THE FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 1 / 30

Outline
1 Explain mathematical and physical significance of
internal energy as a state function.
2 Solve for thermodynamic quantities using the
conservation of energy.
3 Differentiate the following basic thermodynamic
processes: isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic
and a cyclic process.
4 Write down the first law equations for the said
processes.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 2 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 3 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
So far,
Heat, Work

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 3 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
So far,
Heat, Work
Their relationship is a question.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 3 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
So far,
Heat, Work
Their relationship is a question.
When we do work on a system, some part of this
work goes into changing the INTERNAL
ENERGY of the system. The energy that goes
away is what we call heat.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 3 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
So far,
Heat, Work
Their relationship is a question.
When we do work on a system, some part of this
work goes into changing the INTERNAL
ENERGY of the system. The energy that goes
away is what we call heat.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 3 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
So far,
Heat, Work
Their relationship is a question.
When we do work on a system, some part of this
work goes into changing the INTERNAL
ENERGY of the system. The energy that goes
away is what we call heat.

∆U = Q − W ∼ (1)
↓
dU = dQ − dW ∼ (2)
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 3 / 30
First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat and Work depend on the path.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 4 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat and Work depend on the path.
Internal Energy doesn’t.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 4 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat and Work depend on the path.
Internal Energy doesn’t.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 4 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat and Work depend on the path.
Internal Energy doesn’t.
The change in the internal energy of a system during any
thermodynamic process depends only on the initial and
final states, not on the path leading from one to the other.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 4 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Example

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 5 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Example
Three moles of an ideal gas are heated at constant pres-
sure, absorbing 600 [J] of heat, and changed the temper-
ature from 273 [K] to 373 [K]. What is the change in the
internal energy of the system?

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 5 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 6 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution
Since the process happened in at constant pressure then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 6 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution
Since the process happened in at constant pressure then

W = p∆V ∼ (3)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 6 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution
Since the process happened in at constant pressure then

W = p∆V ∼ (3)

And since we have an ideal gas, the change will become

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 6 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution
Since the process happened in at constant pressure then

W = p∆V ∼ (3)

And since we have an ideal gas, the change will become

 
∆ pV = nRT ∼ (4)
p∆V = nR∆T ∼ (5)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 6 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution
The change in the internal energy will become

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 7 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution
The change in the internal energy will become

∆U = Q − W ∼ (6)
∆U = Q − nR∆T ∼ (7)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 7 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution
The change in the internal energy will become

∆U = Q − W ∼ (6)
∆U = Q − nR∆T ∼ (7)

then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 7 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Solution
The change in the internal energy will become

∆U = Q − W ∼ (6)
∆U = Q − nR∆T ∼ (7)

then

∆U = −1893 [J] ∼ (8)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 7 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 8 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Cyclic Processes and Isolated Systems

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 8 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Cyclic Processes and Isolated Systems

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 8 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Cyclic Processes and Isolated Systems

This is a process that eventually returns a system

to its initial state.

Here, the final internal energy is equal to the initial

internal energy so that

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 8 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Cyclic Processes and Isolated Systems

This is a process that eventually returns a system

to its initial state.

Here, the final internal energy is equal to the initial

internal energy so that
∆U = 0 ∼ (9)
Q=W ∼ (10)
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 8 / 30
Internal Energy as State Function
Cyclic Processes and Isolated Systems

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 9 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Cyclic Processes and Isolated Systems

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 9 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Cyclic Processes and Isolated Systems

System does no work on its surroundings and has

no heat flow to or from its surroundings.

Different from a “closed” system where only mat-

ter is not allowed to enter or leave the system

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 9 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Cyclic Processes and Isolated Systems

System does no work on its surroundings and has

no heat flow to or from its surroundings.

Different from a “closed” system where only mat-

ter is not allowed to enter or leave the system
Q=W =0 ∼ (11)
∆U = 0 ∼ (12)
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 9 / 30
Internal Energy as State Function
RECAP
Cyclic Processes
∆U
Q
W
Isolated System
∆U
Q
W

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 10 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
RECAP
Cyclic Processes
∆U = 0
Q =W
W =Q
Isolated System
∆U = 0
Q =0
W =0

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 10 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Example

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 11 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Example
The total work is
W = −500 [J]. Why is the
work negative? Find the
change in the internal
energy and the heat added
during the cyclic process.
[U.P. 13th Edition]

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 11 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 12 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Work is negative since

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 12 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Work is negative since work done on the system.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 12 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Work is negative since work done on the system.

Since the process is cyclic, then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 12 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Work is negative since work done on the system.

Since the process is cyclic, then

∆U = 0 ∼ (13)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 12 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Work is negative since work done on the system.

Since the process is cyclic, then

∆U = 0 ∼ (13)
From the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 12 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Work is negative since work done on the system.

Since the process is cyclic, then

∆U = 0 ∼ (13)
From the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then
∆U = Q − W ∼ (14)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 12 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Work is negative since work done on the system.

Since the process is cyclic, then

∆U = 0 ∼ (13)
From the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then
∆U = Q − W ∼ (14)

Q = −500 [J] ∼ (15)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 12 / 30
Internal Energy as State Function
Example

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 13 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Example
In the pV -diagram shown,
process ab adds 150 [J] of
heat. In process bd, 600 [J]
of heat is added. Find (a)
the internal energy change
in the process ab; (b) the
internal energy change in
the process abd; (c) the
total heat added in the
process acd. [U.P. 13th
Edition]
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 13 / 30
Internal Energy as State Function
Solution

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 14 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The process ab is a vertical line in the pV diagram, then
it is an isochoric process thus

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 14 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The process ab is a vertical line in the pV diagram, then
it is an isochoric process thus
Wab = 0 ∼ (16)
From the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 14 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The process ab is a vertical line in the pV diagram, then
it is an isochoric process thus
Wab = 0 ∼ (16)
From the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then
∆Uab = Qab − Wab ∼ (17)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 14 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The process ab is a vertical line in the pV diagram, then
it is an isochoric process thus
Wab = 0 ∼ (16)
From the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then
∆Uab = Qab − Wab ∼ (17)

∆Uab = 150 [J] ∼ (18)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 14 / 30
Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
For the process abd, we can break it down to processes
ab + bd such that

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 15 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
For the process abd, we can break it down to processes
ab + bd such that
∆Uabd = ∆Uab + ∆Ubd ∼ (19)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 15 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
For the process abd, we can break it down to processes
ab + bd such that
∆Uabd = ∆Uab + ∆Ubd ∼ (19)
Using the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 15 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
For the process abd, we can break it down to processes
ab + bd such that
∆Uabd = ∆Uab + ∆Ubd ∼ (19)
Using the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then
∆Ubd = Qbd − Wbd ∼ (20)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 15 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
For the process abd, we can break it down to processes
ab + bd such that
∆Uabd = ∆Uab + ∆Ubd ∼ (19)
Using the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then
∆Ubd = Qbd − Wbd ∼ (20)
Now, since the process bd is a horizontal line in the pV
diagram, then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 15 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
For the process abd, we can break it down to processes
ab + bd such that
∆Uabd = ∆Uab + ∆Ubd ∼ (19)
Using the equation of the change in the internal energy,
then
∆Ubd = Qbd − Wbd ∼ (20)
Now, since the process bd is a horizontal line in the pV
diagram, then
Wbd = pbd ∆Vbd ∼ (21)
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 15 / 30
Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Therefore

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 16 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Therefore

∆Uabd = 510 [J] ∼ (22)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 16 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Therefore

∆Uabd = 510 [J] ∼ (22)

For Qacd , note that heat is path dependent thus

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 16 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Therefore

∆Uabd = 510 [J] ∼ (22)

For Qacd , note that heat is path dependent thus

Qabd 6= Qacd ∼ (23)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 16 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Therefore

∆Uabd = 510 [J] ∼ (22)

For Qacd , note that heat is path dependent thus

Qabd 6= Qacd ∼ (23)

We can use the equation of the change in the internal

energy such that

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 16 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Therefore

∆Uabd = 510 [J] ∼ (22)

For Qacd , note that heat is path dependent thus

Qabd 6= Qacd ∼ (23)

We can use the equation of the change in the internal

energy such that

∆Uacd = Qacd − Wacd ∼ (24)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 16 / 30
Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
We can also say

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 17 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
We can also say

Wacd = Wac + Wcd ∼ (25)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 17 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
We can also say

Wacd = Wac + Wcd ∼ (25)

But since the process ac is a horizontal line and the process

cd is a vertical line then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 17 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
We can also say

Wacd = Wac + Wcd ∼ (25)

But since the process ac is a horizontal line and the process

cd is a vertical line then

Wacd = pac ∆Vac ∼ (26)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 17 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the change in the internal energy is path indepen-
dent, then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 18 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the change in the internal energy is path indepen-
dent, then

∆Uacd = ∆Uabd ∼ (27)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 18 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the change in the internal energy is path indepen-
dent, then

∆Uacd = ∆Uabd ∼ (27)

Therefore

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 18 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the change in the internal energy is path indepen-
dent, then

∆Uacd = ∆Uabd ∼ (27)

Therefore

Qacd = 600 [J] ∼ (28)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 18 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Example

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 19 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Example
   
One gram of water (1 cm3 ) becomes 1671 cm3 of
steam when boiled at a constant pressure of 1 [atm] (1.013×
105 [Pa]). The latent
 heat
 of vaporization at this pressure
J
is Lv = 2.26 × 106 . Compute (a) the work done by
kg
the water when it vaporizes and (b) its increase in internal
energy. [U.P. 13th Edition]

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 19 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 20 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the process is at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (29)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 20 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the process is at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (29)
Don’t forgetting converting [cm] to [m], we will get

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 20 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the process is at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (29)
Don’t forgetting converting [cm] to [m], we will get
W = 169.171 [J] ∼ (30)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 20 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the process is at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (29)
Don’t forgetting converting [cm] to [m], we will get
W = 169.171 [J] ∼ (30)
Since this is vaporization, the heat will be

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 20 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the process is at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (29)
Don’t forgetting converting [cm] to [m], we will get
W = 169.171 [J] ∼ (30)
Since this is vaporization, the heat will be
Q = mLv ∼ (31)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 20 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the process is at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (29)
Don’t forgetting converting [cm] to [m], we will get
W = 169.171 [J] ∼ (30)
Since this is vaporization, the heat will be
Q = mLv ∼ (31)
Therefore

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 20 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
Since the process is at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (29)
Don’t forgetting converting [cm] to [m], we will get
W = 169.171 [J] ∼ (30)
Since this is vaporization, the heat will be
Q = mLv ∼ (31)
Therefore
∆U = 2090.829 [J] ∼ (32)
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 20 / 30
Thermodynamic Processes

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 21 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOCHORIC

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 21 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOCHORIC
ISOBARIC

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 21 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOCHORIC
ISOBARIC
ISOTHERMAL

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 21 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOCHORIC
ISOBARIC
ISOTHERMAL
ADIABATIC

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 21 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOCHORIC

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 22 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOCHORIC
W = 0 → ∆U = Q

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 22 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOCHORIC
W = 0 → ∆U = Q
All the energy added as heat remains in the
system as an increase in internal energy

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 22 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOCHORIC
W = 0 → ∆U = Q
All the energy added as heat remains in the
system as an increase in internal energy
Example: heating a gas in a non-insulated,
closed constant-volume container

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 22 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOBARIC

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 23 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOBARIC
In general, none of the quantities ∆U, Q,
and W are zero but W is computed easily.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 23 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOBARIC
In general, none of the quantities ∆U, Q,
and W are zero but W is computed easily.
W = p∆V

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 23 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOBARIC
In general, none of the quantities ∆U, Q,
and W are zero but W is computed easily.
W = p∆V
Example: boiling water/soup/stew at
constant pressure (without cover)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 23 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOTHERMAL

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 24 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOTHERMAL
In general, none of the quantities ∆U, Q,
and W are zero. For ideal gases, W is easy
to solve and has the same value for Q.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 24 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOTHERMAL
In general, none of the quantities ∆U, Q,
and W are zero. For ideal gases, W is easy
to solve and has the same value for Q.
Any heat flow in or out of the system must
occur slowly enough so that thermal
equilibrium is maintained.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 24 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ISOTHERMAL
In general, none of the quantities ∆U, Q,
and W are zero. For ideal gases, W is easy
to solve and has the same value for Q.
Any heat flow in or out of the system must
occur slowly enough so that thermal
equilibrium is maintained.
Example: expansion of an ideal gas
maintained at constant temperature
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 24 / 30
Thermodynamic Processes
ADIABATIC

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 25 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ADIABATIC
No heat transfer into or out of a system,
Q = 0 → ∆U = −W

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 25 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ADIABATIC
No heat transfer into or out of a system,
Q = 0 → ∆U = −W
In many (but not all) systems, an increase of
internal energy is accompanied by a rise in
temperature and a decrease in internal
energy by a drop in temperature.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 25 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
ADIABATIC
No heat transfer into or out of a system,
Q = 0 → ∆U = −W
In many (but not all) systems, an increase of
internal energy is accompanied by a rise in
temperature and a decrease in internal
energy by a drop in temperature.
Example: system is insulated; process is
carried out so quickly
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 25 / 30
Thermodynamic Processes
All Together

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 26 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
All Together

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 26 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
Exercise

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 27 / 30

Thermodynamic Processes
Exercise
 3
A gas in a cylinder
 expands from a volume of 0.110 m
3
to 0.320 m . Heat flows into the gas just rapidly enough
to keep the pressure constant at 1.65×105 [Pa] during the
expansion. The total heat added is 1.15 × 105 [J]. What
is the change in the internal energy of the gas? Does it
matter whether the gas is ideal? Why or why not? [U.P.
13th Edition]

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 27 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 28 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The equation of the change in the internal energy is

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 28 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The equation of the change in the internal energy is
∆U = Q − W ∼ (33)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 28 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The equation of the change in the internal energy is
∆U = Q − W ∼ (33)
Since the process expands at a constant pressure, then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 28 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The equation of the change in the internal energy is
∆U = Q − W ∼ (33)
Since the process expands at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (34)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 28 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The equation of the change in the internal energy is
∆U = Q − W ∼ (33)
Since the process expands at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (34)
then

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 28 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The equation of the change in the internal energy is
∆U = Q − W ∼ (33)
Since the process expands at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (34)
then
∆U = 80, 350 [J] ∼ (35)

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 28 / 30

Internal Energy as State Function
Solution
The equation of the change in the internal energy is
∆U = Q − W ∼ (33)
Since the process expands at a constant pressure, then
W = p∆V ∼ (34)
then
∆U = 80, 350 [J] ∼ (35)
The ideal gas law wasn’t used thus it doesn’t matter if the
gas is ideal or not.
Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 28 / 30
First Law of Thermodynamics
Reminder:

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 29 / 30

First Law of Thermodynamics
Reminder:
We are with Cap
(only) here.

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 29 / 30

Next Meeting

Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas

Adiabatic Processes

Angelo Marco A. Ramoso Lecture 06 30 / 30