiteti”
p. qenqaZe, j. morCilaZe
damtkicebulia saxelmZRvanelod
stu-s saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier
Tbilisi
2012
1
uak 656.2.078
3
mravalmxrivia da maTi gadawyveta xdeba sxvadasxva
sferoSi, rogoricaa teqnikuri, teqnologiuri,
safinanso, organizaciuli, samarTlebrivi da sxv.
satransporto sistemis Camoyalibebuli, stabiluri
funqcionirebisaTvis saWiroa satransporto komple-
qsis formirebisa da ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebis
codna, transportis calkeuli saxeobebis daniSnu-
leba da adgili qveynis erTian satransporto sis-
temaSi, am sistemis funqcionirebis principebi da
misi perspeqtiuli ganviTareba.
saqarTvelos pirobebSi sarkinigzo transporti
aris erT-erTi tradiciuli dargi, rameTu igi ukve
TiTqmis 140 welia funqcionirebs. saqarTvelos
damoukidebel da suverenul qveynad Camoyalibebis
Semdeg, saqarTvelo gaxda evropisa da aziis dama-
kavSirebeli umniSvnelovanesi satransporto rgo-
li, xolo saqarTvelos sarkinigzo transports qve-
ynis satransporto sistemidan, wamyvani adgili uWi-
ravs Cven teritoriaze gamaval saerTaSoriso sat-
ranzito tvirTis gadazidvaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
saerTaSoriso tvirTis udidesi nawili tran-
sportirebas agrZelebs sazRvao transportiT, anu
adgili aqvs sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis
urTierTqmedebas.
sxvadasxva saxeobis transportis urTierTqmede-
bis dros, aucilebelia transportisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli Taviseburebebis codna (teqnikuri da
teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT), maTi funqconirebis
sferoebi, moqmedebis diapazonebi, garemo da
meteorologiuri pirobebiT gamowveuli gadaxris
4
normebi dadgenili saSualo maCveneblidan (wliuri
araTanabroba) da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebi.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,
naSromSi mocemulia transportis TiToeuli saxeo-
bis mokle teqnikuri da saeqspluatacio daxasia-
Teba, sarkinigzo transportTan maTi urTierTqme-
debis principebi maTTvis damaxasiaTebel Tavise-
burebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT da is teqnikuri saSua-
lebebi da parametrebi, romlebic saWiroa am urTi-
erTqmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad. naSromSi Teori-
ul debulebebs amyarebs ganxiluli praqtikuli
magaliTebi.
5
nawili pirveli
6
to saSualebebis rTuli kompleqsi, romelSic
gaerTianebulia sxvadasxva saxis meqanizmi, manqana-
danadgari da mowyobiloba. samrewvelo tran-
sports SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT konveierebi, sabagiro
gzebi, saavtomobilo transporti, normaluri da
viwroliandagiani rkinigzebi, calkeul SemTxvevaSi
samdinaro transporti, sxvadasxva saxis elevatori
da sxv.
saqalaqo transporti axorcielebs mgzavrTa
transportirebas qalaqis teritoriaze. Tanamedrove
pirobebSi, rodesac yovelwliurad izrdeba mosax-
leobis ricxvi, saqalaqo transports ufro da
ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeba. mTel msoflioSi
qalaqis mosaxleobis saSualo maCvenebeli dRes
Seadgens daaxloebiT 65-70 %-s, xolo ganvi-
Tarebul qveynebSi es maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRa-
lia. nebismieri Tanamedrove civilizebuli qveynis
normaluri cxovrebis ritmi saqalaqo transportis
gareSe warmoudgenelia. saqalaqo transporti ori
saxisaa, miwiszeda da miwisqveSa. saqarTvelos piro-
bebSi saqalaqo miwiszeda transports miekuTvneba
avtobusebi mikroavtobusebi da msubuqi taqsoparki,
sabagiro gzebi; miwisqveSas _ metropoliteni. saqar-
TveloSi metropoliteni funqcionirebs mxolod
dedaqalaqSi, TbilisSi.
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Tbilisi iyo meoTxe
qalaqi moskovis (1935), leningradis (1955) da kievis
(1960) Semdeg, sadac metropoliteni aages (1966 w).
saerTod, pirveli metropoliteni aSenda jer kidev
7
XIX saukuneSi qalaq londonSi (1863), xolo Semdeg
niu-iorkSi (1968), Cikagosa (1982) da parizSi (1900 w).
10
sporto da mompovebel-gadamamuSavebeli danadgari
da sxv.
uwyveti moqmedebis transportSi igulisxmeba
transportis iseTi saxeobebi, romelTa saSuale-
biTac xorcieldeba sxvadasxva saxis, umravles
SemTxvevaSi ki nayari, dasayreli da wvrili fraq-
ciis tvirTebis gadaadgileba uwyvet an TiTqmis uw-
yvet reJimSi. uwyveti moqmedebis transports SeiZ-
leba mivakuTvnoT sxvadasxva saxis lenturi konvei-
eri, elevatori da maTi msgavsi manqanebi.
transportis calkeuli saxeobebis funqcioni-
rebis sferoebi saboloo jamSi vrceldeba qveynis
mTel teritoriaze da aisaxeba terminSi “satranspo-
rto qseli”. satransporto qseli ewodeba saxelmwi-
foSi arsebuli yvela saxeobis transportis komuni-
kaciaTa erTobliobas, dasaxlebuli punqtebisa da
samrewvelo dawesebulebebis teritoriebis gareT.
satransporto kvanZi ewodeba sxvadasxva saxis
transportis (minimum ori saxeoba) Tavmoyris (Sepi-
rispirebis) adgils, aRWurvils satransporto mow-
yobilobaTa kompleqsiT da gankuTvnils satran-
zito da adgilobrivi satvirTo da samgzavro ope-
raciebis Sesasruleblad.
transportis calkeuli saxeobebi xasiaTdeba
muSaobis saerTo maCveneblebiT, maT Soris: tvirT-
brunva, mgzavrbrunva, transportis dayvanili pro-
duqcia, tvirTis gadazidvis saSualo siSore, mgzav-
ris transportirebis saSualo manZili,, gadazidvis
TviTRirebuleba, Sromisnayofiereba da sxv.
tvirTbrunva ewodeba gadaziduli tvirTis ra-
11
odenobas Sesabamis manZilebze erTad aRebuls (Se-
jamebuls) drois garkveul periodSi:
Pl P1l1 P2l2 Pn ln t.km, (1.1)
sadac P1 , P2 , , Pn gadaziduli tvirTis raodenoba
(tona), Sesabamis l1 , l 2 , , ln manZilebze (km).
mgzavrbrunva ewodeba gadayvanili mgzavrebis
raodenobas Sesabamis manZilebze erTad aRebuls
(Sejamebuls) drois garkveul periodSi:
Al A1l1 A2l2 An ln mgz.km, (1.2)
sadac A1 , A2 , , An gadayvanili mgzavrebis raodenoba
(mgzavri), Sesabamis l1 , l 2 , , ln manZi-
lebze (km).
transportis dayvanili produqcia ewodeba tvi-
rTbrunvisa da mgzavrbrunvis jams:
Plday Pl kAl day.t.km, (1.3)
sadac k gadamyvani koeficienti mgz.km-isa t.km-Si;
roca k 1, es niSnavs, rom 1 t.km=1 mgz.km,
anu erTi tona tvirTis gadazidva 1 km-ze
fulad erTeulebSi igive jdeba, rac erTi
mgzavris gadayvana 1 km-ze.
tvirTis gadazidvis saSualo siSore aris
tvirTbrunvis fardoba gadaziduli tvirTis raode-
nobasTan:
Pl
LsaS ' km, (1.4)
P
sadac P gadaziduli tvirTis saerTo raode-
noba, t;
12
mgzavris transportirebis saSualo siSore gvi-
Cvenebs mgzavrobis procesSi 1 mgzavris gadaadgile-
bis saSualo manZils:
Al
lsaS km, (1.5)
A
sadac A gadayvanili mgzavrebis saerTo raode-
noba, mgzavri.
gadazidvis TviTRirebuleba aris sidide, rome-
lic gviCvenebs, Tu ra Tanxa daixarja erTeuli
produqciis Seqmnaze:
Эsae
CTR lari/t.km, (1.6)
Plday
sadac Эsae Sejamebuli wliuri saeqspluatacio
xarjebi. sarkinigzo transportis Sem-
TxvevaSi es sididea gadazidvebTan da-
kavSirebuli yvela saxis saeqspluata-
cio xarjebis erToblioba; saavtomo-
bilo transportze _ yvela saxis Se-
jamebuli xarjebi dakavSirebuli tvi-
rTis gadazidvasTan da mgzavrTa ga-
dayvanasTan, garda xarjebisa saavtom-
obilo gzebis Senaxvaze; sazRvao tra-
nsportze _ xarjebi gemebis ekipaJebis
Senaxvasa da sazRvao flotis eqsplu-
ataciaze; samdinaro transportze _
mTliani xarjebi dakavSirebuli tvir-
Tis gadazidvebTan, garda xarjebisa
datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis samuSaoebze
da damxmare meurneobaze.
13
Sromisnayofiereba gviCvenebs saeqspluatacio
Statis erTi muSakis mier Seqmnili produqciis
sidides:
Plday
ПSn day.t.km/kaci, (1.7)
Ш St
sadac ШSt uwyebis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi saeqs-
pluatacio Stati, kaci.
14
unda pasuxobdes mTliani satransporto sistemis
kompleqsuri ganviTarebis yvela moTxovnas.
Tanamedrove sarkinigzo transportis ganviTa-
reba xorcieldeba ori mimarTulebiT _ satvirTo
da samgzavro. satvirTo gadazidvebis ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT wina planze dgas sarkinigzo komuni-
kaciebis saeqspluatacio saimedooba, gansakuTrebiT
rkinigzis liandagisa da vagonis urikebis mimarT,
matareblis masis gadidebisa da moZraobis maRali
siCqareebis realizebis mizniT. aRsaniSnavia samecni-
ero samuSaoebis intensiuri warmoeba salokomotivo
da savagono parkebis saeqspluatacio maCveneblebis
gaumjobesebis kuTxiT (lokomotivis simZlavreebisa
da moZraobis siCqareebis gazrda; vagonis urikebis
konstruqciuli gadawyveta da dinamikuri maxasia-
Teblebis srulyofa, tvirTamweobis gazrda, eqsp-
luataciis vadebis gaxangrZliveba da sxv.). dRes
sarkinigzo samgzavro gadazidvebis ganviTarebis
prioritetul mimarTulebebad miCneulia samgzavro
matareblebis moZraobis siCqareebis amaRleba,
Cqarosnuli sarkinigzo magistralebis mowyoba
(zogjer ramdenime qveyanaSi erTdroulad, sae-
rTaSoriso satransporto derefnebSi), komfort-
ulobis umaRlesi donis Seqmna rogorc transpo-
rtirebis procesSi, aseve mTlianad samgzavro gada-
zidvebSi.
saavtomobilo transporti perspeqtivaSi viTar-
deba ramdenime mimarTulebiT, maT Soris gansaku-
Trebuli adgili uWiravs moZravi Semadgenlobis
warmadobis amaRlebas, kapitaluri da saeqsplua-
15
tacio xarjebis Semcirebasa da sainJinro ekologi-
is ZiriTadi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis aqtualur
sakiTxebs. garda aRniSnulisa, saavtomobilo trans-
portis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovania tvirTis
gadazidvis saSualo siSoris gazrda da saavtomo-
bilo satvirTo transportis meurneobaSi momsaxu-
rebis saterminalo kompleqsebis danergva. am uka-
nasknelis ganxorcielebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba gada-
sazidi tvirTis partiebis gamsxvileba da trans-
portirebis manZilis gazrda naklebi saeqspluata-
cio xarjebiT. samgzavro gadazidvebis Tvalsazri-
siT aqcenti gamaxvilebulia superTanamedrove avto-
busebis Seqmnaze komfortis umaRlesi doniT saqa-
laqTaSoriso da saerTaSoriso mimosvlebis gansa-
xorcieleblad. rogorc satvirTo, aseve samgzavro
saavtomobilo parkis ganviTarebaSi prioritetulad
miCneulia Sigawvis Zravebis Secvla dizelis Zra-
vebiT.
Tanamedrove samdinaro transportis ganviTareba
xorcieldeba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: konkretuli
mdinaris auzebSi aqcenti gadatanilia universalu-
ris nacvlad specializebuli gemebis eqspluata-
ciaze sxvadasxva nomenklaturis tvirTis gadasa-
zidad, magaliTad, mwvanilisa da baRCeulis, avto-
mobilebis, Txevadis (gaumjobesebuli kon-
struqciiT) da sxva dasaxelebis tvirTis gadasa-
zidad. umjobesdeba gemis konstruqciebi moZraobis
gabaritisagan damokidebulebiT (mdinaris kalapo-
tis siRrmis mixedviT). ganviTarebis meore mimarTu-
leba iTvaliswinebs samdinaro gemebis eqspluata-
16
cias Sereuli “mdinare-zRva” variantiT. aRniSnuli
variantis mizania mdinarisa da zRvis (okeanis) Ser-
Tvis punqtebSi gadatvirTvis operaciebis likvida-
cia, anu samdinaro flotis gemebis SesaZlebloba
gaagrZelon moZraoba zRvaSic tvirTis daniSnule-
bis punqtSi mitanis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT inten-
siurad viTardeba aseTi gemebis konstruqciebi. maTi
brutomasa bolo periodSi 5000 tonidan (saSualo
maCvenebeli) gaizarda 30000 t-mde (maqsimaluri maC-
venebeli); amasTan, konstruqciul gadawyvetaSi gaT-
valiswinebulia gemis siganis gacilebiT didi da
simaRlis SedarebiT naklebi zomebi, raTa didi
brutomasis gemebma SedarebiT Tavisuflad imoZra-
os dabalkalapotian mdinareebSi da problemebi ar
SeeqmnaT dasaxlebul puntebSi xidebis qveS gavlis
dros.
sazRvao transportis perspeqtiuli ganviTareba
unda ganvixiloT satvirTo da samgzavro gadazi-
dvebis kuTxiT. TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom
Tanamedrove etapze Zveli, amortizebuli universa-
luri tipis gemebis adgils iWers gacilebiT didi
brutomasisa (dedveiti)1 da zomis specializebuli
gemebi (konteinermzidebi, sarkinigzo bornebi, yin-
ulmWrelebi da sxv.). sazRvao transportis ganvi-
Tarebis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebas Sea-
-------------------
1 – 1. dedveiti ewodeba gemis zRvrul tevadobas, romelTanac
erTad misi wyalSigi unda Seesabamebodes dadgenil nor-
mas tonebSi;
2. gemis dasaSvebi brutomasa.
17
dgens saporto meurneobis ganviTareba, raTa Sesa-
Zlebeli iyos nebismieri sididis gemis Seufer-
xebeli miReba portSi da tvirTebis damuSaveba, rac
sagrZnoblad gazrdis portis simZlavres (gamtaru-
narianobas). bolo periodSi sazRvao samgzavro
gadazidvebSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda turistuli
gadazidvebis wili; unda aRiniSnos, rom es sidide
yovelwliurad izrdeba. Tanamedrove sazRvao sam-
gzavro flotis ganviTareba xdeba ZiriTadad sami
mimarTulebiT: sazRvao gemebis mSenebloba iseTi
raionebisaTvis, sadac sazRvao transporti trans-
portis erTaderTi (an upiratesi) saxeobaa (aseTi
gadazidvebis wili saerTo sazRvao samgzavro gada-
zidvebSi minimaluria); specialuri daniSnulebis
gemebi (Sesabamisi teqnikuri da saeqspluatacio ma-
xasiaTeblebiT) sanapiro raionebisaTvis da didi
saokeano lainerebi, romelTa tevadoba (dasaxlebu-
loba) gaTvlilia 1500-3000 mgzavrze.
bolo wlebSi sahaero transportis ganviTare-
baSi gamoikveTa sahaero xomaldebis warmoebis ten-
dencia gazrdili tevadobiTa (samgzavro) da tvirT-
amweobiT (satvirTo) moZraobis SedarebiT maRali
siCareebis pirobebSi. Tanamedrove aerobusebis teva-
doba 900 mgzavrs aRwevs, moZraobis siCqare ki 900-
1200 km/sT-is farglebSi meryeobs. amasTan, intensi-
uri muSaoba mimdinareobs mgzavrTa momsaxurebis
axali formebis Seqmnaze, rac gulisxmobs up. yov-
lisa, xelbargis gadazidvis gamartivebul wesebs,
“bargi mgzavrTan erTad” principis gansaxorciel-
eblad. aRniSnulis misaRwevad mimdinareobs TviTmf-
18
rinavis konstruqciaSi koreqtirebebis Setana, raTa
specialuri trapiT mgzavrs SeeZlos TviTmfrinavis
qveda bortze sabargo ganyofilebaSi moxvedra, bar-
gis Sesanax specialur stelaJis saTanado nomerze
Tavisi bargis Sesanaxad. satvirTo gadazidvebis
kuTxiT sahaero transportis ganviTarebaSi wina
planze dgas iseTi konstruqciis xomaldebis Seqmna,
romlebic didmasiani da didgabaritiani tvirTebis
gadazidvas uzrunvelyofs. dReisaTvis ukve Seq-
mnilia modelebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT 120 t-mde
tvirTis gadazidva. saerTod, rogorc samgzavro
aseve satvirTo modelebis SeqmnaSi, mocemul eta-
pze, axleburad udgebian TviTmfrinavis konstru-
qciis gadawyvetas aerodinamikis kuTxiT, iyeneben
axal, gacilebiT msubuq da mtkice masalebs, aseve
mniSvnelovania axali Taobis TviTmfrinavebSi xmau-
risa da garemos dabinZurebis Semcireba.
rac Seexeba milgamtar da samrewvelo trans-
ports, maRali Zabvis gadamcem xazebTan erTad, maTi
ganviTareba xorcieldeba dRevandel msoflioSi Se-
qmnili politikuri, ekonomikuri da geostrategi-
uli situaciebidan gamomdinare. mTavars am proble-
maturi sakiTxebis gadaWraSi warmoadgens ama Tu im
qveyanaSi moqmedi sazogadoebrivi warmoebis sistema,
ZiriTadi bunebrivi resursebis geografiuli ganla-
geba, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis done da saerT-
aSoriso ekonomikuri kavSirebi.
19
Tavi 2. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis teq-
nikur-teqnologiuri da saeqspluatacio
daxasiaTeba
20
bebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT dabalia (garda samdi-
narosi da milgamtarisa).
sarkinigzo transportis uaryofiT mxared SeiZ-
leba CaiTvalos didi kapitaldabandebebi rkinigzis
mSeneblobis dros. amitom rkinigzis mSenebloba mi-
zanSewonilia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu asaTvi-
sebelia didi tvirTnakadebi, romelTa moculoba
perspeqtivaSi ufro da ufro gaizrdeba. uaryofiT
mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos kidev liTonis didi
xarji, magaliTad, magistraluri xazis erT kilo-
metrze saSualod saWiroa 150-200 t liToni (moZ-
ravi Semadgenlobis CauTvlelad).
sarkinigzo transportis gamoyenebis sfero aris
tvirTis gadazidva saSualo da Sor manZilebze
(500-5000 km), xolo mgzavrTa gadayvana saSualod
1000 km-is farglebSi. ufro met manZilze
mgzavrobis dros rkinigzas konkurencias uwevs
sahaero transporti gacilebiT naklebi transport-
tirebis vadebis gamo.
sarkinigzo transportis teqnikuri aRWurvilo-
bis safuZvelia rkinigzis mudmivi (stacionaruli)
nagebobebi da moZravi Semadgenloba. rkinigzis
stacionarul nagebobebs miekuTvneba rki-nigzis
liandagi da sarkinigzo infrastruqturis Senoba-
nagebobebi.
rkinigzis liandagis ZiriTadi elementia miwis
vakisi, romelzedac moTavsebulia balastis fena _
prizma (balastad iyeneben RorRs, xreSs, qviSas), xo-
lo am ukanasknelze _ Spalebi, maTze damagrebuli
sarelso “ZafebiT”. rkinigzis liandagis sigane
21
msoflios qveynebSi sxvadasxvaa; asxvaveben 4 saxis
rkinigzis liandags _ normalurs, ganiers, saSu-
losa da viwros. normalurad iTvleba dasavleT
evropis qveynebis rkinigzis liandagis sigane; aq
daSoreba liandagis relsebis muSa qimebs Soris
Seadgens 1435 mm-s; aseTi siganis liandagebs xSirad
stefensonisebursac uwodeben (genialuri inglise-
li gamomgoneblis jorj stefensonis pativsacemad,
romelic iTvleba pirveli oficialuri rkinigzis
damaarseblad da am rkinigzis sigane iyo 1435 mm).
liandagis aRniSnuli sigane gamoiyeneba evropis
qveynebis umravlesobis, kanadis, amerikis SeerTe-
buli Statebis, meqsikis, urugvais, TurqeTis, ira-
nisa da Crdilo afrikis TiTqmis yvela qveynis rki-
nigzaze. ganier rkinigzis liandagad iTvleba im
rkinigzis liandagebi, sadac relsebs Soris daSo-
reba Seadgens 1656 an 1600 mm-s. aseTi siganis lian-
dagebia espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, irlandiaSi, Sri-
lankaSi; indoeTis, Ppakistanis, argentinis, brazi-
liisa da avstraliis rkinigzebis did nawilze.
saSualo siganis liandagad iTvleba liandagebi
relsebis muSa qimebs Soris 1520 mm-iani daSorebiT.
aRniSnuli siganis liandagebiTaa aRWurvili yvela
postsabWouri qveynisa (maT Soris saqarTvelosic)
da fineTis rkinigzebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dana-
rCeni qveynis rkinigzebi aRWurvilia viwro lianda-
gebiT; am dros relsebis muSa qimebs Soris daSo-
reba Seadgens 1067, 1000, 900 da 750 mm-s.
rkinigzaze matarebelTa usafrTxo moZraobis
ganxorcielebis mizniT SemoRebulia sxvadasxva sa-
22
xis gabariti: nagebobaTa miaxloebis, moZravi Sema-
dgenlobisa da datvirTvis. nagebobaTa miaxloebis
gabariti aris liandagis RerZis mimarT ganivi, per-
pendikularuli, zRvruli moxazuloba, romlis Sig-
niT moZravi Semadgenlobis garda ar unda Sediodes
araviTari nawili nagebobebisa da mowyobilobebisa,
garda im nawilebisa, romlebic uSualo kontaqtSia
moZrav SemadgenlobasTan. analogiurad, moZravi Se-
madgenlobis gabaritis pirobebSi, mis sazRvrebs
gareT gamousvlelad unda moTavsdes swor, hori-
zontalur liandagze dayenebuli cariel da dat-
virTul mdgomareobaSi myofi moZravi Semadgenloba,
xolo datvirTvis gabaritis dros, mis sazRvrebs
gareT gamousvlelad unda moTavsdes swor, hori-
zontalur liandagze mdgar Ria Semadgenlobaze
ganlagebuli tvirTi damagrebisa da SefuTvis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
aucilebeli (saWiro) gamtarunarianobisa da mo-
Zraobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, rki-
nigzis xazebi dayofilia gamyof punqtebad; maT mie-
kuTvneba sadgurebi, asaqcevebi, gadasaswrebi punqt-
ebi, saliandago postebi da avtoblokirebis dros
gasavleli SuqniSnebi. bolo or dasaxelebas sali-
andago ganviTareba ara aqvs. sadguri aris
rkinigzis ZiriTadi sameurneo-sawarmoo erTeuli.
rkinigzis sadguri aris nagebobaTa kompleqsi, aRWu-
rvili saliandago ganviTarebiTa da gankuTvnili
teqnikuri, satvirTo, komerciuli, samgzavro da
samanevro operaciebis Casatareblad. daniSnulebisa
da muSaobis xasiaTis mixedviT, sadgurebi iyofa 5
23
ZiriTad jgufad: Sualeduri, saubno, damxaris-
xebeli, satvirTo da samgzavro. Sualedur sadgur-
Si ZiriTadad xorcieldeba matarebelTa miReba,
gagzavna, gatareba, gverdis aqceva da gadaswreba.
isini ganlagebulia ubanze da erTliandagian rkini-
gzebze maT Soris daSoreba meryeobs 7-15, xolo or-
liandagianze 15-30 km-is farglebSi. saubno sadgu-
rebi ganlagebulia ubnis Tavsa da boloSi da Ziri-
Tadad gankuTvnilia tranziti matareblebis dasamu-
Saveblad teqnikuri da komerciuli TvalsazrisiT,
aqve xdeba salokomotivo brigadebisa da zogjer
lokomotivebis Secvlac. damxarisxebeli sadgurebi,
rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia sarkinigzo kvanZebSi
da gankuTvnilia matarebelTa masobrivi ganformi-
reba-formirebisaTvis. satvirTo sadgurebSi ZiriTa-
dad xorcieldeba satvirTo da komerciuli opera-
ciebi: tvirTis datvirTva-gadmotvirTva, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi gadatvirTva erTi saxeobis transport-
tidan meoreSi, gadasazid tvirTze sabuTebis gaf-
ormeba da sxva operaciebi. satvirTo sadgurebs age-
ben did qalaqebSi, sazRvao portebSi, tvirTis ma-
sobrivi mopovebis an gadmotvirTvis (gadatvirTvis)
adgilebSi. samgzavro sadgurebi igeba did qala-
qebsa, dasaxlebul punqtebsa da sakurorto zonebSi
da gankuTvnilia uSualod mgzavrTa momsaxurebisa
da samgzavro operaciebis sawarmoeblad.
rkinigzis moZravi Semadgenloba iyofa or jgu-
fad: wevis moZravi Semadgenloba, romelsac mie-
kuTvneba lokomotivebi da Zraviani vagonebi. meore
jgufs miekuTvneba vagonebi tvirTis gadasazidad
24
(satvirTo vagonebi) da mgzavrTa gadasayvanad (samg-
zavro vagonebi). lokomotivebs miekuTvneba: eleq-
tromavlebi (elmavlebi), Tbomavlebi, airturbomav-
lebi, motomavlebi; Zravavagonian Semadgenlobas
ekuTvnis: eleqtromatareblebi (“eleqtriCkebi”), di-
zelmatareblebi da avtomotrisebi. Sesasrulebeli
samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT lokomotivebi iyofa
satvirTo (didi masiTa da wevis didi ZaliT), samg-
zavro (SedarebiT mcire masiTa da didi konstruq-
ciuli siCqariT) da samanevro. satvirTo moZravi Se-
madgenloba Sedgeba 4-, 6- da 8 RerZiani Cveulebrivi
da specialuri vagonebisagan; maT Soris didi umr-
avlesoba oTxRerZiania. Cveulebriv vagonebs miekuT-
vneba: daxuruli, baqani da naxevarvagoni; specia-
luri savagono parki Sedgeba Semdegi vagonebisagan:
cisterna, izoTermuli vagoni, cementmzidi, konte-
inermzidi, marcvalmzidi, hoperi, dumpkari da sxv.
samgzavro moZravi Semadgenloba Sedgeba mgzavrTa
gadasayvani samgzavro vagonebisagan, aseve safosto
da sabargo vagonebisagan da specialuri vagonebi-
sagan (vagon-laboratoria, vagon-restorani, vagon-
maRazia, vagon-klubi da sxv.). Tavis mxriv mgzavrTa
gadasayvani vagonebi iyofa: plackarti, anu vagoni
araizolirebuli (arakupirebuli) dasawoli adgi-
lebiT, kupirebuli (dayofili 4-4 adgilian kupe-
ebad), olqTaSorisi (gadasaSleli kresloebiT) da
sagareubno (aRWurvili mxolod dasajdomi adgile-
biT).
rkinigzis gadazidviTi procesis ganxorciele-
bis yvelaze efeqturi saSualebaa matarebelTa weva
25
eleqtruli energiis saSualebiT anu eleqtruli
weva. eleqtrul wevaSi gamoyenebuli elmavlebis
simZlavre gacilebiT didia, vidre TbowevaSi gamo-
yenebuli Tbomavlebisa; Sesabamisad didia satvirTo
matareblis brutomasa da maRalia saboloo Sedegi,
anu rkinigzis gadazidvisunarianoba. eleqtromoma-
ragebis meurneobis ZiriTadi mowyobilobaa wevis
qseli da wevis qvesadguri. aRniSnuli mowyobilo-
bebi uzrunvelyofs eleqtroenergiis miwodebas sax-
elmwifo energoqselidan sakontaqto qselSi. eleq-
trificirebul rkinigzaze samatareblo weva xorci-
eldeba ori saxeobis deniT _ mudmiviTa da cvla-
diT. mudmivi denis Zabvaa saSualod 3000, xolo cv-
ladisa ki 25000 volti. mudmivi denis dros wevis
qvesadgurebs Soris daSorebaa 15-20, xolo cvladis
dros ki 40-60 km.
rkinigzebze matarebelTa moZraobis organizaciis
ganxorcieleba xdeba sarkinigzo avtomatikisa da
telemeqanikis mowyobilobebiT, romelTac zogjer
signalizaciis, centralizaciisa da blokirebis
(scb) mowyobilobebsac eZaxian. aRniSnuli mowyobi-
lobebi matarebelTa moZraobis atomatur reguli-
rebas uzrunvelyofs (avtoblokireba, dispetCeru-
li centralizacia) da isruli gadayvanebisa da
signalebis distanciur marTvas (ramdenime aTeul
da zogjer aseul kilometrze). scb-s mowyobilobe-
bi, garda matarebelTa moZraobis organizaciisa,
mimarTulia matarebelTa usafrTxo moZraobis gan-
saxorcieleblad. magaliTad, avtomatur-salokomo-
tivo signalizaciis mowyobilobebs SeuZlia avtoma-
26
turad gaaCeros matarebeli amkrZalavi signalis ga-
dakveTis SemTxvevaSi. mniSvnelovani adgili scb-s
mowyobilobebSi uWiravs kavSiris saSualebebsac.
rkinigzis mTlianma qselma unda imuSaos rogorc
erTma meqanizmma, risTvisac saWiroa sxvadasxva sax-
is brZanebebis, gankargulebebis, miTiTebebisa da
operatiuli informaciis gadacema umokles vadebSi.
am mizniT sarkinigzo kavSirgabmulobaSi danergil-
ia sadispetCero, sasadguro, sagadasarbeno, sagzao
ganmkargulebeli da sxva saxis kavSiris saxeebi.
sarkinigzo transportze gadazidviTi procesis
ganxorcielebas safuZvlad udevs Sesabamisi saxel-
mZRvanelo sabuTebi, romelTagan mTavaria matare-
belTa moZraobis grafiki da formirebis gegma.
matarebelTa moZrobis grafiki aris rkinigzis
“kanoni”, romlis gareSec sruliad SeuZlebelia
nebismieri saxis gadaadgileba da moZraobis
ganxorcieleba rkinigzis mTel qselze, xolo for-
mirebis gegmis mixedviT mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi
dgindeba (kanondeba) matarebelnakadebis warmoqmnis
variantebi mTeli qselis masStabiT.
39
obis mixedviT SeiZleba daiyos: navTobis, navTob-
produqtebis, Txevadi gazis, spirtisa da zeTis ga-
damzidi. CamoTvlili dasaxelebebidan yvelaze didi
wili modis navTobtvirTis gadamzid gemebze. mSra-
li tvirTis gadamzid gemebTan SedarebiT Txevadi
tvirTis gadamzidi gemebis dedveiti meryeobs 10000-
150000 t-is farglebSi.
kombinirebuls miekuTvneba iseTi gemebi, romelTa
konstruqciac SesaZleblobas iZleva Txevad tvirT-
Tan erTad gadaizidos mSrali tvirTic.
samgzavro floti Sedgeba komfortabeluri Cqa-
rosnuli samgzavro saokeano gemebisagan, gaTva-
liswinebulni 800-3000 mgzavris gadasayvanad.
satvirTo-samgzavro gemebis saSualebiT SesaZ-
lebelia rogorc tvirTis, aseve mgzavrebis erT-
drouli transportireba.
samosamsaxuro-damxmare flotSi gaerTianebulia
sabuqsire, samaSvelo da salocmano gemebi, romle-
bsac ar gadaaqvT tvirTi da ar gadahyavT mgzavrebi;
maTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa xeli Seuwyon satra-
nsporto flotis funqcionirebas.
teqnikuri floti aerTianebs im gemebs, romelTa
daniSnulebaa imoZraon ZiriTadad navsadguris Siga
akvatoriaSi, saokeano gemebis miRebis, reidze daye-
nebis, datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis frontebze Cayene-
bisa da gagzavnis uzrunvelsayofad.
specialuri daniSnulebis floti aerTianebs
iseT gemebs, romelTac specialuri daniSnuleba
aqvT navigaciis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, yinul-
mWrelebi, sasazRvro katarRebi da sxv.
40
sazRvao porti aris sazRvao navigaciis ZiriTadi
sameurneo erTeuli. mis gamarTul da gegmiur
muSaobaze bevradaa damokidebuli sazRvao flotis
efeqturi gamoyeneba. portis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa
gemebis miReba-gagzavna, dacla-datvirTva da momsa-
xureba. am mizniT sazRvao porti Sedgeba gare da
Siga akvatoriisagan. gare akvatorias miekuTvneba
portTan misasvleli arxebi da gare reidebi, xolo
Sigas _ Siga reidebi da operatiuli ubnebi. Siga
akvatoria dayofilia raionebad, Sesabamis reidze
gemis Sesabamisi tipis dgomis mizniT. portSi Sesa-
svleli arxebi SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi da xelo-
vnuri. misi siRrme meryeobs 12-15 m-is farglebSi,
xolo sigane fskerze Seadgens 80-120 m-s. Siga rei-
dis zomebs iReben im angariSiT, rom yvela didi
zomis gems SeeZlos Semosvlis Semdeg gaCereba,
Ruzis CaSveba da mobruneba. amasTan, SesaZlebeli
unda iyos saTanado pirsTan gemis daubrkoleblad
misvla sxva gemis mtruli marSrutebis gamori-
cxviT. portis Siga akvatoria zRvis Relvisagan
daculia talRamWrelebiTa da Semomfargvleli mo-
wyobilobebiT. samgzavro operaciebi sruldeba sam-
gzavro raionSi, sadac ganTavsebulia gaerTia-
nebuli sazRvao da sarkinigzo vagzlebi.
xomaldsaremonto dawesebulebebi, rogorc wesi,
ganlagebulia gemebis miweris portebSi da maTi
daniSnulebaa flotis mimdinare remonti, aseve mim-
dinare movla-Senaxvis, aRdgenisa da saavario samu-
Saoebis warmoeba, zogierT SemTxvevaSi gemebis re-
konstruqciac. xomaldsaremonto dawesebulebebis
41
mniSvnelovan elements Seadgens mSrali da sveli
dokebi.1
saliandago meurneoba iTvaliswinebs Siga akva-
toriis calkeul raionebSi rkinigzis liandagTa
iseT ganlagebas rkinigzis sadgurebis (parkebis)
saxiT, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos srulad gadat-
virTvis samuSaoebis mimdinareoba erTi saxis trans-
portidan meoreze da piriqiT.
sanavigacio saSualebebs miekuTvneba sanapiro
da mcuravi (tivtiva) Suqurebi, xilvadi da manaTo-
beli niSnebi da sxv.
portSi satvirTo gemis «muSaobis» zogadi teq-
nologiuri procesi aseTia:
- gemis miwodeba datvirTvaze (gemis Sesvla por-
tis Siga akvatoriaSi, misi miyeneba pirsTan _ misad-
gomTan, mibma-mimagreba, Cayenebis gaformeba);
- gemis dgoma datvirTvaze (satvirTo farTis mom-
zadeba, gemis satvirTo saSualebebis momzadeba tvi-
rTis misaRebad, gemamde tvirTis transportirebis
SesaZleblobis Semowmeba, datvirTva, tvirTebis
ganTavseba da damagreba, lukebis daxurva da satvi-
rTo sabuTebis gaformeba);
- gemis gamzadeba reisSi wasasvlelad (marSrutis
kursis gamoTvla, curvis pirobebis garkveva, saw-
vavis momarageba, momarageba wyliT, saWiro masale-
------------------------------
42
biT, inventariT, produqtebiT; gaformebuli satvir-
To sabuTebiT uzrunvelyofa);
- gemis gasvla portidan (gemis axsna misadgomi-
dan, misi daZvra da Siga akvatoriaSi gayvana _ xSir
SemTxvevaSi buqsiris meSveobiT, portis Siga akva-
toriidan gasvla Ria zRvaSi);
- gansazRvruli kursis mixedviT gemis moZraoba
(yvela operacia dakavSirebuli gemis marTvasTan).
59
ufro usafrTxo da sufTa saxeoba ekologiuri
TvalsazrisiT.
tramvai aris qalaqis samgzavro transportis
erT-erTi progresuli saxeoba, romelic gamoirCeva
dinamikurobiTa da siCqariT, aqvs kargi ventilacia
da gaTboba, farTo karebebi mgzavrTa Seuferxebeli
Casxdoma-gadmosxdomisaTvis; Tanamed-rove tramvais
saloni maRalkomfortulia, igi aRW-urvilia rbili
savarZlebiT, naklebxmauriania, ar aWuWyianebs
garemos. mis uaryofiT mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos
didi kapitaldabandebebis aucilebloba da cudi
manevruloba; amitom msxvil qalaqebsa da
dasaxlebul punqtebSi mTavari magistralebi, moe-
dnebi da satransporto kvanZebi gamonTavisuflebu-
lia tramvais moZraobisagan da misi xazebi gada-
tanilia ufro farTo gamzirebsa da (an) periferi-
ul raionebSi.
troleibusic saqalaqo transportis erT-erTi
progresuli saxeobaa, magram misi cudi manevrulo-
bis gamo xSir SemTxvevaSi uars ambobenxolme mis
gamoyenebaze. dRes Seqmnilia maRali klasis
troleibusebi. maT korpusSi CamontaJebulia sami
kari, mgzavrTa nakaduri Cxasxdoma-gadmosxdomis mi-
zniT; xmauris done salonSi dabalia, kargi venti-
lacia da gaTboba qmnis komfortul garemos mgzav-
rebisaTvis.
Tanamedrove metropoliteni xasiaTdeba maRali
gamtarunarianobiT, didi siCqariTa da komfortu-
60
lobis maRali xarisxiT. metropoliteni warmoad-
gens msoflios did qalaqebSi mgzavrTa masobrivi
gadayvanis saukeTeso saSualebas. igi aris miwis-
qveSa transportis saxeoba. xasiaTdeba wlis ganma-
vlobaSi stabiluri muSaobis unariT, usafrTxoebis
yvelaze maRali procentiT saqalaqo transportis
sxva saxeobebTan mimarTebaSi, dabali TviTRirebu-
lebiTa da ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT sisufTavis
maRali xrisxiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom metropoli-
teniT aRWurvilia msoflios qveynebis TiTqmis yve-
la didi dedaqalaqi da qalaqi. misi funqcionirebis
aucilebeli piroba aris qalaqis mosaxleobis
minimum milioniani raodenoba da (an) satvirTo
mimarTulebaze mgzavrTnakadebis 50-70 aTasiani ric-
xvi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
msubuqi taqsoparki aRiarebulia saqalaqo
transportis yvelaze mobilur saxeobad, faqtiurad
manevrulobis SeuzRudavi xarisxiT. saqalaqo gada-
zidvebSi gamoyenebuli msubuqi avtomobilebi (taq-
sebi) gamoirCeva maRali siCqariTa da komfortu-
lobis maRali xarisxiT. maT uaryofiT mxares, iseve
rogorc sawvavze momuSave transportis nebismieri
saxeobisas, warmoadgens garemos dabinZurebis maRa-
li procenti da mgzavrobis maRali TviTRire-
buleba. unda aRiniSnos, rom XXI saukunis qalaqis
ganviTarebam, dRis wesrigSi daayena ufro mobil-
uri da manevruli saqalaqo transportis arseboba.
dRes am ampluaSi mogvevlina arastandartuli
avtobusi anu mikroavtobusi. misi dadebiTi
mxareebia maRali gamavloba qalaqis pirobebSi,
61
mobilurobisa da manevrulobis maRali done, moZ-
raobis didi intensiuroba da SedarebiT maRali
siCqareebi.
saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis kompleqsur
sqemaSi iTvaliswineben axali magistralebis gayva-
nas, Cqarosnuli transportis ganviTarebas, avtosa-
dgomebis mSeneblobas sxvadasxva doneze, miwiszeda
transportis racionalurad gamoyenebas.
msxvil qalaqebSi, mosaxleobis ukeT momsaxu-
rebis mizniT, intensiurad gamoiyeneba Cqarosnuli
saqalaqo transporti, rogoricaa eqspres-avtobu-
sebi, Cqarosnuli tramvai, metropoliteni, eleqtri-
ficirebuli rkinigzebi da monorelsuli gzebi da
sxv. Cqarosnuli transportis gamoyenebis sferoebi
da efeqturoba ganisazRvreba konkretuli qalaqebi-
saTvis cal-calke, maTi teritoriuli da geogra-
fiuli ganlagebis, mgzavrnakadebis moculobisa da
samgzavro mimarTulebebze nakadebis simZlavreebi-
sagan damokidebulebiT.
qalaqis satransporto sistemisTvis mniSvnelo-
vania saqalaqo satvirTo transporti. qalaqis
saerTo satransporto nakadSi sat-virTo moZraobas
sakmaod maRali xvedriTi wili uWiravs. samgzavro
moZraobisagan gansxvavebiT, mas ar gaaCnia dadge-
nili marSrutebi. saqalaqo transportis saerTo
tvirTbrunva damokidebulia qalaqis gegmaze, samre-
wvelo warmoebis moculobaze, obieqtebis terito-
riul ganlagebaze da sxv. tvirTis mniSvnelovani
nawili Semodis da gadis qalaqidan sarkinigzo
transportis (misasvleli liandagebi) meSveobiT.
62
qalaqSi Semosuli tvirTis gadamuSaveba (gadmo-
tvirTva, transportireba, daniSnulebis adgilze
mitana) xorcieldeba ZiriTadad avtotransportis
saSualebiT.
saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebaSi erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani problemaa ekoligiurad sufTa tran-
sportis funqcionireba. avtomobilebis saTbobis
wvis Sedegad atmosferoSi gamonabolqvi mavne ga-
zebi safrTxes uqmnis mosaxleobis janmrTelobasa
da bunebas. amasTan dakavSirebiT pirvelxarisxovan
mniSvnelobas iZens ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT usa-
frTxo sazogadoebrivi transportis eqspluatacia.
saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis generalur
mimarTulebas warmoadgens ekologiurad sufTa
transportis saxeobebis funqcionireba. am mizniT
intensiurad viTardeba tramvai, moZravi Semadge-
nlobis, tevadobis gazrdis, moZraobis siCqarisa da
komfortulobis amaRlebis kuTxiT; amavdroulad
mimdinareobs samecniero muSaoba saqalaqo gada-
zidvebSi transportis iseTi axali saxeobebis
dasamkvidreblad, rogoricaa pnevmokonteineruli,
milgamtari hidrotransporti, matareblebi magni-
turi CamokidebiTa da sxv.
63
Tavi 3. sarkinigzo da sxva saxis transportis
urTierTqmedeba
69
teqnologiebs, kompleqsuri meqanizaciisa da avtoma-
tizaciis gamoyenebis maRal dones, urTierTSeTa-
nxmebul sainformacio uzrunvelyofas, rogorc sa-
zRvao, aseve sarkinigzo tvirTnakadze, dokerebisa
da rkinigzis muSakTa waxalisebis erTnair (erTmane-
Tis Semavsebel) sistemas, sadgursa da portSi
cvlebis samuSao drois Tanabar xangrZlivobas.
yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili, anu TiToeul tvirT-
gadamcem punqtSi muSaobis pirobebi da tvirTis
gadacemis wesebi, saTanado SeTanxmebis safuZvelze
yalibdeba, romelic daideba rkinigzis administra-
ciasa da sanaosnos Soris. es SeTanxmeba efuZneba
portisa da masTan dakavSirebul rkinigzis sadgu-
ris muSaobis erTian teqnologiur process (etp).
sazRvao (samdinaro) da sarkinigzo mowyobilo-
baTa, rogorc erTi mTliani organizmis efeqtiani
gamoyeneba, damokidebulia etp-s xarisxze, radganac
es ukanaskneli adgens sadgurisa da portis saeq-
spluatacio muSaobis racionaluri sistemis orga-
nizacias, erTmaneTs ukavSirebs vagonebisa da geme-
bis damuSavebis teqnologiebs, uzrunvelyofs ra
muSaobis ritmulobas, iZleva moZravi Semadgenlo-
bisa da sxva teqnikur saSualebaTa ukeT gamoyenebis
SesaZleblobebs, tvirTis gadacemis punqtSi yofnis
xangrZlivobis Semcirebas, agreTve Sromis nayofi-
erebis amaRlebasa da tvirTis gadamuSavebis TviT-
Rirebulebis Semcirebas. Tanamedrove moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare, etp-s damuSavebisas didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba pirdapiri Sereuli gadazidvebis pirobebSi
tvirTis transportirebas sawyobSi gauvlelad.
70
tvirTis gadacemis (Sepirispirebis) punqtis
simZlavred iTvleba misi gadamuSavebisunarianoba,
romelic ganisazRvreba erTi saxis transportidan
meore saxis transportSi dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi
gadatvirTuli tvirTis moculobiT. aRniSnuli si-
dide damokidebulia navmisadgomis (pirsis) gadamu-
Savebis unarze. TiToeuli pirsis gadamuSavebis
unari saerTo jamSi, unda akmayofilebdes tvirTis
gadacemis punqtSi gegmuri vagonnakadebis yovel-
dRiur aTvisebas. vagonnakadebis aRniSnuli sidide
ganisazRvreba cnobili formuliT:
Ptb K uT
nsad , (3.1)
PstTTv
sadac nsad - vagonTa saSualo raodenoba, romelic
miewodeba tvirTis gadacemis punqts
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi;
Ptb - yovelTviuri tvirTbrunva, t;
K uT - sadReRamiso uTanabrobis koeficienti;
Pst - vagonis statikuri datvirTva, t;
TTv - mocemuli Tvis ganmavlobaSi dReebis
Ricxvi.
datvirTva-daclis frontis sigrZe damokidebu-
lia TiToeul pirsze erT miwodebaSi vagonebis
maqsimalur raodenobaze:
nsad lv
Lfr , (3.2)
K miw
sadac lv - erTi satvirTo vagonis saSualo sigrZe, m;
71
K miw - datvirTva-daclis frontze dRe-RameSi
Miwodebebis raodenoba.
Tavis mxriv
T0
K miw , (3.3)
tsat tsam
sadac T0 - dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi tvirTis gadace-
mis punqtis muSa saaTebis raodenoba;
tsat - erT miwodebaSi myofi vagonebis daclaze
(datvirTvaze) saWiro dro, sT;
t sam - samanevro operaciebze daxarjuli dro
(vagonebis miwodeba, Cayeneba, gamotana,
gadayeneba da sxv.), sT;
sazRvao portSi satvirTo navmisadgomebis ric-
xvi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
Qsad k
nnmsat , (3.4)
Psad K dak K met
sadac Qsad - saangariSo, sadReRamisod dasamuSave-
beli tvirTis moculoba tvirTis mi-
Rebis uTanabrobis gaTvaliswinebiT;
Psad - erTi navmisadgomis sadReRamiso gam-
tarunarianoba, t;
K dak - erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSierTi navmisa-
dgomis dakavebulobis koeficienti;
K met - navmisadgomis samuSao drois gamoye-
nebis koeficienti meteorologiuri
pirobebisagan damokidebulebiT.
72
erTi navmisadgomis sadReRamiso gamtarunaria-noba
ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
ta
24Qgem
Psad , (3.5)
tg.sat tdam
ta
sadac Qgem - mocemuli tipis gemis tvirTamweoba
konkretuli saxeobis tvirTisaTvis, t;
tg.sat - gemis damuSavebaze navmisadgomis
dakavebis dro, sT;
t dam - navmisadgomis dakavebis dro gemis
damuSavebasTan dakavebul damxmare
operaciebze, sT.
navmisadgomis sigrZe ganisazRvreba masze erT-
droulad dasamuSavebeli gemebis raodenobisa da
erTi gemis saangariSo sigrZisagan damokidebu-
lebiT:
Lnm M 0 Lg lgS (M 0 1)l , (3.6)
sadac M 0 - navmisadgomTan dasamuSaveblad myofi
gemebis raodenoba;
Lg - erTi gemis saangariSo sigrZe, m;
lgS - navmisadgomTan myof gemebs Soris
saSualo daSoreba, m.
navmisadgomze rkinigzis liandagis sigrZe ar un-
da iyos navmisadgomis Sejamebul sigrZeze naklebi.
navmisadgomis pirsebze, rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia
2 liandagi, zogjer 2-ze meti liandagic; am Sem-
TxvevaSi satvirTo muSaoba xorcieldeba uwyveti
cikliT da gamoiricxeba Sesvenebebi muSaobaSi.
73
sarkinigzo transportTan urTierTqmedebaSi myo-
fi transportis sxva saxeobebis mowyobilobebis
ganTavseba da simZlavre tvirTis gadacemis punqte-
bSi, uSualod aris dakavSirebuli kompleqsuri
meqanizaciis miRebul sistemasa da saSualebebze.
ase magaliTad, xis morebis gadatvirTvisas rkini-
gzidan gemze, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba xidura da
portaluri amweebi graiferiani satacebiT. Qvanax-
Siris, madneulis, inertuli samSeneblo masalebis
gadatvirTvis dros, gamoiyeneba konveierebi speci-
alur damtvirTav mowyobilobebTan erTad. naxevar-
vagonebis dacla xorcieldeba estakadebiT an vag-
onsayiravebeli manqanebiT. xorblis dasamuSaveblad
zogierT portSi Seqmnilia specializebuli, maRali
donis gadasatvirTi kompleqsebi, TiToeul pirsze 4
rkinigzis liandagiT (2 liandagi aqedan portalu-
ri amwis qveSaa ganlagebuli).
ama Tu im saxeobis tvirTis transportirebis
zogadi moTxovnebi emTxveva erTmaneTs, ris gamoc
sxvadasxva saxis mimosvlaSi myof moZrav Semad-
genlobas aqvs saerTo teqnikuri maCveneblebi.
ZiriTadi moTxovnebi, romlebic waeyeneba transpo-
rtis calkeul saxeobebs, gamoixateba maT gabari-
tul zomebSi, tvirTamweobasa da tevadobaSi.
saerTo teqnikurma maCveneblebma unda uzrun-
velyon erTi da imave tariT (vagoni, konteineri,
paketi) sxvadasxva saxis transportSi tvirTis ga-
datana; gadasatvirT operaciebze meqanizaciis tip-
uri saSualebebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba; gada-
cemis punqtebSi kompleqsuri meqanizaciis gamoye-
74
nebis dros tvirTis daculoba; am operaciaTa Se-
srulebisas drois minimaluri danaxarjebi; yvela
SemTxvevaSi usafrTxoebis teqnikis maqsimaluri da-
cva da sxv.
77
a) sarkinigzo qselis fragmenti satransporto-
sasawyobo kompleqsebiT
nax. 3.2.
78
g)avtomobilis reisis dagegmvis topologiuri sqema
79
sadgurebze tvirTnakadebi ar Caisaxeba da ar qreba,
gasaTvaliswinebelia tvirTis transportireba tvi-
rTgamgzavnisagan gagzavnis sadguramde da miRebis
(daniSnulebis) sadguridan tvirTmimRebamde. Tvir-
Tis gadaadgileba am SemTxvevaSi xdeba an misa-
svleli liandagebiT, an avtotransportiT, an kombi-
nirebulad. rogorc gamokvlevam gviCvena, SeiZleba
adgili hqondes sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo transpo-
rtis kombinaciis 9 SemTxvevas (nax. 3.3):
1. tvirTgamgzavnis saamqrodan tvirTi uSualod
itvirTeba misasvlel liandagSi da miewodeba gag-
zavnis sadgurs (gml)G- tvirTis gadazidva gagzav-
nis sadguridan miRebis sadguramde xdeba rkinigziT
(rt) – miRebis sadguridan tvirTmimRebs tvirTi mi-
ewodeba misasvleli liandagiT (mml);M
2. gml-rt _ miRebis sadguridan tvirTis miwodeba
avtotransportiT tvirTmimRebamde, adgili aqvs da-
matebiT satvirTo operaciebs (dso) gadatvirTvis
saxiT (gat);
3. tvirTgamgzavnis saamqrodan (sawyobidan) rkini-
gzis gamgzavn sadgurs tvirTi miewodeba avtotra-
nsportiT, adgili aqvs dro-s (gat)-rt-mml;
4. gat(dso)-rt-(dso)mat;
5. gml-rt-mml-(dso)mat;
6. gat(dso)-rt-mml-(dso)mat;
7. gat(dso)-gml-rt-mml;
8. gat(dso)-gml-rt-(dso)mat;
9. gat(dso)-gml-rt-mml-(dso)mat;
pirvel sqemaSi gadazidvebSi avtotransporti ar
monawileobs. tvirTis transportireba xdeba gamgza-
80
nax 3.3. sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo Sereuli gadazidvebis
SesaZlo variantebi.
-misasvleli liandagi tvirTgamgzavn organizaciasa da
Gagzavnis sadgurs Soris;
- damatebiTi satvirTo operaciebi (gadatvirTvebi);
-magistraluri rkinigzis transporti;
-tvirTgamgzavnidan tvirTis transportireba avto-
transportiT gagzavnis sadguramde;
miRebis sadguridan tvirTis transportireba avto-
transportiT tvirTmimRebamde
81
vnis misasvleli liandagiT (gml), Semdeg magi-
straluri rkinigzis transportiT (rt) da miRebis
sadguridan kvlav misasvleli liandagiT tvirT-
mimRebamde (mml). es, zustad is zemoT aRniSnuli
SemTxvevaa, roca tvirTis transportireba xdeba
axlo manZilze marto rkinigziT da teqnikur-ekono-
mikuri TvalsazrisiT es gadazidvebi gamarTle-
bulia. meore sqemaSi tvirTgamgzavnidan tvirTis mi-
wodeba xdeba gagzavnis sadguramde kvlav gml-iT,
Semdeg rt-iT da Semdeg mat-iT. Mesame sqemaSi tvi-
rTgamgzavnidan gagzavnis sadguramde tvirTi gada-
izideba avtotransportiT (gat), Semdeg rt-iT da
mml-iT. darCenil me-4 _ me-9 sqemebSi adgili aqvs
sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo transportis gadazi-
dvebSi monawile zemoT moyvanili variantebis cal-
keul kombinaciebs.
zemoT ganxiluli sqemebidan yvelaze ufro gav-
rcelebulia pirveli sami varianti (gadasazidi tvi-
rTis daaxloebiT 75%). aqedan, pirveli sqemiT gada-
izideba ZiriTadad masobrivi tvirTi: qvanaxSiri,
navTobi, xorbali, madneuli da sxv. Tu gavaanali-
zebT darCenil 8 sqemas, aRmoCndeba, rom teqnikur-
ekonomokuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze ukeTesia me-2,
me-3, me-5 da me-7 sqemebi, xolo maT Soris yvelaze
ufro misaRebia me-2 da me-3 sqemebi. saqme imaSia, rom
marTalia aRniSnul sqemebSi adgili aqvs dama-
tebiT satvirTo operaciebs, anu tvirTis gadatvi-
rTvas saavtomobilo transportidan sarkinigzoze
da piriqiT, me-5 da me-7 sqemebSi mxolod erTxel
xdeba tvirTis gadatvirTva erTi saxis transpo-
82
rtidan meoreSi, magram me-2 da me-3 sqemebTan
SedarebiT, aq transportirebis vadebi gacilebiT
didia, radgan am process adgili aqvs ara rki-
nigzis sadgurSi, aramed misasvlel liandagebSi.
Rac Seexeba me-4, me-6, me-8 da me-9 sqemebs, aq
gadatvirTvis operaciebs orjer aqvs adgili da
Sesabamisad, zemoT moyvanil sqemebTan SedarebiT
isini uaresia teqnikur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.
Sereuli sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo gadazidvebis
dros optimalobis kriteriumia tvirTis gagzavnis
punqtidan (tvirTgamgzavni) tvirTis miRebis punqta-
mde (tvirTmimRebi) transportirebisaTvis saRiro
minimaluri xarjebi. minimalur xarjebSi vguli-
xmobT saeqspluatacio da kapitalur xarjebs, rom-
lebic saWiroa mocemuli konkretuli tvirTnakadis
asaTviseblad. aRniSnuli optimalobis kriteriumi
SeiZleba zogadad gamovsaxoT dayvanili minima-
luri saeqspluatacio da kapitaluri (samSeneblo)
xarjebis jamiT:
Эday
S(sar-saav.)
Эmim(
saeq
i) En K saW(i ) min ,
kap
(3.7)
saeq
sadac Эmim( i) - mimdinare dayvanili Sejamebuli saeqs-
pluatacio xarjebi;
kap
K saW(i) - gadazidvebze saWiro Sejamebuli kapi-
taluri xarjebi;
i - gadazidvebis variantis nomeri;
En - kapitaluri xarjebis efeqturobis
normatiuli koeficienti; rkinigzaze
En =0,10-0,12.
83
aRniSnul formulaSi aucilebelia gaTvaliswi-
nebul iqnes transportirebis procesSi myofi tvi-
rTis Rirebuleba, rogorc tvirTmflobelebis sab-
runav saSualebebSi erTdrouli dabandeba, xolo am
sabrunavi saSualebebis SemcirebiT miRebuli ekono-
mia SeiZleba davamatoT transportis kapitalda-
bandebas. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT (3.7) formu-
la miiRebs saxes:
Эday
S(sar-saav.)
Эmim(
saeq
i) En ( K saW(i ) K tv ) min ,
kap
(3.8)
sadac K tv - transportirebis procesSi myofi tvir-
Tis Rirebulebis sxvaoba sxvadasxva
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDvariantis dros, lari.
sidide K tv SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:
ttv
PЦ tv (ttv )
K , (3.9)
365
sadac P - gadasazidi tvirTis moculoba, t;
Ц tv - gadasazidi tvirTis fasi, lari;
, ttv
ttv - tvirTis transportirebis vadebi sxvada-
sxva variantis dros, dRe-Rame.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Sereul satransporto
gadazidvebSi, maT Soris sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo
gadazidvebis drosac, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sa-
rkinigzo da saavtomobilo transportis gegmazo-
mier, SeTanxmebul muSaobas, anu erTian teqno-
logiur process (etp), masSi gaTvaliswinebulia:
- satvirTo da komerciuli operaciebis nakadu-
roba, uwyvetoba;
84
- sasawyobo datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis saSualebe-
bis, sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo moZravi Semadge-
nlobis gamoyenebis wesi, rigiToba da Tanmimde-
vroba;
- tvirTis gadamuSavebis procesSi monawile yve-
la sawarmos muSaobis SeTanxmebuli operatiuli
dagegmva erTiani cvlebis safuZvelze;
- urTierTmoqmed sawarmoebSi samanevro da satvi-
rTo muSaobis erTiani dispetCeruli xelmZRvane-
loba.
imis gamo, rom vagonisa da avtotransportis
tvirTamweoba erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxva-
vdeba, gadatvirTvis procesi aq gacilebiT garTu-
lebulia, vidre sarkinigzo-sawylosno gadazidvebis
dros. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs gadatvirTvis sam
variants:
- vagonebi da avtomobilebi gadatvirTvis fron-
tze miewodeba erTdroulad (tvirTis centrali-
zebuli miwodeba-gamotana);
- avtomobilebi sadgurSi elodeba vagonebis mi-
wodebas;
- vagonebi elodeba (cdeba) avtomobilebis miwo-
debas.
idealuri variantia pirveli, radganac am dros
faqtiurad ar xdeba arc vagonebisa da arc avtomo-
bilebis damatebiTi mocdena, garda gadatvirTvis
operaciebisa. gadazidviTi procesis optimizaciisa
da srulyofis umTavres amocanas mocemul etapze
Seadgens pirdapir Sereul gadazidvebSi monawile
moZrav Semadgenlobaze (vagono, gemi, avtomobili)
85
damatebiTi mocdenebis likvidacia, anu tvirTis
gadacema erTi saxis transportidan meoreze sasa-
wyobo terminalebis gverdis avliT; xSirad am vari-
ants tvirTis centralizebul miwodebasac uwode-
ben. aRniSnuli problemis gadaWra SesaZlebelia
etp-Si e.w. sakontaqto grafikebis Seqmnis safuZve-
lze, romelic uzrunvelyofs moZravi Semadgenlo-
bis gegmazomier miwodebas orive mxridan da dama-
tebiTi mocdenebis likvidacias, an minimumamde da-
yvanas, amasTan sakontaqto grafikebi unda Sedges
satransporto logittikis principebisa da moTxo-
vnebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
tvirTis centralizebuli miwodebiT miRebuli
ekonomia SeiZleba gamovTvaloT Semdegnairad:
Эekcen Эsaav. Эsark. ЭSt
saeq
ЭSen
tv
ЭdaC
sab.s
, (3.10)
sadac Эsaav. Эsark. - Sesabamisad avtomobil- da vagonsa-
aTebis SemcirebiT miRebuli ekonomia,
lari;
saeq
ЭSt - saeqspluatacio Statis SemcirebiT mi-
Rebuli ekonomia, lari;
tv
ЭSen - tvirTis Senaxvis vadebis minimumamde
dayvaniT miRebuli ekonomia, lari;
ЭdaC - sabrunavi saSualebebis brunvis daCqa-
sab.s
86
l l Г sad Г sad
Эsaav 365 Сkmam Г sad a a Cavt
q r q r tcv , (3.11)
sT
1
q q 2 11 2 2
sadac Ckmam - avtomanqanis eqspluataciis 1 km garbena-
ze mosuli xarjebi, lari;
Г sad - sadguris sadReRamiso tvirTbrunva (dRe-
RameSi sadgurSi Semosuli da sadguri-
dan gasuli tvirTis raodenobis jami, t;
la - avtomanqanis mier tvirTis gadazidvis
saSualo manZili, km;
q1 , q 2 - avtomanqanis saSualo datvirTva Cveu-
lebriv da tvirTis centralizebulad
Semotanis pirobebSi, t;
r1 , r2 - cvlaSi reisis saSualo raodenoba Cveu-
Llebriv pirobebSi da tvirTis centra-
Llizebulad Semotanis dros;
Эavt
sT
- avtomanqanis saeqspluatacio-saaTobrivi
Rirebuleba, lari/sT;
tcv - cvlis xangrZlivoba, sT.
vagonsaaTebis SemcirebiT miRebuli ekonomia
iqneba:
vag ntmpvag Cvag
Эsark 365 ntsad evs (1 amp ) , (3.12)
24 tgam
88
buli avtomobilebis ricxvi;
Пdm - danamati mZRolis saSualo Tviur xel-
fasze, eqspeditoris funqciebis SeTav-
sebisaTvis, lari;
tvirTis Senaxvis vadebis SemcirebiT miRebuli
ekonomia ganisazRvreba:
Sem
Г sad tSen Csaw
mS
Эtv
Sen
Csaw , (3.14)
tgam
Sen
Sem
sadac t Sen - tvirTis Senaxvis vadebs (Semcirebamde
da Semcirebis Semdeg) Soris sxvaoba, sT;
- sawyobis saSualo kuTri datvirTva, t/m2;
mS
C saw - sawyobis 1 m2 farTis mSeneblobisaTvis
saWiro Tanxa, lari;
Sen
C saw - wlis ganmavlobaSi sawyobis 1 m2 farTis
Senaxvaze saWiro Tanxa, lari/m2;
sabrunavi saSualebebis brunvis daCqarebiT mi-
Rebuli ekonomia iqneba:
ЭdaC
sab.s
Г sad t Sen
Sem
Sen Ц Rir , (3.15)
sadac Sen - tvirTis wili, romelTa Senaxvis vade-
bis Semcireba iwvevs sabrunavi saSuale-
bebis brunvis daCqarebas;
Ц Rir - 1 t tvirTis saSualo Rirebuleba, lari;
Sereuli sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo gadazidvebis
dros, rkinigziT 1 t tvirTis gadazidvaze saWiro
dayvanili xarjebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros formu-
liT:
89
rk
Эday Эmit Эgam Эsat Эrk Эsxv
(3.16)
En ( Kmud Kdman-g Kdam ),
sadac Эmit , Эgam - Sesabamisad saeqspluatacio xarjebi
tvirTis mitanaze gagzavnis sadgurSi da
tvirTis gamotanaze daniSnulebis sadgu-
ridan, lari/t;
Эsat - saeqspluatacio xarjebi satvirTo ope-
raciebze, lari/t;
Эrk - magistraluri rkinigziT tvirTis gada-
zidvisaTvis saWiro xarjebi, lari/t;
Эsxv - tvirTis Cveulebrivi da pirdapiri va-
riantiT gadazidvis dros maT TviTRi-
rebulebebs Soris sxvaoba, lari;
K mud - kapitaluri dabandebebi rkinigzis mud-
miv da cvalebad saSualebebze, lari/t;
man
K d -g - dacla-datvirTvis manqanebisa da sxva
mowyobilobebis Sejamebuli Rirebule-
ba, lari/t;
K dam - sarkinigzo transportiT gadasazidi im
damatebiTi tvirTis Rirebuleba, romel-
ic Tavisi moculobiT aRemateba saavtom-
obilo transportiT gadasazid tvirTs,
lari/t.
saavtomobilo transportiT 1 t tvirTis gada-
zidvaze (pirdapiri variantiT) saWiro dayvanili
xarjebi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
90
saav
Эday Эat En K at , (3.17)
sadac Эat -avtomobilis saeqspluatacio xarjebi uS-
ualod 1 t tvirTis gadazidvaze, lari/t;
K at - saavtomobilo parkis da saavtomobilo
transportis sawarmoebis mowyobaze saW-
iro kapitaldabandebebi, lari/t.
sarkinigzo-saavtomobilo Sereuli gadazidvebis
gamoyenebis racionaluri sferoebi, regionaluri
terminalebis momsaxurebisas, gamzadebuli produ-
qciis wyaroebisa da mimwodeblebis SesaZlo adgil-
mdebareobisagan (manZilisagan) damokidebulebiT
lokalur doneze, naCvenebia 3.4 nax-ze. rogorc naxa-
95
samdinaro portebSi sarkinigzo mowyobilobebi
da sadgurebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sazRvao
portebSi ganlagebul igive saxis mowyobilobe-
bisagan. xSirad bevr mdinares axasiaTebs wylis
donis sezonuri cvalebadoba, gansakuTrebiT gaza-
fxulsa da Semodgomaze. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT
bevr samdinaro portSi tvirTis gadacemis punqtebi,
portis normaluri muSaobis mizniT, SesaZlebelia
moewyos erTdroulad 2 an 3 doneze (nax. 3.5 a).
sazRvao portisagan gansxvavebiT, samdinaro porti
SeiZleba iyos navsadgurisebri an kalapotiani. na-
vsadgurisebri samdinaro porti ewyoba im mdinare-
ebze, sadac adgili aqvs wylis xelovnur dagro-
vebas. aseT mdinareebSi adgili aqvs zogierT Sem-
TxvevaSi Relvas, romlis drosac talRebis sima-
Rle 2-3 m-s aRwevs da amitom tvirTis gadacemis
punqtSi tvirTis gadacema ara Tu rTuldeba, aramed
am pirobebSi saSiSic aris. aRniSnulidan gamomdi-
nare, navsadgurisebr samdinaro portSi (nax. 3.5 b)
adgili aqvs portis teritoriaze xelovnurad Se-
qmnil auzebs, im pirobiT, rom gadacemis punqtis
muSaoba iyos moxerxebuli da usafrTxo. 3.5 g nax-
ze naCvenebia kalapotiani samdinaro portis sqema
(igulisxmeba, rom wylis donis sezonuri cvaleba-
doba minimaluria). navsadgurisebri portebisagan
gansxvavebiT, kalapotiani samdinaro portis kon-
struqcia ufro martivia. aseT pirobebSi, umravles
96
nax. 3.5. samdinaro portis sqemebi:
a) samdinaro portSi rkinigzis liandagebis ganlageba sam
doneze; 1 – mdinaris yvelaze maRali done (gazafxulze); 2 –
mdinaris done wyaldidobis dros; 3 – mdinaris minimaluri
done (Semodgomaze);
b) navsadgurisebri samdinaro porti; 1 – samgzavro sadgu-
ri; 2 – pirsebi; 3- damxarisxebeli sadguri; 4 – satvirTo sa-
dguri; 5 – qalaqTan damakavSirebeli asawevi xidebi;
DDDg)kalapotiani samdinaro porti; I, II, III – navmisadgomebis
nomrebi; 1 – saporto-sarkinigzo sadguri; 2 – rkinigzis lia-
ndagebi navmisadgomebTan; 3 – satvirTo sawyobebi; 4 – sasa-
wyobo liandagebi; 5 – savleli liandagi; 6 – sanapiro zoli
97
SemTxvevaSi, saporto sadguri da navmisadgomi mim-
devrobiTaa ganlagebuli (nax. 3.5 g). navmisadgomis
fronts yofen ramdenime nawilad. magaliTad, 3.5 g
nax-ze moyvanil sqemaSi I navmisadgomi SeiZleba
iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, vTqvaT, generaluri tvir-
TisaTvis, II – konteinerebisaTvis, III – nayari tvir-
TisaTvis da a.S. TiToeul navmisadgomTan, rogorc
wesi, gaTvaliswinebulia ori rkinigzis liandagi.
maT paralelurad, xmeleTze moTavsebulia satvi-
rTo sawyobebi tvirTis droebiTi SenaxvisaTvis. ro-
gorc wesi, am tipis samdinaro ports emsaxureba
erTi sarkinigzo (saporto) sadguri, romlidanac
SesaZlebelia tvirTi miewodos rogorc navmisa-
dgomis Sesabamis liandagSi, aseve sasawyobo lia-
ndagSic. kalapotian samdinaro ports navmisadgo-
mTan agebuli aqvs specialuri navmisadgomi kedeli.
samdinaro portebSi kompleqsuri meqanizaciis
manqanebisa da danadgarebis SerCeva xdeba gadasamu-
Savebeli tvirTis saxeobebisa da sarkinigzo lia-
ndagebis ganlagebis mixedviT. Tu rkinigzis lia-
ndagi ganlagebulia navmisadgomis kedlis (sanapiro
zoli) perpendikularulad, am SemTxvevaSi ufro
advildeba masobrivi tvirTis gadacema erTi saxis
transportidan meoreSi, xolo am liandagebis para-
leluri ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi (nax. 3.5 g), es Sesa-
Zleblobebi mcirdeba da Sesabamisad mcirdeba por-
tis simZlavrec.
samdinaro portebSi samgzavro operaciebi xor-
cieldeba samgzavro navmisadgomze, romelic izo-
lirebulad aris ganlagebuli qalaqis centralur
98
raionSi. xSir SemTxvevaSi did samdinaro portebSi
adgili aqvs samdinaro da sarkinigzo vagzlebis
gaerTianebas.
99
sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis urTierT-
qmedebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs sainformacio
uzrunvelyofas, ris safuZvelzec xorcieldeba
orive saxis transportisaTvis rogorc muSaobis
operatiuli dagegmva, aseve winaswari, erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli gegma-grafikebis Sedgena. aRniSnul
gegma-grafikebSi gaTvaliswinebulia mecnierulad
damuSavebuli da miRebuli is aucilebeli teqniku-
ri parametrebi, romelTa mixedviTac xorcieldeba
tvirTis gadatvirTva dadgenil vadebSi, udanakar-
god, teqnologiiT gaTvaliswinebul droSi. Aam pa-
rametrebs miekuTvneba sarkinigzo transportze tvi-
rTnakadebis struqtura da xasiaTi, maTi mosvlis
(da Sesabamisad gadatvirTvis) intensivoba, matare-
belTa da moZravi Semadgenlobis teqnikuri normebi
calkeuli tvirTis saxeobebisagan damokidebule-
biT, dacla-datvirTvis (gadatvirTvis) meqanizmebis
SesaZlo gamoyenebis xarisxi, aseve sazRvao flotis
navsadgurSi gemebis Semosvlis grafiki, intensivoba
da maTi teqnikuri parametrebi.
Ddid portebSi, sadac sadReRamiso muSaobis zo-
mebi CveulebrivTan SedarebiT didia da sadac navmi-
sadgomebi dayofilia calkeul raionebad, sarkini-
gzo kompleqsidan calke gamoyofen satvirTo (sap-
orto) sadgurebs. maTi saliandago ganviTareba da
sqemebi iseTia, rom SesaZlebeli iyos vagonebis da-
xarisxeba navmisadgomis calkeuli raionebis mixed-
viT, ise, rom ganxorcieldes maTi Seuferxebeli
miwodeba portis Sesabamis raionSi; aseve pirsebidan
100
gamotanili vagonebisagan gadamcemi an samarSruto
matareblebis formirebis SesaZlebliba.
portSi (pirsebze) Semavali rkinigzis liandage-
bi, mocemuli rkinigzis sadguris daqvemdebarebaSia.
dacla-datvirTvis an gadatvirTvis frontebze, an
asawonad, vagonebi miewodeba rkinigzis daqvemdeba-
rebaSi myofi lokomotivebiT. tvirTis gadacla va-
gonebidan gemebSi, an sawyobebSi, an piriqiT, srul-
deba ports daqvemdebarebuli amwe-satransporto ma-
nqanebiT. Uugabarito, an mZimewoniani tvirTis ganTa-
vsebas gemidan gadmotvirTvis Semdeg vagonebSi, ase-
ve vagonze damagrebasa da amisaTvis saWiro teq-
nikur saSualebebs, uzrunvelyofs porti Tavisi Za-
lebiT. Ggadacemis punqtebSi ganlagebul savagono
sasworebze, mis movla-Senaxvasa da SekeTebaze, pasu-
xismgebelia rkinigza.
sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis urTierT-
qmedebisas, optimizaciis amocana mdgomareobs gada-
cemis punqtis muSaobis racionalur organizaciaSi,
rac up. yovlisa miiRweva tvirTis gadacemis pro-
cesis dispetCeruli xelmZRvanelobiT orive saxe-
obis transportze erTdroulad; aRniSnulTan er-
Tad gasaTvaliwinebelia satvirTo samuSaoebis da-
gegmva cvlebSi da dRe-RameSi; sxvadasxva saxis tra-
nsportisaTvis, portebisa da saporto sarkinigzo
sadgurebis muSaobis teqnologiebidan gamomdinare,
sakontaqto grafikebis Sedgena.
Ggadacemis punqtSi tvirTis miRebisa da Sew-
yvetis vadebs porti winaswar acnobebs rkinigzis
administracias, amasTan erTad, aRniSnul informa-
101
cias aqveynebs sazRvao transportis gadazidvebisa
da tarifebis wesebis krebulSic. Tu sarkinigzo-
sazRvao pirdapir Sereul mimosvlaSi myofi tvir-
Tis nawili ver iqna gagzavnili navigaciis daxur-
vamde, porti Tavisi ZalebiT valdebulia gagzavnos
tvirTi daniSnulebis adgilas sarkinigzo trans-
portiT; Tu tvirTi eqvemdebareba mxolod sazRvao
transportiT gadazidvas, maSin portis adminis-
tracia valdebulia sanavigacio sezonis gaxsnamde,
tvirTi Seinaxos portis sawyobSi.
Sereuli sarkinigzo-sazRvao gadazidvis dros,
zogjer Wianurdeba tvirTis transportirebis va-
debi, risi mizezic ZiriTadad tvirTis gadacemis
(gadatvirTvis) punqtSi misi zedmetad dayovneba ar-
is. Ddayovnebis mizezi ki umravles SemTxvevaSi aris
moZravi Semadgenlobis aryofna an erT, an meore
mxridan, an orivedan erTdroulad. dRevandeli mo-
winave teqnologiebi iTvaliswinebs gadacemis pun-
qtebSi tvirTis yofnis drois minimumamde Semci-
rebas portSi sazRvao da sarkinigzo transportis
urTierTSeTanxmebuli, erTdrouli moyvanis safu-
Zvelze, rac saSualebas iZleva portSi ganxor-
cieldes tvirTis gadacemis pirdapiri varianti, anu
erTi saxeobis transportidan pirdapir meoreze,
sawyobis gverdis avliT. portSi arsebobs moZravi
Semadgenlobis erTdrouli miyvanis sami varianti:
- specialuri, urTierTSeTanxmebuli ganrigiT
(grafikis ZafebiT), rac iTvaliswinebs gemebisa da
sarkinigzo Semadgenlobebis erTdroul mosvlas
portis teritoriaze. amasTan, matarebelTSoris
102
intervali pirsebze miwodebisas unda iyos iseTi,
rom is utoldebodes wina miwodebis Semadgenlobis
damuSavebaze saWiro droebis jams. aRniSnuli va-
rianti, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia tvirTis
pirdapiri gadacema, aris yvelaze efeqturi, magram
Znelad gansaxorcielebeli, gemebis moZraobis gra-
fikidan gadaxris gamo;
- meore varianti iTvaliswinebs moZravi Semadge-
nlobis erTdroul mosvlas dRe-Ramis romelime
periodSi. saqme imaSia, rom sxvadasxva xelisSem-
Sleli pirobebis gamo, gemebis zusti grafikiT
mosvla portebSi garTulebulia. portidan moZravi
Semadgenlobebis Sor manZilze yofnis mixedviT, ma-
Ti portSi erTdrouli mosvlis drois cvale-
badobis diapazoni Seadgens naxevar dRe-Rames,
xolo ufro axlo manZilidan _ ¼ dRe-Rames. Aam va-
riantSi matareblebs SeuZlia imoZraon rogorc
specialuri, aseve Cveulebrivi grafikiT, Tanac ise,
rom orive SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iyos tvirTis
gadacemis pirdapiri variantis ganxorcieleba;
- mesame variantSi moZravi Semadgenlobis portSi
mosvlis specialuri grafiki ar arsebobs. Aam SemT-
xvevaSi moZravi Semadgenlobebis erTdrouli mos-
vlis albaTobas adgenen operatiuli situaciidan
gamomdinare, arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze; Tu-
mca am dros Znelia tvirTis gadacema srulad gan-
xorcieldes pirdapiri variantiT, magram gadasacemi
tvirTis garkveuli nawilis gadacema mainc xdeba
sawyobebis gverdis avliT, pirdapir, erTi saxeobis
transportidan meoreze.
103
Ggadacemis punqtSi muSaobis pirobebi da
tvirTis gadacemis wesi erTi saxis transportidan
meoreSi, ganisazRvreba e.w. sakvanZo xelSekrulebiT,
romlis moqmedebis vadaa 3 weli. masSi miTiTebulia:
gadacemis punqtis sadReRamiso (cvlis) muSaobis
grafikis dagegmvis wesi, sxvadasxva saxeobis tvir-
Tis gadacemis adgili portSi, calkeuli saxeo-
bebis vagonebis dacla-datvirTvis vadebi, carieli
an datvirTuli vagonebis pirsebze miwodebis (Ca-
wodebis) da gamotanis wesi, dacla-datvirTvis fro-
ntebis tevadoba da teqnikuri aRWurviloba, tvir-
Tis miRebis, awonvisa da Cabarebis wesi da sxv. Sa-
kvanZo xelSekrulebis safuZvelia portisa da sad-
guris muSaobis erTiani teqnologiuri procesi
(etp). igi ganixilavs operaciaTa kompleqss, rome-
lTa Sesrulebac evalebaT tvirTis gadacemis pun-
qtSi monawile transportis saxeobebs. etp adgens
sadgurisa da portis saeqspluatacio muSaobis or-
ganizaciis racionalur sistemas, gemebisa da vago-
nebis damuSavebis mowinave meTodebs, romlis sa-
fuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba sadgurisa da portis
riTmuli muSaoba, moZravi Semadgenlobis gamo-
yenebis gaumjobeseba, Sromis nayofierebis amaRleba
da gadasatvirTi samuSaos TviTRirebulebis Semci-
reba.
tvirTis pirdapiri gadatvirTva gadacemis pun-
qtSi xdeba or variantad. Ppirveli varianti guli-
sxmobs portisaTvis gasacvleli vagonebis gamo-
yofas, xolo meore variantSi am vagonebis gamoyofa
ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli. Ggasacvleli vagonebis
104
SemTxvevaSi datvirTuli gemis mosvlisas, adgili
aqvs mis Seuferxebel daclas, radgan mas elodeba
carieli vagonebi, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia isic,
rom adgili aqvs vagonebis mudmiv mocdenas gemis
molodinSi. Mmeore SemTxvevaSi tvirTis pirdapiri
gadatvirTva xorcieldeba damatebiTi xarjebis
gareSe.
tvirTis gadacemis punqtSi pirdapiri variantis
gamoyenebis xarisxi ganisazRvreba sididiT, rome-
lic zogadad gviCvenebs 1 t gadasacem tvirTze mo-
sul operaciaTa ricxvs, mas gadatvirTvis koefi-
cientsac uwodeben:
Г0
K gad , (3.18)
Pgad
sadac Г 0 - garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi (Tve,
dRe-Rame) gadasacem tvirTze mosuli to-
na-operaciebis ricxvi;
Pgad - igive droSi gadasacemad mosuli tvirT-
is Sejamebuli raodenoba tonebSi.
zogadi saxiT, gadacemis punqtSi pirdapiri va-
riantiT tvirTis gadatvirTvis dros dayvanili xa-
rjebiT miRebuli ekonomia ganxiluli drois peri-
odSi, SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:
Эday Qg.p. (Csaw
tv
Csaw
Sen
Cpir
tv.g
Cdam
gem
Cdam
vag
), (3.19)
sadac Qg.p. - gansaxilvel periodSi pirdapiri vari-
antiT gadacemuli tvirTis raodenoba, t;
tv Sen
C saw ,C saw - Sesabamisad, tvirTis sawyobSi gadatvir-
Tvaze da Senaxvaze saWiro xarjebi, lari/t;
105
tv.g
Cpir - tvirTis pirdapiri variantiT gadatvir-
Tvaze saWiro xarjebi, lari/t;
gem
C dam - damatebiTi dayvanili xarjebi (an eko-
nomia) mosuli sazRvao transportze,
tvirTis pirdapiri variantiT gadatvi-
rTvis dros, sasawyobo variantTan
SedarebiT, lari/t;
vag
C dam - damatebiTi dayvanili xarjebi (an eko-
nomia) mosuli vagonze, tvirTis pirda-
piri variantiT gadatvirTvis dros, sa-
sawyobo variantTan SedarebiT, lari/t.
sawyobSi tvirTis Senaxvaze saWiro dayvanili
xarjebi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
Sen Csaw
Э t
saw tgam
nv Sen
Sen
Csaw , (3.20)
QsawTdR
Sen
sadac Эsaw - sawyobis SenaxvisaTvis saWiro saeqsplu-
atacio xarjebi (xelfasebi muSakTaT-
vis, remonti, gaTboba, ganaTeba, amor-
tizacia da sxv.), lari;
C saw - sawyobis agebaze saWiro xarjebi, lari;
nv
t gam - kapitaldabandebis gamosyidvis normati-
uli vada, weli;
- sawyobis tevadobis gamoyenebis koefici-
Eenti ( 1) ;
Qsaw - sawyobis tevadoba, t;
106
TdR - navigaciis periodSi sawyobis muSa dRe-
ebis raodenoba, dRe-Rame.
damatebiTi dayvanili xarjebi (an ekonomia),
mosuli sawylosno transportze, tvirTis pirda-
piri variantiT gadatvirTvis dros, ganisazRvreba:
1
gem 1
gem
Cdam Cday , (3.21)
M pir M saw
gem
sadac C day - navmisadgomSi gemis dgomaze saWiro xa-
rjebi, lari/gemi.sT;
M pir , M saw - satvirTo samuSaoebis intensivoba geme-
bis damuSavebis dros, Sesabamisad tvirTis
pirdapiri variantiT gadatvirTvisas da sa-
sawyobo variantis pirobebSi.
damatebiTi dayvanili xarjebi (an ekonomia)
mosuli vagonze, tvirTis pirdapiri variantiT gada-
tvirTvis dros, sasawyobo variantTan SedarebiT
iqneba:
Sen
C vag
dam
Cvag
Pst
t saw
vag tvag
pir
, (3.22)
Sen
sadac C vag - erTi datvirTuli vagonis mocdenis sa-
Sualo saaTobrivi Rirebuleba, lari/
vagon.sT;
Pst - vagonis statikuri datvirTva, t;
saw pir
t vag , t vad - vagonis yofnis dro portSi, Sesabamisad
tvirTis gadatvirTvisas sawyobSi da pi-
dapiri variantiT, sT.
107
sazRvao portis gegmazomier da stabilur muSa-
obas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sereuli sarkinigzo-sa-
zRvao gadazidvebis eqspluataciaSi. gasaTvaliswi-
nebelia is garemoeba, rom msoflio sagareo vaW-
robis ZiriTadi wili sazRvao transportze modis.
amdenad, sazRvao portis roli, daniSnuleba da
misi zomebi damokidebulia tvirTbrunvaze, qveynis
ama Tu im raionSi mis ganlagebaze, savaWro opera-
ciebis xasiaTze da navigaciis periodis xangr-
Zlivobaze. Aaqedan gamomdinare, daniSnulebis mixe-
dviT sazRvao porti SeiZleba iyos savaWro, Tevzis,
xe-tyis, Txevadi tvirTis, qvanaxSiris gadamamuSa-
vebeli, samxedro daniSnulebisa da sxv.; Sesasru-
lebeli samuSaos moculobis mixedviT _ didi, sa-
Sualo da mcire. msoflios did portebs mieku-
Tvneba: antverpeni, londoni, naxodka, niu-iorki, od-
esa, roterdami, sankt-peterburgi, filadelfia, ham-
burgi da sxv. sazRvao portebis muSaobaSi umni-
Svnelovanesi adgili sarkinigzo mowyobilobebs mi-
ekuTvneba.
sazRvao porti Sedgeba gare da Siga akvatori-
isagan. gare akvatorias miekuTvneba portTan misa-
svleli arxebi da gare reidebi, xolo Sigas _ Siga
reidebi da operatiuli ubnebi. sazRvao portis sqe-
mis erT-erTi varianti moyvanilia 3.6 nax-ze. Rog-
orc naxazidan Cans, sazRvao porti dayofilia Siga
akvatoriaSi raionebad, Sesabamis reidze gemis Sesa-
bamisi tipis dgomis mizniT. portSi Semosasvleli
(portTan misasvleli) arxebi SeiZleba iyos buneb-
rivi da xelovnuri. Mmisi siRrme meryeobs 12-15 m-is
108
farglebSi, xolo sigane fskerze Seadgens 80-120 m-s.
Siga reidis zomebs iReben im angariSiT, rom yvela
didi zomis gems SeeZlos Semosvlis Semdeg gaCe-
reba, Ruzis CaSveba da mobruneba. Pportis Siga ak-
vatoria zRvis Relvisagan daculia talRamWrele-
biTa da Semomfargvleli mowyobilobebiT (molo-
ebiT). samgzavro operaciebi sruldeba samgzavro
raionSi, sadac ganTavsebulia gaerTianebuli saz-
Rvao da samgzavro vagzlebi. did satransporto
kvanZebSi saerTo sargeblobis damxarisxebel sad-
gurebSi xorcieldeba sxva samuSaoebTan erTad po-
rtis calkeuli raionebisaTvis vagonebis SerCeva,
xolo saraiono sadgurebi Tavis mxriv daniSnu-
lebis liandagSi vagonTa miwodebas uzrunvelyofs.
Ggadazidvebis procesSi transportis sxvadasxva
saxeobis Sedarebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs tvi-
rTis saxeobas, mis Rirebulebas, tvirTamweobis ga-
moyenebis koeficientsa da gadazidvebis siSores.
transportis sxvadasxva saxeobiT tvirTis gada-
zidvebis Sedarebisas iTvaliswineben Semdegi saxis
xarjebs:
- tvirTis gamzadeba gadasazidad (xarjebi Sefu-
Tvaze, paketirebaze da sxv.);
- tvirTis miwodeba magistralur transportamde
(xarjebi misasvleli liandagebis Senaxvasa da eqs-
pluataciaze, avtomobilebiT momsaxurebaze da sxv.);
- datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis operaciebis Catareba-
ze (xarjebi moZravi Semadgenlobis an gemis gamza-
debaze, datvirTvaze, daclaze, tvirTis ganTavseba-
ze, damagrebaze da sxv.);
109
nax. 3.6. sazRvao portis sqema:
1 – talRamtexebi; 2 – misasvleli arxi; 3 – gare reidi; 4 –
Semomfargvleli mowyobilobebi (moloebi); 5 – napiris gama-
greba; 6 – navTobCasasxmeli tvirTebi; 7 – operatiuli auzebi;
8 – pirsebi; 9 – saraiono parkebi; 10 – gaerTianebuli samgza-
vro sadguri; 11 – saremonto saxelosnoebi; 12 – sasamsaxuro-
damxmare flotis baza; 13 – daxuruli sawyobebi
ganTavsebaze, damagrebaze da sxv.);
Csat.o
gemi 1
Clian Cgadat En lwy K moZ.wy
dat
K moZ.wy
car
K swy-s
K sat.o
gemi
K lian K gadat. ,
(3.23)
sadac Csrk-s , Cswy-s - Sesabamisad tvirTis sarkinigzo da
sawylosno transportiT transportire-
bisas sawyis da saboloo operaciebze
dayvanili saeqspluatacio xarjebis no-
rma, lari;
lrk , lwy - gadasazidi tvirTis transportirebis
manZili Sesabamisad rkinigziTa da wyl-
iT, km;
dat car
CmoZ.rk. , CmoZ.rk - saeqspluatacio xarjebi rkinig-
ziT moZravi Semadgenlobis gadaadgile-
bisas datvirTul da cariel mdgomare-
obaSi, lari;
dat car
CmoZ.wy , CmoZ.wy - igive, gemis gadaadgilebisas, lari;
113
ylosno gadazidvebis dros mizanSewonilia sarki-
nigzo transportiT gadazidvebi ganxorcieldes 800
km-de, xolo Semdeg _ sawylosno transportiT.
116
mebuli muSakebis Statebi (dacvis TanamSromlebi,
mekuWnaveebi da sxv.).
gadautvirTavi teqnologiebis principi srulad
moqmedebs sarkinigzo-sawylosno Sereuli gadazid-
vebis dros. mTavari problema am SemTxvevaSi aris
sarkinigzo da sawylosno transportis portSi er-
Tdroulad mosvla.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi tvirTis mocde-
niT miRebuli zarali (tvirTgamgzavnisaTvis) gaci-
lebiT aRemateba vagonis mocdeniT (rkinigzisaTvis)
miRebul zarals. wina periodisagan gansxvavebiT,
Tu klienti tvirTis transportirebisaTvis ixdida
dadgenili tarifiT, vagonis daqiravebis momentidan
tvirTis Cabarebis momentamde gavlili manZilis
mixedviT, dRes mdgomareoba sruliad Seicvala;
klienti ixdis mxolod vagonis moZraobaSi yofnis
drois mixedviT, amasTan, mkacrad moiTxovs, rom
“misi vagoni” CarTuli iyos mxolod satranzito
matarebelSi, raTa gamoiricxos teqnikur sadgu-
rebSi arsebuli teqnologiebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
mocdenebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove rkini-
gzis gadazidviT procesSi mtkiced mkvidrdeba e.w.
gadaumuSavebeli teqnologiebi, rac gulisxmobs
pirdapiri daniSnulebis satranzito satvirTo mata-
reblebis wilis gazrdas gadazidviT procesSi dam-
xarisxebeli sadgurebis muSaobis moculobis Semci-
rebis xarjze.
117
3.5.2. saborne gadasasvlelebi
118
119
nax. 3.8. sarkinigzo borani zogadi saxiTa (a) da ganiv kveTSi (b):
1 – saporto sadguris samanevro lokomotivi; 2 – bornis satvirTo lifti; 3
– bornis samanevro lokomotivi; 4 – kaiutebi mezRvaurebisa da
mgzavrebisaTvis; 5 – kaiutebi xelmZRvaneli SemadgenlobisaTvis; 6 –
sanavigacio jixuri; 7 – zeda gembani; 8 – qveda gembani; 9 – gembani ormagi
ZiriT
romlis tvirTamweobac 170 tonaa. Bboranze aris
ori Tbomavali (drezina), romelTa saSualebiTac
xdeba vagonTa ganlageba bornis liandagebSi.
dRes saborne gadasasvlelebis umravlesoba
ganlagebulia evropaSi (CrdiloeTis, baltiis, Sav
da xmelTaSua zRvebSi), kaspiis zRvaSi, iaponiaSi.
bolo wlebSi bornebiT tvirTis transportirebis
saSualo manZili gaizarda 1000 km-mde. cnobili
saborne gadasasvlelebi baltiis zRvaSi Semdegia:
qalaqebis xankosa (fineTi) da liubeks (germania),
klaipedasa (litva) da mukrans (germania), sankt-
peterburgsa (ruseTis federacia) da stokholms
(SvedeTi) Soris; kaspiis zRvaSi _ baqosa (azerbai-
jani) da krasnovodsks (TurqmeneTi), maxaCkalasa
(ruseTis federacia) da krasnovodsks Soris; Sav
zRvaSi _ iliCevsksa (ukraina) da varnas (bulga-
reTi) Soris; foTi, baTumi (saqarTvelo) _ iliCev-
ski (ukraina), kostanca (rumineTi) da varnas (bulga-
reTi) Soris. TaTris yureSi qalaqebs xolmsksa da
vaninos (orive ruseTis federacia) Soris _ kunZul
saxalinTan damakavSirebeli borani. iaponiaSi eqs-
pluataciaSia ramdenime aTeuli saborne gadasa-
svleli, maT Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT kagosima-
nagoias, tokio-kotisa da Oosaka-kagosimas saborne
gadasasvlelebi.
saborne gadasasvlelis mowyoba gamarTlebulia
SedarebiT didi da stabiluri tvirTbrunvis piro-
bebSi, romlis drosac srulad xorcieldeba saWi-
ro tvirTnakadebis aTviseba.
120
Bbornebis saWiro ricxvi stabiluri tvirTna-
kadisagan damokidebulebiT ganisazRvreba formu-
liT:
br
Q1Tbor
N bor , (3.24)
Pst nTeqs K met
sadac Q1 - eqspluataciis periodSi gadasazidi tvi-
rTis moculoba erTi mimarTulebiT, t;
br
Tbor - bornis brunvis dro, dRe-Rame;
Pst - vagonis statikuri datvirTva, t;
n - bornis tevadoba, vagoni;
Teqs - bornis eqspluataciis vada, dRe-Rame;
K met - koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs
drois danakargebs bornis eqspluata-
ciaSi, rodesac meteorologiuri mize-
zebiT borans ar SeuZlia portSi Siga
reidze Sesvla an saborne mowyobilo-
bebTan midgoma.
saborne pirsis (mowyobilobis) gamtarunariano-
ba SeiZleba ganisazRvros formuliT:
24 K Sek K met
P , (3.25)
tdg tpr
sadac K Sek - koeficienti, romelic iTvaliswinebs
drois danakargebs bornis teqnikur
daTvalierebaze;
tdg - pirsTan bornis dgomis xangrZlivoba, sT;
tpr - saborne mowyobilobebis profilaqtikuri
121
SekeTebisaTvis saWiro dro bornis damuSa-
vebis erTi ciklis ganmavlobaSi, sT;
saborne gadasasvlelis upiratesoba Cveulebriv
pirdapir Sereul gadazidvebTan SedarebiT mdgoma-
reobs SemdegSi:
- portSi gemebis (bornebis) gadamuSavebis (dac-
la-datvirTva) daCqareba da mocdenebis Semcireba;
- vagonTa mocdenebis Semcireba;
- erTi saxis transportidan meoreSi tvirTis ga-
dacemis TviTRirebulebis Semcireba gadasatvirT
operaciebsa da sasawyobo meurneobebSi drois gamo-
nTavisuflebis xarjze;
- tvirTis daculobis maRali xarisxi;
- tvirTis transportirebis drois Semcireba;
- komerciuli operaciebis simartive tvirTis ga-
datvirTvisas transportis erTi saxeobidan meo-
reSi.
zemoT aRniSnulTan erTad, saborne gadasasvle-
lebis eqspluatacias aqvs uaryofiTi mxareebic: rk-
inigzis moZravi Semadgenlobis gadazidvis pirobe-
bSi tarawonis mizeziT 1,5-2,0-jer mcirdeba gadasa-
zidi tvirTis netomasa; bornis agebaze saWiro xar-
jebi gacilebiT metia, vidre Cveulebriv gemisaze;
saWiro xdeba misadgomebis (pirsebis) aRWurva amwe-
SesauRlebeli mowyobilobebiTa da zogierT SemT-
xvevaSi rabebis agebac, roca wylis done mniSvne-
lovnad meryeobs.
Mmiuxedavad aRniSnulisa, saborne gadasasvle-
lebi xasiaTdeba maRali efeqturobiT transporti-
rebis siSorisagan damokidebulebiT.
122
3.6. magistraluri da samrewvelo rkinigzebi
124
Tu samrewvelo dawesebulebas Tavis teritoria-
ze gaaCnia damxarisxebeli mowyobilobebi (sadguri),
maSin ganformireba-formirebis operaciebs igi asr-
ulebs magistraluri sadgurisagan damoukideblad,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli funqciebis Ses-
ruleba ekisreba rkinigzis sadgurs.
vagonebis miwodeba-gamotanas im samrewvelo dawe-
sebulebebSi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT sakuTari sa-
manevro saSualebebi, asrulebs mirTvis sadguris
lokomotivi. am SemTxvevaSi sadguris urTierTqme-
deba samrewvelo dawesebulebis misasvlel lianda-
gTan Semoifargleba dadgenili wesiT, vagonebis mi-
wodebiT da iqedan (satvirTo operaciebis Sesru-
lebis Semdeg) maTi gamotaniT.
Tu rkinigzis sadgurs mierTebuli aqvs mcire
simZlavris misasvleli liandagebi, maSin misi mom-
saxureba SedarebiT iolia, magram Tu sadgurs mier-
Tebuli aqvs ramdenime misasvleli liandagi, maSin
sirTule warmoiSveba sadguris lokomotiviT TiTo-
euli misasvleli liandagis regularulad momsa-
xurebis rigiTobis dadgenaSi; aseve miRebuli vago-
nebis daxarisxebis aucileblobiTa da maTi daniS-
nulebis mixedviT (calkeuli misasvleli liandagi)
vagonTa jgufebis SerCevaSi.
yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili problematuri sak-
iTxebi moiTxovs operatiul gadawyvetas iseTna-
irad, rom igi misaRebi iyos rogorc erTi (magis-
traluri rkinigza), aseve meore (samrewvelo rkini-
gza) mxrisaTvis, anu aucilebeli xdeba magistra-
luri da samrewvelo rkinigzis transportis urTi-
125
erTqmedebis optimizaciis amocanis gadaWra. am amo-
canis gadaWra aisaxeba dokumentSi, romelsac muSa-
obis erTiani teqnologiuri procesi ewodeba (etp).
magistraluri da samrewvelo rkinigzis transp-
ortis urTierTqmedebis optimalobis kriteriums
warmoadgens samrewvelo obieqtebis momsaxureba mi-
nimalur vadebSi. amisaTvis etp-s Sedgenas win usw-
rebs Semdegi sakiTxebis gadawyveta:
- saeqspluatacio muSaobis dagegmvis, aRricxvisa
da analizis erToblivi organizacia;
- sadgurisa da samrewvelo dawesebulebis misasv-
lel liandagze operatiuli muSaobis erTiani dis-
petCeruli xelmZRvanelobis danergva;
- teqnologiuri operaciebis SeTavseba;
- winaswari da zusti informaciis urTierTgacv-
lis uzrunvelyofa;
- sadgurebSi da samrewvelo dawesebulebebSi li-
andagebis specializacia;
- satvirTo frontebis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis
uzrunvelyofa da samanevro saSualebebis kooperi-
rebuli gamoyeneba;
- satvirTo da komerciuli operaciebis Sesrule-
baze etp-is maCveneblebis normireba da sxv.
rkinigzisa da samrewvelo dawesebulebis muSao-
bis etp arsebiT zegavlenas axdens datvirTva-gad-
motvirTvis moculobis Tanafardobaze. optimal-
obis amocanis warmatebiT gadaWris SemTxvevaSi da-
clil da datvirTul (misawodebel da gamosatan)
vagonTa Tanafardoba TiTqmis erTnairia, rac saSua-
126
lebas iZleva ganxorcieldes ormagi operaciebi da-
cla-datvirTvis TvalsazrisiT.
magistraluri da samrewvelo rkinigzebis urTi-
erTqmedebis dros, did rols TamaSobs samanevro
Semadgenlobis optimaluri sigrZis SerCeva, rome-
lic damokidebulia miwodebis frontis sigrZesa da
lokomotivis simZlavreze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba adgili hqondes gacilebiT didi simZlav-
ris samanevro lokomotivebis eqspluatacias, rac
gamoiwvevs zedmet (umizno) saeqspluatacio xarjebs,
an piriqiT _ Tu lokomotivis simZlavre ar Seesa-
bameba saWiros, anu igi iqneba gacilebiT naklebi,
maSin aucilebeli gaxdeba samanevro Semadgenloba-
Si vagonTa ricxvis Semcireba da Sesabamisad miwo-
debebis ricxvis gazrda, rac Tavis mxriv kvlav
dakavSirebuli iqneba zedmet saeqspluatacio xarj-
ebTan.
etp-s damuSavebis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs
samanevro Semadgenlobis miwodebebis intensivobas.
datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis erTsa da imave frontze
miwodebebs Soris intervali iseTi unda iyos, rom
adgili ar hqondes mocdenebs satvirTo frontze
adre miwodebuli vagonebisagan ganTavisuflebis
molodinSi. miwodebebs Soris minimaluri interva-
lis sididis dadgena xdeba satvirTo frontis sa-
Wiro gadamuSavebisunarianobis uzrunvelyofis miz-
niT. maqsimalurad dasaSveb intervals ki gansaz-
Rvraven maSin, roca satvirTo samuSaos zomebi Se-
darebiT mcirea miwodebis fronTis gadamuSavebis-
unarianobaze (dRe-RameSi vagonebis faqtiur miwode-
127
bebsa da erT miwodebaSi vagonebis raodenobidan
gamomdinare).
im SemTxvevaSi, roca misasvlel liandagze yve-
la vagonis miwodeba xdeba uSualod mirTvis sad-
guridan, minimaluri intervali satvirTo frontze
a) erTi liandagis SemTxvevaSi aris:
I min tmiw tsat
fr
tgam ; (3.26)
b) ori da meti liandagis SemTxvevaSi (rodesac
erTi maTgani gaTvaliswinebulia Semadgenlobis uk-
an, sadgurSi gadmosayeneblad) aris:
|
I min t sat
fr
t gad , (3.27)
fr
sadac t sat - satvirTo frontis dakavebis dro erTi
miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, sT;
tmiw , tgam Sesabamisad, satvirTo frontze vagone-
bis miwodebasa da gamotanaze daxarju-
li dro, sT;
tgad vagonTa jgufis gadayenebisaTvis saWiro
dro erTi liandagidan meoreSi, sT.
meore SemTxvevaSi vagonebis miwodeba xdeba ad-
re miwodebul vagonebze satvirTo operaciebis Cat-
arebis procesSi. satvirTo frontze erT miwode-
baSi vagonTa jgufis mier frontis dakavebis xangr-
Zlivoba ZiriTadad damokidebulia erTdroulad
dasatvirTi an dasacleli vagonebis raodenobaze,
satvirTo operaciebSi kompleqsuri meqanizaciis sa-
Sualebebis gamoyenebis xarisxze da maT mwarmoe-
blurobaze. dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba adgi-
li hqondes vagonebis araTanabar miwodebas satvir-
128
To frontze (frontebze), magram miwodebebs Soris
saSualo intervali ar unda aRematebodes Tmax -is
mniSvnelobas.
etp-s damuSavebis bolo etapia sadgurisa da
misasvleli liandagis muSaobis kompleqsuri sad-
ReRamiso gegma-grafikis Sedgena. aRniSnul doku-
ments didi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc magistraluri,
aseve samrewvelo rkinigzis muSaobaSi, radganac
mxolod mis safuZvelze xdeba yvela saxis opera-
ciis warmoeba maT sawarmoebSi.
129
procesi. es SezRudva gamowveulia sxvadasxva kvan-
Zis muSaobis adgilobrivi pirobebidan, magram
amasTan erTad unda iTqvas, rom yvela satran-
sporto kvanZs aqvs erTnairi midgoma mravali sa-
kiTxis mimarT, kerZod: satransporto kvanZSi mo-
funqcionire transportis yvela sawarmoSi erTiani
cvlebis danergva; satvirTo operaciebis Sesruleba
gamsxvilebuli brigadebiT (dokerebi, rkinigzele-
bi); amwe-satransporto manqanebisa da moZravi erTe-
ulebis koncentracia didi masStabis samuSaoebis
Sesasruleblad; pirsebis (misadgomebis), rkinigzis
sadgurebisa da datvirTva-gadmotvirTvis punqtebis
(misasvleli liandagebi) racionaluri specialize-
cia tvirTis saxeobebisagan damokidebulebiT; kva-
nZSi mofunqcionire transportis yvela saxeobisaT-
vis kompleqsuri informaciis miwodeba Casatarebel
samuSaoebze da sxv.
satransporto kvanZis stabiluri funqcionire-
bis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria sxvadasxva sa-
xis transportis urTierTqmedebis reJimebis formi-
reba da Semdgomi srulyofa mowinave teqnologie-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT. aRniSnulis misaRwevad Taname-
drove satransporto kvanZSi TiToeuli cvlis muS-
aoba efuZneba kvanZis muSaobis gegma-grafiks. misi
saSualebiT winaswaraa gansazRvruli yoveli dRe-
Ramis samuSao gegma; igi iTvaliswinebs moZravi Sem-
adgenlobis saWiro raodenobas, maTi miwodeba-gamo-
tanis intensivobasa da rigiTobas, erTi saxeobis
transportidan meoreSi gadasatvirTi tvirTis mo-
culobas calkeuli mimarTulebebis mixedviT.
130
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove satransporto
kvanZis muSaoba efuZneba transportis calkeuli sa-
xeobebis eqspluataciis organizaciisa da marTvis
meTodebs, TiToeuli saxeobis specifikas, teqnikuri
aRWurvilobis, sainformacio uzrunvelyofisa da
geografiuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
arsebobs satransporto kvanZSi satransporto
procesebis urTierTqmedebis Semdegi formebi: teqni-
kuri, teqnologiuri, sainformacio, samarTlebrivi
da ekonomikuri.
urTierTqmedebis teqnikuri forma iTvaliswin-
ebs teqnikuri saSualebebis unificirebas, standar-
tizaciasa da sxvadasxva saxis transportze saerTo
parametrebis dadgenas, ris safuZvelzec SesaZle-
beli xdeba satransporto nakadebis optimaluri va-
riantiT damuSaveba. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba moviy-
vanoT sakonteinero da sapaketo gadazidvebi. efeqt-
uri transportirebis mizniT sakonteinero sistema
ukve didi xania ganixileba saerTaSoriso doneze.
am mizniT Seqmnilia standartizaciis saerTaSoriso
organizacia ISO (Internacional organization for standartisati-
on), romelic Sedis saerTaSoriso teqnikuri komite-
tis saqmianobis sferoSi da aerTianebs daaxloebiT
40 wamyvan qveyanas. am organizaciaSi xdeba konteine-
rebisa da paketebis gabarituli zomebis unifici-
reba saerTaSoriso normebiT, raTa maTi Seuferxe-
beli transportireba SesaZlebeli iyos nebismieri
qveynis saavtomobilo, sarkinigzo, sazRvao da saha-
ero transportis saSualebiT; aqedan gamomdinare
131
Seuferxeblad moxdes maTi gadamuSaveba saerTaSo-
riso da qveynisSiga satransporto kvanZebSi.
urTierTqmedebis teqnologiuri forma adgens
transportis sxvadasxva saxeobis muSaobis erTian
teqnologiur process. igi iTvaliswinebs yvela sa-
xis transportis saeqspluatacio saqmianobis urTi-
erTSeTanxmebul da koordinirebul muSaobas, rac
gulisxmobs: satransporto resursebis kooperireb-
ul gamoyenebas, gadatvirTvis punqtebSi urTierTsa-
sargeblo kompleqsuri meqanizaciis saxeobebis fun-
qcionirebas, saavtomobilo, sarkinigzo, sawylosno
da sahaero transportis muSaobis racionalur kom-
pleqsur organizacias, saavtomobilo meurneobis,
sarkinigzo sadgurebisa da portebis muSaobis erT-
iani teqnologiuri procesebis danergvas, erTian,
yvela saxis transportisaTvis, operatiul dagegm-
vasa da sxv. zemoT moyvanili pirobebis Seusrule-
bloba iwvevs satransporto kvanZSi tvirTis gada-
muSavebis Seferxebas, moZravi Semadgenlobis (vago-
nebi, avtomanqanebi, gemebi) mocdenebis gazrdas da
saerTo jamSi satransporto xarjebis zrdas.
urTierTqmedebis sainformacio forma adgens
informaciis SeTavsebas formiT, SinaarsiT, droiT
da klasifikatorebis mixedviT; dakavSirebulia sat-
ransporto kvanZis marTvis avtomatizebuli siste-
mebis sxvadasxva doneze funqcionirebasTan. erTiani
integrirebuli sainformacio sistemis Seqmna saSua-
lebas iZleva gaZlierdes yuradReba satransporto
kvanZebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobisa da sxvadasxva
saxis transportis urTierTqmedebis gamokvlevasa
132
da Rrma Seswavlaze, up. yovlisa satransporto nak-
adebis formirebis kanonzomierebebis kuTxiT.
urTierTqmedebebis samarTlebrivi forma gansa-
zRvravs transportis sxvadasxva saxeobis damokide-
bulebas urTierTSoris da klienturasTan. upirve-
lesi sakanonmdeblo sabuTi, romlis safuZvelzec
sarkinigzo transporti amyarebs saqmian kavSirs
satransporto kvanZSi transportis sxva saxeobebs
Soris da klienturasTan, aris “saqarTvelos sarki-
nigzo kodeqsi”, sazRvao transportisaTvis _ “sazR-
vao navigaciis kodeqsi”, xolo saavtomobilo tran-
sportisaTvis _ “saavtomobilo transportis wesde-
ba”. satransporto kvanZebSi, zemoT xsenebuli doku-
mentebis safuZvelze, transportis sxvadasxva saxe-
obis urTierTqmedebis sakanonmdeblo bazas warmo-
adgens amonaridebi am dokumentebidan, romelic
gaformebulia “sakvanZo SeTanxmebis” saxiT.
urTierTqmedebis ekonomikuri forma, zemoT moy-
vanili urTierTqmedebis calkeuli formebis gaTva-
liswinebiT, adgens transportis calkeul saxeo-
bebs Soris urTierTqmedebis saboloo, optimalur
variants. unda aRiniSnos, rom satransporto kvanZe-
bis Semdgomi funqcionireba da ganviTareba xorci-
eldeba urTierTqmedebis ekonomikuri formebis saf-
uZvelze. aRniSnuli formebi warmodgenilia or do-
neze _ saproeqtosa da saeqspluatacioze; orive ma-
Tgans gaaCnia satransporto kvanZis funqcionirebi-
sa da ganviTarebis optimizaciis amocanebi.
satransporto kvanZSi winaswar gansazRvruli
da dadgenili teqnikuri da teqnologiuri urTie-
133
rTqmedeba transportis sxvadasxva saxeobas Soris,
aucilebeli pirobaa am kvanZis stabiluri funqci-
onirebisaTvis. igi uzrunvelyofs urTierTmoqmedi
transportis saxeobebis ritmul muSaobas, tvirTis
maqsimaluri raodenobiT damuSavebas pirdapiri
variantiT (sawyobebis gverdis avliT), damuSavebis
vadebis Semcirebasa da Sesabamisad, moZravi Semadge-
nlobis (avtomobili, vagoni, gemi) mocdenis Semci-
rebas, satransporto kvanZis qvesistemebis simZla-
vreebis srulad gamoyenebas da zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare _ satransporto xarjebis Semcirebas.
teqnikuri urTierTqmedebis damuSavebis dros
umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa ricxvSi Sedis satrans-
porto kvanZis qvesistemebis simZlavreebi, anu satvi-
rTo (damxarisxebeli) sadgurebis gamtar- da gada-
muSavebisunarianoba; saliandago aRWurvilobisa da
sawyobebis tevadoba; sadgurebis vagonbrunva; satvi-
rTo operaciebis xangrZlivoba; vagonebis miwodebe-
bis ricxvi pirsebze; erT miwodebaSi vagonebis
ricxvi; kompleqsuri meqanizaciis simZlavre; gemis
tevadoba; pirsebze gemebis ganlagebis raodenoba.
teqnologiuri urTierTqmedebis damuSavebis dros
fuZemdeblur sakiTxebad igulisxmeba: Sereuli ga-
dazidvebis dagegmva, rac iTvaliswinebs urTierTSe-
Tanxmebul muSaobas transportis yvela saxeobebs
Soris; datvirTvis ritmuli uzrunvelyofa droiT;
urTierTmoqmedi transportis saxeobebis moZrav
Semadgenlobebs Soris operaciebis Sesrulebis er-
Tiani grafikebis damuSaveba; gadazidvebis marSru-
tizaciasTan erTiani teqnologiis dakavSireba kva-
134
nZis simZlavris gaTvaliswinebiT, erTiani grafike-
bis Sedgena transportis yvela saxeobisaTvis tvi-
rTis moZraobis mTel manZilze.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli yurad-
Reba eTmoba samgzavro transportis urTierTqmede-
bis sakiTxebs satransporto kvanZebSi. es mdgomare-
oba aixsneba imiT, rom XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
msoflios nebismieri qveyana naziarebia civilizac-
ias, Tanamedrove teqnologiebsa da msoflio prog-
ress; Sesabamisad moTxovnebi satransporto momsa-
xurebaze mosaxleobis mxridan yovelwliurad izr-
deba. aqedan gamomdinare, izrdeba samgzavro opera-
ciebis moculobac satransporto kvanZebSi.
urTierTqmedebis teqnologiuri sqemebis SerCeva
im qalaqebSi, dasaxlebul punqtebSi, sadac satrans-
porto kvanZebia ganlagebuli, xorcieldeba ekono-
mikur-maTematikuri modelebis safuZvelze da iTva-
liswinebs samgzavro obieqtebis _ samgzavro sadgu-
rebis, vagzlebis, vagzliswina moednebis, saqalaqo
magistralebis kompleqsur ganviTarebas.
satransporto kvanZSi samgzavro transportis
sxvadasxva saxeobas Soris efeqturi urTierTqme-
debis gansaxorcieleblad, aucilebelia transport-
tis TiToeuli saxeobis specifikisa da qalaqis (da-
saxlebuli punqtis) mosaxleobis ricxvis gaTvali-
swineba. satransporto kvanZebSi, garda sxvadasxva
saxis samgzavro transportis urTierTqmedebisa, ad-
gili aqvs magistraluri samgzavro da saqalaqo
transportis urTierTqmedebasac; umravles SemTxve-
vaSi saqalaqo transportia metropoliteni.
135
nawili meore
transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
funqcionirebisa da urTieTqmedebis teqnikuri da
saeqspluatacio amocanebis amoxsnis magaliTebi1
136
aTebeli parametri pirobiTia. magaliTad, sarkinig-
zo, saavtomobilo, milgamtari transporti da maRa-
li Zabvis gadamcemi xazebi, xasiaTdeba orive para-
metriT, xolo sahaero da sawylosno (samdinaro,
sazRvao) _ mxolod erTiT (gadazidvisunarianoba).
ase magaliTad, Teoriulad gamtarunarianobis sidi-
de ganusazRvrelia sahaero, samdinaro da sazRvao
transportisaTvis, magram Tu gadazidviTi procesis
mTlian ciklSi mxedvelobaSi miviRebT aerodromis
asafren-dasajdom zols, samdinaro arxis an saz-
Rvao portis Siga akvatoriaSi misasvleli arxis
gamtarunarianobas, maSin transportis aRniSnuli
saxeobebisaTvis gamtarunarianoba iqneba damaxasia-
Tebeli parametri.
unda aRiniSnos, rom garda transportis calke-
uli saxeobebis simZlavreebisa, maT aerTianebT kid-
ev mravali saerTo maCvenebeli da kriteriumi, mag-
ram mocemuli naSromis meore nawilSi vixilavT
transportis calkeuli saxeobebis funqcionirebisa
da urTierTqmedebis amocanebs ZiriTadad zemoT
xsenebuli parametrebis mixedviT.
amoxsna
up. yovlisa unda Sedges kenti da wyvili
mimarTulebiT moZravi matareblebis grafiki, rom-
lis mixedviTac SesaZlebeli iqneba grafikis peri-
odis gansazRvra. aRniSnuli grafikis sqema zogadi
saxiT moyvanilia 4.1 nax-ze.
138
nax. 4.2. matarebelTa regulirebis SesaZlo variantebi a–b
gadasarbenze.
140
ganmavlobaSi gadaizideba ГCq=1,4 mln.t.tvirTi; amk-
refi matareblebi ar funqcionirebs.
amoxsna
rkinigzis gadazidvisunarianoba TiToeul mimar-
Tulebaze isazRvreba cal-calke da tolia:
365nsat Qbr
Гgad= ГCq+ Гamk; (4.2)
10 6 kuT
Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebis Casmis Semdeg miviRebT:
365 24 3200 0,67 18781440
Гgad= 1,4 0 1,4 17,74
10 1,15
6
1150000
mln.t.neto weliwadSi.
amoxsna
moZraobis procesSi avtomobilebis urTierTga-
nlagebis principuli sqema naCvenebia 4.3 nax-ze.
141
nax.4.3. avtomobilebis urTierTganlagebis sqema.
la – avtomobilis sigrZe; l1 – mZRolis normaluri reaqciis pi-
robebSi (1 wm) avtomobilis mier gavlili manZili. l2 – ukana
da wina avtomobilis samuxruWo manZilebs Soris sxvaoba; lu –
usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT dadgenili manZili; L – erTi av-
tomobilis Tavisufali moZraobisaTvis saWiro aucilebeli
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDgzis nawili
142
cxrili 4.1
avtomobilis saangariSo siCqare gzis kategoriisa-
gan damokidebulebiT
saangariSo siCqare
gzis kategoria Cveulebriv
rTul pirobebSi
pirobebSi
I 150 120/801
II 120 100/60
III 100 80/50
IV 80 60/40
V 60 40/30
143
orive manqanisaTvis erTnairi samuxruWe manZil-
is pirobebSi, l2=0; radganac lu sididis ganmsazRv-
reli monacemebi ara gvaqvs ( , i, f ) , mcireoodeni
uzustobiT SeiZleba davweroT, rom lu la 5m; maSin
150 51,7 3,6
L 5 5 51,7 m; I a 1,24 wm; saZiebeli si-
3,6 150
dide ПT=3600/1,24 2900 msubuqi avtomobili/saaTi.
amoxsna
dadgenilia, rom xidis gamtarunarianoba erTi
mimarTulebiT, roca gegmaSi xidi ganlagebulia
horizontalurad, xolo qanobi ar aRemateba 100/00
(profilSi), tolia:
Пx=420+43Г-2,285Lx+0,257ГLx, (4.8)
sadac Г - xidis gabariti (savali nawilis sigane), m;
Lx– xidis sigrZe, m;
Cveni magaliTis SemTxvevaSi:
144
Пx=420+ 43 6 2,285 100 0,257 6 100 420 258 228,5
+154,2=603,7 604 avtomobili/sT;
Catarebuli angariSi iqneboda srulyofili,
rom xidis misasvlelebis teqnikuri parametrebi da
TviTon xidis parametrebi yofiliyo identuri. rad-
ganac am parametrebs Soris sxvaobaa, amitom mizan-
Sewonilia ganisazRvros xidis gamtarunarianoba mi-
sasvlelebis mxridanac.
xidis gamtarunarianoba misasvlelebis mxridan
gamoiTvleba cnobili formuliT:
Пxm=413+27в-4,07i+0,0653R+434,6ms , (4.9)
sadac в – savali nawilis sigane xidis misasvlelis
mxridan;
i – grZivi qanobi xidis misasvlelis mxridan;
R – mrudis radiusi misasvlelis mxridan;
ms - msubuqi manqanebis wili mTlian nakadSi.
radganac xidis misasvlelebis teqnikuri parame-
trebi gansxvavebulia, mizanSewonilia gamtarunaria-
noba ganisazRvros xidis TiToeuli misasvlelis
mxridan.
A-s mxridan (в=7,5m, R=0, i=0,008, ms =0,30) xidis ga-
mtarunarianoba iqneba:
Пxm=413+ 27 7,5 4,07 8 0,0653 0 434,6 0,3
= 413 202,5 32,56 130,38 713,3 714 avtomob./sT;
B-s mxridan (в=7,5m, R=800, i=0, ms =0,30) xidis
gamtarunarianoba iqneba:
Пxm=413+ 27 7,5 4,07 0 0,0653 800 434,6 0,3
= 413 202,9 0 52,24 130,38 798,5 799 avtomob./sT;
145
amrigad, rezultaturi gamtarunarianoba iqneba
gamtarunarianobis minimaluri mniSvneloba, anu
Пx=604 avtomobili/sT.
146
trab rabSi gemebis gatarebis erTi ciklis
xangrZlivoba, wT;
sidide trab tolia:
trab (tSem ter ) / 2, (4.11)
sadac tSem , ter rabis erTi ciklis xangrZlivoba
Sesabamisad gemebis Semxvedri da
mimdevrobiT gatarebis dros, wT;
tSem t ' 'Ses 2tg/d
r
tm/m tav/dac t ' 'gam , (4.12)
sadac t ' 'Ses , t ' 'gam Sesabamisad rabSi gemis Sesvlisa
da gamosvlis dro,wT;
t r
g/d rabis gaxsnasa da daketvaze daxarju-
li dro, wT;
tm/m gemis mimagrebasa da moxsnaze daxarj-
uli dro, wT;
tav/dac rabSi gemis yofnisas misi avsebisa da
daclisaTvis saWiro dro, wT.
rabSi Tanmxvedri mimarTulebis gemebis mimdev-
robiT gatarebisas erTi mTliani ciklisaTvis saWi-
ro dro iqneba:
t 'av/dac
t er t 'Ses 3t g/d
r
t m/m t av/dac t 'gam , (4.13)
2
sadac t 'Ses , t 'gam Sesabamisad rabSi gemis Sesvlisa
da gamosvlis dro, maTi Tanmimdevro-
biTi gatarebis SemTxvevaSi, wT;
t 'av/dac rabis kameris wyliT avsebis xangrZli-
voba masSi gemis aryofnis dros.
147
zemoT moyvanili formulebis mixedviT:
tSem 20 2 2 3 15 20 62 wT;
ter 15 3 2 3 15 8 : 2 15 58 wT;
62 58
trab 60wT.
2
NN
maSin
1440 240
N 5760 gemi.
60
rabis saeqspluatacio gamtarunarianoba iqneba:
N eqs nsaS
eqs
Tn ; (4.14)
eqs
sadac nsaS - rabis saSualo sadReRamiso gamtar-
unarianoba;
60 24
eqs
nsaS , (4.15)
trab
sadac - rabis gamoyenebis koeficienti, naviga-
gaciis intensiur periodSi =0,90-0,95;
Cveni angariSebisaTvis SeiZleba aviRoT
=0,9,
- rabTan gemebis araTanabari misvlis koe-
ficienti; angariSebisaTvis SeiZleba da-
vuSvaT =1,1.
60 24 0,9
maSin eqs
nsaS 19,6 gemi;
60 1,1
rabis saeqspluatacio gamtarunarianoba iqneba:
Neqs 19,6 240 4704 gemi.
148
4.4.2. sazRvao transporti
amoxsna
portSi Sesasvleli arxis gamtarunarianoba Sea-
dgens:
N Ses 2 1440 kSes kmet /(t1 t 2 ), (4.16)
sadac kSes portSi Sesvlis koeficienti, romelic
iTvaliswinebs portSi Sesasvleli arxis
gabaritul zomebs (sigane, siRrme), mis
dakavebulobasa da sxv. angariSebisaTvis
iReben kSes =0,5;
k met meteorologiuri koeficienti, romelic
iTvaliswinebs gemebis Sesvla-gamosvlas
portis Siga akvatoriaSi meteorologi-
uri pirobebisagan damokidebulebiT.
angariSebSi SeiZleba davuSvaT kmet 0,9;
mZime meteorologiur pirobebSi
kmet 0,7 0,8;
t1 , t 2 Sesabamisad gemis portis Siga akvatori-
aSi Sesvlisa da gamosvlis dro.
NSes 2 1440 0,5 0,9 /(30 30) 21 gemi dRe-RameSi.
149
4.5. sahaero transporti
amoxsna
aerodromis asafren-dasajdomi zolis eqsplua-
taciis procesSi SeiZleba adgili hqondes TviTm-
frinavebis afrena-dajdomis sxvadasxva variants:
TviTmfrinavebis TanmimdevrobiTi afrena, Tanmimde-
vrobiTi dajdoma, TanmimdevrobiTi afrena da Tanmi-
mdevrobiTi dajdoma. Cven magaliTSi vixilavT am
variantebidan erT-erTs _ TviTmfrinavebis Tanmim-
devrobiT afrenas.
aerodromis asafren-dasajdomi zolis Teori-
uli gamtarunarianoba ganisazRvreba formuliT:
150
ПT 3600 / T , (4.17)
sadac T erT asafren-dasajdom operacias Soris
minimaluri intervali, wT.
TviTmfrinavebis TanmimdevrobiTi afrenis sqema
naCvenebia 4.4 nax-ze.
153
t H 15 0,0065 150 14,020;
k ht 1 0,01(22,68 14,02) 1 0,01 8,66 1,09;
ki koeficientis gansazRvris dros gasaTvalis-
winebelia is mdgomareoba, rom asafren-dasajdomi
zolis sigrZe qanobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi 10/00 qa-
nobis dros izrdeba 0,009 erTeuliT I jgufis Tvi-
TmfrinavebisaTvis; 0,008 erTeuliT _ II da III jgu-
fis da 0,005 erTeuliT IV jgufis TviTmfrinave-
bisaTvis. ТУ-134 tipis TviTmfrinavi miekuTvneba II
jgufs.
sidide ki ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
ki 1 8 i; (4.25)
sadac i qanobis mniSvneloba asafren-dasajdom
zolze; i 20/00;
maSin ki 1 8 0,002 1,016;
haeris fardobiTi simkvrive aerodromis mdeba-
reobis adgilSi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
Psaang
0.379 ; (4.26)
273 tsaang
sadac Psaang aerodromis mdebareobis adgilze
(zRvis donidan simaRlis mixedviT)
standartuli atmosferos saangariSo
wneva.
5, 256
H
Psaang P0 1 ; (4.27)
44300
sadac P0 atmosferos wneva; roca H 0, P 760mm.
154
5, 256
150
maSin Psaang 7601 746,5mm;
44300
746,5
0,379 0,957;
273 22,68
1600 1,04 1,09 1,016
Sesabamisad tgar 46,32 wm.
1
0,5 78
0,957
sidide taf ganisazRvreba formuliT:
H af
taf , (4.28)
1
vver
sadac H af asafren-dasajdomi zolis ganTavisuf-
lebis momentSi TviTmfrinavis frenis
simaRle. TУ-134 tipis TviTmfrinavebi-
saTvis H af 200 m;
vver simaRlis realizebis dros TviTmfri-
navis moZraobis siCqare, vver 17 m/wm.
200
maSin taf 11,53 wm;
1
17
0,957
saboloo jamSi vRebulobT:
T twst tst 14,28 45 59,28 wm;
T tgar taf 46,32 11,53 57,85 wm;
T tst 45 wm.
155
amrigad, angariSebisaTvis vRebulobT T -s
maqsimalur mniSvnelobas, anu T 59,28 wm;
maSin, aerodromis asafren-dasajdomi zolis
Teoriuli gamtarunarianoba iqneba:
ПT=3600/59,28=60 TviTmfrinavi saaTSi.
amoxsna
navTobgamtari estakadis gamtarunarianoba izo-
meba dRe-RameSi datvirTuli cisternebis raodeno-
biT:
k
Пes 1440 nc / Tes , (4.29)
i 1
156
sadac k estakadaze
erTdroulad misawodebeli ci-
sternebis raodenoba, k 25;
Tes estakadis dakavebis xangrZlivoba, wT.
Tes tm tsat tg , (4.30)
sadac tsat ganisazRvreba formuliT:
k nc g k
tsat tss . (4.31)
60 v s z i 1
i 1
157
lebaa el.sT 28 lari1, erTi vagon.sT-is Rirebuleba
ki ev.sT 5 lari. erTi damxarisxebeli liandagis mSe-
neblobasa da Senaxvaze mosuli dayvanili xarjebi
Ed 160000 lari.
amoxsna
158
4.8. saqalaqo transporti
amoxsna
Cveni SemTxvevisaTvis samgzavro sadguris gamt-
arunarianoba iqneba saangariSo periodSi samgzavro
momsaxurebas daqvemdebarebuli mgzavrTa raodenoba:
mbaq
na (saan tteq ) N sam
N sad , (4.33)
t
n 1 dak (1 tgad )(1 w )
sadac n samgzavro baqnebis raodenoba sadgurSi;
a samgzavro baqnebze erTdroulad dasamu-
vebeli matareblebis raodenoba;
Nsam erTi samgzavro matareblis mier gada-
159
cxrili 4.2
sxvadasxva kategoriis matareblis wili saerTo
matarebelnakadSi da maTi saeqspluatacio param-
etrebi
mocemul liandag.
matareb.
Semadge- sadg-Si dakavebis
wili
matarebelTa nlobis mgz-biT dr. erTi
saerTo
kategoria tevad., matar-is matareb.
mat.naka-
mgzavri Sevsebis mier,wT
dSi
wili
ZiriTadi (mosvla) 0,2 817 0,7 30
ZiriTadi (wasvla) 0,1 817 0,7 45
tranz.(mos+wasvla) 0,2 698 0,2 25
sagareub.(mosvla) 0,3 1008 0,8 20
sagareub.(wasvla) 0,2 1008 0,8 25
yvanili mgzavrebis saSualo raodenoba;
tdak erTi saperone liandagis dakavebis sa-
Sualo dro samgzavro matareblis mier;
tgad normirebuli gadaxrebis ricxvi dadge-
nilisagan, gansazRvruli albaTobis P
kriteriumis mixedviT; praqtikuli mizne-
bisaTvis P=0,95-0,97. laplasis cxrilebis
mixedviT, roca P=0,95, maSin tgad 1,65;
w teqnikuri wunebis koeficienti; w 0,01.
CamoTvlili parametrebidan TiTqmis yvela cno-
bilia, garda N sam da t dak sidideebisa. N sam ganisaz-
Rvreba Semdegnairad:
k
N sam N i i i , (4.34)
i 1
161
Tavi 5. sarkinigzo da sxva
saxis transportis urTierTqmedebis
damaxasiaTebeli amocanebi
amoxsna
up. yovlisa unda ganisazRvros e.w. prioritetis
koeficienti; igi tolia:
cj
kj , (5.10)
tj
sadac c j j uri satransporto erTeulis momsa-
xurebis (saaTobrivi) Rirebuleba;
t j j uri satransporto erTeulis momsaxu-
rebis vada;
Cven SemTxvevaSi barJisaTvis _ kb 3,8 / 5,2 0,73;
TbomavlisaTvis _ kTb 16,3 / 8,1 2,01; 10 vagoniani mi-
wodebisaTvis _ km 5,4 / 3,6 1,50; rogorc Cans, prio-
ritetis koeficienti Tbomavlisa da vagonebis
SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT metia, vidre barJis daclis
dros; amitom saWiroa Semowmdes barJis daclis
Sewyvetis mizanSewoniloba. zogadi saxiT, ufro
dabali prioritetis mqone satransporto erTeulis
167
momsaxurebis Sewyvetis mizanSewoniloba ganisazRv-
reba cnobili utolobiT. Cven SemTxvevaSi:
Cmos Cgad Cdam
, (5.11)
tmos tdam tgad tfaq
sadac Cmos , Cgad Sesabamisad 1 sT momsaxurebis Ri-
rebuleba axlad mosuli da damu-
Savebis procesSi myofi satransp-
orto saSualebisa;
Cdam damatebiTi xarjebi, romelic ga-
mowveulia satransporto saSual-
ebebis gadayenebaze da satvirTo
manqanebis mocdenebze. barJis Sem-
TxvevaSi Cdam 0,8 lari;
tmos , tgad Sesabamisad mosuli da gadamuSave-
bis procesSi myofi satransporto
erTeulebis momsaxurebis xangr-
Zlivoba;
tdam satransporto saSualebis gadaye-
nebaze daxarjuli dro;
tfaq satvirTo frontze myofi satran-
sporto saSualebis faqtiuri dam-
uSavebis xangrZlivoba, axali sat-
ransporto erTeulis Camoyenebamde.
Cven SemTxvevaSi:
amoxsna
tvirTis saSualo moculoba portSi puasonis
ganawilebiT, iqneba:
Z tv 0,798 qv2 v2 qg2 g T , (5.12)
169
sadac v saSualo kvadratuli gadaxra vagonna-
kadis dadgenili normidan;
g portSi saSualod 1 sT-is ganmavlobaSi
mosuli gemebis raodenoba;
T saangariSo periodi, T 48 sT.
sidide zogadad, ganisazRvreba formuliT:
Qi
i , (5.13)
qi 24
sadac Qi gadasamuSavebeli i uri tvirTis mocu-
loba;
qi i uri satransporto saSualebis tvirT-
amweoba.
satransporto kvanZSi (kompleqsSi) gemebisa da
vagonebis mosvlis intensivoba iqneba:
6000
g 0,1 gemi/sT;
2500 24
6000
v 5 vagoni/sT.
50 24
sidide , zogadad ganisazRvreba Semdegnairad:
2,465 0i ,701 T 0,5 ; (5.14)
Cveni SemTxvevisaTvis
2,465 50,701 480,5 52,8 vagoni.
tvirTis saSualo raodenoba, romelic saWiroa
portis stabiluri muSaobisaTvis, iqneba:
Z tv 0,798 50 2 52,82 2500 2 0,1 48 4850 t.
170
5.4. magistraluri da samrewvelo rkinigzebis
urTierTqmedeba
amoxsna
magistralur da samrewvelo rkinigzebis urTi-
erTqmedebaSi optimalobis kriteriumi aris gadam-
cemi matareblis masa. igi ganisazRvreba formuliT:
(aLsad b)mgad qbr
Qgad , (5.15)
c dLsad mgad qbr 10 6
sadac a, b, c, d koeficientebi, romlebic axasiaTebs
samanevro lokomotivs. ТЭ 2 is Sem-
TxvevaSi a 0,08, b 7,3909, c 0,0363,
d 0,01584 .
(5.15) formulaSi saTanado sidideebis Casmis
Semdeg miviRebT:
(0,08 7,3 7,3909) 163 79
Qgad 1644 t.
0,0363 0,01584 7,3 163 79 10 6
171
5.5. satransporto kvanZebSi transportis sxvadasxva
saxeobis urTierTqmedeba
173
angariSebSi gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba,
rom saqalaqo transportisaTvis dgeba periodi,
roca erTi manqanis datvirTulobis koeficienti
metia 1-ze ( 1); es niSnavs, rom qalaqis satransp-
orto parki am periodSi ver uzrunvelyofs mgzav-
rebis Seuferxebel gadazidvas. amitom sidides tmol ,
sazRvraven ori SemTxvevisaTvis, roca 1 da 1;
tmol I , ( 1); (5.19)
t mol I t / 2( 1), ( 1), (5.20)
sadac aris parametri, romelic angariSebSi
miiReba 0,6 0,8;
I saqalaqo transportis mosvlebs Soris
saSualo intervali;
t periodis xangrZlivoba, roca 1.
Tu (5.16) formulaSi SevitanT misi wevrebis mni-
Svnelobebs, miviRebT sarkinigzo da saqalaqo tran-
sportis urTierTqmedebis efeqturi reJimis gamom-
saxvel zogad formulas:
k 1 n
1 tj
E cm-s MT cmg-s N i ( 1) N j , (5.21)
i 1 M j 1 M 2
aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemuli formula iqneboda
srulyofili, masSi rom figurirebdes saqalaqo sa-
transporto parkisa da saangariSo periodis mniSv-
nelobebi. minimaluri samanqano parki, romelic uz-
runvelyofs vagzliswina moednidan mgzavrebis
transportirebas T periodSi, iqneba:
M min N T / Tbtev , (5.22)
174
sadac N T T periodSi vagzliswina moedanze sarki-
nigzo transportidan mosuli mgzavrebis
raodenoba;
btev erTi manqanis saSualo tevadoba, btev 70
Mgzavri.
angariSebis pirvel ciklSi T periodis mniSvne-
lobas viRebT 6-dan 10 sT-mde, anu T 4 sT, xolo
N T 5352; am periodisaTvis
5352
M min 19 manqana.
4 70
saaTebis mixedviT s mniSvneloba iqneba: 6-dan
7 sT-mde, (19manqana) 984 / 19 70 0,74; aseT pirobebSi
6- 7
tmol 0,7(1 : 19) 0,037 sT;7-dan 8 sT-mde tmol 0,037 0,5
(1,29 1) 0,182 sT da a.S.
aRniSnuli parametris mixedviT, anu roca M min
19, vangariSobT (5.21) formulidan E s mniSvnelob-
as da Sedegebi Segvaqvs 5.2 cxrilSi.
cxrili 5.2
sarkinigzo da saqalaqo transportis urTierTqmed-
ebis damaxasiaTebeli parametrebi
dReRamis mosuli tmol Emol
saaTebi mgzavrebi
6-7 984 0,74 0,037 7,28
7-8 1716 1,29 0,182 62,46
8-9 1602 1,27 0,317 107,27
9-10 960 0,72 0,177 33,98
sul 5352 - - 210,9
175
5,6 19 4 210,99 636,59 lari.
9 sT-is Semdeg vagzliswina moedanze rigi iqne-
ba. am dros sidide tmol , gamoiTvleba Semdegnairad:
tmol
tmol
b.in
tmol
I
, (5.23)
b.in
sadac tmol I
, t mol Sesabamisad vagzliswina moedanze
mgzavrTa molodinis dro intens-
iuri mosvlis bolo da Cveuleb-
rivi reJimis pirvel saaTebSi.
Tu samanqano parks gavzrdiT 2 erTeuliT da Ca-
vatarebT angariSebs am pirobisaTvis, anu roca
I min 21, maSin E (21) 5,6 21 4 133,99 604,39 lari. xar-
jebi Semcirda, amitom M sidides vzrdiT 24-mde,
anu E (24) 5,6 24 4 41,06 578,66 lari.
amrigad, satransporto kvanZSi sarkinigzo da
saqalaqo transportis urTierTqmedebisas optima-
luri reJimi miiRweva roca M min 24.
176
literatura
177
s a r C e v i
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
nawili pirveli
transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
funqcionirebis, marTvisa da
urTierTqmedebis erTiani sistemis
6
safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tavi 1. satransporto sistemis struqtura,
misi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba
moqmedebis sferoebi da
6
perspeqtiuli ganviTareba . . . . . . . .
1.1. satransporto sistemis struqtura . . 6
1.2. sarkinigzo transportis roli Cveni
qveynis satransporto sistemaSi, misi
saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba da
produqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3. transportis ZiriTadi ganmartebebi
da muSaobis saerTo maCveneblebi . . . 9
1.4. transportis ganviTarebis
perspeqtivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Tavi 2. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
teqnikur-teqnologiuri da
saeqspluatacio daxasiaTeba . . . . . . 20
2.1. sarkinigzo transportis daxasiaTeba 20
2.2. saavtomobilo transportis
daxasiaTeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3. samdinaro transportis daxasiaTeba . 33
2.4. sazRvao transportis daxasiaTeba . . 37
178
2.5. sahaero transportis daxasiaTeba . . . 43
2.6. milgamtari transportis daxasiaTeba 47
2.7. samrewvelo transportis daxasiaTeba 54
2.8. saqalaqo transportis daxasiaTeba . . 58
Tavi 3. sarkinigzo da sxva saxis
64
transportis urTierTqmedeba . . . . .
3.1. sxvadasxva saxis transportis
urTierTqmedebisas teqnologiuri
kavSirebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2. sarkinigzo da sxva saxis
transportis urTierTqmedebisaTvis
saWiro teqnikuri saSualebebi, maTi
ZiriTadi parametrebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3. sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo
transportis urTierTqmedeba . . . . . . 75
3.4. sarkinigzo da sawylosno
transportis urTierTqmedeba . . . . . . 92
3.4.1. sarkinigzo da samdinaro transporti 92
3.4.2. sarkinigzo da sazRvao transporti . 99
3.5. gadautvirTavi intensiuri
teqnologiebi sarkinigzo da
sawylosno transportis
urTierTqmedebisas, rogorc
saerTaSoriso gadazidvebis
ganviTarebis prioritetuli
mimarTuleba Tanamedrove etapze . . . . 114
3.5.1. marSrutizaciis maRali done da sae-
rTaSoriso satransporto derefnebi . 114
179
3.5.2. saborne gadasasvlelebi . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.6. magistraluri da samrewvelo
123
rkinigzebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
urTierTqmedeba satransporto
kvanZebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
nawili meore
transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
funqcionirebisa da urTierTqmede-
bis teqnikuri da saeqspluatacio
amocanebis amoxsnis magaliTebi . . . 136
Tavi 4. transportis calkeuli saxeobebis
funqcionirebis damaxasiaTebeli
amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.1. zogadi mdgomareoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.2. sarkinigzo transporti . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.3. saavtomobilo transporti . . . . . . . . 141
4.4. sawylosno transporti . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.4.1. samdinaro transporti . . . . . . . . . . . 446
4.4.2. sazRvao transporti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
4.5. sahaero transporti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.6. milgamtari transporti . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.7. samrewvelo transporti . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.8. saqalaqo transporti . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Tavi 5. sarkinigzo da sxva saxis
transportis urTierTqmedebis
damaxasiaTebeli amocanebi . . . . . . 162
5.1. sarkinigzo da saavtomobilo
transportis urTierTqmedebis
amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
180
5.2. sarkinigzo da samdinaro
transportis urTierTqmedeba . . . . . 166
5.3. sarkinigzo da sazRvao transportis
urTierTqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.4. magistraluri da samrewvelo
rkinigzebis urTierTqmedeba . . . . . . . 171
5.5. satransporto kvanZebSi transportis
sxvadasxva saxeobebis urTierTqmedeba 172
gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . 177
181
ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОГО И
ДРУГИХ ВИДОВ ТРАНСПОРТА
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На грузинском языке
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183