Name : Syamarah Humairo Viranda

Class : 2BB
Subject: reading

CHAPTER 8
FOOD AND DRINK

In this topic the students will learn how to

-develop an understanding of using what they already know to help them gain understanding of
main ideas
-scan text for specific information
-find the main idea(s) in text by distinguishing between the most important and least important
information
-identify the structure and the organization of ideas in text
-identify a pro and con arguments as they read an argumentative selection, take notes on both
sides of each argument, or reaso
-identify the structure and the organization of ideas in text to make a concept map
-apply concept map to write their own summaries
-understand relationships between complex ideas or to arrange information to facilitate retention
and recall
The concept of a text is derived by finding out the conforming or contradicting ideas. Clues
might come anywhere in the paragraph. Students use their thoughts and experiences to add to the
information the author has provided. As you read the following text, find the details that support
the concept.
Readers can develop background knowledge by doing the following conceptual strategies.
􀂃 Explicitly link concepts to your background experience
􀂃 Make clear links between your past learning and new concepts
􀂃 Emphasize key vocabulary

A concept map is a kind of graphic organizer. It can help you identify text
structures. Start your concept map by drawing a circle, oval or rectangle. Start
creating links to the nodes that will relate to the central concept of water. You
can use Microsoft office visio to help you make a concept map. To do that, click on the concept
then put the mouse on the arrows at the top of the central node. Click
and drag in the direction you want to go.

Notice that you now have a label for the link as well as the new node.
Click on the link text box to enter the link label and on the node text

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box to enter its label. Type in “is composed of” to label the link and “molecules” to identify the
text box.

The map now shows that water, at its most basic level, is composed of molecules. You can pull
nodes and links in any direction you like and link the nodes in any fashion you prefer (in general,
try to keep concepts flowing downwards from the main concept). Concept maps usually have
words written on the lines (links) that join the bubbles to show the relationships between the
items. You can also direct the “arrow” links in any direction as well by drawing a link and node
to the right and downward as shown below: The map now explains that living things need water.
You then keep drawing the map
The map now explains that
water changes states.

Notice how the links can join

two or more concepts. These
“cross links” help the reader
visualize the complexity and
interrelationship of the elements
that make up a concept.
• Concept maps generally do not
use colour or pictures. They are meant to show the connections between ideas and the hierarchy
of those ideas.
• Spend time deconstructing the concept map and pointing out the connections between the
various topics and ideas.

Source: Whiteley, S. (2005). Memletics Concept Mapping Course. Advanogy.com

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Exercise 1
Study the following words
Sequential : One after the other in some consecutive order such as by name or number
/performed or used in sequence.
Example: Sequential operations are described to train the operators

Distinguishing: characteristic of one thing or person, so serving to identify it; distinctive.

Deconstruct: reduce (something) to its constituent parts in order to reinterpret it.
Knick Knack: a small worthless object, especially a household ornament.
Sidewalk: a paved path for pedestrians at the side of a road.
Example: Local laws govern the maintenance of sidewalks, assessments for repair of sidewalks,
prohibition of bicycling and skating on sidewalks. 
Confectioner: a person whose occupation is making or selling candy and other sweets.
Splatter: splash with a sticky or viscous liquid.
Straightforward: uncomplicated and easy to do or understand.
Caffeine: a crystalline compound that is found especially in tea and coffee plants and is a
stimulant of the central nervous system.
Theophylline: a bitter crystalline compound present in small quantities in tea leaves, isomeric
with theobromine.
Polyphenols: a compound containing more than one phenolic hydroxyl group.

Preliminary: an action or event preceding or preparing for something fuller or more important.
Plaque: a sticky deposit on teeth in which bacteria proliferate.
Lack: the state of being without or not having enough of something.
Distinguish: recognize or treat (someone or something) as different.
Insoluble: impossible to solve.
Evidence: the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is
true or valid.
Tract: an area of indefinite extent, typically a large one.
Emphasize: ay stress on (a word or phrase) when speaking
Encourage: give support, confidence, or hope to (someone).
Text Structure Quiz
Direction: read each passage and identify how the information is being organized.
 1. Ice-cream is a delicious frozen treat that comes in a many different colors and flavors. Two
of my favorite flavors are strawberry and chocolate. Though both of these flavors are delicious,
strawberry may contain pieces of fruit while chocolate usually will not. Even though more
chocolate ice-cream is sold across the country annually than strawberry, they both taste great
with milk.
a. cause and effect b. sequence process
c. chronological d. spatial/descriptive
e.  compare and contrast
ANSWER: E. Compare and contrast

 2. The ice-cream shop around the corner

from my house has the best ice-cream in the
city. When you first walk inside, there is a

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long chrome counter with matching stools extending alongside the far wall. Right where the
counter stops, the booth seating begins. There are lots of old-timey knickknacks on the walls
and chrome napkin holders on all the tables. My favorite part of the shop is behind the counter
glass, where they keep all of the ice-cream flavors. A rainbow of delicious sugary flavors is kept
cool and delicious behind the case.
 a.  spatial / descriptive   b. compare and contrast c. chronological
d. problem and solution e. sequence / process
answer : spatial/descriptive

3. Freezer burn may have wasted more ice-cream than sidewalks. If you
don’t know, freezer burn is when ice crystals form on the surface of ice-
cream. These ice crystals can ruin the texture and flavor of the ice cream,
but freezer burn is preventable. Since freezer burn is caused when melted
ice-cream is refrozen, rather than eating your ice-cream from the container
as it melts, scoop your ice-cream into a bowl and put the container back in
the fridge immediately. Doing this ought to help you keep freezer burn
from ruining your favorite frozen flavors.
 a. sequence / process b. compare and contrast
c. chronological d. spatial / descriptive
e.  problem and solution
answer : E. problem and solution

4. Making ice-cream is not easy. Cream and sugar have to first be mixed in a frozen container.
Ingredients may be added at this point, if desired. The mixture must be stirred and whipped until

4
the cream and sugar mixture is frozen. Depending on the equipment, this may take as long as an
hour. After the ice-cream is prepared, it must be kept frozen until it is ready to be enjoyed.
Making ice-cream is difficult, but most people would agree that it is worth the trouble.
a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c. chronological
d. cause and effect e.  sequence / process
answer: E. squence/process

Put the following phrases into the following arrows in a sequential order based on the text.
freeze the mixture add ingredients mix cream and sugar
stir and whip the mixture serve it prepare the ice cream

a. Add ingredients b. Mix cream and sugar c. Stir and whip the mixture

f. Serve it e. Freeze the mixture d. Prepare the ice cream

5. No one knows the true origin of ice-cream, but the first published ice-cream recipe appears in
“Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts,” a cook book that was printed in London in 1718. Sometime
around 1832, an African American confectioner named Augustus Jackson created multiple ice
cream recipes and invented a superior technique to manufacture ice cream. Ice cream soda was
invented around 1874, but the real breakthrough may have been at the 1904 World’s Fair in St.
Louis, Missouri, when the American ice-cream cone was unveiled!
a. problem and solution b. cause and effect c.  chronological
d. spatial / descriptive e. sequence / process
answer: c. Chronological

Complete the following blanks

1718 ice-cream recipe appeared in London
…… Augustus Jackson created multiple ice cream recipes and technique to
manufacture ice cream.
1874 ice cream soda was invented.
…… the American ice-cream cone was unveiled.

Put the above phrases into the following diagram (arrow) in a sequential order.

1718 1832 1874 1904

Ice cream reciep August Jacksom Ice cream soda was The American ice
appered in london created multple ice invented. cream cone was
cream. unveiled.

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 6. One time my mom and I made ice-cream. We added sugar and cream into a big glass bowl.
We kept it frozen in the middle of a bigger glass bowl. While it froze, I stirred the mixture with
a hand mixer. It was the first time that had I used one and it splattered ice-cream mixture all
over the kitchen. The rest of the mixture finally froze, so we ate some ice cream, and then put
the remaining portions in the freezer so that it wouldn’t get freezer burned. That was a good day.
 a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c.  chronological
d. spatial / descriptive e. cause and effect
answer: c. chronological

Draw a concept map to show the structure of the idea.

7. Have you ever had an ice-cream headache? That’s when a painful sensation resonates in your
head after eating something cold (usually ice-cream) on a hot day. This pain is produced by the
dilation of a nerve center in the roof of your mouth. The nerve center is overreacting to the cold
by trying to heat your brain. Ice-cream headaches have turned many smiles to frowns.
 a.  cause and effect  b. compare and contrast c. chronological
d. spatial / descriptive e. problem and solution
ANSWER: c. chronological
Draw a concept map to show the structure of the idea.

Ice-cream
Eat icecream Produce by the The nerve cold is in the head headache have
on hot day Dilation of nerve center trying to turn many
Center in the roof of heat the brain smiles of
mouth frown

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8. When it comes to making ice-cream, you can do it the traditional way, by stirring it in a
frozen container, or you can use liquid nitrogen to freeze your mixture. There are some
advantages to using liquid nitrogen. Since liquid nitrogen freezes the mixture faster, the crystal
grains are smaller, giving the ice-cream a creamier texture. The downside is that ice-crystals
grow faster in ice-cream prepared using liquid nitrogen, so it must be stored at much colder
temperatures. Both methods produce a distinct texture, and both are delicious.
a. problem and solution b.  compare and contrast  c. sequence/process d.
spatial / descriptive e. cause and effect
answer: B. COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Draw a concept map to show the structure of the idea.

9. It was the most beautiful banana split that I had ever seen. In the middle of the bowl, there
were three scoops of ice-cream: chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla. On top of the ice-cream were
a banana and a thick web of chocolate and caramel sauces. A huge puff of whipped cream
covered the sauces and a handful of crushed nuts dappled the whipped cream. On top of it all
was a cherry, but I’ve never liked the soggy squish of cherries.
 a. problem and solution b. compare and contrast c. sequence/process
d.  spatial / descriptive  e. cause and effect 
ANSWER: C. DESCRIPTIVE
Draw a concept map to show the structure of the idea.

Matching: match the definition to the term and shade in the appropriate bubble.
 
10. An action and its results are discussed a. chronological
11. Information is organized in order of time b. problem and solution
12. A difficulty is described and an answer is offered c. sequence / process
d. cause and effect
13. Differences and similarities of two or more things are a. cause and effect
discussed b. spatial / descriptive
14. Explains how something happens or is done, step-by- c. compare and contrast
step d. sequence / process
15. Describes how something looks or the arrangement of a
space
 

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PART 1: TEA
Exercise 2
1 Ask your partner to tell you ...
a) if they prefer coffee or tea. ( they prefer a tea )
b) how much tea they drink a day. ( they drink once a day in the morning)
c) and how to make a cup of tea. (prepare a glass and instant tea. Heat the water. After
the water boiled. Poor the water into the glass and also the instant tea. Stirr it. And
drink)
2 You are going to read an article about tea. Speaking only, can you or your partner answer any
of the questions?
a) What is oxidation? _Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by
a molecule, atom or ion.Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule,
atom or ion is increased.
b) What is antioxidant? Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation
c) What is supplement? A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to
supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.
d) Why is black tea so popular around the world? Beside the taste is really good, black tea
has a lot of benefits for our boddy health
e) Is tea harmful? Yes if we drink the tea too much and put a lot of sugar in it. It makes
diabetes and other illnesses

Most/Least Important Idea(s) and Information

Determining the main idea(s) in a text is not always a clear, straightforward process. Some or all
of the following strategies can help you:
- Activate prior knowledge to help you connect to the information in the text.
- Note the type of text and its typical audience and purpose (e.g., to persuade, to explain, to
illustrate).
- Set a clear purpose for the text so that students have common ground for finding the main
idea.
Main ideas are often found in first sentences or last sentences in a paragraph, or first and last
paragraphs in a chapter. The reader constructs meaning, deciding on what is most important
based on prior knowledge and experience. What is important to one reader may not be as
important to another, unless both have a common goal or purpose.

Using a KWL chart in different phases of your reading, you can monitor your reading process:
I know What I want to know What I have learned
Before reading, you After you have completed You tell what you have
complete the “I know” the “I know” column, you learnt (post
column. complete the “What I want to reading activity, monitor
know” column. your
comprehension, assess your
comprehension and expand
your
ideas)

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Exercise 4
Reading Comprehension – Informational Passages
Directions: Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below.

Text 1. “Tea”
People drink a lot of tea. There are many kinds
of tea. There is black tea. There is green tea.
There is white tea. There is red tea. There is
yellow tea. People drink a lot of tea in China.
Some people drink it because it is good for
them. It makes them healthy. Other people
drink it because it tastes very good. It tastes
delicious. People drink a lot of green tea in
Japan. People drink a lot of green tea in Korea
too. In Vietnam, some people drink coffee
before they drink tea. People drink a lot of tea
in England. Every afternoon, English people
drink tea. English people add milk to their tea.
Finally, many people drink tea in the U.S. In
the South, people drink “sweet tea.” Sweet tea
is cold black tea with sugar. Most tea comes
from China. Some tea comes from India or Sri
Lanka. Kenya, Japan, and Indonesia also grow
a lot of tea.

1) Some tea is… Vocabulary::

A. purple. 1) Tea makes them healthy.. So,, tea…
B. green. A. tastes good.
C. pink. B. is many colors.
D. blue. C. is good for them.
2) People drink coffee before tea in… D. comes from many places.
A. China. 2) Things that are delicious…
B. Korea. A. are green.
C. England. B. are yellow.
D. Vietnam. C. taste very good.
3) People add milk to their tea in… D. are good for you.
A. India. 3) Before means…
B. England. A. in front of.
C. Vietnam. B. during.
D. Sri Lanka. C. earlier or sooner than.
4) People drink “sweet tea” in… D. Both A and C are correct.
A. The Southern U.S. 4) If you add milk to tea,, you…
B. The Northern U.S. A. put milk in your tea.
C. Vietnam. B. take milk out of your tea.
D. Korea. C. drink milk after tea.
E. Sri Lanka D. drink milk before tea.
5) Most tea comes from… 5) Something sweet…
A. Indonesia. A. is good for you.
B. Kenya. B. has sugar in it.
C. Japan. C. tastes bad.
D. China. D. is yellow.

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Questions:
Exercise 5
Now read the article and match a heading with a paragraph. Read about how black tea is made
and why people drink it. Next, label the diagram with the words in bold. Finally, answer the
questions below.
Text 2
Black Tea
http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/black-tea-uses-and-risks
Black tea is made from the leaves of a bush
called Camellia sinensis. A process called
oxidation turns the leaves from green to a dark
brownish-black color. Oxidation means the
leaves are exposed to moist, oxygen-rich air.
Tea manufacturers can control the amount of
oxidation. Black tea is a fully oxidized tea.
Green tea comes from the same plant, but is
not oxidized.
Why do people use black tea?
Many people drink black tea to try to wake up
and have more energy. There is good scientific
evidence to show this works. Black tea has a
lot of caffeine. It also contains a little bit of a
stimulating substance called theophylline.
Both can speed up your heart rate and make
you feel more alert.
Black tea is also full of healthy substances
called polyphenols. Polyphenols are
antioxidants that can help protect your cells
from damage. Some scientists think that
specific antioxidants in tea, including
polyphenols and catechins, may help prevent
some types of cancer. For example, some
research shows that women who regularly
drink black tea have a much lower risk of
ovarian cancer than women who do not. But
more research is needed. So far, research has
shown that black tea does not lower the risk of
breast, stomach, or colorectal cancer.
Increasing evidence hints that the antioxidants
in black tea may reduce atherosclerosis
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(clogged arteries), especially in women. It
may also help lower the risk of heart attack.
Regularly drinking black tea may also lower
your risk for diabetes, high cholesterol, kidney
stones, parkinson’s disease. But more research
about black tea's effect on these conditions is
needed. Some other studies suggest that long-
term use of black tea may also help protect
against: osteoporosis and lung cancer.
However, larger-scale studies are needed to
confirm these uses.
Black tea extract is sold as a supplement.
Sometimes, the supplement includes other
types of herbs, vitamins, or minerals.
Drinking a moderate amount of black tea (one
to four cups a day) may increase blood
pressure slightly, but the effect does not last
long. And drinking this amount of black tea is
not associated with long-term high blood
pressure. Preliminary studies in people show
that a black tea supplement can improve
metabolism and increase blood pressure.
Changes in blood pressure can be a concern.
However, a small increase may be helpful for
people who have dizziness due to low blood
pressure when they stand up.
Optimal doses of black tea have not been
established. Supplement ingredients and
quality may vary widely. This makes it hard to
set a standard dose.
Can you get black tea naturally from foods?
Black tea, of course, can be found in most
stores. You can drink it hot or cold to get its
benefits.
Flesch Reading Ease score: 67.2 (text scale)
Flesch Reading Ease scored your text:
standard / average. [ f ] | [ a ] | [ r ]. Gunning
Fog: 9.8 (text scale) Gunning Fog scored your
text: fairly easy to read. [ f ] | [ a ] | [ r ]

Exercise 6.
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the main differences between green tea and black tea?

2. Which of the six points above do you agree with? Which don’t you agree with? Why?

3. The author of the second text primarily

(A) disagrees that the tea supplement can improve metabolism and increase blood pressure
is deficient in any significant way
(B) apologizes for the lack of reference in the standard doses of black tea consumption.
(C) agrees with the statement that drinking this amount of black tea is not associated with
long-term high blood pressure.
(D) argues that little is actually known about the nature of tea
4. Doctors often suggest that you drink a lot of tea and juices when you have a cold. You also
need to get a lot of rest.
Exercise 7.
Read the following texts and record the most important and least important ideas and
information. When you have finished recording, go to the bottom section of the chart and write
what you believe to be the key idea from the whole text.

Title of article: __________________________________

Purpose for reading: __________________________

Most Important Ideas and Information Least Important Ideas and Information

11
Key idea from this passage:

WebMD: http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-and-supplements/black-tea-uses-and-risks?
page=2
Exercise 8
Read the following text and answer the questions below.
Text 3.

Black Tea. What are the risks of taking black tea?

Drinking black tea in moderate amounts is generally safe for most people. Drinking large
amounts of black tea, or more than four or five cups a day, may cause health problems.
That's mostly because of caffeine-related side effects.

Side effects of black tea may include:

 Anxiety and difficulty sleeping
 Faster breathing
 Headache
 Increased urination
 Irregular heartbeat
 Nausea and vomiting
 Nervousness and restlessness
 Ringing in the ears
 Tremors

Combining black tea with other types of caffeine or a product called ephedra can be very
dangerous. Some of the problems it can cause include increased blood pressure, heart rate
changes, seizures, and passing out.

Black tea or black tea supplements may interfere with other medicines and supplements you
are taking. Some medicines can cause caffeine to stay in your body longer than usual. Talk
to your doctor to see if medicines you are taking may have this effect.

Always tell your doctor about any supplements you are taking, including natural ones and
12
 those bought without a prescription. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side
effects or interactions with any medications and your health conditions. The caffeine in black
tea may also interfere with certain blood tests. Tell your doctor if you drink a lot of black tea.

Flesch Reading Ease score: 59.3 (text scale) Flesch Reading Ease scored your text: fairly
difficult to read. Gunning Fog: 11.3 (text scale) Gunning Fog scored your text: hard to
read.

Exercise 9
1.What are your views on the author’s report? Do you agree with his opinion?
The report is very good and also important to read by many people because the report
informs about the dangers of consuming too much black tea and dangerous if taken
together with certain drugs. Yes, I agree because consuming something excessively is
indeed not good, there are doses and rules for consuming something.

2. Why do you think so many people drink tea?

Because many people drink black tea to try to wake up and have more energy. Black tea
has a lot of caffeine. It also contains a little bit of a stimulating substance called
theophylline. Both can speed up your heart rate and make you feel more alert.

3. Could caffeine-related side effects only occur with people who are taking certain medicines ?
No, it couldn’t. The side effects of caffeine not only occur in people who use certain drugs,
but also those who consume too much food containing caffeine such as black tea.

4. How could you convince people who are taking medicines and supplements to consult their
doctor?
By way of telling them the side effects that are very dangerous for their health, even
causing very fatal diseases. Then try to convince them that you should consult their doctor
first to minimize the side effects arising from the use of certain drugs

5. What do you think of the following:

 nausea and vomiting
 nervousness and restlessness
This is due to consuming too much black tea that contains caffeine. Caffeine makes the
heart beat faster and this is what causes people who consume it to feel more refreshed and
energized so they can wake up longer and eliminate sleepiness. However, when we consume
too much caffeine, our heart will beat faster than usual and too fast is what causes us to feel
nausea, vomiting, nervousness and restlessness

Text 4
The Health Dangers of Tea
Last Updated: Apr 03, 2011 | By Anne Helmenstine, Ph.D.

1. Tea is a low-calorie, refreshing beverage that contains antioxidants. Drinking tea gives

13
several health benefits, but there are side effects and risks, too. Chemicals of concern that
naturally occur in tea include caffeine, tannins and fluoride. In some cases, tea is contaminated
by pesticide residues. Tea may affect some drugs. Generally, there are more benefits of
drinking tea than the risks, but you should be aware of potential health hazards.

2. Tea naturally contains caffeine. According to Stash Tea, a typical cup of tea contains about
40 mg of caffeine. The amount of caffeine in tea depends on several factors, including the type
of tea, its growing and harvesting conditions and the location of the tea leaves on the plant.
This may cause a problem if you are sensitive to this chemical or seeking to avoid it.

Tannins
3. Some of the bitter flavor in tea comes from chemicals called tannins. Tannins are
antibacterial and may reduce dental plaque, but they also reduce the absorption of certain
minerals by the digestive system, such as iron and calcium. The presence of tannins may lead
some individuals to anemia. You can limit this negative effect of tannins if you avoid drinking
tea with meals or add milk to tea. Also, excessive tannins may cause constipation.

Pesticides
4. Traces of pesticides have been found in tea, including DDT, which was banned in the
United States, but is still used in China and India. Although the levels of contamination per
cup of tea may be small, pesticides accumulate in body tissues. One way to minimize exposure
to pesticides is to seek organic tea.

Fluoride
5. Too much fluoride consumption may endanger people. Some tea plants absorb fluoride
from the soil and deposit it in the plant's leaves, which are used to make tea. The fluoride
readily crosses from the leaves into the water used to brew tea. The problem is that the level of
fluoride in tea may higher than the FDA- and EPA-recommended levels for this mineral. The
National Research Council outlines the dangers of too much fluoride consumption such as
reduced bone density, diminished thyroid function and brain damage. The EPA advises
children under age 9 to avoid drinking water that exceeds the recommended limit of fluoride.
High level fluoride can be found in tea, but it can be controlled by limiting the amount of tea
you drink and by preparing tea with unfluoridated water.

Drug Interactions
6. The compounds in tea may change the effects of certain drugs such as oral contraceptives,
lithium, ephedrine, monoamine oxidize inhibitors and aspirin. The University of Maryland
Medical Center states that green tea is not recommended for children, based on the lack of
scientific studies on its pediatric use.

Exercise 10
Read the article again and find the words or phrases which mean-
something for drinking: BEVERAGE
possible danger: SIDE EFFECTS AND RISK

14
 unpleasant taste: THE BITTER FLAVOR IN TEA
absorption: SOME TEA PLANTS ABSORB FLUORIDE FROM THE SOIL
store : DEPOSIT
be greater in scope or size than some standard: THE LEVEL OF FLUORIDE IN
TEA MAY HIGHER THAN THE FDA-AND EPA-RECOMMENDED LEVELS
FOR THIS MINERAL.

Exercise 11.
Reread the text entitled “The Health Dangers of Tea ” and record the most important and least
important ideas and information. When you have finished recording, go to the bottom section
of the chart and write what you believe to be the key idea from the whole text.
Title of article: __THE HEALTH DANGERS OF TEA_______________________
Most Important Ideas and Information Least Important Ideas and Information
DRINKING TEA GIVES SEVERAL ACCORDING TO STASH TEA, A
HEALTH BENEFITS AND SIDE TYPICAL CUP OF TEA CONTAINS
EFFECT ABOUT 40MG OF CAFFEINE

Key idea from this passage:

THE SEVERAL HEALTH BENEFITS AND SIDE EFFECTS DRINKING A TEA

Read and summarize the five paragraphs at a time

Summary of Paragraph 1: Tea is a low-calorie drink that contains antioxidants which
provides several health benefits, but there are also side effects and risks because they
contain several chemicals such as caffeine, tannin, and flouride.
Summary of Paragraph 2: Tea naturally contains about 40 mg of caffeine and the
amount of caffeine in tea depends on several factors, including the type of tea, growing
and harvesting conditions and the location of the tea leaves in the plant.
Summary of Paragraph 3: Some of the bitter taste in tea comes from tannins, which are
antibacterial which can reduce dental plaque, but also can reduce the absorption of
certain minerals by the digestive system, such as iron and calcium. tannins are indeed
beneficial but we must also limit the use of tannins because they can cause anemia and
constipation.
Summary of Paragraph 4: Traces of pesticides have been found in tea and have been
used in China and India, but unfortunately their use is prohibited in the United States
because the level of contamination per cup of tea accumulates in body tissues.
Summary of Paragraph 5: Too much consumption of fluoride can endanger one's health
especially for children under 9 years old such as reduced bone density, reduced thyroid
function, and brain damage due to fluoride levels in tea may be higher than the
recommended levels of the FDA and EPA for this mineral.
Summary of Paragraph 6: Compounds in tea can change the effects of certain drugs such
as oral contraceptives, lithium, ephedrine, monoamine oxidizing inhibitors and aspirin.

15
Text 5
Tea: Drink to your health?
Posted December 18, 2013, 12:29 pm
Stephanie Watson, Executive Editor, Harvard Women's Health Watch
http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/tea-drink-to-your-health-201312186947
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition featured 11 new studies highlighting the many
ways in which tea can improve our health. The research was originally presented at an
entire symposium devoted to Tea and Human Health, held in Washington, DC.

A few of the highlights:

 Tea drinking appears to lower the risk for heart disease and stroke.
 Natural compounds called polyphenols in green tea might protect against several
cancers, including those of the prostate, GI tract, lungs, breast, and skin.
 Caffeine and antioxidants called catechins found in green, oolong, and white teas
may increase metabolism and promote weight loss.
 Tea polyphenols are thought to strengthen bones and protect against fractures.
 People who drink tea could see improvements in mood, concentration, and
performance.

Is tea uniquely healthy?

Tea is rich in healthful properties. “Tea is uniquely plentiful in catechins, and especially
epicatechins, which are believed to have positive effects on our health,” says Dr. Howard
Sesso, associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School and associate
epidemiologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital.

The less processed tea leaves are better because they contain more health-promoting
catechins, Dr. Sesso says. Green teas have the most nutritional benefit, followed by oolong
and black teas.

Can we get the benefit of tea without drinking it? “More studies are needed that directly
compare the effects of tea drinking versus tea extracts or supplements,” Dr. Sesso says. We
are studying to make all the healthful components of tea into a pill. We’d need to know
exactly what those tea components are, and we’re not there yet. Another reason to avoid tea
pills, or even to start drinking tea for health, is that although many studies show an
association between tea drinking and health, they can’t show cause and effect.

Not your cup of tea?

If you’re a tea drinker, continue to enjoy your tea. If you’re not into tea, don’t use the
research as a reason to change your drinking preferences. “It is too preliminary to conclude
that everyone should regularly drink tea,” Dr. Sesso says.

Flesch Reading Ease score: 52.7 (text scale) Flesch Reading Ease scored your text: fairly
difficult to read.
Gunning Fog: 11.8 (text scale) Gunning Fog scored your text: hard to read.

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 Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level: 9.7
Grade level: Tenth Grade.
(388 words)

Use Text Organization: Summarize Articles

PROS AND CONS
You can identify advantages and disadvantages of decisions or choices using this simple graphic
organizer. It is useful for generating or identifying ideas for a debate, examining both sides of an
issue, or weighing the values of courses of action. It can be used in social studies, science, health,
and literature. Other definitions of advantage and disadvantage are cost/benefit, good/bad,
succeed/fail, for/against.

As you read the five argumentative texts, use the summaries of the five text to take notes on both
sides of each argument, or reason.
ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR (PRO) ARGUMENTS AGAINST (CON)

Argument 1: Argument 1:

Support: Support:

Argument 2: Argument 2:

Support : Support :

Argument 3: Argument 3:

Support: Support:

A good summary tells who did what, where, when, why, and how. The elements don’t have to be
presented in this order, but they should appear in the order in which they occur in the article or
story you’re summarizing. And sometimes, not every element will appear in a summary. For
example, how something happened may not be mentioned in an article or story.

When you read a text, you want to remember what you read. However, it isn’t necessary to recall
every word. Instead, you can use the main ideas to help you summarize a passage. A good reader
first finds the main ideas. Keep in mind that the main points are not always stated; sometimes
they are implied or suggested. After finding the main ideas, a reader might think:
The next thing a reader does is to identify supporting evidence for the main idea.
This evidence can be details, examples, explanations, descriptions, or statistics that expand the
main idea. Often, it is helpful to use an outline or a graphic organizer to summarize information.
Determining what is important
- Identify key ideas or themes as you read
- Distinguish important from unimportant information in relation to key ideas or themes in
text. You can distinguish important information at the word, sentence and text level

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 - Utilize text structure and text features (such as bold or italicized print, figures and
photographs) to help you distinguish important from unimportant information
- Use your knowledge of important and relevant parts of text to prioritize in long-term
memory and synthesize text for others.To effectively highlight text, you need to read the
text, think about it, and make decisions about what you need to remember and learn. You
can’t possibly remember everything. You need to sort important information from less
important details.
- Look carefully at the first and last line of each paragraph. Important information is often
contained there.
- Read the passage
- Highlight only necessary words and phrases, not entire sentences
- Don’t get thrown off by interesting details. Although they are fascinating, they often
obscure important information
- Record important words or phrases.
- Make notes in the margin to emphasize a pertinent highlighted word or phrase
- Note cue words. They are almost always followed by important information
- Pay attention to surprising information. It might mean you are learning something new
- Rate each key point. Pick the top three points.
- When finished, check to see that no more than half the paragraph is highlighted. As
- readers become more adept, on-third of the paragraph is a good measure for highlighting
graphic organizer for summaries

Directions: Read each text and on a separate sheet of paper write a summary from four texts (1.
“Tea: Drink to your health?” ;2.”The Health Dangers of Tea”; 3. “What are the risks of taking
black tea”; 4.”Black Tea). Use the following Summary Planning Sheet

Summary Planning Sheet

Topic: the good and bad side effects for human health of the balck tea
Complete the Following Steps:
􀁆Skim the reading selection and begin to look for the main idea.
􀁆Underline the topic sentence for each paragraph in the text selection. (If there is not topic
sentence, write on for the paragraph.)
􀁆Cross out unimportant information in the text selection.
􀁆Cross out information that is repeated.
􀁆 Put information from the passages into a graphic organizer representing the text
structure.
􀁆Write a sentence explaining the main idea of the text
􀁆Write what the text selection is about using your graphic organizer. Include only important
information
Checklist for a Summary
􀁆My summary has a sentence that identifies what the text selection is about.
􀁆My summary states the main ideas of the text selection.
􀁆My summary does not include information that is not important.
􀁆My summary has an ending.
􀁆I try to spell words correctly without using any help.

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 􀁆I use interesting words.
􀁆My sentences and proper names begin with a capital letter.
􀁆My sentences end with a period, an exclamation point, or a question mark.
􀁆I have written my summary so the reader can read my print or cursive writing.
Evaluate the author’s argument…………………………………………………………….
Write a summary of the entire work.

PART 2: TOMATOES AND LYCOPENE

Exercise 13.
Complete the following sentences using the words below
risk containing ward off agents link
1) There is a strong LINK between lycopene and prostate cancer.
2) Lycopene intake was associated with reduced RISK of prostate cancer.
3) Antioxidants are protective AGENTSthat significantly delay or prevent oxidative
damage.
4) Studies indicated that consuming tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene
could WARD OFF cardiovascular disease.
5) Intake of tomatoes and tomato products CONTAINING lycopene has been shown to be
associated with a decreased risk of chronic disease

Text 1
Tomatoes & Lycopene

You may have heard that tomatoes and

processed tomato products like tomato sauce
and canned tomatoes protect against some
types of cancer. The cancer-preventing
properties of tomato products have been
attributed to lycopene. It is a bright red
pigment found in tomatoes and other red
fruits and is the cause of their red color.
Unlike other fruits and vegetables, where
nutritional content such as vitamin C is
diminished upon cooking, processing of
tomatoes increases the concentration of
lycopene. Lycopene in tomato paste is four
times more than in fresh tomatoes. This is because lycopene is insoluble water and is tightly
bound to vegetable fiber. Thus, processed tomato products such as pasteurized tomato juice,
soup, sauce, and ketchup contain the highest concentrations of lycopene. Cooking and crushing
tomatoes as in the canning process and serving in oil-rich dishes such as spaghetti sauce or pizza
greatly increase assimilation from the digestive tract into the bloodstream. Lycopene is a fat-
soluble substance, so the oil is said to help absorption to a great extent.

Exercise 14. Answer the following questions.

1. According to the passage, it is true that lycopene ----.
A) can only be found in processed tomato products
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 B) loses its cancer-preventing property when the tomato is processed
C) lowers the risk of having cancer only when it is consumed together with vitamin
D) is absorbed by the body more easily when accompanied by the oil
E) is a pigment which is solved quickly in water
2. It can be understood from the passage that as far as the lycopene intake is concerned ----.
A) lycopene hardly offers any protection against diseases such as cancer
B) one can get the highest amount of lycopene through eating fresh tomatoes
C) there is a correlation between the lycopene consumption and the prevention of some
cancer types
D) there have been no reported side effects or toxicity associated with lycopene intake
E) tomato products contain high concentrations of lycopene and fat
3. It can be understood from the passage that ----.
A) lycopene is what gives some fruits their color
B) no strong evidence has been found to support an association between lycopene intake and a
reduced risk of cancer
C) processed tomato products include the lowest concentrations of lycopene
D) there are several health problems that may result from consuming a great deal of lycopene
E) unlike the popular belief, fat doesn't help the absorption of lycopene in the body

GRE Reading Comprehension Practice http://www.grammarbank.com/gre-reading-

comprehension.html
Text 2

Many statements below are opinions. Do you agree, disagree, or need more information to
make a decision?
No Evidence Tomatoes, Lycopene Cut Cancer: FDA abcnews 4 February 2014

There's little hard evidence that a diet rich in tomatoes and the tomato antioxidant lycopene
can cut cancer, according to research from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Reporting in the July 10 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, FDA experts
explain in great detail the evidence -- or mostly lack of it -- behind their November 2005
statement that tomato consumption is not linked to any reduction risk of tumors of the
prostate, ovary, stomach and pancreas. The agency had previously found no evidence that
tomatoes could cut risks for lung, colorectal, breast, cervical or endometrial tumors, either.

The November 2005 statement contended that, "there is no hard evidence to support
qualified health claims for lycopene, as a food ingredient, component or food, or as a dietary
supplement, and reduced risk of any of the cancers in the petition." The petition for approval
of the claims was submitted by a supplement maker, American Longevity.

The FDA has now put the evidence behind its decision in print, said Paul Coates, director of
the office of dietary supplements at the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the author of a
related journal editorial.

The new data review "gives people some idea of what the process is," Coates said. That's

20
important, he said, because "one of the things that people are concerned about is how are
these decisions arrived at. Making the process transparent and open will be helpful."

As part of its review, the FDA presented data from 107 observational studies comparing the
level of consumption of either tomatoes or lycopene with people's general cancer risk. They
also looked at 23 studies that focused on blood levels of lycopene, although most of those
trials were deemed unreliable, either because there were too many confounding factors or
because most focused on cancer patients, not healthy people.

The agency also included dozens of studies comparing lycopene or tomato intake against the
risk of individual cancers such as prostate, colon and breast malignancies. The bottom line,
according to the FDA: There's just not enough evidence to recommend that Americans boost
their tomato intake to ward off cancer.

However, the new report is certainly not the last word on cancer-preventing claims for
lycopene, Coates added. "It just codifies the fact that the information about lycopene and
cancer is not very robust," he said. "It may well be that if more studies are done, a greater
effect might be found. But now, when you look at similar studies done by different people,
they come to the same conclusion."

For its part, the American Cancer Society prefers to stay away from recommending any one
food as a cancer preventive agent, said Marji McCullough, director of nutritional
epidemiology for the organization. In our guidelines, we encourage people to eat a variety of
foods, especially fruits and vegetables," she said. "Several studies have suggested a lower
risk of cancer with some kinds of foods, including tomatoes, but we encourage variety." The
society encourages consumption of "dark deep-colored vegetables, because some studies
have found an association between them and lower cancer risk," McCullough said. The
society also encourages fruit and vegetable consumption, because it helps prevent weight
gain, she said.

But endorsement of specific foods won't come until research shows that they clearly are
associated with lower cancer risk, McCullough said. As for supplements, "most of the
evidence comes from studies of foods," she said.

Adapted from: No Evidence Tomatoes, Lycopene Cut Cancer: FDA

http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/story?id=4507924 4 February 2014

Exercise 15.
Answer the following questions:
1. According to the passage, ----.
A) studies that focused on blood levels of lycopene were not convincing because of
the confounding factors in the studies.
B) fruit helps gain weight when it is consumed
C) it is true that lycopene lowers the risk of having cancer when it is consumed
D) studies that focused on blood levels of lycopene were deemed convincing

21
 2. It can be understood from the passage that as far as the lycopene intake is concerned
---A) lycopene offers some protections against diseases such as cancer
B) one can get the highest amount of lycopene through eating fruit and vegetable
C) there is no correlation between dark deep-colored vegetables consumption and
the prevention of some cancer types
D) there has been an association between an obesity risk with fruit and vegetable intake.
3. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) argue against a practice
(B) describe a process
(C) refute an argument
(D) urge a course of action
4. The term “petition” in paragraph 3 means
(A) action
(B) representation
(C) written request
(D) written endorsement
5. According to McCullough’s argument, a relationship between variety of foods and lower
cancer risk can best be described as
(A) empirical
(B) dreamlike
(C) elemental
(D) coincidental
(E) debatable

Exercise 16.
1.What are your views on the report published in Journal of the National Cancer Institute in
paragraph 2?
Statement that tomato consumption is not linked to any reduction risk of tumors of the
prostate, ovary, stomach and pancreas. The agency had previously found no evidence
that tomatoes could cut risks for lung, colorectal, breast, cervical or endometrial
tumors, either
2. Why do you think other people believe that tomatoes could reduce risks of cancer?
There's little hard evidence that a diet rich in tomatoes and the tomato antioxidant
lycopene can cut cancer, according to research from the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration. "Several studies have suggested a lower risk of cancer with some
kinds of foods, including tomatoes, but we encourage variety." The society encourages
consumption of "dark deep-colored vegetables, because some studies have found an
association between them and lower cancer risk," McCullough said. The society also
encourages fruit and vegetable consumption, because it helps prevent weight gain, she
said.
3. How could you persuade people who have considerable working experience and skills
should focus on their strengths?
Motivation and enthusiasm, communication
5. What do you think of the following?: lycopene, antioxidant, food intake
Lycopene is a plant nutrient with antioxidant properties. It’s the pigment that gives red

22
 and pink fruits, such as tomatoes, watermelons and pink grapefruit, their
characteristic color.

Exercise 17.
Everyone has opinions. We form our opinions from what we see, hear, read, and share with
others. We decide in our minds what we believe. We may or may not agree with someone else.
And, sometimes we change our minds when we get new or different information. Now try to
evaluate the authors’ arguments
Create A Pro and Con Chart
As you read a pers uasive or argumentative selection, take notes on both sides of each argument,
or reason.
Example:
ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR (PRO) ARGUMENTS AGAINST (CON)
Argument: tomatoes protect against some Argument: tomatoes could not reduce risks
types of cancer of cancer
Support: tomatoes contain high Support:
concentrations of lycopene little evidence proves that tomato diet can
prevent cancer

ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR ( PRO ) ARGUMENTS AGAINTS ( CON)

Argument : some kinds of foods, including
tomatoes can lower cancer risk
Support : some studies have found an
association between them and lower cancer
risk
Argument : there is no hard evidence to
support qualified health claims for
lycopene, as a food ingredient, component
or food, or as a dietary supplement, and
reduced risk of any of the cancers
Support : The bottom line, according to the
FDA: There's just not enough evidence to
recommend that Americans boost their
tomato intake to ward off cancer.

Exercise 18. (Con)

arguments support
Draw a concept map to help you understand the text.

arguments Support

there is no hard evidence

to support qualified The bottom line,
health claims for according to the
lycopene, as a food FDA: There's just
23 ingredient, component or not enough
food, or as a dietary evidence to
supplement, and recommend that
Kinds of foods Studies have found an
reduced risk of any of Americans boost