Republic of the Philippines

Iloilo Science and Technology University

La Paz Iloilo, City
College of Engineering and Architecture

ECE 406
(PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION)

Experiment No. 7

DIGITAL MODULATION
(QPSK)

Artillo, Joshua benedict

Deveza, Raimel angelo

Declarador, luelson jay

Roldan, precious joy

 i. OBJECTIVES:
 To analyze and explain the function of digital modulation specifically the Quadrature
phase-shift keying.
 To analyze and describe the operation and purpose of Quadrature phase-shift keying.
 To discuss the Quadrature phase-shift keying .
.
ii. BASIC THEORY:

In the world of wired electronics, analog signals exhibit continuous variations whereas
digital signals assume (ideally) one of two discrete states. This distinction can be extended to
systems that transmit data via electromagnetic radiation instead of electric current traveling
through wires.
When used for analog signals, frequency modulation and amplitude modulation lead to
continuous variations in the frequency or amplitude of a carrier wave. When modulation
techniques are used for digital communication, the variations applied to the carrier are
restricted according to the discrete information being transmitted.
Quadrature phase-shift keying is now the mainstream method used for modulation in
cable modems, satellites, and numerous other wireless communication schemes. The signature
constellation pattern of QPSK and related digital modulations schemes can be a bit baffling to
novices. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) is another modulation technique, and it’s a
particularly interesting one because it actually transmits two bits per symbol. In other words, a
QPSK symbol doesn’t represent 0 or 1—it represents 00, 01, 10, or 11. This two-bits-per-symbol
performance is possible because the carrier variations are not limited to two states. In ASK, for
example, the carrier amplitude is either amplitude option A (representing a 1) or amplitude
option B (representing a 0). In QPSK, the carrier varies in terms of phase, not frequency, and
there are four possible phase shifts.
We can intuitively determine what these four possible phase shifts should be: First we
recall that modulation is only the beginning of the communication process; the receiver needs to
be able to extract the original information from the modulated signal. Next, it makes sense to
seek maximum separation between the four phase options, so that the receiver has less difficulty
distinguishing one state from another. We have 360° of phase to work with and four phase
states, and thus the separation should be 360°/4 = 90°. So our four QPSK phase shifts are 45°,
135°, 225°, and 315°.
There’s another reason why it makes sense to choose 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315°: they are easily
generated using I/Q modulation techniques because summing I and Q signals that are either
inverted or noninverted results in these four phase shifts. The following table should clarify
this:

Compared to modulation schemes that transmit one bit per symbol, QPSK is advantageous in
terms of bandwidth efficiency. For example, imagine an analog baseband signal in a BPSK
(binary phase shift keying) system. BPSK uses two possible phase shifts instead of four, and
thus it can transmit only one bit per symbol. The baseband signal has a certain frequency, and
during each symbol period, one bit can be transmitted. A QPSK system can use a baseband
signal of the same frequency, yet it transmits two bits during each symbol period. Thus, its
bandwidth efficiency is (ideally) higher by a factor of two.
Now consider multiplying the resulting phase-modulated waveform by a sine wave of
equal frequency. This generates two component waveforms. One is a cosine waveform of double
the received frequency. The other is a frequency-dependent term having amplitude proportional
to the cosine of the phase shift. Now, filtering out the doubled frequency term produces the
original data used for modulating the transmission. The concept of quadrature phase shifting
arises from the idea that there can be more than two states of phase shifting. The carrier can
experience numerous phase changes. Then multiplying the received signal by a sine wave of
equal frequency will demodulate the phase shifts into voltage levels that are independent of
frequency.
Thus in QPSK, the carrier undergoes four changes in phase. Each phase change can
represent two binary bits of data. The point of this approach is that the carrier can transmit two
bits of data instead of one, so the bandwidth of the transmission has effectively doubled.

iii. Equipment/Materials/Components
Electronic Communication Systems, 5th Edition by Wayne Tomasi
 iv. Diagram

v. Results and Discussion

The result in the diagram , where we have two input in Q and I. the logic 1 = +1v and logic 0 = 0v.
We can have 4 different output with the combination of 00, 01,10 and 11. These output has a 90°
phase difference. Because it is an Quadrature Phase Shift key, it transmits two bits per symbol.
The carrier varies in terms of phase and not by frequency. By making a table, the I and Q is either
inverted or non-inverted depending on the sign or the input logic to them. These results are
depending on the two bits input in both I and Q.
Raimel angelo deveza BSECE 4-A2

Observation
In the laboratory conducted about quadrature phase shift keying, the digital
signal has a lot of advantage over analog signals. Digital signal is manipulated more
easily, easily be encrypted to ensure the privacy,less severe in which an analog
signal passes chain of signal processor, and data compression can use with digital
signal reduce it bandwidth to less than that required to transmit the original analog
signal.
Digital data are transmitted using broadband communication techniques
involving modulation, which are implemented by a modern, device containing both a
modulator and demodulator. There are various types of modulation used in modems
the amplitude –shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase shift-keying
(PSK), band pass shift keying(BPSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), and
quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK). As observed, QAM and QPSK are quite
similar. QAM is a combination of both amplitude modulation and PSK. It can produce
very high data rates in narrow bandwidths.

In this experiment, we are abled to know what a QPSK means. Quadrature

Phase Shift Key is a form of a phase shift keying where two bits are modulated at
once. We can select one out of four possible carrier phase shift, 0, 90,189, 270.
QPSK allows the signal to carry 2x the information or data of a ordinary PSK with only
the given or the same bandwidth. According to my data gathering in the internet,
QPSK is used in satellite transmission with the forms of usually video format, in
modems and even in our cellular phones. QPSK is also used in other forms of digital
communication over an RF carrier. In the diagram, input data is divided into two. The
other is in phase will the other is 90° out of phase. The I or the other input that is in
phase is connected to a mixer. It is also the same in Q or the 90° out of phase where
a mixer is connected to them. There are two logic inputs in I and Q. The logic 1= +1
and the logic 0=0. The mixer connected to I has an another input that is the carrier
oscillator. This carrier oscillator provides the sine function. In the Q, the mixer is
connected to a carrier oscillator but it is also connected to a 90° phase shift providing
the into . Adding the I and the carrier oscillator’s function in the mixer, resulting it is
also the same in the lower part or the Q and the phase shifted carrier oscillator’s
function in the mixer resulting, . These two output of the mixer are connected to a filter
harmonics. After that these two filtered signals are added resulting the output of .
 Compared to modulation schemes that transmit one bit per symbol, QPSK is
advantageous in terms of bandwidth efficiency. For example, imagine an analog
baseband signal in a BPSK (binary phase shift keying) system. BPSK uses two
possible phase shifts instead of four, and thus it can transmit only one bit per symbol.
The baseband signal has a certain frequency, and during each symbol period, one bit
can be transmitted. A QPSK system can use a baseband signal of the same
frequency, yet it transmits two bits during each symbol period. Thus, its bandwidth
efficiency is (ideally) higher by a factor of two.

Conclusion

Digital Modulation is used now in our technologies. Why digital signal is

used in our technology at the present? It is because most of technology now
are using digital signal as an input and much more hassle to convert into
analog. QPSK or the quadrature phase shift key is an application of a Digital
Modulation. As in the observation and a little research in the internet,
quadrature phase shift key can modulate two bits at once. In the diagram also
we have the output this means is that there are 4 possible output. Each output
has different phase. By plotting the vector diagram of frequency and given the
values of I = 1 and Q = 1, we can have a positive sine and positive cosine,
when I = 1 and Q = 0, a positive sine and a negative cosine. While in I =0 and Q
= 0, the sine and cosine are negative. Lastly when I = 0 and Q = 1, the sine is
negative and cosine is positive. The quadrature phase shift key has the , this is
why at given example of a particular professor, an analog tv can have a 6MHz
bandwidth. But with the application of the QPSK we can have many channels in
that particular bandwidth given. AS the phase shift goes higher like an 8PSK,
16PSK and 32PSK, they will have the lesser bandwidth. As we analyze more
why the QPSK is used in the modems because of this application. This is also
an example of the advantage of digital to analog. In the block diagram above,
there is a filter connected to the mixer. It filters harmonics because there is an
active component where an active component produce harmonics.
In general, a digital modulation is more advantageous over analog
modulation based on its application and operation when it comes to
transmission of signals. One of these advantages is that digital signal reduces
bandwidth less than that of which is transmitted by the analog signal since the
lesser the bandwidth, the higher the utilization efficiency.

Joshua benedict artillo BSECE 4-A2

Observation:
 The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is a variation of
BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier
(DSBSC) modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital
information at a time, called as bigits.Instead of the conversion of
digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit
pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for
the other users.
Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) is another modulation
technique, and it’s a particularly interesting one because it actually
transmit 2bits per symbol. In other words, a QPSK symbol doesn’t
represent 0 or 1 it represent 00, 01, 10 or 11. This two-bits-per-
symbol performance is possible because the carrier variation are not
limited to two states. QPSK allows the signal to carry twice as much
information as ordinary PSK using the same bandwidth. QPSK is
used for satellite transmission of MPEG2 video, cable modems,
videoconferencing, cellular phone system, and other forms of digital
communication over RF carrier.
Now consider multiplying the result phase-modulated waveform
by sine wave of equal frequency. This generates two component
waveform. One is cosine waveform of double the receive frequency.
The other is frequency dependent term having amplitude proportional
to the cosine of the phase shift. Now, filtering out the doubled
frequency term produces the original data used for modulating the
transmission. The concept of quadrature phase shifting arises from
the idea that there can be more than two states of phase shifting. The
carrier can experience numerous phase changes. Then multiplying
the received signal by a sine wave of equal frequency will demodulate
the phase shift into voltage level that are independent of frequency.
thus QPSK, the carrier undergoes four changes in phase. Each
phase change can represent two binary bits of data. The point of this
approach is that the carrier can two bits if data instead of one, so the
bandwidth of the transmission has effectively doubled

Conclusion:

Quadrature-quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) is a spectrally
efficient modulation scheme which utilizes available signal space
dimensions in a more efficient way than two-dimensional schemes
such as QPSK and MSK (minimum-shift keying). It uses two data
shaping pulses and two carriers, which are pairwise quadrature in
phase, to create a four-dimensional signal space and increases the
transmission rate by a factor of two over QPSK and MSK. However,
the bit error rate performance depends on the choice of pulse pair.
With simple sinusoidal and cosinusoidal data pulses, the Eb/N0
requirement for Pb(E) = 10 to the -5 is approximately 1.6 dB higher
than that of MSK. Without additional constraints, Q2PSK does not
maintain constant envelope. However, a simple block coding provides
a constant envelope. This coded signal substantially outperforms
MSKS and TFM (time-frequency multiplexing) in bandwidth efficiency.
Like MSK, QPSK also has self-clocking and self-synchronizing ability.
An optimum class of pulse shapes for use in QPSK-format is
presented. One suboptimum realization achieves the Nyquist rate of 2
bits/s/Hz using binary detection.
A scheme is proposed to realize the all-optical phase
regeneration of four-channel quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
signal based on phase-sensitive amplification. By utilizing conjugate
pump and common pump in a highly nonlinear optical fiber,
degenerate four-wave mixing process is observed, and QPSK signals
are regenerated. The number of waves is reduced to decrease the
cross talk caused by undesired nonlinear interaction during the
coherent superposition process. In addition, to avoid the effect of
overlapping frequency, frequency spans between pumps and signals
are set to be non- integral multiples. Optical signal-to-noise ratio
improvement is validated by bit error rate measurements. Compared
with single-channel regeneration, multichannel regeneration brings
0.4-dB OSNR penalty when the value of BER is 10-3, which shows
the cross talk in regeneration process is negligible.

Luelson Jay C. Declarador

Observation

I observed that the main problem with BPSK and DPSK is that the speed
of data transmission in a given bandwidth is limited. One way to increase
the binary data rate while not increasing the bandwidth required for the
signal transmission is to encode more than 1 bit per phase change. There is
a symbol change for each bit change with BPSK and DPSK, so the baud
(symbol) rate is the same as the bit rate. In BPSK and DPSK, each binary bit
produces a specific phase change. A circuit for producing QPSK is shown in
the diagram it consists of a 2-bit shift register implemented with fl ip-fl ops,
commonly known as a bit splitter. The serial binary data train is shifted
through this register, and the bits from the two fl ip-fl ops are applied to
balanced modulators. The carrier oscillator is applied to balanced
modulator 1 and through a 90° phase shifter to balanced modulator 2. The
outputs of the balanced modulators are linearly mixed to produce the QPSK
signal. shows the constellation diagram of a 16-PSK signal. The phase
increment is 22.58. Each phasor or dot on the diagram represents a 4-bit
number. Note that since all the dots fall on a circle, the amplitude of the 16-
PSK signal remains constant while only the phase changes. The radius of the
circle is the peak amplitude of the signal. It is said that the signal has a
constant “envelope,” where the envelope is simply the line or curve
connecting the peaks of the carrier sine waves. It is fl at or constant, as is an
FM signal.

Conclusion

Therefore i conclude that the output from each balanced modulator is a

BPSK signal. With a binary 0 input, the balanced modulator produces one
phase of the carrier. With a binary 1 input, the carrier phase is shifted 180°.
The output of balanced modulator 2 also has two phase states, 180° out of
phase with each other. The 90° carrier phase shift at the input causes the
outputs from balanced modulator 2 to be shifted 90° from those of
balanced modulator 1. The result is four different carrier phases, which are
combined two at a time in the linear mixer. The result is four unique output
phase states.Quaternary PSK ( QPSK ) also known as quadrature PSK that is
another form of angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital modulation.