Introduction to Computer

Technology

Engr. Naveed Jan

Assistant Professor Electronic Technology

General Class Rules

• Your Class attendance is very Important.
– Please try to come in time. If you come to the class after
10 minutes, you will be marked absent.
– If marked absent, please do ’t co e to e as your
absence in the class may not be converted into presence.

• Submit your assignment on time.

• Copied assignments will not be accepted.

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 Ge eral Class Rules Co t’d
• Switch your cell phones off.
• Contact your CR for notes.

• There will be Surprise Graded Quizzes in every

Chapter. Be prepared !
• Your Sessional Marks will be calculated from
your Quizzes and Assignments.

Grading Criteria

• Assignments 10
• Quizzes 10
• Presentation 05
• Mid Term Exam 25
• Final Exam 50

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 Introduction to Computer Technology
• Course Number: ELT 113
• Credits: 3 +1
• Time: Monday (0930-1230)
• Classroom: Class Room 2
• Prerequisite: None
• Instructor: Naveed Jan
• Office: Faculty office 3
• email: naveed.jan@uotnowshera.edu.pk
• Office Hours: Monday-Thursday 9AM-2:00PM
• Objective: Introduction to computer science through extensive course
projects.

Introduction to Computer Technology

• Textbook: P. Norton, Peter Norton's Introduction to Computers, 7th Ed., McGraw-
Hills

• Reference: G. B. Shelly, T. J. Cashman, and M. E. Vermaat, Discovering Computers

2004, Thomson Course Technology, Boston, MA, 2003.
• Reference: M. M. Mano, Computer Engineering: Hardware Design, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988.
• Reference: J. G. Brookshear, Computer Science: An Overview, 7th Ed., Addison
Wesley, Reading, MA, 2003.
• excellent World Wide Web address: to look up computer terminology online
http://www.pcwebopedia.com, http://www.whatis.com
• excellent World Wide Web address: to search companies, products, and events
http://www.google.com, http://www.yahoo.com, http://www.msn.com
• Projects: will be assigned every week or every other week
• Examinations:

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• Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Systems
• Lesson 1A: Exploring Computers and Their Uses
• Lesson 1B: Looking Inside the Computer System 2
• Chapter 2: Presenting the Internet
• Lesson 2A: The Internet and the World 3
• Lesson 2B: E-Mail and Other Internet Services 5
• Computing Keynotes: Creating Your email and Own Web Page
• Chapter 3: Interacting with Your Computer
• Lesson 3A: Using the Keyboard and Mouse 6
• Lesson 3B: Inputting Data in Other Ways 7
• Chapter 4: Seeing, Hearing, and Printing Data
• Lesson 4A: Video and Sound 8
• Lesson 4B: Printing 9
• Computing Keynotes: Buying Your First Computer
• Chapter 5: Processing Data
• Lesson 5A: Transforming Data into Information 10
• Lesson 5B: Modern CPUs 14

• Chapter 6: Storing Data

• Lesson 6A: Types of Storage Devices 15
• Lesson 6B: Measuring and Improving Drive Performance 16
• Chapter 7: Using Operating Systems
• Lesson 7A: Operating System Basics 18
• Lesson 7B: Survey of PC and Network Operating Systems 19
• Chapter 8: Working with Application Software
• Lesson 8A: Productivity Software 20
• Lesson 8B: Graphics and Multimedia 22
• Chapter 9: Networks
• Lesson 9A: Networking Basics 23
• Lesson 9B: Data Communications 26
• Chapter 10: Working in the Online World
• Lesson 10A: Connecting to the Internet 38
• Lesson 10B: Doing Business in the Online World 28
• Computing Keynotes: Professional Certification Programs

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• Chapter 11: Database Management
• Lesson 11A: Database Management Systems 29
• Lesson 11B: Survey of Database Systems 30
• Chapter 12: Development of Information Systems
• Lesson 12A: The Basics of Information Systems 31
• Lesson 12B: Building Information Systems 32
• Chapter 13: Software Programming and Development
• Lesson 13A: Creating Computer Programs 33
• Lesson 13B: Programming Languages and the Programming Process 34
• Chapter 14: Protecting Your Privacy, Your Computer, and Your Data
• Lesson 14A: Understanding the Need for Security Measures 35
• Lesson 14B: Taking Protective Measures 36
• Computing Keynotes: Computer Viruses

Chapter 1A

Introducing Computer Systems

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 The Computer Defined
• Electronic device
• Converts data into information
• Modern computers are digital
– Two digits combine to make data (0, 1)

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What is a Computer?
• A computer is an electronic device that
process data, converting it into information
that is useful to people.

• A computer is controlled by the programmed

instructions, which give the machine a
purpose and tell what to do.

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 The Computer Defined
• Older computers were analog
– A range of values made data

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The Computer Defined

• Older computers were analog
– A more manageable type -- the old-fashioned slide
rule

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 Generation of Computers
• Can be divided into six generations
• Every new generation has dramatic
improvements compared to previous one
• Improvements were the result of
– Technology used for building computers
– Programming languages used
– Computer systems internal organization

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Generation of Computers
 The Mechanical Era (1623-1900)
First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-
1953)
Second Generation (1954-1962)
Third Generation (1963-1972)
Fourth Generation (1972-1984)
Fifth Generation (1984-1990)
Sixth Generation (1990-till date)

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 Generation of Computers
• The Mechanical Era (1623-1900)
– Mathematicians who designed and implemented
calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
– The first multi-purpose, i.e. programmable, computing
device was probably Charles Babbage's Difference
Engine, which was begun in 1823 but never completed.
– A more ambitious machine was the Analytical Engine.
It was designed in 1842, but unfortunately it also was
only partially completed by Babbage

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Generation of Computers
– George Scheutz read of the difference engine in 1833,
and along with his son Edvard Scheutz began work on a
smaller version. By 1853 they had constructed a
machine that could process 15-digit numbers and
calculate fourth-order differences. Their machine won a
gold medal at the Exhibition of Paris in 1855.
– Some other examples include abacus ( 3000 BC),
Pascaline (17th century) etc
– Punch cards (1890) also developed that were used for
data input, output, and storage

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 Generation of Computers
• First Generation Electronic Computers
(1937-1953):
– Vacuum tubes for circuitry
– Magnetic drums for memory
– Big size normally taking up entire rooms
– The first generation of computers used machine
language or 0s and 1s.
– Examples are the UNIVAC and ENIAC

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Generation of Computers
• Second Generation (1954-1962 ):
– Invention of transistors which replaces vacuum
tubes
– The transistor made computers smaller, less
expensive and increased calculating speeds.
– Memory technology was based on magnetic
cores which could be accessed in random order
– These machines used assembly language
– E.g. TADIC, IBM 704, IBM 7030

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 Generation of Computers

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Generation of Computers
• Third Generation (1963-1972)
– Transistors were replaced by integrated circuits(IC) on silicon chip
(LSI and VLSI)
– One IC could replace hundreds of transistors
– This made computers even smaller and faster
– semiconductor memories starting to be used instead of
magnetic cores
– They were characterized with high-level programming
languages which required logic such as BASIC, Pascal, C,
COBOL, and Fortran
– Examples: Intel 4004, Intel 8008 etc

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 Generation of Computers

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Generation of Computers
• Fourth Generation (1972-1984)
– Silicon Chips (Large scale integrated circuits)=LSI and VLSI
– At this scale entire processors will fit onto a single chip
– Two important events: the development of the C
programming language and the UNIX operating system
– Popular inventions include word processors, video games ,
laser printers, inkjet printers, spread sheets, cell phones,
walkman, MS-DOS
– Examples: APPLE 1, IBM PC, MACINTOSH etc

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 Generation of Computers
• Fifth Generation (1983-1990)
– Silicon Chips ( Very Large Integrated Circuits) VLSI
– Characterized mainly by the acceptance of parallel
processing
– Many processors working on different parts of a
single program.
– Popular inventions: CD-ROM, Windows programs,
first 3D video game
– Examples: IBM PC-AT, Intel 80486, video toaster

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Generation of Computers

IBM PC-AT 1984

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 Generation of Computers
Sixth Generation (1990- Present)
• Transitions between generations in computer technology are
hard to define, especially as they are taking place.
• Some changes, such as the switch from vacuum tubes to
transistors, are immediately apparent as fundamental
changes, but others are clear only if you look backward.
• Many of the developments in computer systems since 1990
reflect gradual improvements over established systems, and
thus it is hard to claim they represent a transition to a new
``generation'', but other developments will prove to be
significant changes.

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Generation of Computers
• Some popular inventions are WWW, HTML, Web TV,
DVD, YouTube etc
• Examples:
• Power Book by apple (1991)
• Pentium microprocessors by Intel (1993)
• Sun Ultra workstation (1996)
• And many more like core processor etc

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 Types of Computers

Types of Computers on the basis of size and working principle

Personal Computers
Workstations
Network Servers
Mainframe Computers
Mini Computers
Super Computers

Personal Computer are also known as a Microcomputers.

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Types of Computers
Types of Computer on basis of usage

Computers for Individual Use Computers for Organizations

Workstations  Network Servers

Desktop Computers Mainframe Computers
Notebook Computers Mini Computers
Tablet Computers Super Computers
Handheld Computers
Smart Phones

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 Computers for Individual Use
• Computers can
be shared by
multiple users
but can be used
by only one
person at a time.

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Computers for Individual Use

• Although PCs are used by individuals,
they also can be connected together to create
networks.

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 Computers for Individual Use
• Desktop computers
– The most common type of computer
– Sits on the desk or floor
– Performs a variety of tasks

1A-33

Computers for Individual Use

• Desktop computers
– Different design types

1A-34

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 Computers for Individual Use
• Workstations
– Specialized computers
– Optimized for science or graphics
– More powerful than a desktop

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Computers for Individual Use

• Notebook computers
– Small portable computers
– Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds

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 Computers for Individual Use
• Notebook computers
– About 8 ½ by 11 inches
– Typically as powerful as a desktop
– Can include a docking station

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Computers for Individual Use

• Tablet computers
– Newest development
in portable computers
– Input is through
a pen
– Run specialized
versions of office
products

1A-38

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 Computers for Individual Use
• Handheld computers, palm computer
– Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
– Very small computers
– Note taking or contact management
– Data can synchronize with a desktop

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Computers for Individual Use

• Smart phones
– Hybrid of
cell phone
and PDA
– Web surfing,
e-mail access

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 Computers for Organizations
• Network servers
– Centralized computer
– All other computers connect

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Computers for Organizations

• Network servers
– Provides access to network resources
– Multiple servers are called server farms or clusters
– Often simply a powerful desktop: Google

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 Computers for Organizations
• Network servers
– Flexibility to different kinds of tasks
– Supporting a certain set of users
– Handling printing tasks, enabling internet
communications and so on

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Computers for Organizations

• Network servers
– Users use the Internet as a means of connecting
even if away from the offices.

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 Computers for Organizations
• Mainframes
– Used in large organizations like banks, insurrance
companies, where many people need to use the same
data
– Handle thousands of users
– Users access through a terminal

1A-45

Computers for Organizations

• Mainframes
– Large and powerful system
– Most mainframes are designed to handle specific
set of tasks. Like in department of motor vehicle a
mainframe system may store vehicle and owner
information but little or noting else

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 Computers for Organizations
• Minicomputers
– Called midrange computers
– Power between mainframe and desktop
– Handle hundreds of users
– Used in smaller organizations
– Users access through a terminal

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Computers for Organizations

• Supercomputers
– The most powerful
computers made
– Handle large and
complex calculations
– Process trillions of
operations per second
– Found in research
organizations

1A-48

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 Take a Break

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Computers in Society
• More impact than any other invention
– Changed work and leisure activities
– Used by all demographic groups
• Computers are important because:
– Provide information to users
– Information is important to our society
– Managing information is difficult

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 Computers in Society
• Impact of computers
– Like the Impact of automobile

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Computers in Society
• The benefits of using computers
– As varied as users

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 Computers in Society
• Computers at home
– Many homes have multiple computers
– Most American homes have Internet
– Computers are used for
• Communication

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Computers in Society
• Computers at home
– Computers are used for
• Business
• Entertainment
• Schoolwork
• Finances

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 Computers in Society
• Computers in education
– Computer literacy required at all levels

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Computers in Society
• Computers in small business
– Makes businesses more profitable
– Allows owners to manage

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 Computers in Society
• Computers in industry
– Computers are
used to design
products
– Assembly
lines are
automated

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Computers in Society
• Computers in government
– Necessary to track data for population
• Police officers

• Tax calculation and collection

– Governments were the first computer users

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 Computers in Society
• Computers in health care
– Revolutionized health care
– New treatments possible
– Scheduling of patients has improved
– Delivery of medicine is safer

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Review Questions
1. What is a computer?
2. Explain a few of the different ways in which
computers can be categorized.
3. List six types of computers that are designed for
use by a single person.
4. Describe the two common designs for desktop
computers.
5. How much do notebook computers typically weigh?
6. List four types of computers that are designed for
use by organizations, and are commonly used by
multiple people at the same time.

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 Review Questions
7. Why are mainframe systems usually limited in
the number of tasks they perform?
8. What is the most popular use for home
computers?
9. How are computer technologies used by the
military?
10. How are computer technologies being used
to train surgeons?

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Chapter 1A

End of Chapter

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 Project due: week 3
• Open your personal computer at home and list the hardware specification as detailed as possible, including the
manufacturer, product type, and serial number. List every software installed on your personal computer. For example:
• PC: 友鄰
• CPU: Intel Pentium 4 1.8G Hz
• Motherboard: S45GMAX
• SDRAM: 1GB DDR
• AGP 3D/64MB SGRAM
• hard disk: 260GB
• flash disk drive: 1GB
• monitor: Lemel 17 inch TFT-LCD, Model: LC-AE
• power supply: 250W, ATX compatible
• keyboard: 104 keys Chinese-English
• CD-ROM drive: 52 times speed
• DVD-RW drive: 6 times speed
• sound blaster card:
• speakers: Trois DS 621G
• mouse: Logitech Optical Mouse
• anti-virus software: Norton AntiVirus
• anti-virus software: Trend Micro/Internet Phone
• OS: Microsoft Windows XP
• productivity software: Microsoft Office XP
• …

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