Potayre, Shelomith Marie E.

ALT #1

Female Reproductive System:

Figure 1A

1. Vagina – is an elastic, muscular canal with a soft, flexible lining that

provides lubrication and sensation
2. External OS – is small, almost circular, and often depressed. After
childbirth, the external os becomes bounded by lips in front and in back
and is thus more slitlike.
3. Internal OS – the opening of the cervix into the body of the uterus.
4. Ovary - Ovaries make eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone.
These hormones help girls develop, and make it possible for a woman to
have a baby. The ovaries release an egg as part of a woman's cycle. When
an egg is released, it's called ovulation.
5. Fimbriae - Fimbriae, or fimbriae tubae, are the finger-like projections
located at the ends of the fallopian tubes, closest to the ovaries. The
majority of the fimbriae do not touch the ovary but rather hover very close
by, activated by hormones to catch a released egg and move it down into
the fallopian tube
6. Fallopian Tube - The uterine tubes, also known as oviducts or fallopian
tubes, are the female structures that transport the ova from the ovary to
the uterus each month. In the presence of sperm and fertilization, the
uterine tubes transport the fertilized egg to the uterus for implantation.
7. Fundus of Uterus - The fundus of the uterus is the top portion, opposite
from the cervix. Fundal height, measured from the top of the pubic bone, is
routinely measured in pregnancy to determine growth rates.
Figure 1B

1. Urethral orifice - The urinary meatus, also known as the external urethral

orifice, is the opening of the urethra. It is the point where urine exits
the urethra in males and in females and where semen exits the urethra in
males.
2. Pubic hair/Mons Pubis - Pubic hair does have a purpose, providing a
cushion against friction that can cause skin abrasion and
injury, protection from bacteria and other unwanted pathogens, and is the
visible result of long-awaited adolescent hormones, certainly nothing to be
ashamed of or embarrassed about.
3. Vestibule - The vestibule surrounds the opening of the vagina, or introitus,
and the opening of the urethra, or urethral meatus.
4. Clitoris - The clitoris has no function in reproduction but is the main
pleasure center for females during sex. It has more nerve endings than
anywhere else in the body. When stimulated, it fills with blood and
becomes erect. The clitoral hood protects this sensitive gland from friction,
or constant rubbing, in everyday life.
5. Anus - The anus is the end of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. When the
rectum is full, your body feels the urge to have a bowel movement. The
internal anal sphincter relaxes and pushes the stool from the rectum into
the anal canal.
6. Labia Majora - The labia majora (singular: labium majus) are a pair of
rounded folds of skin and adipose that are part of the external female
genitalia. Their function is to cover and protect the inner, more delicate and
sensitive structures of the vulva, such as the labia minora, clitoris, urinary
orifice, and vaginal orifice.
7. Hymen - The physiological purpose of the hymen is one of the eternal
mysteries of women's bodies. Although it doesn't seem to have a specific
function, it's thought that hymen tissue remains as a vestige of vaginal
development. Embryologically, it tended to keep germs and dirt out of the
vagina.
 8. Vagina - The vagina serves three purposes: It's where the penis is inserted
during sexual intercourse. It's the pathway (the birth canal) through which
a baby leaves a woman's body during childbirth. It's the route through
which menstrual blood leaves the body during periods.

9. Labia Minora - The labia minora are a pair of thin cutaneous folds that form
part of the vulva, or external female genitalia. They function as protective
structures that surround the clitoris, urinary orifice, and vaginal orifice.

Male Reproductive System:

1. Vas deferens - The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from

the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas
deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for
ejaculation.
2. Epididymis - It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in
the testes. It also is the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to
maturity, since the sperm that emerge from the testes are immature and
incapable of fertilization.
3. Penis - The function of the penis is to provide a means of urination and
sexual function. The penis contains the penile urethra that is a tube that
transports urine and semen out the tip of the penis. In addition, the penis
functions by filling with blood during an erection to enable penetrative
sexual intercourse.
 Urethra - The primary function of the urethra is to transport urine from
the bladder to the tip of the penis, allowing the bladder to empty when
urinating.
4. Seminal Vesicle - The seminal vesicles are two small glands that store and
produce the majority of the fluid that makes up semen. During ejaculation,
the fluid from the seminal vesicles is expelled into the ejaculatory
 duct where it can then move on to mix with sperm and other reproductive
fluids.
5. Testicle - The testes have two functions – to produce sperm and to
produce hormones, particularly testosterone. Sperm are produced in the
seminiferous tubules of the testes.
6. Prostate Gland - The prostate's most important function is the production
of a fluid that, together with sperm cells from the testicles and fluids from
other glands, makes up semen. The muscles of the prostate also ensure
that the semen is forcefully pressed into the urethra and then expelled
outwards during ejaculation.
7. Penis Shaft – extends from the tip to where it connects to your lower belly.
It looks like a tube. Your urethra is inside the shaft. The foreskin is a patch
of skin that covers and protects the head (AKA glams).

COMPARE THE SIMILARITIES OF MALE AND FEMALE

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

- The reproductive systems of the male and female have some basic
similarities and some specialized differences. They are the same in that
most of the reproductive organs of both sexes develop from similar
embryonic tissue, meaning they are homologous. Both systems have
gonads (male have testes and female have ovaries) that produce gametes
(testes produce sperm and ovaries produce egg or ovum) and sex organs.
And both systems experience maturation of their reproductive organs,
which become functional during puberty as a result of the gonads secreting
sex hormones. The testis and ovary share several similarities. A connective
tissue capsule, the tunica albuginea, surrounds both. Both rely on mitosis
and meiosis to produce gametes. Both respond to follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH). Both produce sex steroids.
But differences abound as well. The testis produces spermatozoa almost
without limit whereas the number of ova is fixed before birth i.e. a female
is born with a predetermined number of oocytes and cannot produce new
 ones, whereas male continuously produces sperm. Oocytes are ovulated
(released one ova per menstrual cycle) from puberty to menopause. Also,
although gametogenesis involves two meiotic divisions in both, each
primary oocyte yields a 2 single ovum rather than four spermatozoa i.e.
meiosis in male produces four sperm, whereas meiosis in female produce
one function egg and 3 polar bodies (non-functional eggs).
- http://websupport1.citytech.cuny.edu/Faculty/ibarjis/Teaching/Energy
%20Metabolism/Lecture_10/Lecture_10_Reproductive_System.pdf

1. What is the primary functions of the human reproductive system?

- Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has four
functions: To produce egg and sperm cells. To transport and sustain these
cells. To nurture the developing offspring.
2. Why is it important to know the differences in the male and female
reproductive system?
- The female reproductive system has two functions: The first is to produce
egg cells, and the second is to protect and nourish the offspring until birth.
The male reproductive system has one function, and it is to produce and
deposit sperm. Humans have a high level of sexual differentiation.
3. What are the reproductive organs in a female?
- A female's internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, fallopian
tubes, and ovaries. The vagina is a muscular, hollow tube that extends from
the vaginal opening to the uterus. Because it has muscular walls,
the vagina can expand and contract.
4. How does sperm travel in the female body?
- During sex, sperm cells travel through the vagina to the uterus and fallopian
tubes. In the fallopian tube, the sperm meets the egg that was released
from the ovary during ovulation.
5. How long does sperm last in a woman?
- When sperm are inside a woman's body, they can live for up to 5 days. If
you're a man and you have sex even a few days before your partner
ovulates, there's chance she may get pregnant
 6. What are the accessory organs of the female reproductive system?
- The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, Fallopian
tubes, uterus, vagina, accessory glands, and external genital organs.
7. How long does it take to produce new sperm?
- The full process takes about 64 days. During spermatogenesis, your
testicles make several million sperm per day - about 1,500 per second. By
the end of a full sperm production cycle, you can regenerate up to 8 billion
sperm.

8. Where is sperm produced?

- Sperm are produced in the testicles and develop to maturity while traveling
from the seminiferous tubules through the epididymis into the vas
deferens.

ALT #2

1. What hormone that favors pregnancy? And at what phase it will increase?
- This hormone is only made during pregnancy. It is made almost exclusively
in the placenta. HCG hormone levels found in the mother's blood and urine
rise a lot during the first trimester. They may play a part in the nausea and
vomiting often linked to pregnancy.
2. Which phase of the menstrual cycle estrogen is at its lowest level?
- The menstrual cycle begins with menstrual bleeding (menstruation), which
marks the first day of the follicular phase. When the follicular phase begins,
levels of estrogen and progesterone are low.
 3. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is ideal for implantation of a fertilized
egg to occur?
- The final phase of the menstrual cycle is called the luteal phase. During
the luteal phase, the follicle morphs into a mass of cells called the corpus
luteum. The corpus luteum releases progesterone, which will keep the
uterine wall thick and ready for a fertilized egg to implant.

Evaluation 3-2-1:

 3 things/concepts you learned - The functions of reproductive

from the activity and video clips: systems is to:
- To produce egg and sperm cells
- To nurture the developing fetus
- The male reproductive system
consists of the testes, duct
system, accessory glands, and
penis.

 2 interesting things/concepts - A healthy male testis can produce

about the activity and video clips: around 500 million sperm cells
daily and can also release up to
75 to 200 million sperms during
 an ejaculation
- Zygote is a single cell entity,
which is formed by a fusion of
both the sperm and egg.

 1 question that you like to ask - Why do testes are located

about the activity and video clips: outside the abdominal cavity?