Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges
Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges
Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges
1978
UDC 624.21.01:624.012.45
BS 5400-7:1978
Cooperating organizations
The Steel and Concrete Standards Committee, under whose direction this
British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives from the following
Government departments and scientific, technical and professional
organizations:
Contents
NOTE The numbering of the clauses and subclauses in this Part is similar to that in Part 8 for ease
of cross-reference.
Page
Cooperating organizations Inside front cover
Foreword iv
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Concrete 1
3.1 Classification of concrete mixes 1
3.1.1 General 1
3.1.2 Ordinary structural concrete 1
3.1.3 Special structural concrete 1
3.1.4 Designed mix 1
3.1.5 Prescribed mix 1
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
© BSI 12-1998 i
BS 5400-7:1978
Page
3.9.5 Water/cement ratio 7
3.9.6 Air content to fresh concrete 7
3.9.7 Additional tests on concrete for special purposes 7
3.10 Surface finishes of concrete 7
3.10.1 Trial panels 7
3.10.2 Control of colour 7
3.10.3 Release agents 7
3.10.4 Surface finishes for concrete 7
3.10.5 Protection 8
3.11 Construction with concrete 8
3.11.1 Construction joints 8
3.11.2 Formwork 8
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
ii © BSI 12-1998
BS 5400-7:1978
Page
5.1.2 Cold worked high tensile alloy bar 13
5.1.3 Stress-relieved seven-wire strand 13
5.1.4 Nineteen-wire strand 13
5.1.5 Testing 13
5.2 Handling and storage 13
5.3 Surface condition 13
5.4 Straightness 13
5.4.1 Wire 13
5.4.2 Strand 13
5.4.3 Bars 13
5.5 Cutting 13
5.6 Positioning of tendons, sheaths and duct formers 14
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
Foreword
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 16, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
1)
In course of preparation
iv © BSI 12-1998
BS 5400-7:1978
© BSI 12-1998 1
BS 5400-7:1978
following information for the engineer’s approval: friction tester described in 10.8 of BS 812-3:1975;
a) the quantity to be used, in kilograms per and
kilogram of cement and in kilograms per cubic c) when the specimens in b) have been subjected
metre of concrete; to polishing on the same machine for a
b) the detrimental effects caused by adding a further 5 h, they again give a result of not less
greater or lesser quantity in kilograms per cubic than 50 when tested with the friction tester. The
metre of concrete; test shall be carried out on four specimens; if one
c) the chemical name(s) of the main active specimen fails to comply with the above
ingredient(s); requirement, the test shall be repeated on a
further four specimens of the same concrete mix.
d) whether or not the admixture leads to the The aggregate tested shall be regarded as
entrainment of air. complying with the specification if, after both
If required by the engineer, the contractor shall abrasion and polishing, either all four of the first
demonstrate the action of an admixture by means of group of four specimens give a result not less
trial mixes. than 50, or not less than three of the first group
3.3.4.2 Calcium chloride. Calcium chloride or of four specimens and all of the second group of
admixtures containing calcium chloride shall not be four specimens give a result of not less than 50.
used in structural concrete containing 3.5 Requirements for hardened concrete
reinforcement, prestressing tendons or other
3.5.1 Concrete grade. For each grade of concrete
embedded metal.
the specified characteristic strength in N/mm2 shall
3.4 Miscellaneous aggregates be as given in Table 1.
3.4.1 Sands for mortar. The fine aggregate for 3.5.2 Minimum cement content. The cement
mortar shall comply with the requirements of one of content shall be not less than that described in the
the following British Standards: contract.
BS 1200, (building sands from natural sources). 3.5.3 Maximum cement content. The cement
BS 3797, (lightweight aggregates for concrete). content shall not exceed 550 kg/m3 unless otherwise
described in the contract or agreed by the engineer.
BS 877, (foamed blastfurnace slag lightweight
aggregate for concrete). Table 1 — Grades of concrete
BS 882, (coarse and fine aggregates from natural Grade Characteristic strength
sources, grading zones 3 and 4). N/mm2
15 15.0
20 20.0
25 25.0
30 30.0
40 40.0
50 50.0
60 60.0
2 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5400-7:1978
3.6 Requirements for designed mixes Any change in the source of material or in mix
3.6.1 Target mean strength. The target mean proportions (except changes in cement content of not
strength specimen shall exceed the specified more than 20 kg/m3) shall be subject to the
characteristic strength by at least the “current engineer’s prior
margin”. The current margin for a concrete mix 3.6.3 Trial mixes. The contractor shall give notice
shall be determined by the contractor and shall be to enable the engineer to be present at the making
taken as the lesser of of trial mixes and preliminary testing of the cubes.
a) 1.64 times the standard deviation of cube tests The contractor shall prepare trial mixes, using
on at least 100 separate batches of concrete of samples of approved material typical of those he
nominally similar proportion of similar materials proposes to use in the works, for all grades to the
and produced over a period not exceeding 12 engineer’s satisfaction prior to commencement of
months by the same plant under similar concreting.
supervision, but not less than 2.5 N/mm2 for The contractor shall determine the workability of
concrete of grade 15 or 3.75 N/mm2 for concrete of the trial mixes.
grade 20 or above; Sampling and testing procedures shall be in
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
b) 1.64 times the standard deviation of cube tests accordance with BS 1881.
on at least 40 separate batches of concrete of The concreting plant and means of transport
nominally similar proportions of similar employed to make the trial mixes and to transport
materials and produced over a period exceeding 5 them representative distances shall be similar to
days but not exceeding 6 months by the same the corresponding plant and transport to be used in
plant under similar supervision, but not less the works. A clean dry mixer shall be used and the
than 5 N/mm2 for concrete of grade 15 first batches discarded. Test cubes shall be taken
or 7.5 N/mm2 for concrete of grade 20 or above. from trial mixes as follows. For each mix a set of six
Where there are insufficient data to satisfy a) or b) cubes shall be made from each of three consecutive
above, the margin for the initial mix design shall be batches. Three from each set of six shall be tested at
taken as 10 N/mm2 for concrete of grade 15 an age of 28 days and three at an earlier age
or 15.0 N/mm2 for concrete of grade 20 or above. approved by the engineer. The cubes shall be made,
This margin shall be used as the “current margin” cured, stored, transported and tested in
only until sufficient data are available to satisfy a) compression in accordance with the specification.
or b) above. However, subject to the engineer’s The tests shall be carried out in a laboratory
approval, when the specified characteristic strength approved by the engineer.
approaches the maximum possible strength of The average strength of the nine cubes tested at 28
concrete made with a particular aggregate, a days shall exceed the specified characteristic
smaller margin not less than 5 N/mm2 for concrete strength by the current margin minus 3.5 N/mm2.
of grade 15 or 7.5 N/mm2 for concrete of grade 20 or
above may be used for the initial mix design. 3.6.4 Additional trial mixes. During production
the contractor shall carry out trial mixes and tests,
3.6.2 Suitability of proposed mix proportions. if required by the engineer, before substantial
The contractor shall submit for the engineer’s changes are made in the materials or in the
approval, prior to the supply of any designed mix, proportions of the materials to be used, except when
the following information: adjustments to the mix proportions are carried out
a) the nature and source of each material; in accordance with 3.8.5.1.
b) either; 3.7 Requirements for prescribed mixes
1) appropriate existing data as evidence of 3.7.1 Prescribed mixes for ordinary structural
satisfactory previous performance for target concrete. Unless otherwise specified, the concrete
mean strength, current margin, workability mix shall be as detailed in Table 2.
and water/cement ratio, or
The material shall comply with the requirements
2) full details of tests on trial mixes carried out of 3.2 and, prior to the production of concrete, the
in accordance with 3.6.3, or contractor shall submit for the engineer’s approval
3) alternatively for ordinary structural details of the nature and source of each material.
concrete, a statement that, for initial Similar details shall be provided before substantial
production, the appropriate mix proportions changes are made in the materials to be used and, if
given in Table 2 will be used; required by the engineer, the contractor shall
c) the quantities of each material per cubic metre demonstrate the adequacy of the mix by means of
of fully compacted concrete. trial mixes and tests.
© BSI 12-1998 3
BS 5400-7:1978
3.7.2 Prescribed mixes for special structural 3.8.2 Cement. Cement shall be stored in dry
concrete. The concrete mix shall comply with all weatherproof sheds with raised floors or in silos. If
the requirements described in the contract. in sheds, each consignment shall be kept separate
The material shall comply with the requirements and distinct. Any cement that has become
of 3.3 or 3.4. injuriously affected by damp or other causes shall be
removed from the site immediately.
3.8 Production of concrete
The contractor shall furnish, as directed by the
3.8.1 General. The contractor shall provide engineer, test certificates relating to the cement to
supervision to ensure the required standard of be used in the works. Each certificate shall indicate
control over materials and workmanship. results of tests and analysis by an approved firm
and shall state that the cement complies in all
respects with the requirements of the appropriate
specification for the particular type of cement.
Table 2 — Prescribed mixes for general use
Weights of cement and total dry aggregates, in kilograms, to produce approximately one cubic metre of
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
fully compacted concrete, together with the percentages by weight of fine aggregate in total dry
aggregates
Nominal max. size of
aggregate (mm) 40 20 14 10
Concrete
Workability Medium High Medium High Medium High Medium High
grade
Slump
limit (mm) 50 to 100 100 to 150 25 to 75 75 to 125 10 to 50 50 to 100 10 to 25 25 to 50
15 Cement (kg) 250 270 280 310 — — — —
Total aggregate (kg) 1 850 1 800 1 800 1 750 — — — —
Fine aggregate (%) 30 to 45 30 to 45 35 to 50 35 to 50 — — — —
20 Cement (kg) 300 320 320 350 340 380 360 410
Total aggregate (kg) 1 850 1 750 1 800 1 750 1 750 1 700 1 750 1 650
Sanda
Zone 1 (%) 35 40 40 45 45 50 50 55
Zone 2 (%) 30 35 35 40 40 45 45 50
Zone 3 (%) 30 30 30 35 35 40 40 45
25 Cement (kg) 340 360 360 390 380 420 400 450
Total aggregate (kg) 1 800 1 750 1 750 1 700 1 700 1 650 1 700 1 600
Sanda
Zone 1 (%) 35 40 40 45 45 50 50 55
Zone 2 (%) 30 35 35 40 40 45 45 50
Zone 3 (%) 30 30 30 35 35 40 40 45
30 Cement (kg) 370 390 400 430 430 470 460 510
Total aggregate (kg) 1 750 1 700 1 700 1 650 1 700 1 600 1 650 1 550
Sanda
Zone 1 (%) 35 40 40 45 45 50 50 55
Zone 2 (%) 30 35 35 40 40 45 45 50
Zone 3 (%) 30 30 30 35 35 40 40 45
a Sand is defined as fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock.
4 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5400-7:1978
3.8.3 Aggregate. Single-sized coarse aggregates The mixer shall comply with the requirements of
and fine aggregates shall be used, unless otherwise BS 1305 or BS 4251 where applicable. The mixing
authorized by the engineer, and stored in separate time shall be not less than that recommended by the
hoppers, or different stacks which shall be manufacturer, subject to the engineer’s approval of
separated from each other. Relative proportions of the trial mixes.
coarse aggregates to be used shall be determined on Mixers that have been out of use for more
the basis of the trial mixes. than 30 mm shall be thoroughly cleaned before any
All aggregates shall be kept free from contact with fresh concrete is mixed. Unless otherwise agreed by
deleterious matter With adequate provision for the engineer, the first batch of concrete through the
drainage, and shall be stored and handled so as to mixer shall then contain only two-thirds of the
avoid segregation. normal quantity of coarse aggregate. Mixing plant
The overall grading of the aggregates shall be such shall be thoroughly cleaned before changing from
as to produce concrete of the specified quality that one type of cement to another.
will work readily into position without segregation 3.8.5 Control of strength of designed mixes
and without the use of excessive water. The overall 3.8.5.1 Adjustment to mix proportions. Adjustments
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
grading shall be controlled throughout the work so to mix proportions shall be made subject to the
that it conforms closely to that assumed in the engineer’s approval, in order to minimize the
selection of the mix proportions. Each delivery shall variability of strength and to maintain the target
be inspected and, if required by the engineer, tested mean strength. Such adjustments shall not be taken
in accordance with BS 812. to imply any change in the current margin.
The contractor shall provide copies of the results of
3.8.5.2 Change of current margin. When required by
routine control tests carried out by the aggregate
the engineer, the contractor shall recalculate the
producer.
current margin in accordance with 3.6.1. The
3.8.4 Batching and mixing. The quantities of recalculated value shall be adopted as directed by
cement, fine aggregate and the various sizes of the engineer, and it shall become the current
coarse aggregate shall be measured by weight margin for concrete produced subsequently.
unless otherwise authorized by the engineer. 3.8.6 Ready-mixed concrete. Ready-mixed
A separate weighing machine shall be provided for concrete shall comply with the general
weighing the cement. Alternatively the cement may requirements of this specification and the following
be measured by using a whole number of bags in special requirements. The concrete shall be carried
each batch. in purpose-made agitators, operating continuously,
The quantity of water shall be measured. Any or truck mixers. The concrete shall be compacted
admixture to be added shall be measured and, if and in its final position within 2 h of the
solid, shall be measured by weight. Different types introduction of cement to the aggregate, unless a
of cement shall not be mixed. longer time is agreed by the engineer. The time of
such introduction shall be recorded on the Delivery
The batch weight of aggregate shall be adjusted to
allow for a moisture content typical of the aggregate Note together with the weight of the constituents of
being used. each mix.
All measuring equipment shall be maintained in a When truck-mixed concrete is used, water shall be
clean and serviceable condition; its accuracy shall be added under supervision either at the site or at the
checked over the range in use when set up at each central batching plant as agreed by the engineer,
site, and maintained thereafter. but in no circumstances shall water be added in
transit.
The accuracy of equipment shall fall within the
following limits: Unless otherwise agreed by the engineer, truck
mixer units and their mixing and discharge
Measurement of cement ± 3 % of the quantity of performance shall comply with the requirements of
BS 4251.
cement in each batch
Measurement of water ± 3 % of the quantity of
water in each batch
Measurement of ± 3 % of the total
aggregate quantity of aggregate
in each batch
Measurement of ± 5 % of the quantity of
admixture admixture in each
batch.
© BSI 12-1998 5
BS 5400-7:1978
3.9 Compliance with specified requirements If only one cube result fails to meet the second
3.9.1 General. All sampling and testing of requirement b), then that result may be considered
constituent materials shall be carried out in to represent only the particular batch of concrete
accordance with the provisions of the appropriate from which that cube was taken.
British Standard. In particular, sampling and If the average strength of any group of four
testing of fresh and of hardened concrete shall be consecutive test cubes fails to meet the first
carried out in accordance with the provisions of requirement a), then all the concrete in all the
BS 1881 unless such provision is at variance with batches represented by all such cubes shall be
this specification. deemed not to comply with the strength
3.9.2 Strength requirements. For the purposes of this clause the
batches of concrete represented by a group of four
3.9.2.1 General. Compliance with the specified consecutive test cubes shall include the batches
characteristic strength shall be based on tests made from which samples were taken to make the first
on cubes at an age of 28 days unless there is and the last cubes in the group of four, together with
evidence, satisfactory to the engineer, that a all the intervening batches.
particular testing regime is capable of predicting the
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
6 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5400-7:1978
3.9.4 Workability. The workability of the fresh 3.10.2 Control of colour. When specified, the
concrete shall be such that the concrete is suitable contractor shall obtain each constituent material
for the conditions of handling and placing from a single consistent source. The aggregates
(see 3.11.3) so that after compaction (see 3.11.3) it shall be durable and free of any impurities that may
surrounds all reinforcement, tendons and ducts and cause staining. The mix proportions and the
completely fills the formwork. Workability shall be grading, particularly of the fine aggregate, shall be
measured at least once a day using one of the maintained constant. In formwork the same type of
following tests in accordance with BS 1881, and plywood or timber shall be used throughout similar
shall be within the following limits of the required exposed areas, and individual plywood sheets or
values: sections of timber in large panels shall not be
replaced.
Slump ± 25 mm or ± one-third of the required 3.10.3 Release agents. Release agents for
value, whichever is the greater formwork shall be to the approval of the engineer.
Compacting ± 0.03, where the required value Where a concrete surface is to be permanently
factor is 0.90 or more exposed, only one agent shall be used throughout
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
± 0.04 where the required value is the entire area. Release agents shall be applied
between 0.80 and 0.90 evenly and contact with reinforcement and
± 0.05, where the required value prestressing tendons shall be avoided.
is 0.80 or less 3.10.4 Surface finishes for concrete. Unless
Vebe ± 3 s or ± one-fifth of the required otherwise specified, the surface finish shall be one of
value, whichever is the greater the following.
3.9.5 Water/cement ratio. The water/cement ratio Type “A” finish. This finish shall be obtained by the
of a batch of concrete shall not exceed the specified use of properly designed formwork or moulds of
maximum value by more than 5 % of that value. closely jointed sawn boards. The surface shall be
free from voids, honeycombing or other large
3.9.6 Air content of fresh concrete. The blemishes.
percentage air content determined from individual
Type “B” finish. This finish shall be obtained by the
samples taken at the point of placing the concrete
and representative of any given batch of concrete use of properly designed forms of closely jointed
shall be within ± 1.5 % of the specified value. The wrought boards. Alternatively, steel or other
suitable material may be used for the forms. The
average percentage air content from any four
surface shall be free from voids, honeycombing or
consecutive determinations from separate batches
other large blemishes.
shall be within ± 1.0 % of the specified value.
Type “C” finish. This finish shall be obtained by
3.9.7 Additional tests on concrete for special
using properly designed forms having a hard,
purposes. When required by the engineer,
smooth surface. The concrete surfaces shall be
additional cubes shall be made and tested in
smooth with true, clean arrises. Only very minor
accordance with BS 1881. The method of sampling,
surface blemishes shall be permitted and there shall
identification and storage of the concrete cubes shall
be no staining or discoloration.
be as directed by the engineer.
Type “D” finish. This finish shall be obtained by first
3.10 Surface finish of concrete producing a type “B” finish on thoroughly
3.10.1 Trial panels. When required by the compacted, high-quality concrete cast in properly
engineer, the contractor shall prepare, prior to designed forms. The surface shall then be improved
concreting, a sample panel of size and surface by carefully removing all fins and other projections,
texture to be agreed by the engineer. The panel shall thoroughly washing down and then filling the most
contain reinforcement fixed to represent the most noticeable surface blemishes with a cement and fine
congested part of the work. The panel shall be filled aggregate paste. Consistency of the colour of the
with the proposed concrete mix compacted by the concrete shall be to the approval of the engineer.
method to be used in the work. As soon as
practicable after compaction, the side forms shall be
removed to enable the engineer to check the surface
finish and compaction achieved.
© BSI 12-1998 7
BS 5400-7:1978
Type “E” finish. This finish shall be obtained by first Formwork (including supports) shall be sufficiently
producing a type “C” finish and then, while the rigid to maintain the forms in their correct position,
concrete is still green, filling all surface blemishes shape and profile within the limits of the
with a fresh, specially prepared cement and fine dimensional tolerances where specified. The
aggregate paste. Consistency of the colour of the supports shall be designed to withstand the worst
concrete shall be to the approval of the engineer. combination of self-weight, formwork weight,
After the concrete has been properly cured, the faces formwork forces, reinforcement weight, wet
shall be rubbed down where necessary to produce a concrete weight, construction and wind loads,
smooth and even surface. together with all incidental dynamic effects caused
3.10.5 Protection. permanently exposed surfaces by placing, vibrating and compacting the concrete.
shall be protected from spillage, stains and damage The formwork shall be so arranged as to be readily
of any sort. dismantled and removable from the cast concrete
without shock, disturbance or damage. Where
3.11 Construction with concrete
necessary, the formwork shall be so arranged that
3.11.1 Construction joints. The position of the soffit form, properly supported on props only,
construction joints shall be as specified in the
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
8 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5400-7:1978
All placing shall be carried out under the direct 3.11.4.2 Striking period. Where the concrete
supervision of a competent member of the compressive strength is confirmed by tests on
contractor’s staff. Concreting operations shall not be concrete cubes stored under conditions that
permitted to displace reinforcement, tendon ducts, simulate the field conditions, formwork supporting
tendon anchorages or formwork or to damage the concrete in bending may be struck when the cube
faces of formwork. strength is 10 N/mm2 or twice the stress to which it
Concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by will be subjected, whichever is the greater.
vibration, unless otherwise agreed by the engineer, In the absence of control cubes, the periods before
during the operation of placing, and thoroughly striking shall be as the engineer directs.
worked around the reinforcement, tendons or duct 3.11.5 Curing of concrete
formers, around embedded fixtures and into corners
of the formwork to form a solid mass free from voids. 3.11.5.1 Curing methods. The method of curing
When vibrators are used to compact the concrete, shall prevent loss of moisture from the concrete.
vibration shall be applied continuously during the Immediately after compaction and for 7 days
placing of each batch of concrete until the expulsion thereafter, except where elevated temperature
curing is used, concrete shall be protected against
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
© BSI 12-1998 9
BS 5400-7:1978
d) Before placing concrete, the formwork, Where the engineer requires tests to be carried out,
reinforcement, prestressing steel and any surface no members to which the tests relate shall be
with which the fresh concrete will be in contact dispatched to the site until the tests have been
shall be free from snow, ice and frost. satisfactorily completed.
e) Cement shall not be allowed to come into All members shall be indelibly marked to show the
contact with water at a temperature greater Member Mark as described in the contract, the
than 60 °C. production line on which they were manufactured,
3.11.7 Hot weather work. During hot weather the the date on which the concrete was cast and, if they
contractor shall ensure that the constituent are symmetrical section, the face that will be
materials of the concrete are sufficiently cool to uppermost when the member is in its correct
prevent the concrete from stiffening in the interval position in the works. The markings shall be so
between its discharge from the mixer and located that they are not exposed to view when the
compaction in its final position. member is in its permanent position.
3.11.8 Precast concrete construction 3.11.8.2 Storage. When members are stored, they
shall be firmly supported only at the points
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
3.11.8.1 Manufacture off the site. When the method described in the contract. The accumulation of
of manufacture has been approved, no changes shall trapped water and deleterious matter in the units
be made without the consent of the engineer. shall be prevented. Care shall be taken to avoid rust
The contractor shall inform the engineer in advance staining and efflorescence.
of the date of commencement of manufacture and 3.11.8.3 Handling and transport. Members shall be
casting of each type of member. lifted or supported only at points described in the
A copy of all 28-day cube test results relating to the contract or otherwise agreed by the engineer and
work shall be sent to the engineer as soon as they shall be handled and placed without impact.
become available. The method of lifting, the type of equipment and
transport to be used, and the minimum age of the
members to be handled shall be subject to the
approval of the engineer.
Table 4 — Normal curing periods
Minimum periods of protection for different types cement
Equivalent maturity (degree hours)
Number of days (where the average (calculated as the age of the concrete in hours
Conditions under which temperature of the concrete exceeds 10 °C during multiplied by the number of degrees Celsius by
concrete is maturing the whole of the period) which the average temperature of the concrete
exceeds –10 °C)
LHC or SSC OPC, PBFC RHPC LHC or SSC OPC, PBFC RHPC
or SRPC or SRPC
1. Hot weather or 7 4 2 3 500 2 000 1 000
drying winds
2. Conditions not 4 2 1 2 000 1 000 500
covered by 1
Key:
LHC = Low heat Portland cement or low heat Portland-blastfurnace cement.
SSC = Supersulphated cement.
OPC = Ordinary Portland cement.
RBFC = Portland-blastfurnace cement.
RHPC = Rapid-hardening Portland cement
SRPC = Sulphate-resisting Portland cement.
10 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5400-7:1978
3.11.8.4 Assembly and erection. The method of 3.12.4 Grouting equipment. The mixing
assembly and erection described in the contract equipment shall produce a grout of homogeneous
shall be strictly adhered to on site. Immediately a consistency and shall be capable of providing a
unit is in position, and before the lifting equipment continuous supply to the injection equipment.
is removed, temporary supports or connections The injection equipment shall be capable of
between members, as necessary, shall be provided. continuous operation with little variation of
The final structural connections shall be completed pressure and shall include a system for
as soon as is practicable. recirculating the grout while actual grouting is not
3.11.8.5 Forming structural connections. No in progress. Compressed air shall not be used.
structural connections shall be made until the The equipment shall have a sensibly constant
engineer’s approval has been given. delivery pressure not exceeding 1 N/mm2. All piping
Unless otherwise agreed by the engineer, the to the grout pump shall have a minimum of bends,
composition and water/cement ratio of the in-situ valves and changes in diameter. All baffles to the
concrete or mortar used in any connection and the pump shall be fitted with 1.18 mm sieve strainers.
packing of joints shall be in accordance with the All equipment, especially piping, shall be
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
© BSI 12-1998 11
BS 5400-7:1978
The contractor shall keep full records of grouting Any reinforcement bar that has already been bent
including the date each duct was grouted, the shall not be rebent at the location of the original
proportion of the grout and any admixtures used, bend without the engineer’s permission.
the pressure, details of any interruptions and 4.3
topping up required. Copies of these records shall be 4.4 Fixing. Reinforcement shall be secured against
supplied to the engineer within 3 days of grouting. displacement. Unless specified otherwise, the actual
concrete cover shall be not less than the required
Where required by the engineer, the contractor shall nominal cover minus 5 mm.
provide facilities and attendance for the
radiographic testing of ducts. In a member where the nominal cover is
dimensioned to the links, spacers between the links
3.12.7 Grouting during cold weather. When the and formwork shall be the same dimensions as the
weather is cold, accurate temperature records shall nominal cover.
be kept covering maximum and minimum air
temperatures, and temperatures of the structures to Cover blocks required for ensuring that the
be grouted. No materials in which frost or ice is reinforcement is correctly positioned shall be as
present shall be used, and the ducts and equipment small as possible consistant with their purpose, of a
shape acceptable to the engineer and designed so
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
12 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5400-7:1978
© BSI 12-1998 13
BS 5400-7:1978
5.6 Positioning of tendons, sheaths and duct 5.7.3 Pretensioning. Where pretensioning
formers. The tendons, sheaths and duct formers methods are used, the tension shall be fully
shall be accurately located and maintained in maintained by some positive means during the
position both vertically and horizontally as shown period between tensioning and transfer. The
on the drawings. Unless otherwise shown on the transfer of stress shall take place slowly to minimize
drawings, the tolerance in the location of the centre shock.
line of sheath or duct shall be ± 5 mm. 5.7.3.1 Straight tendons. In the long-line method of
5.7 Tensioning the tendons pretensioning, sufficient locator plates shall be
5.7.1 General. All wires, strands or bars stressed in distributed throughout the length of the bed to
one operation shall be taken, where possible, from ensure that the wires or strands are maintained in
the same parcel. Each cable shall be tagged with its their proper position during concreting. Where a
number from which the coil numbers of the steel number of units are made in line, they shall be free
used can be identified. Cables shall not be kinked or to slide in the direction of their length and thus
twisted. Individual wires and strands for which permit transfer of the prestressing force to the
extensions are to be measured shall be readily concrete along the whole line.
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
identifiable at each end of the member. No strand In the individual mould system, the moulds shall be
that has become unravelled shall be used. sufficiently rigid to provide the reaction to the
5.7.2 Tensioning apparatus. The tensioning prestressing force without distortion.
apparatus shall meet the following general 5.7.3.2 Deflected tendons. Where possible the
requirements. mechanisms for holding down or holding up tendons
a) The means of attachment of the tendon to the shall ensure that the part in contact with the tendon
jack or tensioning device shall be safe and secure. is free to move in the line of the tendon so that
frictional losses are nullified. If, however, a system
b) Where two or more wires or strands are is used that develops a frictional force, this force
stressed simultaneously, they shall be shall be determined by test and due allowance
approximately of equal length between made.
anchorage points at the datum of load and
extension measurement. The degree of variation For single tendons the deflector in contact with the
shall be small compared with the expected tendon shall have a radius of not less than 5 times
extension. the tendon diameter for wire or 10 times the tendon
diameter for a strand, and the total angle of
c) The tensioning apparatus shall be such that a
deflection shall not exceed 15°
controlled total force is imposed gradually and no
dangerous secondary stresses are induced in the The transfer of the prestressing force to the concrete
tendons, anchorage or concrete. shall be effected in conjunction with the release of
hold-down and hold-up forces as approved by the
d) The force in the tendons during tensioning
engineer.
shall be measured by direct-reading load cells or
obtained indirectly from gauges fitted in the 5.7.4 Post-tensioning
hydraulic system to determine the pressure in 5.7.4.1 Arrangement of tendons. Where wires,
the jacks. Facilities shall be provided for the strands or bars in a tendon are not stressed
measurement of the extension of the tendon and simultaneously, the use of spacers shall be in
of any movement of the tendon in the gripping accordance with the recommendations of the system
devices. The load-measuring device shall be manufacturer.
calibrated to an accuracy within ± 2 % and
5.7.4.2 Anchorages. Anchorages shall be tested in
checked at intervals to the approval of the
accordance with the requirements of BS 4447.
engineer. Elongation of the tendon shall be
measured to an accuracy within 2 % or 2 mm, For each anchorage system used in the works, the
whichever is the more accurate. characteristic value for anchorage efficiency shall be
e) The tensioning equipment shall be calibrated not less than 90 %.
before the tensioning operation and at intervals Proprietary anchorages shall be handled and used
to the approval of the engineer. strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions and recommendations.
14 © BSI 12-1998
BS 5400-7:1978
5.7.4.3 Deflected tendons. The deflector in contact Stressing shall continue until the required
with the tendon shall, where possible, have a radius extension and tendon load are reached or are to the
of not less than 50 times the diameter of the tendon, engineer’s satisfaction.
and the total angle of deflection shall not exceed 15°. The extension shall allow for any draw-in of the
Where the radius is less than 50 times the diameter tendon occurring at the non-jacking end, but
of the tendon and the angle of deflection measurement shall not commence until any slack in
exceeds 15°, the loss of strength of the tendon shall the tendon has been taken up.
be determined by test and due allowance made.
After the tendons have been anchored, the force
5.7.4.4 Tensioning procedure. Before tensioning, exerted by the tensioning apparatus shall be
where the design permits, the contractor shall decreased gradually and steadily so as to avoid
demonstrate that all tendons are free to move in the shock to the tendon or the anchorage. Full records
ducts. Tensioning shall be carried out under shall be kept of all tensioning operations, including
competent supervision in such a manner that the the measured extensions, pressure-gauge or
stress in the tendons increases at a gradual and load-cell readings, and the amount of draw-in at
steady rate. Tensioning shall not be carried out at a each anchorage. Copies of these records shall be
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
temperature below 0 °C without the approval of the supplied to the engineer within 24 h of each
engineer. tensioning operation.
The supervisor in charge of stressing shall be Unless otherwise agreed by the engineer, tendons
provided with particulars of the required tendon shall not be cut less than 3 days after grouting.
loads, order of stressing and extensions. Allowance 5.8 Protection and bond of prestressing
shall be made during stressing for the friction in the tendons. The prestressing tendons shall be
jack and in the anchorage, although the former is
protected in their permanent positions from both
not necessary when using load cells.
mechanical damage and corrosion in accordance
Any allowance for draw-in of the tendon during with the requirements of the contract.
anchoring shall be in accordance with the engineer’s
instructions.
© BSI 12-1998 15
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
16
blank
BS 5400-7:1978
© BSI 12-1998
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BSI Ð British Standards Institution
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It
|
| presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is
| incorporated by Royal Charter.
|
|
| Revisions
|
|
| British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards
|
| should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions.
|
|
| It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We
|
| would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this
| British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible,
|
| the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. Tel: 020 8996 9000.
|
| Fax: 020 8996 7400.
|
|
| BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that
|
| subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.
|
|
Licensed copy:Scott Wilson Holdings, 22/06/2006, Uncontrolled Copy, © BSI
| Buying standards
|
| Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be
|
| addressed to Customer Services. Tel: 020 8996 9001. Fax: 020 8996 7001.
|
|
| In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI
|
| implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless
|
| otherwise requested.
|
|
| Information on standards
|
| BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international
|
| standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various
|
| BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its
|
| products and services. Contact the Information Centre. Tel: 020 8996 7111.
|
| Fax: 020 8996 7048.
|
|
| Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and
| receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of
|
| these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel: 020 8996 7002.
|
| Fax: 020 8996 7001.
|
|
| Copyright
|
|
| Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of
|
| the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as permitted
| under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced,
|
| stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means ± electronic,
|
| photocopying, recording or otherwise ± without prior written permission from BSI.
|
|
| This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of
|
| necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
|
| details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
| written permission of BSI must be obtained.
|
|
| If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing
|
| agreement. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright Manager.
|
| Tel: 020 8996 7070.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BSI |
|
389 Chiswick High Road |
|
London |
|
W4 4AL |
|
|
|
|
|
|