Program: BE(Mechanical)

Class: TE
Course: Numerical Methods and
Optimization
Unit: Roots of Equation
Lecture 01: Types of Root
 Topics 02

Introduction Types of Bisection

Numerical on
Numerical Method
Bisection
Method
Method

Flowchart of Problem for Closing

Bisection Homework
Method

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 Title of the page 03

1. Prakash Madhukar Sutar

2. Years of Experience -09
3. M.E (CAD Cam & Automation)

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 Steps in Newton Raphson Method 04

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 Steps in Newton Raphson Method 04

Let the tangent has coordinate (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) on the curve and (𝑥2 , 0) on
the point where it intersect x axis

dy 𝑦2 −𝑦1
1. Slope = = = y’
dx 𝑥2 −𝑥1

0−𝑦1
2. Slope = 𝑦1 ′= f’ (x1 ) = 𝑥 = y’
2 −𝑥1

3. (𝑥2 −𝑥1 ). f’ (x1 ) = (−𝑦1 )

−𝑦1 +𝑥1 .f’ (x1 )

4. 𝑥2 = f’ (x1 )

f(𝑥 )
5. 𝑥2 = 𝑥1 − f ’(x1 )
1

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 Steps in Newton Raphson Method 05

1.Let the curve be y = f(x)

2.Choose initial guess x1 and x2 such that

f(x1 ) X f’’(x1 )
2 <1
f’(x1 )

3.Estimate the root of 𝑿𝟐 by

f(x1 )
𝐗𝟐 = 𝐗𝟏 −
f’(x1 )

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 Concept of Divergence 06

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 Newton Raphson Method 07

Example 5: Using Newton Raphson method and initial guess as zero ,find root of 𝑥 3 −5𝑥 + 3 = 0. Do 3 iterations only.

Solution : Therefore initial guess is correct

f(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 −5𝑥 + 3 4. Iteration 1 𝒙𝟏 = 0
f’(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 −5 f(𝑥1) 𝟑
5. 𝑋2 = 𝑋1 − = 0 − −𝟓 =0.6
f’′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 f’(𝑥1)

Let initial guess 𝒙𝟏 = 0 replace 𝒙𝟏 by 𝒙𝟐 .

f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 03 −5 ∗ 0 + 3
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 3 4. Iteration 2 𝒙𝟏 = 0.6

f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) = 3 ∗ 02 −5 f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 0.63 −5 ∗ 0.6 + 3 = 0.216

f’(𝒙𝟏 ) = −5 f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) = 3 ∗ 0.62 −5 = −3.92

f’′(𝒙𝟏 ) = 6 ∗ 𝑥 = 0 f(𝑥1) 𝟎.𝟐𝟏𝟔

𝑋2 = 𝑋1 − = 0.6 − = 0.6551
f’(𝑥1) −𝟑.𝟗𝟐

f(𝑥1 ) X f’’(𝑥1) 𝟑∗𝟎 replace 𝒙𝟏 by 𝒙𝟐

3. Check 2 1= = 0 <1
f’(𝑥1) −𝟓𝟐

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 Newton Raphson Method 08

Example 5: Using Bisection method and initial guess as zero ,find root of 𝑥 3 −5𝑥 + 3 = 0. Do 3 iterations only.

Solution :
5. Iteration 3 𝒙𝟏 = 0.6551
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 0.65513 −5 ∗ 0.6551 + 3 = 0.0056
f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) = 3 ∗ 0.62 −5 = −3.7125

f(𝑥1) 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟔
𝑋2 = 𝑋1 − = 0.6551 − = 0.6566
f’(𝑥1) −𝟑.𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟓

Iteration No. 𝒙𝟏 f(𝒙𝟏 ) f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒙𝟐

1. 0 3 -5 0.6

2. 0.6 0.216 -3.92 0.6551

3. 0.6551 0.0056 -3.7125 0.6566

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 Newton Raphson Method 07

л
Example 6: Find the root of equation 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 using Newtons-Raphson method. Assume initial guess as 𝑥1 = 3 up
2
to accuracy of 0.00001
. • Check Accuracy: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 < Accuracy
Solution :
f(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 0.2124 > 0.00001

f’(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

Iteration 1 4. Iteration 2 𝒙𝟏 = 4.5000
л f(𝒙𝟏 ) = sin(4.5000) − (4.5000)𝑐𝑜𝑠(4.5000)
Initial guess 𝒙𝟏 = 32 = 4.7123
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = −0.0289
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = sin(4.7123) − (4.7123). 𝑐𝑜𝑠(4.7123)
f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = −0.9981
f’(𝒙𝟏 ) = (4.5000). 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4.5000) = −4.3988
f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
f(𝑥 ) −𝟎.𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟏
f’(𝒙𝟏 ) = (4.7123). 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4.7123) = −4.7119 4. 𝑋2 = 𝑋1 − f’(𝑥1 ) = 4.5000 − −𝟒.𝟕𝟏𝟏𝟗
= 4.4934
1

f(𝑥1 ) −𝟎.𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟏 • Check Accuracy: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 < Accuracy

𝑋2 = 𝑋1 − = 4.7123 − = 4.5000
f’(𝑥1) −𝟒.𝟕𝟏𝟏𝟗
𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟒 − 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 0.0065 > 0.00001

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

 Newton Raphson Method 07

л
Example 6: Find the root of equation 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 using Newtons-Raphson method. Assume initial guess as 𝑥1 = 3 up
2
to accuracy of 0.00001
. Iteratio 𝒙𝟏 f(𝒙𝟏 ) f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒙𝟐 Accuracy
Solution :
n No.
f(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
1. 4.7123 -0.9981 -4.7119 4.5000 0.2124
f’(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2. 4.5000 -0.0289 -4.3988 4.4934 0.0065
4. Iteration 3 𝒙𝟏 = 4.4934
3. 4.4934 0.000041 -4.3860 4.493409 0.000009
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = sin(4.4934) − (4.4934)𝑐𝑜𝑠(4.4934)
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = −0.000041
f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
f’(𝒙𝟏 )= (4.4934). 𝑠𝑖𝑛(4.4934) = −4.3860

f(𝑥 ) −𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟏
4. 𝑋2 = 𝑋1 − f’(𝑥1 ) = 4.4934 − −𝟒.𝟑𝟖𝟔𝟎
= 4.493409
1

• Check Accuracy: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 < Accuracy

𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟗 − 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟒 = 0.0065 < 0.000009

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 Newton Raphson Method 07

Example 7: Find the root of equation 𝑥 3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 using Newtons-Raphson method. up to accuracy of 0.02.Explain
Convergence criteria for this method.

Solution :
f(𝑥1 ) X f’’(𝑥1) −𝟎.𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟎∗𝟓.𝟏𝟔𝟕𝟕
f(𝑥) = 𝑥3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 3. Check 2 1= = 0.2394 <1
f’(𝑥1) 𝟎.𝟑.𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗𝟐
f’(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
4. Iteration 1 𝒙𝟏 = 1
f’′(𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 03 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 0
Let initial guess 𝒙𝟏 = 1
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟕
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 13 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 1 = 0 − 1
f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) = 3.02 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2.0
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 0.70807
f’(𝒙𝟏 ) = 3.90929
f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 3 ∗ 12 + sin 2 ∗ 1=0
f(𝑥 ) 𝟎.𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟕
f’(𝒙𝟏 ) =3.90929 4. 𝑋2 = 𝑋1 − f’(𝑥1 ) = 0 − 𝟑.𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟗
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟖
1

f’′(𝒙𝟏 ) = 6𝑥 + 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = 6 ∗ 1 + 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ∗ 𝟏 =5.1677 5. replace 𝒙𝟏 by 𝒙𝟐

• Check Accuracy: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 < Accuracy
𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟖𝟖 − 𝟏 =0.1812 > 0.02
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 Newton Raphson Method 07

Example 7: Find the root of equation 𝑥 3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 using Newtons-Raphson method. up to accuracy of 0.02.Explain
Convergence criteria for this method.

Solution : Iteratio 𝒙𝟏 f(𝒙𝟏 ) f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) 𝒙𝟐 Accuracy

n No.
4. Iteration 2 𝒙𝟏 = 0.8188
3. 0.7914 0.0016 2.8788 0.7908 0.0006
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 0.81883 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 0.8188
4.
f(𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟑
5.
f’ (𝒙𝟏 ) = 3 ∗ 0.81882 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∗ 0.8188
f’(𝒙𝟏 ) = 3.009

f(𝑥 ) 𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟑
4. 𝑋2 = 𝑋1 − f’(𝑥1 ) = 0.8188 − 𝟑.𝟎𝟎𝟗
= 0.7914
1

5. replace 𝒙𝟏 by 𝒙𝟐
• Check Accuracy: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 < Accuracy
𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟏𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟐 =0.0273 > 0.02

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