Royal Medical College: 'Inspiring Health Skilled Students''

ROYAL MEDICAL COLLEGE
‘’inspiring Health Skilled Students’’
Human anatomy and physiology one
CONTENTS
1.0 CHAPTER ONE {1}

1.1 Objective……………………………………………………………………………2
1.2 Introduction to human anatomy and physiology 1………………………………....3
1.3 Body Parts and Directions………………………………………………………….4
1.4 Diagrams of Human Body Systems………………………………………………...5
2.0 CHAPTER TWO {2}
2.1 Integumentary System………………………………………………………………8
2.2 Parts of the skin………………………………………………………………………8
2.3 Function of the skin…………………………………………………………………..8
2.4 Skeleton System……………………………………………………………………..10
2.5 Function of Skeleton System………………………………………………………..10
2.6 Classification of Bones……………………………………………………………....11
2.7 Joints………………………………………………………………………………….14
3.0 CHAPTER THREE {3}
3.1 Structural Levels of the body………………………………………………………...15
3.2 Cell……………………………………………………………………………………15
3.3 Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum……………………16
3.4 Tissue…………………………………………………………………………………17
3.5 Nervous System………………………………………………………………………18
3.6 Organs and Systems…………………………………………………………………..18
Page 1
4.0 CHAPTER FOUR {4}

4.1 Circulatory System……………………………………………………………………19
4.2 Structure and function of circulatory system…………………………………………19
4.3 Heart…………………………………………………………………………………...19
4.4 Function of the Heart………………………………………………………………….20
4.5 Blood…………………………………………………………………………………..21
4.6 Blood Vessels………………………………………………………………………….24
5.0 CHAPTER FIVE {5}

5.1 Respiratory System……………………………………………………………………25
5.2 Respiration…………………………………………………………………………….25
5.3 Nose and Nasal Cavity………………………………………………………………...26
5.4 Pharynx, Nasopharynx,Oropharynx and larynx………………………………………26
5.5 Larynx…………………………………………………………………………………27
5.6 Breathing………………………………………………………………………………27
5.7 Bronchi and Tracheobranchial Tree…………………………………………………..28
5.8 Structure and function of the respiratory……………………………………………...29
5.9 Common Terms………………………………………………………………………..31
5.10 Reffence…………………………………………………………………………….32
Page 2
OBJECTIVES
The students are expected to achieve the following general educational objectives after
completion of the course:
Understand and use anatomical terms.
Understand the function of the various organs and their
Relations with one another.
Know the location of each organ and the important
Anatomical land marks.
Know the normal structure of the human body in general.
Use the knowledge of anatomy and physiology in pharmacology
Practice.
Page 3
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
The word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up.

Anatomy: is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts & their
relationships to one another.

Physiology: is the scientific study of the normal function in living systems. Or you can
define simply, is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Body Planes

Midsagittal (median) plane: median plane –divides body into two equal halves.

Frontal (coronal) plane: divides body into anterior and posterior parts.

Sagittal Plane: divides body into right and left parts.
Page 4

Transverse (cross Section) plane: horizontal section divides into upper and
lower parts.
Directional Terms
o Superior: means the part is above another or closer to head (cranial)
o Inferior: means the part is below another or towards the feet (caudal).
o Anterior: means towards the front (the eyes are anterior to the brain) - [Ventral].
o Posterior: means toward the back (the pharynx is posterior to the oral (Cavity) -[dorsal].
o Medial: relates to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal Right and
left halves (the nose is medial to the eyes).
o Lateral: means to words the side with respect to the imaginary midline (The ears
are lateral to the eyes).
Page 5
Body parts Regions
The body can generally be described to have areas of:


Axial body part: - It is the part of the body near the axis of the body. This includes
head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis.

Appendicular body part: - It is the part of the body out of the axis line. This includes
the upper and lower extremities. It is customary to subdivide the abdominal area into nine
Regions or more easily in to four quadrants.
Page 6
Page 7
Page 8
Page 9
CHAPTER TWO
Integumentary system (Skin)
Integumentary system is an organ system consists of skin hairs, nails and sweat glands.
Integument means covering because skin covers the entire outside of the body, it
composed variety of tissues each of which has specific purpose.
The skin contains several types of epithelial tissue that are partially responsible for skins
protective function glands made of epithelial tissue provide secretions form body’s internal
environment to the external connective tissue attach skin to underlying muscle nerves tissue
is integrated though out the skin top help the body tract to the world around it.
Nerve is responsible for sensations of heat, cold pain, touch and pressure.
Skin
Skin is the thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer covering of the body of a person or
animal and divided into two or three layers.
Skin and commonly there are three types of the skin and they are:
1= Epidermis
x Sub layers
 Cornfield layer
 Granular Layer
 Germinative layer
2= Dermis
 Fair follicle
 Sweat gland
Page 10
 Sweat pores
 Blood vessels
 Nerves
3= Hypodermis
o Subcutaneous layer
Germination layer has cells called (Melanocytes) that produce melanin. Melanin protects color
change this layer has no blood vessels, not nutrient and oxygen obtains from (Dermis) by
process called diffusion.
Functions of integumentary system
Protection
 Provide a physical barrier against microorganism and foreign materials

 Helps prevent absorption of substance from outside the body
 Protects against water loss or gain.
Thermo regulation
 Controls body temperature

 Helps body adjust to internal changes in temperature
 Produces shivering to keep body warm in cool tempered
Sensation
 Perceives stimuli: Heat, cold, pain pressure and touch

 Allow for physical intimacy
Page 11
Communication
 Communicates feeling through facial expressions

 Communicates cultural and sexual difference through skin and hear.
Metabolism
 Helps produce and use vitamin D

 Provide storage of fats
 Absorbs medication
Skeleton system
The frame works of the body consisting of bones and other connective tissue which protects
and support the body tissue and internal organs
The human skeleton contains 206 bones, six of which are tiny bone of the middle ear (3 in
each ear) that function in hearing.
The largest bone in the body is the thigh bone or femur. The human skeleton is the internal
frame work of the body. It composed of 270 bones at birth this total decrease to 206 bones by
adulthood after same bones have fused together the human skeleton can be divided into the axial
skeleton an appendicular skeleton.
Functions of the skeleton
Supportive
 Support body
 Provides framework of body
 Gives shape to the body
Page 12
Protection
 Protects vital organ

 Protects soft tissue
Movement
 Provide locomotion, walking movement by attachment of muscles
Hematopioesis (Blood production)
 Produce red blood cells ( erythrocytes)

 Produce white blood cells ( leukocytes)
 Produces platelets ( thrombocytes )
Storage
Provide calcium
Provide phosphorus
Classification of bones
Bones are classified according to their shape
1. Long bones
2. Short bones
3. Flat bones
4. Irregular bone
Page 13
Classification of bones
Classification Function Example Location

Long bones Support frame Femur/radius Arm & legs
Short bones Facilitate movement, Feet Wrist ankle
transfer forces
Flat bone Serve as muscle Ribs, hips Cranial

attachment and for
protection
Irregular For attachment of the Vertebrate patella
structures
Axial skeleton 80 ones
1. Skull bone (22 bones )

2. Spine (33 bones)
3. Ribs (24 bone s)
4. Sternum ( 1 bone)
Function of axial skeleton
 Skull protects brain

 Spine protects spinal cord
 Ribs protects lungs heart and liver
 Sternum connect to the ribs
Axial 80 Bones

Skull: 22 Bones

Spine: 33 Bones

Ribcage: 25 Bones
Page 14
Bones of skull (22)
Bones of cranium (8)


Two parietal: Top and sides of head

One occipital: Back and base of head

One frontal: fore head roof of skull nasal cavities

Two temporal: Sides and base of skull

One sphenoid: center of base of skull

One ethmoid: roof of nasal cavities base of cranium
Bones of the Face (14)

1. Two nasal : Bridge of nose
2. One vomer: divides nasal cavity
3. Two inferior turbinate: (conchae) in the nostrils
4. Two (lacrinal) (orbital) font part of the eye
5. Two zygomatic: prominent part of checks base of eye socket
6. Two palate (palatines) back of hard plate
7. Two maxilla (upper jaw) front of hard palate
8. One mandible: lower jaw: only movable bone in skull.
Bones of ribs 24
7+7= 14 of ribs is called true ribs because they are directly attached to the sternum.
3+3=6 of ribs is called false ribs because they indirectly connected to the sternum.
2+2=4 ribs is called floating ribs because they are not connects to the sternum but they are to
the abdominal muscles.
Page 15
Bones of vertebral column 33 Bones
1. 7 cervical vertebrate
2. 12 thoracic vertebrate
3. 5 Lumbar vertebrate
4. 5 sacrum vertebrate
5. 4 coccyx vertebrate
Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones
Upper limbs 64 bones Lower limbs 62 bones

1. Clavicle 2 bones 1. Pelvic 2 bones
2. Scapula 2 bones 2. Femur 2 bones
3. Humorous 2 bones 3. Patella 2 bones
4. Radius 2 bones 4. Tibia 2 bones
5. Ulna 2 bones 5. Fibula 2 bones
6. Carpals 16 bones 6. Tarsal’s 14 bones
7. Metacarpals 10 bones 7. Metatarsals 10 bones
8. Phalanges 28 bones 8. Phalanges 28 bones
Structure of the bone
Bones is made up of living cells called osteocytes. Bones tissue made up of two types:
compact bone is hard and dense. Spongy bone is composed of small bony plates and it has
more space than compact bone. The hollow inner part of the bone is filled with soft substance
called marrow. Marrow comes into forms into the yellow and red.Yellow marrow is found in
central cavities is long bones and red bone is found the ends of long bones. Red bone marrow
is responsible for manufacturing RBCs. Yellow bone marrow is responsible for manufacturing
WBC and platelets. This manufacturing process is called Hematopoiesis.
Page 16
Joints
The point at which bones attach to each other called articulation, Joint make hundreds of motion
possible because the way bones are attached. Joints are classified according to the degree of
movement.
Types of the joint
 Fixed joints
 Are immovable
joints. These joints
are not firmly fixed
infants but in
adulthood
Page 17
 Semi-movable joint
 Slightly movement but their movement is very limited
Page 18
 Movable joint
 Freely movable joint allowing various direction
Page 19
CHAPTER THREE (3)
Structural levels in the body

Four basic structural levels are found within the body
o Cells: the basic units

o Tissues: made up of cells
o Organs: made up of tissues
o Systems: made up of organs
Page 20
Cell
What is the cell?
All the basic building block thing or cell is the smallest structure and functional unit in body the
human body is composed of trillions of cell. Some of the basic functions of cell are: growth,
metabolism, irritability and reproduction. Human cells contain the following major part used
alphabetical order.
 Cytoplasm
Within cell the cytoplasm is made up of a jelly like fluid called cytosine other structure
that surround the nucleus.
 Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of long fibers that make up the cells structure frame work. The
cytoskeleton has several critical functions including demining cell shape participating in cells
division and allowing cells to move.
 Endoplasmic reticulum
This organelle helps process molecules created by the cell the endoplasmic reticulum also
transport these molecules to their destination either inside or outside the cell.
 Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus packages molecules processed by endoplasmic reticulum to be

transported out of the cell they digest foreign bacteria that invade the cell.
Page 21
 Mitochondria
Mitochondria are complex organelle s that converts energy from food into a form that the
cell can use they have their own genetic material separate from DNAin the nucleus and can
make copies of themselves.
 Nucleus
The nucleus serves as the cell command center sending direction to the cell grow mature
divide or die. it has also causes DNA ‘’ De-oxyribo nucleic acid’’ the cell heredity material
the nucleus is surround by membrane called nuclear envelope which protects and separated the
nucleus from the rest of cell.
 Plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is outer living of the cell it separates the cell from its environment
and allows material to enter and leave the cells.
 Ribosome’s
Ribosome’s are organelles that process the cell genetic in structurally create proteins these
organelles can float freely in the cytoplasm or be connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Tissue
Tissue is made up of many similar cells that perform a Specific function. And divided in to the
four types of human body tissue and their basic function.
o Epithelial tissue: Protects by parts produce secretion
o Connective tissue: anchors and support other body structure, blood is special types
of connective tissues that bring food and oxygen to the cell and carries wastes away
o Muscles tissue: Provides movement of the body
o Nerve tissue: conduct impulse to and from all parts of the body
Page 22
Epithelial Tissue
Functions of the following are the main function of epithelial tissue
o Cover and protect all of the body surface

o Absorbs and secrete substance from digestive system
o Secrets substance from glands
o Provide filtration in the rentals
o Transport the particles contains mucous away from the lungs.
Connective Tissue
The different connective tissue is found human connective tissues are where connecting
the structure thereof, human body the main function of connective tissue is following:
 Supportive
 Connective other tissue
 Provide all nutrients and remove waste product
 Stores essential nutrient like fat and calcium
Muscle tissue
Muscle tissue contains fibers that contract and relaxation bring about movement chemicals sent
from muscles and nervous system.
Page 23
Classification of muscle tissue
Functionally
o Smooth muscle
o Cardiac muscle
o Skeletal muscle
Appearance
o Striated and on started
Controls
 Voluntary
 Involuntary
Nervous system
Nerves tissue is compassed of neurons and neuralgia nervous are the actual working nerves cells
that response to stimuli there are several types of neurons but the two main types are the
sensory neuron and motor neuron, they send impulses to and receive impulses from all parts
of the body.
Organs and systems
An organ is a group of different types of tissue that from in specific manner to perform a
definite function. Example the heart is organ is combination of muscle, nerves, connective
(Blood) and epithelial tissue. Organs do not work independently but are associated with other
organs. Organs have many functions. Group of organs are called systems, each organ
contributes its share to the function of the whole system do specialized work in the body, but all
systems depend on one another.
Page 24
CHAPTER FOUR
Circulatory System (cardiovascular system)
The cardio vascular system is designed for transportation and communication throughout all
parts of the body in approximately 1 minute a drop of blood travels through the right side of
the heart, lungs, left side of heart and systemic circulation completing its circuit by returning to
the right side of the heart. The cells located at the tips of toes and finger receive oxygen (O2)
from the lungs and nutrients from intestines. They send carbon dioxide (CO2) another wastes to
be excreted. The cardio vascular system plays vital role in it is process.
Structure and Function
The cardio vascular system is composed of the heart and blood vessel it’s function include:
pumping blood and transporting gases, nutrient, and wastes.
1. Heart
The heart is a strong muscular pump organ it is weight 250-310g. It lays thoracic cavity behind
the sternum between the lungs. The heart is irregular shaped and slightly flat cone shaped.
The inferior point is apex which is formed by tip of the left ventricle; the apical pulse is counted
here. The superior is called base, lies and opposite the apex is formed moistly the left atrium.
The heart wall has three layers
 Epicardium
 Myocardium
 Endo cardium
Page 25
Heart Chambers and Valves
A complete muscular wall called septum divides heart into two right and left sides.
The two sides are completely separated with no communication from right and left. Each side is
separate pump.
The interior of the heart is divides into four chambers


The two upper champers at the right and left atrium
These are thin walled with low pressure receiving center for blood
 Two lower chambers are right and left ventricles. These are high pressure
chambers because they pump blood out of the heart.
 Left ventricle must contract with sufficient force to send blood entire of
the body therefore its muscle walls are thickest and its internal pressure is
highest.
 The right ventricle needs only to pump blood into low pressure in lugs
therefore in thinner walled chambers.
Heart Valves
As each heart contract blood pushes into ventricle or out of the heart to the lungs or to the boy
the cardiac valve or opens and closes in response pressure changes either in the chambers cardiac
valve is unidirectional that allows blood following only one direction and preventing back flow.
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Bicuspid valve ( mitral valve)
Aortic valve
Page 26
o Tricuspid valve
Regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.
o Pulmonary valve
Controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries, which carry blood to
your lungs to pick up oxygen.
o Bicuspid valve ( mitral valve)
/HW¶VR[\JHQ-rich blood from your lungs pass from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
o Aortic valve
Opens the way for oxygen-rich blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta,
your body's largest artery, where it is delivered to the rest of your body.
Functions of the heart
Pumping action
Pumps blood to body and lungs
Receives blood from body and lungs
Influences blood pressure
Page 27
2. Blood
Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells.

Blood composes:-

RBC Red blood cells (Erythrocytes).

WBC White blood cells (Leukocytes).

Platelets PLTS (thrombocytes).

Plasma Fluid part
Page 28
Erythropoiesis: Is the production development maturation RBC.
Leucopoiesis: Is the production of development and maturation WBC.
Thrombopioesis: Is the production development maturation platelets.
Blood classifies two main parts
Formed elements or Cells 45%
o RBC
o WBC
o PLTS
Plasma 55%
o Albumin
o Globumin
o Fibrinogen active
o E.t.c
Function of blood
o Distribution and Transportation.
o Protection (defense)
o . Blood clot
o Protection (defense)
o Regulation (maintaining temperature of the body).
Page 29
Normal RBC (Discocytes
WBC
They are a heterogeneous group of nucleated cells that are responsible for the body’s defenses
and are transported by the blood to the various tissues where they exert their physiologic role,
e.g. phagocytosis. WBCs are present in normal blood in smaller number than the red blood
cells (5.0-10.0 × 103/μl in adults). Their production is in the bone marrow and lymphoid
Tissues (lymph nodes, lymph nodules and spleen).
Types of White Blood Cells

Neutrophil Granulocyte or polymorphonucleur Leukocyte
 Esinophils
 Basinophils

Lymphocytes A granulocyte or mononuclear Leukocyte
 Monocytes
Page 30
Neutrophil Eosinophil
Basophil
Small Lymphocyte Monocyte
Page 31
Blood Vessels
Artery (Arteries) Vein (veins) Capillary

From the heart To the heart From and to
Oxygenated blood except pulmonary Main vein is called venacava Both
artery. Main artery (Aorta) Venacava divides in two Microcirculation
Smallest arteries is called arteriole Superior venacava (upper heart)
Inferior venacava (lower heart)
Smallest vein (veinules )
Color is bright reddish color Color like black colorless
Speed is very fast Normal speed speed very slow
It carries 30% of blood It carries 65% of blood It carries 5% of blood
Page 32
CHAPTER FIVE
Respiratory system
The respiratory systemis responsible for drawing air intothe lungs. Exchanging oxygen for
carbon dioxide, and removing carbon dioxide in exchange for oxygen. The lungs depend on
the cardio vascular system to actively contribute to the process of gas exchange and to delivery
oxygen at the cellular level
Respiration: - Is the exchange of gases between a person’s external environment and the body’s
internal cells. Respiration refers to three processes: Ventilation (breathing), gas exchange (in
the alveoli of the lungs and in the cells of the body), and oxygen and carbon dioxide
transportation (for metabolism, body processes, and waste removal)
Nose and Nasal Cavity
The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system and are the
first section of the body’s airway—the respiratory tract through which air moves. The nose is a
structure of the face made of cartilage, bone, muscle, and skin that supports and protects the
anterior portion of the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity is a hollow space within the nose
and skull that is lined with hairs and mucus membrane. The function of the nasal cavity is to
warm, moisturize, and filter air entering the body before it reaches the lungs. Hairs and mucus
lining the nasal cavity help to trap dust and other environmental contaminants before they can
reach the inner portions of the body..
Pharynx
Air travels from the nose to the pharynx, a tube shaped passage for air and food.
Nasopharynx.
The section of the pharynx that extends for the nares to the uvula is called thenasopharynx. It is
passageway for air only.
Oropharnx.
The oropharnx is part of the pharynx extending from the uvula to the epiglottis. Commonly
called the ‘’ Throat’’ the oropharnx carries food to the esophagus and air to the trachea.
Page 33
Laryngo pharynx
is lowest portion of the pharynx. It extends from the epiglottis to the openings of the larynx and
esophagus. The division of the laryngopharynx provides separate passageways for food and air.
Larynx (Voice Box)
From the pharynx, air passes into the larynx, a boxlike structure made of the cartilages held
together by ligaments. The function of these cartilages s keep the airway open at all times (the
largest and most prominent cartilage is the thyroid cartilage, commonly known as the ‘’ Adam’s
apple.’’ The larynx is located in the midline of the neck
Trachea (Windpipe)
Air passes from the larynx into the trachea, a tube approximately 4.5 inches (11cm) long and 1
inch in diameter in adults. It consists of cartilage and connective tissue and extends from the
lower end of the larynx into the chest cavity behind the heart. Immediately posterior to the
larynx and the trachea is the tube called esophagus, which transports food from the pharynx to
the stomach. The trachea’s horseshoe shaped cartilaginous rings provide sufficient rigidity to
keep it open at all the time for air to pass through the rings are flexible enough, however, to
permit bending of the neck.
Breathing
Ventilation (breathing) is the mechanical process of respiration that moves air to and from the
alveoli. Ventilation is divided into inhalation and exhalation. Breathing air in is called
inhalation or inspiration; breathing out is called exhalation or expiration. Adults usually
average between 12 and 20 respirations per minute’ the rate is much higher in children. Normal
respiration is calledeupnea; difficult breathing is known as dyspnea
Lower Respiratory Tract

The lower respiratory tract, it consists of the bronchi and lungs.
Bronchi
As the bronchi enter the chest cavity, it divides into two smaller tubes called bronchi. There is
an indented area, called the hilum, where each bronchus enters the lung and branches off. The
arteries, veins bronchi, and nerves enter the lungs at the hilum as well. One (primary)
bronchus enters each lung. The right bronchus is shorter, straighter, and wider than the left
bronchus, which makes it a more common site for aspiration of foreign objects.
Page 34
The tracheobranchial Tree
Each bronchus continues to divide into smaller branches to from what commonly is called the
bronchial tree or tracheobranchial tree. This bronchial tree spreads throughout the lung tissue, as
the bronchi become smaller, their walls become thinner, the amount of cartilage decreases, and
they become known as the bronchioles. The bronchi and bronchioles continue to the lined with
ciliated mucous membrane. The bronchioles bran first into alveolar ducts
Structure and Function

The functions of the respiratory system include taking oxygen from the atmosphere, exchanging
for carbon dioxide from the body, assisting with the regulation of the body’s PH. The respiratory
system depends on the circulatory system to transport gases and on the nervous system to receive
chemical and nervous stimuli at the brain’s respiratory center as table blow shows us.
Main Functions of Respiratory System

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide Exchange
x Takes in oxygen from outside air
x Exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen in lungs
x Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide at the cellular level
x Eliminates carbon dioxide
Acid Base Balance
x Assists in regulating body’s PH

x Eliminates some water
Protection
o Mucus in nose traps foreign aticles

o Warms and moiste air before it enters lungs
o Coughing sneezing dislodge foreign particles
Speech Production
o Air passes over vocal cord to produce sound
Page 35
Common Terms
 Abdominal = region between thorax and pelvis.

 antebrachial = the forearm.
 Antecubital = the front of elbow.
 Axillary = the armpit.
 Brachial = the upper arm.
 Celiac = the abdomen.
 Cephalic = the head.
 Cervical = the neck.
 Costal = the ribs.
 Cubital = the elbow.
 Femoral = the thigh.
 Gluteal = the buttock.
 Lumbar = the lower back.
 Thorax= the chest
 Venteral= anterior( Front)
 Dorsal= Posterior (Back)
 Medial= mid line (axis)
 Lateral= toward the side
Page 36
REFERENCE
1. Human and anatomy physiology, by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
2. LN_human_anat_Final PDF.
THANK YOU ALL OF YOU!!!!!!!!
…..….. I WISH YOU ALL THE BEST…………
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ROYAL MEDICAL COLLEGE

‘’inspiring Health Skilled Students’’

Human anatomy and physiology one

1.0 CHAPTER ONE {1}

4.0 CHAPTER FOUR {4}

5.0 CHAPTER FIVE {5}

Body parts Regions

The body can generally be described to have areas of:

Integumentary system (Skin)

Functions of integumentary system

 Provide a physical barrier against microorganism and foreign materials

 Controls body temperature

 Perceives stimuli: Heat, cold, pain pressure and touch

 Communicates feeling through facial expressions

 Helps produce and use vitamin D

Functions of the skeleton

 Protects vital organ

 Provide locomotion, walking movement by attachment of muscles

Hematopioesis (Blood production)

 Produce red blood cells ( erythrocytes)

Bones are classified according to their shape

Classification Function Example Location

Flat bone Serve as muscle Ribs, hips Cranial

Axial skeleton 80 ones

1. Skull bone (22 bones )

Function of axial skeleton

 Skull protects brain

Bones of skull (22)

Bones of cranium (8)

Bones of the Face (14)

Bones of vertebral column 33 Bones

Appendicular Skeleton 126 bones

Upper limbs 64 bones Lower limbs 62 bones

Structure of the bone

Types of the joint

 Slightly movement but their movement is very limited

 Freely movable joint allowing various direction

CHAPTER THREE (3)

Structural levels in the body

o Cells: the basic units

What is the cell?

The Golgi apparatus packages molecules processed by endoplasmic reticulum to be

o Epithelial tissue: Protects by parts produce secretion

Functions of the following are the main function of epithelial tissue

o Cover and protect all of the body surface

Classification of muscle tissue

o Striated and on started

Organs and systems

Circulatory System (cardiovascular system)

Structure and Function

The heart wall has three layers

Heart Chambers and Valves

The interior of the heart is divides into four chambers

o Bicuspid valve ( mitral valve)

Functions of the heart

Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells.

Erythropoiesis: Is the production development maturation RBC.

Leucopoiesis: Is the production of development and maturation WBC.

Thrombopioesis: Is the production development maturation platelets.

Blood classifies two main parts

Formed elements or Cells 45%

o Distribution and Transportation.