What is literature?

o Free verse
▪ Does not follow a pattern
- Literature comes from the Latin word “litera”
▪ No rhythm or rhymes
which literally means an acquaintance with
o Humorous
letters.
▪ Funny, silly, and makes people
- It is a body of literary productions, either oral,
laugh
written or visual, containing imaginative
o Lyrical
language that realistically portrays thoughts,
▪ Express feelings and emotions
emotions, and experiences of the human
▪ Sometimes sing songy (?) like
condition.
their rhythm
What is Philippine literature? 2. Fiction
- Stories that come from the author’s imagination
- Philippine literature is the literature associated - Made up stories about characters or events
with the Philippines that includes the legends that did not happen in real life
of prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the - Entertains the reader
Philippines, written in both Indigenous, and - There are characters, plot, and setting
Hispanic languages. - Read from beginning to end
- Most of the notable literature of the Philippines - Types of fiction:
was written during the Spanish period and the o Fantasy
first half of the 20th century in the Spanish o Mystery
language. o Realistic fiction
- Philippine literature is written in Spanish, o Historical fiction
English, Tagalog, and other native Philippine o Science fiction
languages. 3. Nonfiction
Four categories or genres of literature: - Filled with facts and information about a topic
- Give true information about real people,
1. Poetry places, things, and events
- A piece of writing written by a poet - Everything must be factual and not made up
- Written using rhythm, rhyme, and other artistic - Teaches and informs the reader
language to show feelings and emotions - Uses text features like headings
- Often short but sometimes long - Does not have to be read in order
- Elements of poetry: - Types of nonfiction:
o Rhythm – beat or sound pattern of a o Informational nonfiction
poem o Biography
o Rhyme – having the same sound at the o Autobiography
end of two or more words 4. Drama
o Alliteration – the consonant sound is - A work of literature that tells a story through
repeated at the beginning of words dialogue and actions performed by actors
- Types of poem: - Categories of dramatic elements:
o Acrostic o Literary elements
o Couplet o Technical elements
o Haiku o Performance elements
o Limerick - According to Aristotle, there are 6 elements
o Narrative that make a good drama:
▪ Tells a story o Plot
▪ There are characters, problems, ▪ What happens in the play – the
solutions, and a beginning- storyline
middle-end

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 o Theme
▪ Main idea or lesson from the
play
o Characters
▪ People in the play who create
the action
o Dialogue
▪ Words spoken by the characters
o Music/rhythm
▪ Rhythm of the actors’ voices
o Spectacle
▪ Sets, costumes, special effects,
etc.
- Added elements to modern drama:
o Convention
▪ Techniques by the writer and
director to create a certain
stylistic effect
o Genre
▪ The type of play
▪ Tragedy, comedy, history,
mystery, etc.
o Audience
▪ Group of people who watch the
play and most important
element since the goal of a
drama is to entertain
- Literary elements:
o Plot structure
▪ Exposition → rising action →
climax → falling action →
denouement
o Type of characters
▪ Stock character
• A recognizable character
type found in many
places
• Hero, damsel in distress,
etc.
▪ Chorus
• A modern chorus (any
time after the Greek
period) consists of a
character/narrator
coming on stage and
giving a prologue or
explicit background
information or themes
▪ Round characters
• Complex characters with
many personality traits
▪ Flat characters
• Undeveloped character
with on or two
personality traits
▪ Dynamic character
• Experiences an inner
change
(personality/attitude) in
the play
▪ Static character
• Stays the same
throughout the play
o Exposition
▪ Who, when, where, what
o Conflict
▪ Internal or external struggles
that create dramatic tension
o Suspense
▪ A feeling of uncertainty about
the outcome that builds
audience excitement
o Language
▪ Diction or writing style that
reveals a character’s class or
profession
o Soliloquy
▪ A speech by an actor who is
alone onstage
o Monologue
▪ A long speech made by one
actor
▪ May be spoken alone or in front
of other characters
- Technical elements:
- *these three all work together to create the
environment for the audience
o Scenery
▪ The set
▪ Curtains, backdrops, etc. used
to reveal the environment
o Costumes
▪ Clothing and accessories worn
by actors to show the time
period
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 o Props
▪ Anything that is not scenery or
costumes that appears onstage
during a performance
o Lights
▪ Placement, intensity, and color
of lights convey the mood or
environment
o Sound
▪ The effects an audience hears
during a performance that
reveals character, context, or
environment
o Makeup
▪ Costumes, wigs, or body paint
used to transform an actor into a
character
- Performance elements
o Acting
▪ Use of the body to portray
character
o Character motivation
▪ The reason(s) for a character’s
behavior
o Character analysis
▪ Examining how the elements of
a drama are used to create the
theme
o Gestures
▪ Any movement by the actor that
creates meaning
o Facial expression
▪ Physical and vocal elements
used by an actor to convey
mood, feeling, or personality

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“SLAM” POEM like a PRO LITERARY APPRECIATION

(guide to unpack or analyze the poem’s meaning)
S-Structure
● How are the line breaks structured?
● How are the stanzas organized?
● Is there punctuation?
● What does it look like?
● How does the structure affect the meaning of
the poem?
- It is reading, understanding, and making critical
judgment of the theme, style, use of figurative
and non -figurative language as well as other
elements of a literary work. (Ngozi Anigbogu,
2016)
- It focuses on the adequate grasp of the
definitions and applications of traditional
literary devices such as plot, character,
metaphor, setting and symbolism which may
be encountered within the texts.
LITERARY CRITICISM

L- Language - It is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of

● Is there figurative language present (simile,
metaphor, alliteration, hyperbole,
onomatopoeia, personification)?
● Are there sound devices present (rhythm,
rhyme, repetition)?
● Is there sensory language in the poem?
A-Affect
● Mood
literature (p.26)
- It tackles about the biographical questions,
bibliography, historical knowledge, sources,
and influences, as well as problems of method.
(p.26)
- It is like hiring a tour guide; it shows you where
to go and what to see in that new place that
you will travel to.
METHODOLOGIES IN EFFECTIVELY
UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE

● How are you affected by the poem? (Kristine Molina-Doria) p. 26-27

● What emotions are evoked because of ● Talk

the language being used? ● Show
● Tone ● Experience
● How does the author feel or want you to ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY
be affected when you read the poem?
(page 30-31)
M-MEANING
● Setting
● What is the subject of the poem?
● Character
● Who or what is the poem mainly about?
● Plot
● Does the poet use symbolism in the poem?
● Conflict
● What is the deeper meaning of the symbols
used in the poem? ● Theme

● What is the central message or theme of the ● Thematic Concept

poem?
● Thematic Statement
● Why is the title important and how does it set
● Point of view
the context of the poem?
● Lesson

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